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Invertebrate Zoology Course Materials 
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CHECK LIST OF INVEHTEBRATE ANIMALS 
Commonly or occasionally found by the 
Invertebrate Zoology Classes 
at the 
MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY 
Woods Hole, Mass. 
Forms marked (*) are most commonly found or are 
conspicuous for other reasons. Where a name used in 
Pratt's "Manual of the Common Invertebrate Animals" 
(revised edition) differs from the name used in the 
check list, the name used in Pratt fOllows the 
Check-list name, and is enclosed in parentheses. 
Woods Hole, Mass. 
1936 
for ~l omon 
iv. 
:1'8 Collego 
-vanla 
~y 
'-
G 
". 
". 
"-~ ,rs Collo go 
..::1:ttc Toachors ·pe·O~C~I~'~~intl~l~Il~l~ft~.~------------------.--------------------~~~i~l~t~~----
, b t Oh4 -------I-------Ham on iodor Hor or ------------
J , rr;--h' -G- 55-------I- ------Johns HOi kins 
'ilhiUr, vnas . • ----------- . I IT ard 
lilliams Robo r£ 1.--------56-- ----- .------ - ~rv~ Cnliforniu 
48 ------VI-------Southcrn u 1 .-------------
" v I 
PHYLUM PROTOZOA 
(not l1sted) 
PHYLUId. PORIFERA 
Class calcarea 
-1-
*r..mcoan1 Anta b~des 
'lfSycon cIl1atum 
Cla88 Demo8pong1a 
*Chalina arbuscula 
Cllona celllt.a 
-llHa11condr1a pan1cea 
~croc~ona pr~era 
.i3uu.,r-", " .. IS _compa .. " .. 
'fe' LY '1lY. la 
PHYLUlti COELENTERATA 
Class Hydrozoa ...... ',._~ 
Ah1 et 1 naria ab.:ut't~H" 
*Boup;alnv1l11a 
B.carollnens1s 
"'{;". r lexuosa 
CIa va l.ep'to8 't1.I,a 
..<:.. eawar 81 
\17emmarla gemmos81 
'KctopLeura o~acea 
~.A~ 
~.carneum 
E.ramosum 
E.tenue 
~dractIn1a echinata 
I I 
'5 ~ 5" (. 
I 
a 
I 
I 
Nemops1s bache1 .1. 
*Pennarla tiarelia 
f 
*Schlzotricha teneHa (. 5" .L.2 S ¥ I. :i 
Thuiarla arRentea a 
~~ubularla 
T ,In'ocea 
Class Scyphozoa 
Aurelia aurlta 
Cvanea cani .ata 
Dactylometra Quinollec.i'l''I'ha. 
i - f-
- -
-2-
PHYLUM COELENTffiATA (Cont1d) 
Class Xnthozoa 
~A~l~CJ~'O~n~l~um~~c~a~r~n~e~um~ ________ +-~~r--t-r~~t-~~~~t-__ _ 
"Astrangia danae ~ ~ S ~ ~ L -'- _ 
~wa~sla 
Eloact;ts pr~aucta 
'.:!>1etrldlum alantnus 
<:>.mOaes'ts 
PHYLUM 17n:,N 
*Mnemiopsls leldyl 
PHYLJlN' t'LAT~ I.r:.LI~ ,N'~::; 
Class Turbellarla 
Sub-class Acoela 
/ 
.. t; ~ J ( L 
.)1 
*Pol~choerus caudatus I _ i or~~e~r~T~r~'lr.c~:l~la~al~:la~la~--~~-----r--r--r--~+-__ r-,-+ __ +-__ r-~ __ __ 
*Bdelloura candIda .L"( I ,.( 13 
-
~R~r~o~c~e~r~o~d=e-s~wh~e~a~t~lra~n~dl----~~~~-c~~~~~~-L,r __ +-_~ ~~y~n~C~O~eTL~~. a~~um~~p~e~,~n,~~u~C~~o~lu~m~~--,r~ __ -r __ +--, __ ,r--~--r----~ 
Order Po~yclsalaa 
Eustylochus elllptlcus .J. ;~'~1Ia~n~o~c~er~a~~~~~~~--~~~-f--~--+--i--~-1<i __ -r~. __ v 
..!'.lnqulLlns '""'\T ~~.~n~e~D.u~~O~s~s----------~r--r--r--+--,r __ r--+ __ -r __ ~ ___ ~J 
,-
StYl.ocnus zeora / :1 '-pHYLm'~N~~rnl'.r:.~~r~~~~~--------------~r-~--~-t __ ,r __ r--t __ ~~~ ___ _ 
Order Paleonemertea 
C~halothrl)[ splralls 
Order tieteronemertea "} __ 0 i~Cerebratulus lacteus;l. I .'/ ') ..2. ~ , _ 
Order Haplonemertea 
All!J2.hlporus ochraceus / IZ 1. .J *T~e~t~r~a~st~e~m~a~~~~~----~--~~~,r--r--r~+-~~~ __ ~_ ~~T~.~c~a~n~d~l~d·u-m-------------+--+-~--,r~rT--~~~~ __ ~ __ +-__ _ =T~.~v~e~rm~l~c~u~l~u-m~--------~--~~r--r~,r--r--r __ -r __ ~ ___ _ ~~~~~~-------r-+--r-~-'--T--r--r--r-__ PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHES (not listed) 
PHYLUM TROCHELMINTHES 
( not lIsted) 
PHYLUM ANN l!.'LIDA 
Class Chae£opoda 
Sub-class Polychaeta 
*~Am~~~Plh~a~r~e~te~s~,e~'t~o~sUlaL-________ +-/~ __ ~~~.r __ i-__ r-~J~/'-r-__ r---: r Am.Jlhl trl ,,( .L 
A.J>runnea / / 
A. orna.t;a ~ y 
U============~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t 1];J. 1.J..\;l, ..,tl.;,ul --------------'.J:o ------V' .J "...,. _ 
--,; ' ~ ~ -
- ·.1~ · ~ 1 .~ - . . . r - '! . ~ ~ "1 ~I'--. ,,~ '" 1 " " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r ...... ~ ~ " ~ ~ t--... ~ <:::: ~ ~ .~t--- j.~ ~~~'" r-- .. ~ 1- . ~ ~ .~ -4-~ ~ -...: ~ 
. ~ ~ PHYLUM ANNELIDA (contldl H- "'" I (, 
-3-
-:1 ~ ~ ~ I'- Class Chaetopoda . ~~ " -; ~~ )' PHYLUM ANNELIDA (cont1dl ~ ~ ..... Sub-class Ollgochaeta V _ -J I « Q Class Chaetopoda \l ~ ~ '::< ~ Enchytraeus albldus Sub-class Polychaeta v ...j 
-; '- ~umbrici lus a1l:ill s Arlcla ornata J ') "} ( S / Class Gephyrea -
*Aut;OJ.yt;US sp. I I *Phascolosoma lI:ouldl S- o. I I. (. L 
Chaetopterus pergamentaceus / , / PHYLUM ARTHROPODA -
"Clrratulus grano1.s /.. /. 'J ¥ S r Class Crustacea 
-WC1ste nlC1 es gouldl / S 2 I ~ ~ Order Clrripedia -
*Clymenella torquata 
"" 
L L ') C. (. L *Balanus -
~u1.opat;ra cuprea ') I ) 1 / ~ (; tl.oaJ.anOloes t. S .. 
"" 
f J "- 1 -Dodecacer1.a coraJ.1.1. (. ..I1..~uu<· ".,uzs Joy J J , I -
'Enoploorancnus sangu1.neus / t ~ 
" 
.$ (; *Chthamalus rragllls "I .. 5 ~ ~ t: :3-'·]~Ulal1.a I ) I / -:I eoas 
~.annu1at;a L.anatlrera I 
,;E.plst;aCea L.l-asclCularl.S 
*Glycera ) ) / Order AmphlpOd8 -U.amerlcana 
.l. I / / / 1 A~lnella longlcornls I yo ¥ .J I / ~.olorancnla~a "I,. ~ ~ ~ t: £ A_llorcnest;es 11. t;1;Ora11.S I 3 I Harmothoe Imbrlcat;a I.. f. c t. t:. /. "\ '- Ampel1.sca macrocepnala .J ~ r .s 1 .J / -i *H~droldes nexagonus -l l- S 1 C , ~ Ampr .U oe sj>. I / ~ 
Laon~ce vlrlOlS c:; "} y -1 > Y Autonoe so. I :J'~ 
""l epidonot;us squ ama 1;US <; ( l- t.. t'. i , 7. ~aprella acutifrons ::J ) b ) 3 1>' .y 
*Lepraea rubra 
"" 
1 
"' 
J I 1 .. j arinoll:ammarus mucrona1;US / / Lumbrinereis 
') I I :he ura tenebrans I -
L.~e~es I ¥- ;} ) / *Corophium cylindricum :>. 3 y .y S y .} J ,-I..tenuis j 1 
" 
/ / 2 .y i>Gammarus sp. L <; C ~ .. ~ > ,-Maldane urceolata (. ¥ 
"" 
Kaustorlus arenar1.us 1 I ~ ~ 
" 
-V~ 
Mar~ysa 1e1.0Yl / ~ :l / *Orchestla platensis 
'" 
¥ f-' ~ s F S Y Nephthys : ~ Stenothoe minuta 1- I I / l'.oucera 
'\ 
-" ¥ ) ~ .l.. *Talorchestla 10ng!Eornls " 
L~ ~ I. 
-f y / N.lnclsa UncI01a Irrorata I -~ J --"'\ I I ') 
'" 
~ / .5' I 
*Nereis I Order Isopooa -
lL~ 1Imba ta I ;;t / Y l. ~ 7 .. ;nlr O1;ea oaeca I 
.J!.......JLelap;lca .., S' .y J '\ ¥ Cvathura carinata / .., . G 
N. virens t. f. /.. C. L I. t:. Edotea trlloba 2 1 -
Nicolea simplex Erichsonella fI1Iformis I I } 3 
'I Nlnoe n .P.rlpes ~ 1tIdothea I 
Notomastus so. I ~ 
" 
~ ¥ .paJ.t;lCa 
"" 
L S £ c: v t:. :} J parasabella microohthalmia / I J I.metallica I / :} 
Phvllodoce catenula ) I I.phosphorea I ~ 1 / ;J 
Plsta ~almata ~ Iy .y *Jaera marIna ) , -> '} S ') .r 
-Platvnereis megalops la88a a a 
Pod arke obscura Leotochelia sp. I -
*pol~clrrus e~lmus 1, Z ~ ') ¥ y r l ' Lill:vda oceanIca -
polydora sp. I ~Imnoria 1Ignorum I -
Pseudopo t amilla oculllera 1 If I 30.llaeroma Quadridentatum -
Sabellarla vUlgarls ¥ ' Tanais so, 3 :l -
-
/ 
*Scolopl os I Order Mysidacea -
3 . ... ragllls (, , ,. <: , ¥ J Dlastvl1s SD. I -
S.robustus ~ ~ ~ <;. S L *Heterorn.vsls formosa I S I l I J -
3111 0 setosa ~i ') {, -os- ; , MIChthelmysls stenolepis -
~Sp1rorbls s pirorbis (. S- f.. (" t: ., , 1 Order stematopoda -
*Sthenelais 5' .r J Chloridella empusa .:: r 
~.J.eldyl I I Order Deoapoda 
-li...plcta ~ CallIanassa stimpsoni / Svllis 80. ~calllnec1;ea S8PIdu8 it I I / 
Terebellides so. *Cancer / ] 
.J. 
, Theleous cincInnatus ( I ; ..c.....Qorea Is 
. TrllYiBla forbesi J. / '1 C.Irroratus I J. 1./ ~ ) J If I J 
" 
Tronhonia affinis I ) 
, . 
__________ - - - - rJ:. 
------V' .l. ...... .... ~t I"I'T T('f A lVl 
-5-
PHYLUU ARTHROPODA (cont'd) 
class Crustacea 
Order Decapoda 
*Carcinides maenas 
/ 
----
. ~ 
re ,,ti. 
- J ~'l J { . ~ " ~ t'-I'~ ~~ . ~ ,.~ ~ ~ i p:. - 6 - J .. ~ ~ PHYLUM MOLLUSCOIDEA ~Contld} . ~ ~ do ~ ~ \ '1 ~ c:::-Class Bryozoa ~ l' 1 5' ? ilJiembranlpora , .5 b ) \ 
M. llneata I 
lif.;Qllosa 
-~ 3 / l- I 
-t-( Electra pilosa) +--Jd.tenuis ~, Jd.tehuelcha 
Microporella sp. I I J. I Mucrone a mmersa I 
Porella so. I -
'Schizoporella b I-{ .y j (~ 
" 
I . (. 
S.biaperta 
-
~. un-rcornls ~ -
*Smittina I I 5 ;Z s ::3 s.porfI'era 
s . tr!'iiPinosa t- r--
-
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA 
Class Asteroidea -
*Asterias '';'1> yh p s / C; J (. (, b (, t: I>. 
A.vulgaris / :J. J -ilHenricTa sangITrnOTen-,;Q d: t. ~ 
Class Ophiuroidea 
J. 
.J. 
*imDhiohol1s squamata 3 
*Ophioderma brevispinum oJ 
lYpruopn6TTs acu-reata col 
-Ophlura sp. I 
-Classjgchlnol0ea 
*Arbacia punctulata ;J 5 .3 -
*Echinarachnius parma I - r " 
Strongylocentrotus orooac In~e tnSl. 
Class Holothuroidea 
entosvnaota / -
L.inhaerens 7. ~ 6, 3 j 6 b 
L.roseola / 5 I I I 
*rhvone r areus I / o 
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA 
Class Amphineura 
*Chaetooleura apiculata 1 l 'I ., ~ 5 1. 
" Class PeIecypooa ~ 3 i.) b S t .{. ~ *Anomia simnlex 
"'Arca 
A.nexata 1 .;l. l j---
-:4 , ";'nnrlA1"nAA J ,-' 
A transversa 5 I '3 
Aatarte castanea J.. 
~ea t1"nncata / / .~ 
CardIum oinnatulum / 
Cochlodesma'Leanum 3 I 
Corbula contracta 3 , :l. / 
lrrassinella mactracea ?I 
'Gumingia telllnol0es I 
*~nsTs -d!reffus I 1 .. ~ 
'" GAlmla "emma .J L{ :2 # ¥ .v 
Laevicardium mortoni S 5 6, r 
Lvonsia hvillna I ~ :2 
Macoma / ~ 
M.balt1ca / I 
K.tenta 
J 
.1'!la. ---- - - - - - - - - - - lib -- - ---~ 1. - -- - - - - mOIl GC III II 011 [1 t c 
,... ... r ~ ~~ ,1~ J ~ i=:l'- II ~ ~ ~ ""I J~ J" j .... ~ ~~ ~~ ~.f' I ~ ' t---. ~ ~ ~ 
}- ~" 'to-~ ~t--~ t--. ~ ~,.. , ~ ~ ':t: r--"- f::, 
:)" 
-7- ~ t-~ ~ ~~ '" PHYLUM ¥OLLUSCA (contld~ J , ~ < Class pelecypoda V' .... .... ~.~ ~ ::;l c: -8- OV Wactra PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (cont'd) ~ ~ ~ ~ r.. -..J -.j -.. 
:.r. J.a tOtH'aJ.l.B I "\ Class ~asEropoda 
V' 
~ 6. .1 .y S ld . BO lUl.l>5l.lIUi 
" 
I.J *Odostomia sp. S 
*Modlo1u8 Phytie myosotis 
LI.dem1ssus <:;- /. "} .y t.: (. *polinices I 
M moaio1ue ~ ") 1 .1 .., +' .s P duplicata J I I I ~ 
*),I1a arenar1a :l .y t. (;, /.. , I I P . heros I I .J 
""ilY'tTJ.:U1r "UUJ.1.8 I.. r.. 6 6 t:. L 6 t:. R1ssoe sp . I .:> I 1'IucuJ.a Bp. I l. , ThaIs lapillus J (" ) (" 
uSvres =.'/SJ.I1J."" I ") £ C £. I. I ur on 
asp. I I 
rltnOO '8 t;rl.J.l. lea"t;ll > 
Turritella sp . 
.... Pecten irradians /.. 7 ~ ~ !l 1 "'"Urosaloirut cinereus t. b 6 6. {., r.. t -:r -,-1 
:Petricola pholadlrorous 
.l I ( , 5 Vermetus radicula OLemva veJ.um J I~ ~ L 
" 
$ I 
Class Cephalopoda 
Tagelus dlvlsus I 
Loli~o peale1 
~J.· eJ.J.l.na 1;""",'" ..I PHYLUM CHORDATA t. :J ,( '- Sub-phylum Hemichorda (Enterop ~l'ereao navaJ.l.S 
'\ t. If eus ~tl) 
. venus merCenarlQ 
"l. > 6 {; S' t. t: DolIcho~lossus kowalevskyi L :2. t, "> 6 I f 
.1.uJ.uJ.a J.J.IlltI"ULll :l Sub-phylum Urochorda {Tunlcata i, 
ClaBl3 v .... ".'v~vua: *Amaroucium J 
*Acmaea testudinalis , It II' to , b ~ A constella tum S 1 l. (.. ~ ~ 5 / 1':: 
Aeolls sp . A.pelluc idum 'J / / ..1 I ..1 
.Anachls a vara I 'i ~ f- It' ) J ~ A.s tell a tum /. 
.V1;lU/I aJ.verna1;um I 2 I I I ~ *Botrvllus schlos seri "3 6 ') Y 
"'Busvcon I ( *DidAmnum cann1num lu·tar1um 'I j /. 
, / J 
B.canaliculatum :J ~ 5 *Mol~ul a ') / ) I va B. carica M.arenata 
Caecum pu c e um / ~ M. manhattensis / I / .y 7 H *Cerithiopsis 2. I / 2 2 M.comolanata .-
. ~ eern: *Peronhora vIridis , ) /.. 3 S t'.. ~ 
C.subulfta I I I ( J *Stvela partita C. 
., ¥ 5 ) ~ ~ ¥ 
C. terebraJ.1S a 
*Coryphella sp. 
*Crepidul a 0 
-c. convexa 1 ¥ S J' { S L S" 
-C.t'ornlcata 
" 
> , ~ L ~ 6 .. ~ • t . 
. ana J '7' 5 .y Z ~ t: .5"_ 
Doris SP. I I 
Elvsia sp. 
Epitonium s.P. I I 
Eupleura caudata 
Flabellina bostoniensls 
Hamines solitarla I L 5' 
":Lacuna vincta J :J 2 5 ~ 1 1, / 
.... Ll.v1;Orl.nQ 
. ~orava 
L.littorea if 5 (, l. -~ , {, ~ 
L.paJ.J.l.ata I I. , £.. , , 6 / 
I.rudls '1 5 £ ., (, <: L. 
*Melampus b1dentstus I I "> 5 3 Me ane,u,a oJ.eacea -; 
"'Mitrella lunata t {. 5 6 s 6 
" 
6- r1 
itNassa 
N.obsoleta :J ., -5 ~ /. I. 
N.trl.Vl.vt;a1;a 6 5 C; /.. <; (, .y ;2 ~ 
""N. vlbex l- oy 
Nat;lca clausa '1. 
-
'- - - - --
.- . 
- ffi . ___ --- - ---- - --qb ------~ L -------JV1VUvv~ll . J.' Quat 
.'CY Ie • 1-\ 
c 
/ 
, : v..::e Seat - o . Team C'llep"e 01' ~.iven1 ty 
Andc~son, ~orcus J .---------l-------! -------.urdue 
And"""- C' -::hos ,Tos --------19------V1 ---\"-- -.a State ~._ - J. ,z - . • •• 
Iru:':, :3rtl ey li .-----------20 ------\ I -------Stat p liv e IO"a 
:'c tcl-:G lor' ''"me Henry - - - - - - -23 - - - -- -v r - - - - -- -Earvard ~er~ , :: ii i~ . • ------------2l ------VI -------Statc :niv . 10 on 
Beards ley,. :ar gare t -- ----- --2 - ------1--- - - --S .. i th 
13rair:erd , John . • ----------22 ------V:!: -------!irt 'val' 
::row!1 , Eenrietta E.---------3 -------1-------Tufts 
Burke , Ro~er K.--------- -- -Q4------V1 -------S:~inf-lcld 
Byerrum, icr.ard-----------f'5 -------V _______ 1' a'"\as. 
Car~enter , F l izabeth--------4 -------I-------~ t . holyoko 
Cole , La:'ont C.------------2f - - -----V------ 'niv . C lCtl_o 
Corder , Henry R .-----------27 -------V------~~ill5a .5 
"Cornish, Helen R.-----------5------II -------Univ . Richmond 
Culberson , Arthnr Vi . -------28 -------V-------.. -il . iallls 
Dodd , Samuel G. ------------29 -------V----- - -te leyan 
Dol e , Dorothy C.------------6------±1-- -----Vussar 
Garman , El izabeth l' .--------7------II -------N. J . Coll"'fC for '\fomon 
Gille tte, Roy J .-----------~O -------V -------~a"hi~[to~ Un iv . 
Gilligan , Cather ine ---------8------I1 -------Boston Toac)~rs Collego 
Goffin , Mary F.-------------9-----111-------Seton ED 1 
Hahn , Rhea J .--------------IO-- ---III -------Radcl:Ji'I'o 
lIarris , Norman~ ----------32 - ---- - IV-------Harvurd 
~aus chka, The odore S.------33 ------ IV - ----- -1! . of 10nnsylvania. 
Heaps , Marian E.-----------ll ----- II1 - - -----Lobunon Valley 
Hinde , Howard P .~~~--------34 ------IV -------Yale 
Illllnm , Dou~las G. -----------35- -----1V -------Yale 
Kie l i ch,. Randolph-------36 ------IV-------Canisius 
Ki ng , Ellen E.-------------12 -----;I: I1 -------Sarah Lawronce 
Kohler Chas. E.-----------37 ----- II1 -------Rutgers 
Lumb , E;thel S.-------------14- - ----1V-------U. ~,:lss ouri 
Mahr, Merle M.-------------38 -----±I1 -------N. Y. U. 
Me ad, Alber t R.------------39 - -- -- III -------qornoll Untv . 
MiJler , He l ena A~----------13- ----- IV -------Radcli ffe 
M:tnOr, Howard D!"L_Jr. ------40 -----1II -------':iabash 
Osmun , John V.-------------41-----III-------Amhorst 
12;:.,,11, JQaaph - --- 42 - Ta-P-¥elJd. 
Perkins, David D.----------43------I1-------Roches t er 
Pond , Sidney M.------------44------ I I-------Weslevan 
70v181's, William T. ---------49 ------11 -------DePaul 
Rurlca.l l ·, 1:ialter C. ---------50 ------I1 -------Purduo 
RO[lcr t s , Eeryl J .----------15------IV-------Bos ton Teachers C;ollc.){"o 
Ruberts , jenry S. , . Jr. -----51 ------- I - '0 -----Duko 
Rore r ts , .'; es l oy F . -- --- -- --52 - -----_1_.0 --- --Northwos t ern 
~~obins on , Mergare t H. --- ___ 4r/ _ - - - -- -V ----- --Wolles loy 
Ross , Luc111e--------------16------ IV -------Barnard 
Schlichter, Helena L.------17 -------V-------Wi ls on 
Senyard, (Euala) Juanj_ ta--- -18 -------V -- -----Obcrlin 
Talmago , Roy V N. ----------53 -------I-------rd.chmond 
Tu ttlo , Ruth F . ------------15 ------VI-------Wllouton 
':feber , ' Ann M. --------------46 ------¥I- ------Montclair st8.to Toachors 
-;-iieder I Ho rbcrt------------54-- -----I-------Humil ton 
diIb-Ur , C11:aS;-G . -----------55- ------I-------Johns HOI ,kins 
1illiams , Robe rt V.--------56-------I-------llarvard 
'":l ls on , • lao E. - ---- --- - - ---48 - - -- --V I ---- ---Southern Cal iforrli o. 
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2 . rlUT."r:1 
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4.: • hc.usch!m 
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E. Lunb 
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9 . l~obi! son 
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1 re ILl 
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'- . 2 . - :;~umbE rs before the names give the numbers foor 1 iecoe of equ ip-
ment for tho team given on t~l.e schedul0 of equi.pment fo'l" (2.cll field 
tri) on the sheot !:larked Ii TEAL: O-::GA;'!Izp.TIm~lI . 
Eash memb8r of a team V!;:']. lC8.se to provide him or herse1f "'lith 
the .!:,rol-cr item of oquipment 1'01" c2.ch trip ond relJol't to tl~l toe,m 's 
jns'cr' ctor for the -cri s chodl.llo d 8.S Given en tl'lo ShOl;t mr.l'ked ItREIJ\ . 
TIC::'J CF 'l'EAIrS TO PTSTRUCTORS ii wi th the prol er u tens i1 , in tho labore ,. 
tor"lT [(nd remain with him (ancl_i_t) until h~_.leav(;s the, lab_o]">c,tory, Ui'~~ 
:.":"'~ 1'0 directs oth8 rwisG . Each team me;,·l'cr "liJ 1 h0 r osvonsibJ v 
bJ.: for tho proper use and r:turn_of his utensil to the st .. o.~2_~0.om...£r 
~s.., 12 bora. tory af t er the trip is .. Qv.2.E..!. Tl:is i.s very im} ortant to 
ins'.u'C' su cces s for t l-p next trip . 
Teams meot in tho 18.borntory 8gain eS t er removing VICt cJ.othlng, 
at tinKs slJecifiod by instructors in chtrgc of toams or Elt 7 . 30 if not 
Sl:-ccified , to reviow or idontify spccin~ci.1s brou.l!pt in Ll t~e ART: c.nri 
to '''l,como familiar with spc;cies nnmes . 'rhis is your chanco to lcarn 
the nar.les nnd charnc toris tics of tho forms found und idon tifiod . 
All spocimens brought in by a te8.m rm.wt be romoved from the ARK I).D 
Loon as },;ossible (imnec1iately) on return rnd p18ccd in open dishes of 
,·cosh S",-.,h '. 'J.TEE on some dosk r.[~ree.,d ui-0n by the torIn . .This must be 
.~;.C10 l)\"fore changing clot~<2..s-!. Don ' t put "/Onns and crustucoanc to -
[e thf. r in the samo dis h; they VI ill cat '.;.;.ch other Ul,-i . T<.,umo ohould 
organize for work 1:-1 tho s c 1 abora tory :3 (,38 ion:3 by mul:ing [3omo LX. rs onu 
rospons ible for cc r ta in gr oups of c.nimals , etc . Ins truc torD [;.ro not 
res PO"'lS iblo for this orge n1z8 -Cion . Each toam should do it for' ito 01 ' . 
:.:T.e ct c2.ptnins , etc. Inntructors are present to help not drivo you . 
Fcmb< r8 nre to be., nctive leo.rncrs not pass1vc ar)f'orbora . 
31 . 
. .. D 32 .~-" S , .. ' • • 
l ,5 • Tu ttl '-' , ~ • F • 
48 . ;.-i i ls 0 '1 , " : . E • 
c) ~ t 'l\:.lmcge , R. VN . 
r . 1"\; " ""'8 R , ~, l ) c t _ ... h _ ....:..t.u , • J' • 
S 2. ting "F1a!1 
1941 
1'::"'0 nrr.tion table 8 d .---..---_._--
----------------- ---
34 . Eindc . H. 7' . 
35 . Hunnn , D.c: . 
38 .. h .. 
. 1..0. r , ~ J. . 1 . • 
3 0 i\~e d A v • ~.! 8. '_. _. 
42 .~~~ 
43 . 
-----"---'---'-
46 ; " cbcr , A. H. 
47 . Robins on , l - . R . 
25 . Byt'rrum, R..! 
24 . Burkt; , . K !. 
21 , Berg , P. 'I . 
20 . Aro.m , H. H. 
17 . Sch1ichter , r . L 18 . S nyo.rd , F. J . 
1G . Ros , L. 15 . Rob~rtn ,B . J . 
50 .RendQ11 , ~ . C . 13 . ~i11cr , H . A . 
51.Roberts , H. S . Jr . 12 . King , E. E. 
1·1 . Lumb , E . S. 
11 . Heaps , I\ •• E . 
54 .'::ieder , E. 
55 "~;ilber , C . Cr . 
9 . Goffin , i'.; . F . 
8 . Gilligan , C. 
5 • Corn ish, H • R • 
4 . Co.rpcnt er , E. 
lO . FL\hn , R. J . 
7 . Gnrm::. , E. M. 
' . Dolo , D. C. 
3 . Brown , H. B. 
• 
-------_._-- - . . _--
Le ctur e Des k Qnd Tnble . 
2 . Boo.rd ley , M. 
1 . i.ndorson , D. J' • 
T:A?:S A D I:STRUCTC .<J t· R }t 1:21 T!L. S , 1 941 . 
Ins :" .. 1.C tors 7HB . SC . A: ~L . ·:;E.~ . :. T ;; uR . • ... J... . ::RJ . .. . . Total 
S'lCT: :c: LC3 
Fr L Ju1J 25 . 
2 . 00 - 3 . 10 - 4 . 30 . 
1 2 3 4. 5 6 6 
--- --- .---- - - --- - ._- ------- - -- _ .. . 
Lt\,j~:EY! S 3 AY 
Sat . Jul .Y 26 . 
2 . 00 - 4 . 02 - 4 . 30 
~}'..GOOj' 3B.IDGE 
20. t . Au ", . 2 . 
8 . 00 - J. . 22 - 3 . 3 0 . 
:illTT L~ G OVE • 
1.Ve cl , Au6 • 6 . 
':.0 , no .~~ . 2 6 -4.100 
2 
3 
4 
3 5 
4 5 6 
5 1 
.. .... _ ._--------------
CTJ TTY lID NK • 
r rio Aug . 8 
0 . 00 - 3 . 06 - 3 . 30 
FADLFY HARBOR . 
I'hurs • Au g . 21 . 
10 . 1 5 - 1 . 06 - 3 . 30 . 
NOT·;TH FAU OU TH . 
S3. t . Aug . 23 . 
9 . 00 - 2 . 28 - 3 . 30 
r:LEDGING . 
~·f€l d . Aug . 27 . 
I}.'eams 1-3 A . M, 
il 4 - 6} . M. 
5 1 
6 
.1 
Tow 2 
6 Tov~ 
2 
Tow 
Tow 
6 1 6 
1 6 
----_._--------
2 3 s 
4 6 3 6 
3 2 1 4 6 
------_ .• _----_.-
4 5 6 3 2 6 
Tow 3 ~l 6 
Tov 4 5 6 
---_._- -. ---_._ ... _- - ..• _- . - ---
Teams wil l mee t in lab oratory wi t h tho i r instructors after sU.L,},er 
f olloFin g fi e ld t rips to rev ioV'1 s pe c imens brought in and to :t6.,'rJ.tif7T 
smalJ ones ~ot r c adily ident if:ied in tho field . 'rhe .Ark ,·-nr. (] ~~ '.If 
(Jach team must see tha t ~l1-.s1.Je cimens ~Cl bottles are d el-, osjt~c1-=0 
suitable c on taine rs an d aerated in new salt water before l( ' avi l U~ tho 
Ark to ctr..ange t o norma l c lo thing fo r suppe r . 'Itho empt i ed-bottiL s 
arc) then r etu r n e d to the Ark with c o rks and tho Arks r (;turnod to 
the scorE; room n<..o. r the f r ont do or r l>o.dy f or tho noxt tri~) . f1ftor 
the HADLEY HA ' ~: BOR trip an ex'l i'- it of tho specimens brought in wil l 
b e made in tho lobby of tho ; .a1n Brick Building with sui tnbJe 1ubolo 
on waxod c a rds . Thi s can b e strrted before sUl~or end finishe d after-
ward . Volunteer c r ews to c hang r soawater in the late 0 'onjng and 
next morn ing will be nGG ded 
STO IT EE.·.CH 
L. Shovel 
2 . Sic';e 
3 . S:n.ovel 
~ . :.rk 
5 . Lr-c 
6 . ;.l""!go 1 
7 . .. :et & Sea 
b'l clwt 
i: c tte 
~ ipo tte 
C\JTrry hlJNK 
1 . 
~\oCke t 
2 . Sho' el 
3 . Lrk 
4 . !·. rk 
5 . Shove l 
TW.,,: RG~~.i IZi.TI 1 
IN\i :::8T..:._RLTE z OLOGY C ' 
L .CKEY 'S :: '3 
1 . Sieve 
2 . Shovel 
3. Shovel 
4 . '.':hi te pan 
5 . f.rk 
6 . .rk 
7 . ;Jg . Fb . 
Pipette 
8 . i.ngel 
9 . Net & Soa 
Bucket 
10 . ·:g . Fb . 
Pipette 
UGGON BRIDGE 
1 . Shove l 
2 . .rk 
3 . :'rk 
4 . Sh ovel 
5 . Sieve and 
Scrapenot 
6 . ;e t and S ao 
Bu cket 
7 . '. : g • F"b • 1-' i pet to, 
Bucket 
8 . \"0 hi t e pan 
0 . .. '.ngel 
10 . ';h i t o pan 
NLDLEY Hi.RBOH NORTH F I.II,l au TH 
1 . Ne t & Se a 1 . Shov e l , 
Bucket 2 . Lrk 
2 . !.ngel 3 . I.rk 
3 . Shovel 4-. Si ev e 
4 . Sie ve 5 . Shove l 
5 . Shove l 6 . Net & Sea 
6 . Sieve '~-4". 6 . Ark I3ucke t 
7 . "Ne t & Se a ' 7 . J~rk 7 . '~-ig • Fb . 
Bucke t Pipette 
8 . "jg . Fb . 8 . 1Hg . Fb . 8 . 1'.ngo l 
1 ipe tte pipotte 9 . ~Vbi to pan 
9 . ';hite pan 9 . White pan 10 . r ' Fb . i g . 
10 . Bl"1.. cket 10 . White pan .p i potte 
I ~ IE COVE 
• ...:::.'k 
.) ... rk 
~~ . S . ""'vel 
r:: 
f)_ vc 
f\' ovel 
c t l S ""u 
Bucket 
7 . l.ngel 
8 . ';ihit c pnn 
q . 1 . Fb . Pipe tte 
10 . Bucke t 
DREDGI~G 
1 . -Vat e r '1ucke t 
2 . Drcd[!inc '" 
buckot 
3 . -:~hi t o pan 
4 • . ngol 
5 . White lan 
6 . ':ig . Fb . Pipe t t o 
7 . Wg . Fb . PipG tte 
8 . , .rIc 
.9 . i .. rk 
10 . .':hi t e l "11 
I1"!".lr • Ju 1--
Fri . 
-
<-
Sat . 
Sln . 
l:on . 
1I 
11 
" 
it 
r;-_ 11 lues . 
It 
-:18d . 
ii .L~ur • 
Fri . A'J. ~~ . 
Sat . 1i 
Sun . Ii 
;, on . il 
'TU0S . il 
·-'-ed . !l 
Thur . " 
Frio Ii 
.., J.. ii 
va LJ • 
Sun. t! 
Lon . \! 
Tues . H 
-;; cd . II 
Thurs . 
Frio J.I 
Sat . II 
Sun . !1 
II ~/: on • 
Tues . ii 
-; ; ed • II 
Thur . 11 
Fri . 
Sat . 
Sun . 
Eon . 
II 
Ii 
'I-uo s . II 
¥ .ed . ii 
N. B.- S'bject to c:'lango to ~l.it thf' VJoath r . 
24 . 8~00 :t . o : . - Introduc tory rer:1arks on conduc t of .j.. :.. cours e, 
duties of team::1B~'b~"'s, dan ers cf tOde, :~OiSO!1 ivy , 
rtc ., in lahoratory . 
25. A • . : • • rotozoa (!intel'~n:1 , Jon's, G51',\" ·t) 
F . l' . S7CJY E':2AC2 (2 . 00 - 3 . 10 - -: . -L) '_''1.2'1 i1 8 
25 . A . ~ . ~roto?'a (~aterman , Jones) 
F . ' . T", ,TEv'c:, "'o .Y (2 . 00 - 4 . 02 - 43 
. :ixer . 
27 . ----- -------0--- ---------------------
28 . A • . ~ . rotozoa (;va.tcrman , Jont:') 
f' . ?;- . Porifera (lucas , Jones) 
29 . Coelenterata (CT-OWell , Gilbert) 
30 . Coelenterate (Crowell , Gilbert) 
01 . CoelGnterata (C:"owell , Gil "(' -t ) 
1. A.r . Coelentel'-pta (Crowell. G·Ube.'t., 
F. :. Platyhelmi; thes (Rankin , Jon (' ) 
• 
'I toni h-l I 
2 . LAGCOr BRIDGE (,} 00 -1 . 22 -~ . 30) Bring 
rev . 7 . 30 . 
in s!ocimcn • Y b. 
3 . ----- ------- -------- .--- -- --- -- - --- - ------- - --- '-- .. - --.----
4 . Platyhelminthes (Rani,ln , Jones) 
5 . Platyhelminthes (Ra~in, Jonos) 
6 . rr.arine ZoolO GY Lf'cbu , Ra.nkin, 8 . 30, 
KETTLE COVE (10 . 00 - 2 . 2G -~ . 00) . Lab . r<..;>1ie'l , 7 . 30 tonight . 
7 . Annelida tLucas, Jone~) 
8 , CUTTY IIDNK (9 . 00 - 3 . 06 - 3 . 30) Review in Lab at 7 . 30 I . M. 
9 . Annelida (Luca~, Jonos) 
10 . 
11. 
12 . 
13 . 
14. 
1 5 . 
16 . 
Annelida (Lucas, Jon es) 
Bryozoa (Bisson-lette, Gllbert) 
Mol lusca (Mattox , Gilbert) 
Mollusca (Mattox , Gilbert) 
Mollusca (Mattox, Gilbert) 
Mollusca O{attox, Gilbert) 
1'7 . - ------- -- - - --- -- --- -- --- --------- ------ --- --- - -- - -- -- -" 
18 . Echinodermata (B-1..3S0nnctt c , Jonos ) 
19 . Echinodormata (BissonnettZ, Jones) 
20 . Echinodermata ( B issonnett~; , Jones) 
21 . Earine Ecology -Lectu re, L'lcas ~ 9 . 00 
EADLE'! HARBOR (10 .15 -1. 06··3 . 30 ) Exhibit in Me in '_,:,bby . 
22 . Arthropoda (Martin , Gilbert) 
23 . NORTH FAU;OUTH (9 . 00 - 2 . 28-3 . 30) Reviev! jon 18b . at 7 . 30 0 
24 • - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. - - - - _ ... 25 . Arthropoda (Martin , Gilbert) 
26 . Arthropoda (Martin , Gilbert) 
27 . DREDGING ( 9 . 00 - 12 : 00 , Teams 1-3; 2 . 00 - 4 . 30, toans 4-6 ) 
Study of towings in Lab . for teams not dredgin~ 
(Martin, Mattox, Crowell) 
Thur . ii 28 . Art hropoda , Limutus (Martin , Gilbert ) 
Ii ( Fr io 29. Chordata Waterman , Jones ) 
Sat. II 30 . Chordata (1.'ia t erman , J one~ ) 
------- --~ ----- ---------------- ---- --- ----- ------------------------ --
Teams wi] 1 meet in the labora t ory a fter- fio Id trips , un] ess othor -
v:is e s ta ted , for 1" ev ie',! of fOl'~rs found ~md for ident if'ice. tion of those 
not clessi.fied in the field . .. ~n oxhiblt will be prepared , for inspec -
tion by the membors of the r.~arino Biologlcal Laboratory, G.fter the 
hLdley Harbor trip on Thursday August 21 , e.nd placed in the: a-ion 
Lobb-,' of t:'lO Bric k BuildinG. Voluntoers to change seawat~r and koep 
tho anim~ls alive will be ~eeded . 
. I:~V._ TI:!l~-';' ":: Z OL . '}l 
. ----- .. _.- --- ------
Laborator . St e r o~ the Protozoa 
-- --- _ _ .. '" _--..k.- _ _ ______ _ 
':'Le follo.inS cirectio s are.erel~ indicativ" "the .la of 
:'::e '. 'ork .'- d variations a e acceptable . The or~~lllis s rnenti d 
hl0 '; are narine protOZDc. ':i th the e · centior. of t . intestin~l 
flafellates of the Terr:i tes . Directions· for the <'>tud,r of s rIC' of 
::e ?rotozoa listed belo " are Biven i Dre 'l ' s Inverte' att-. Z oloGY , 
1st . Da y. Attached protozoa . 
(1) Exaniine old colonies of Obelia, Tubularia, Sert Inri.a, 
or Pen..Ylaria (Coelenterates), and Filanentous Algae, ta1-en fro ' ' ''har f 
]ilin6s and laboratory boats, for represnntatives of the clGs~ kUC-
toria , i . e . , Bphelota, Podophrya an d Acineta . Trichophr~rn solparUI'1 
r:ay sonetimes be found on the external ody surface ofolf'\l. n .~ 1-
hattensis , and Paracineta linbata on alGae , br.ozoons, n d h.rdrozoanf'. 
Vorticella , Zooth8Jlmiur~, Follic lina and Cothurnin (Ciliata) n '(' 
E!r.1ong the attached forr~s ','hich \~Till also e found . Slic'e \'h)eh 
have been i f,1.P.lersed in Eel Pond for several \"(>e ·"s , re eood source'S 
for stalked , attached ad certain free-living protozoa. 
Free-livinG protozoa . 
(2) Exanine cultures of orotozoa fron I'18. rine hobi tats nd 0.1. 0 
slides and syracuse eli shes which have been standins in old hydroj d 
1'1a ter ial or in ru""nine: s &'1 'at er for a vreek or nore . The follo \;rl.nG 
ar e some of the foms whi ch r'l.ay be found: Urost "1a, Chaenia , Fora-
minifer a , Dinoph~rsis (Dinoflo5elle. te), Uronych in , Di scocephr:\ li s , 
Holosticha , Tintinnopsis , Anisonema , Pelo~yxa , Lacr~aria, ~uplotes , 
GClstrost~Tla , Pleuronena , Strombidium, Trachelocera ( 2 species), 
Philaster , Heliozoa , Dysteria , As,idisca , Diophrys, Lombus, Allar-
c;ronia , Protoctuci a , Raphidiophrys , N lssula , etc. Note_ the rnpidi t:r 
'Hi th which narine animals and plants have accurmlated on cle 7m I:lt t erial 
suspended in sea vlater al1d a lso their abundance. 
( 3 ) Preserved Noc tiluca, or slide. 
(4) Slides of Fora:r.linifera , Radio l aria , etc. 
I den tif.2. an d aake reco_G..c?}l~_~_'?:P]'_~ s!:- etche s of (oLd_e.?-:..c]'i b~) 
8.S many di fferent Protozoa as time permits ; incl ude both stalked and. 
free - swimming forms . Include dat a on the source of the c 1 ture, 
beha v i or of th e animals , and class ify briefly according to Pratt , 
revised edition , 1936. At least eieJ!:t individual s should be carefu11y 
studied . 
Cultures from brackish wa ter sources arc available to those 
who may car e to examine them . 
2nd . Day. 
Association of certain narine Protozoa r"). th ma rinp hosts of 
this viCinity . The follo 'line arE' availub18 fo r stuo v : 
( 1) Commen sals . 
~xample 
Boveria teredinidi 
Lichno~bora r~cfarlendi 
Ancistruma nytili 
Ancistruna isseli 
Concho~hthirius mytili 
Chilodonella hyaline 
Allosphaeriur. palustris 
Folliculina anpulla 
(2) raras1-"te_~ . 
Tpredo aV'11is 
Crep-idula 
:ytilus ed lli s 
t-:odiolus modiol s 
. 'ytilus edulis 
Orcnestia agilis 
LOCB_t.t02} 
Attach d t ~ills 
.:mtl c vi t? 
Lantl · en vi t 
On nuscihes . 1'0 t 
ExoskE"leton 
Orchestin ulustris E. o~kelet n 
Limulus Gill bookS 
Bdelloura Ef,t~ cases of Bdelloura 
Trichodino. sp. ( 2 types) Thyone briareus Dif,estive tract 
Schizocystis sipunculi 
Ceratomyxa mesospora 
(spore staee) 
Haplozoan clynenella 
~. onoc,"sti s cl vmen elIae 
~ . 
A Sporozoan & a ciliate 
Ano!)lophrya orchesti1. 
Protophrya ovicola 
Selenidi ur.l ecllina tum 
it grogarine 
Porospora gigantea 
(Sporozoa) 
~,: eroeregarina amaroucii 
(Sporozoa) 
Cri stisnha balbianii 
- (Spi rochaete) 
N~atopsis ostrearwa 
(Gregar ine) 
Panopeus herbstii 
Phas colos oma Bouldi Intps tine 
Puffer (fish) 
Clymenelln 
Clymenel.la 
Hydroides 
Orchestia agilis 
Littorina rudis 
Dodecacoria 
BRIan us eburneus 
Lobster 
Amaroucium 
Oyster 
Ovster 
(secondary host) 
l\~ud crab 
(prir::'3[>y 'lIoht) 
Gall bluG(18r 
Int8stine 
Intestine 
Lacunnp (blood vascu-
lar spaces) 
Brood sac & ovary 
Intestin8 
Intestine 
Intestine 
Cry., talline style 
Spores in lnusele Gill 
mantle 
Intestine 
- 3-
(3) Synbionts . 
TTichon~ , pha s9 . Tcr.J.tes of this regi n. II tc tine 
Dinen~lTlpha sp . " " 
pyrson ,!pha sp . II 
Spirotrichonympha sp . II 
Study carefully and druv,' (or describe nt lea t si..! of t.h 
ab ave forms, onl'T on e from any parti cular host . Bxa :in8 a r.1Dn~-
others as time peIT.li ts. Include Yli th each drn "in(,; t follo\"in 
data : Brief classification, host, bphnvior, a d location in host . 
, 
A. S ctoria, Folliculina , Fer:il. - V ticellidae , Cot lrina and 
other--a-ttache.d PL.otoz"oa :-- --- -- ----- ' ---- ---.. -
'=bese \\'1.11 be found at+8ched to filnr:p, to 1 rtl:-nc 0 t ,ycroid 
co10:2ies such as Tub llaria, Sert 11a1'i8, Pannorio Obe in etc. t"..-en 
:.:'::-or. v/harf pilinGs . EXEl .ine piecGs in a s~.rrac leE' dish or on n q) ide 
lith lov· povmr . Another !'".ethod is to )in0 0. la1':;e lac:s contflinor 
.'·;ith c~TTacuse dishes, fill t~e con Qine~' \ith h~'c"ids, stier ~li<'!~~ .. 
do '11 into the .' ass of h droids in the culture di h and DIn e nndl r n 
sal t ~;Ja ter tap seve ral . "eeks before nesi ed . .fI,r n the :ll1t ('p.i,Rl 
attached to the slides vvill be I' und (,. erh09s) Sucto in, Vort-icell , 
Cothurnia , Folliculina , Radi olaria, Zoot Br:ni un, !{eliozoLl and rlrul Y 
Free - s\virring ci Ii ates . Ano ther r:E'thod is to sus>')end gl3.S c f' 1i d "'8 
in the Eel Pond . Folliculina may also be found on the eCTg cnses of 
Bdelloura on the 8 i 11 hooks of the horse - shoe crab, Lir.mllls . 
A nethod v hic h lSi ves numerous Folli culina i a follows : l)ln e 
syracuse dishes bottom up in a crystalizine dish ( with or 1'Ti thout 
old hydroids ) und8r the salt -m ter tap about 48 hours to n v'ef'k or 
nare before desired . The Folliculinae will often be fund in ~rent 
abundance on the under ( or cavi tv) surface of the svraCllse ~ishes. 
. . 
~ipe the bottom surface of syracuse dish clean, turn it over Elnd put 
in about one-eiBht inch sen Via ter . Study under the r.licro~COi.le. An 
individual may be r eMoved to a slide for high power observation . 
Suctoria are abundant on filamentous green ale;oe tal~en fro tho 
laboratory boats , live fish car, and the 9iles of the \Iha rf in f 'ont 
of the laboratory or in the Ee l Pond . ~xar~les of the fmlily Vort -
icellidae and of t he e;enus Cothurnia arc also abundant. Alene frol:t 
the wharfs in the Be l Pond and hydroi d no. terial .c;i ve pXQr'11)los of the 
Vorticellidae and of Cothurnia . Sij.c torin are not usually abund :mt . 
B. Harin e Rnd Bracki sh water Forms . 
--_.- ----.-~--- _._-- -- -.-.. 
Lillie ' s Di tch is a good source fo r brac~d sh WEl. ter forms . 
Secure sor1e of the fiuCle frol:t the bottOM and let stand in a c'l'lturc 
dish for severa~ days . 
Itarine Protozoa Vii 11 be found in cultures ta}:en fro .. tho bottom 
of the Eel Pond, from wharf sc1'a~inr::s and buckAts of old Hydroid 
material, and on slides and syracuse dis hes v'lhich have been iJ"mlorsed 
in hvo.roid material or in runninrr sea v..ra t er for a "lce l , 01' Moro , Also 
materia l from bottom of aquaria is sometimes good , as woll 8S s lides 
'thich hav e been ir'TIlers cd in tho ~el Pond . 
~larine Amoebae rnay b e culture d u.s follo vlS : P l ace fucus in 6. 
jar 'Ii th sea v.rat er. Use lar ge glas'" jars holding about 20 li ters 
and have a slow streaI'l of sea wa t er flowing imto them. Thi s is the 
settl inc; bas in c uI ture r~ethod whic h may C;i ve o.lr.1Ost n permnnGn t 
culture . Tidal p00 1s where cUstoms grow luxuriantly are cood places 
for amoebas (Schaeffer ). 
C. Parasitic Protozoa . 
Teredo navalis 
Tease the gi 11 lamellae found on the end of t he animal near thp. 
valve s . ~.:ount fluid on a slide . If Boveria are not found, repont-. 
ed to th e Lamell ae . 
-2-
Directi ons for Secur ing .;arine 1" rotozoB. for Lr boratory 
?hascolosona gouldi 
emove the intestine, o~en it Bnd TIash the c ntent 
syracuse dish . 1 rans fer the ~arasite to B ~18ss slid • 
at r ... oth ends, curved and ~ri:- - l(>s slo·jly . 
Clymenella Torquata 
into a 
It is pointed 
~imilar directions as for Fhascolosoma. It may b~ easier to 
slit the anL~al longitudinally ~nd wash into a syracus dish, or 
choP up ~pieces of it . L moncystis may also be pres nt. 
Thyone briareus 
Place the animal in a weak ammonia solution (2«') onc, \ hen it 
softens slightly, return to sea water. The animal Ill. 1 in' dh1tely 
eviscerate the alimentary tract. Cut off l-'ortions, open ,nd wash 
contents on a slide . Two tYl-es may be found; one in the anterior 
part of tract and the oth .. r in the ·osterior. 
Hydroides 
This annelid inho.bits a hard tube attached to old shells, roc){" , 
etc . Remove the tube with a scalpel , break gently so as not to in-
jure worm o.nd remove it from tube by gently drawing it through the 
pieces . Gametes ure shed in~ediately during the breeding season . 
The p£\ ras i tes may be found o.mong the germ cells or sl it the anim&l 
longitudinally and wash out contents . Identify the pfrosit 5, if 
present . 
Orchestia agilis 
Crush the anima l on a slide end add .5% saline solution ot sen 
water . Lnaplophrya orchestii is sme.ll but abundant in the infectoi 
host . E.xamine a leg . In an infected host , the lacunae will be 
pa cked with the parasites . Other types on exoskeleton and gills . 
Crepidula fornicata 
Se:b;8,rate the individual animals and if ,b-rcsent the egc mas~(,s 
v!Jll appear as yel l owish or dark greyish masses on to,t:) of tho 8'11.311 
to v/hich the female was attached . Remove to a slide, cov l... r, ar (1 
examine tho egg cases v/ith low pO\'ler . Other ciliatos are often ;"'c s-
en t . 
Modiolus modi olus 
Cut the musclo by inserting a scalpel b~tween the valves . Pry 
apart but do not separate . ~ash the surface of tho mantle cavity 
and foot into a s'Jrecuso dish by means of a l·ipetto . The c~IJato 
romains quiescent and can he easily studied, or may be transferred 
to a slide . Use littlo water . 
~ftytilus odul is 
Op~n in the manner described a'lJove for Modiolus . Two ciJ iates 
\'Jill be found if the host is infc,stod . The small0r and nlore numcrc",:, ' 
ciliate is J.ncistruma . It looks l iko the form found in r~ od ' lus. 
- 3 -
Directions for Securin .:arine Protozoa for La') nto." 
Cor..chophthirius is .uch larger and le s ablmdant. It f;tic~s to 
the bo"ttor:: of the dish or to the surfs ce fi lu. 
Puffer 
---
Open abdo . en and pullout the li vert Grasp the gall bladder 
at neck i. th a pair of forceps and pull it aV/ay. Open on a slide 
nnd scrape irmer surfRce into salt solution \"i th a scalpel. 
The spore stage . a y be present . 
Balanus eburneus 
--- ---
Th e gregarine . ' II be fo und in the intE'st inal 1 ,en . He :ov 
the ddlgestive tract and tease cRrefull.r. 
The ovary is red in color and ~ill bt' found n0£\1' the ti.p of 
the shell. 
Ter~JJ.:e _8_ - 1000 1. 
Gra sp the head of termite in one forceps and t he tip of the 
ab do . en wi t h the oth er. Pull the latt e1' gently .. By t his mean 
the intestine can be pulled out of the body. Terls e it f;rntJy and 
add a drop ot two of. 4-;~ saline solution. The inte~ tinal Fla >(~l­
lat es are abundant . The g61uS Tri chonympha is lart}' st , C0111pact 
and has a spiral structure of tre pellicle . DinonYT'1~ha is next 
larr;c st a nd is flask shaped wi th the pointed an.ill. th c D. nt ('ri or , 
Pyrsonympha is sno.lle st and moves in a corkscrevl mann er . Spiro-
trichonympha is compact am. has a spiral structure of th e pellicle . 
• 
Solutions availab l e , if desired: 
0.4% and 0.5~·; saline solutions. 
25b sea water sol uti on of ammonia. 
Saturated me thyl green in 15b acetic o.ceto-c l1Tmine (sup r 
saturated carmine in 45% glacial acetic) 
Cc'l.rmine in sea via ter. 
Neutral Re d . 
}.:o thylene Blue. 
Bro\''D, V. :r: • 
Burro"s, R. B. 
Cal!:ins, G. lL 
Calkins, G. , . 
Clark , G. L . and 
1930 . On thE' ,lor-oholot!v of S_ irotric. 0 ~ !. ha 
¥ith descri~tions of tro new s ecies fro 
1936 
1902 
Reticuli terI'1es Hase i . Arch . fur P ot . 
Further observations on arasitis 1 i th 
starfish. Science, 84, • 329 
I<aritle Protozoa frOl!l' Wood Hol, . S . Fish . 
Comm . Bull . 1901 p . 4l~ . 
1911 . Regen e1' at ion and cell di vi si on in Uro 1~chia 
Jour . ~x~ . Zool . 10 
S. S . Gellis 1935 . The nutrition of copepods in 
relation to the food-cycle of t e sea . 
Biol . Bull . 68, 231 . 
Cleveland, L . R . 1924. Relationship betw'een Protoz 0. and t rmites . 
Biol . Bull . 46 , 178 . 
Cushman , J . A. 1908. Foraminifera of 'the "Tood Hole eBion, Proc. 
B'.)ston Soc . ~at . Rist ., 34, <.,2 
Ellis, J . ~: . 1937 . The morphology , divisi~n and conju5ation of 
the sal t - \"at er ciliate , Fabrea salina 
Henneguy, Univ . Cal. Pub . Zool . 41, 343 
Faure - Fremiet , B. 1936. The Folliculinidae (Infusoria Feterotricha) 
of the Breton qoast. Biol . BulJ . ,LXX,p . 35~ 
1937 . Licnophora lyngbyco1a , a new species of 
infusorian from \loods Hole . Biol . Bull., 
Fish , C. J. 
Frisch , J. A. 
George , 1'1. C. 
Henry , D. P . 
Eesse , R. 
Kidder , G. 1.1 . 
72 , 212 . 
1925 . Seasonal distribution of the plankton of 
the Hoods Hole region . Document No . 975 , 
Bull . Bureau Fisheries , Vol . XLI . 
1939 . The experimental adaptation of ParaMecium 
to sea vTater . Arch . f . Protistenkunde 
93 , 39 . 
1939 . A compara ti ve study of' the blood of the 
Tunicates . 1uart . Jour . ricr . Sci . , 81 
p . 391. 
1938 . Gregarines of the barnacles from Puget 
Sound and adjacent areas . Arch . f . 
Protistink ., 90 , p . 414 . 
1937. Ecologi cal Anima l Geography . J . Va l ey &. 
Sons , Inc . N. Y. 
1933 . I . The Structure and di vi sion of " Ancis':' 
truma ~,~ytili and A. IsselL Riol . Bull . 64 
1933 . Studies on Conchophthirills ~. :tili . A cr. f . 
Protistenk . Bd . 79 , s . 1 . 
1933 . Conchopthiriu8 Caryoclada sp. nov . Biol . 
BUll . 65 , p . 17 5 . 
1933 . On the genus ancistruna strand . Biol . Bull. 
vol. lXIV , , . 1. 
Kidder , G. H. and F . Y. Summers . 1936 . Toxonomic and cytological 
studi es on the ciliat es associated with the 
Amphipod family Orchestiidae from " the ~Yood~ 
Hole district . Biol . Bull . 68, p . 51. 
Kirby , H. 
Yirby , H. 
also Arch . f . Protistenk . 86, S . 379 . 
1924 . t:orphol ogy and rn.i tbsis of Dinen~nnpha 
fimbriata sp . Univ . Cal . Pub . Zool ., 
vol . 26 , p . 199 . 
1932 . Flagellates of the genus Trichon~lpha in 
Term i tes . Ibid , 37 . 
l~i tching , J. A . 
Koidz.I'1i , 
l~udo , R. R. 
Lac~(ey , J . B. 
Lebour, J.; • ,T .. 
loefcr , J . n. 
- 2 -
19 8 . The physi~lo~, of contrac ile v loles . I I . 
Jo r . ~~. 3iol. Ih, . 143. Ir . Ibid 1 
~ . 34 . BioI . ~pv . 10:8 , l~, u . 403 
lQ39 . On t e act ivity o~ ry otO"OR at lo~ oxygen 
t e~sions . J Olr . Cell . O'~ . P , ~i 1. 14, 
p . ?2? 
1921. Studies on t e intesti al orot020a f md i. 
the tor. 'i tes 0 f Japan. Para ito 1.0 "'y , l~-; . 
1939 . Eandbook of Protozoolo >.r , C. C. T 0'18.S, 
3al tLlOr e . 
1936 . Occurrence and distribution of the no. inA 
protozoan species in the t~o D Fol( nrea . 
Biol. ~ull . LXX, 264 
1925. The Di.noflagellates of Torthel'l St as . '.: 
Brend en and Sons , Plynonth 
1939. i cclinati0ation of fr esh-wate ciliates and 
flagellates to nedia of hi6118r o,)110tic 
pr~ssure . Physiol . Zool . , l~ , }.161. 
Lucas , 17. S . 1940 . Cryptocl ilidiurn (cryptochilun) 1 cr'llde l~'C, 
a ciliate fror1 BerT1'lda sea urchin~} . 
J. Y'orph ., 66 . 
f'art in, G. 'J . 1929. Dino f l aBellates fron carine a nd br c1'ish 
Ho. t ers of ~(". J er sey . Uni v . I \In Studi as , 
12.,9 . 
r"urray, J . and J. Hjort . 1912. The dep ths of the oc ean , "o cYillan , 
NeVT York . 
Fantin , C. Ii' . A. 1930 . On the physiology of anehoid 'lOvor'cn t . VI. 
The action of oXYBen . Proc . Ro~r . f30c . 
London, 105 , ~ . 535. 
pi c!"ard, L . A. 192? The neurol"1 otor a'Jparatus of Bovaria 
Tp.redinidi nelson, a ciliat e fron the f,il] s 
of Teredo navalis , Univ. Cpli forni n , Pl1.h . 
Zool. , 29 , 405 . 
Powers , P . B. A. 1932 . C?clotrichiun Peunieri SD . nov . (Protozoa 
cilia t a ). Cause of red ,I'a t el' in the Gulf of 
~~aine Biol . Bull., 63 
Pov:ers, l' . B. A. 1933. Studies on the cili ates fro:-'l ",:Cl Hrchins 
I and II Biol . Bull ., 65 , p . 106 . 
Prytherch, H. F . 1940. The life cycle and rlOrphology of Nematops is 
ostrearurn , sp . nov . A greBarine parasite of 
the mud crab and oyst er . JO l1r . Por,l~ ., 66 , 
p. 39 
Ri ce , N. J.. 19 38 . Observations on the nutrition of Flabellula 
1:1iro. Schaeffer and other amoebae . Arch. f . 
Protistink ., 90 , p. 35 4. 
Schaeffer, A. A. 1923. On the distribution of nnrine anebas . Carneg . 
Inst . 1\18.sh . Year Book No . 21 , for 19 22 , 
p . l?? 
Schaeffer , A. A. 1924 . I n vcs tigations on marine amcbas . Carbeg . 
Inst . Trash . Year Book . No . z.:s, p . 1'19 . 
Scho..effer , A. A. 1926 . Taxonor1Y of the ameba~ . Carne~ . Inst . '.lash . 
Publ . No . 345 . 
Snith , G. F. 1": . 1936 . A gonad parasite of the starfish . Sc ience 84 . 
Summers , F. I:. and G. 'T . Kiddr;r . 1935 . I .. The stona tous 
holotri chous e c tocor:1I1en s:" ls ~ . 13i 01 . BuD. , 68 
Summers , F. H. and G. r: . Kidder . 1936 . II . The coelozoic antoPlatou" 
parasites . Arch . f . Protistenl-- , Bd . 8(', . 
" j eI!~TOn, A. 
-3-
1920 . Demonstratio J. of the functio of the ncuro-
r.atar a para us in Elplotes y enns of 
. . icrodissect:'on . "'i . Cn if . Publ . Zool ., 
19, 403 . 
1926 . Proto:.oo1oB. . ' ·illi8! .. '~ood and Co . ,New 
York. 
1936. Observations on the expe.'i , ental adaptation 
of certain fresh wate ciliates to s .a 
i"a ter . Bi 01 . Bull ., 67 , p. 273 . 
PORIFERA 
T::e labor8 tory ou tl . ne i E! pI'e~)arcc ~or ( f 11 days l,.for ~ on tl-J.e 
porifera but since your time is shortcnec y t11e fielf trip 'I;"is 
8.f"Cernoon, or~ani ze your ,.ror.: s o t"'a tat t:1e end of t),e day ,'ou '.;il1 
have accofJY1li~hed t}:ose narts of the la:')OI'ator~ !=.tuc.~r "'~lc. i.s most 
interesting an~ beneficial to you. 
The regeneration exneriwents on ~icrociona will e st· rtp~ first 
in order t~at t~e materifl rnay te observee pt intervals durin· the 
morning and. again in t:le evening. 
Regerera :ion of 1:icrocio!1cl. 2acl1 s tU0 ent vill neee P. f1 n .... ,er 
bOl.rl, a Syracu se T. a tch-b'lar- s an0 a c;lif. e, The g ... oU'") at t eJ t'1ble 
\'i ll neeo.. an arC' i tional finger bmd to be usc( In comr:1on, FiL ti.1,e 
finr:cr bOl.rle Dbou t t'·'o- tl:irfl s ful·. of (;·'a- ,rater. Plac c the ' {ltc' -
glass on t::.e bottom and t,.e slide on to of t>e patc: olas~ . Into 
the conmo n 001"1, cells nr,(' bro!:en frag~;lcn Cf' froJ I :11cro'" jon NJll bl 
Dressed through fine l11eshec. :'01 ting clo tl" . Pinette a snall CJu<~:"'ti ty 
of this watcrial into t;l(' fL1[';er bOl'ls contai:1ir1f- tJ:~ 81idos. As soon 
as tl"e cells have had tine to settle on tl:e slide, cnrfl"ll ty Jift it 
out Clnd examine it . Ret1..rn i t c8 J."ef'...~11:t to 'the fi n[.::('r bo ,,1. Stud:' 
several times c1.'..l.ring t~e day. Hav,- th;; cells S~10"'n a tCl1oF1ncy to 
aggrrgate? 
The structure of th l" re1.mi tion nasp ano. the ccl18 involveC'. [l.r8 
e iscus sed in papers by ~:Jilson ano Galt Goff . r-Iany 0 th(' cell tJ'~)lr" 
the syncytium which forms the surfac e lay~ r nne all of tll w s! Llcton 
arc rctained ~y the bolting cloth. Wilson coneif·rs thr00 t~)es aG 
rcprcFnnted in the frce cells, one, the choanocytcr ~lich remain 
specific <.1.nr~ 1')1"0(1 lee a ne1fT ~Clstral epi tht lium, t1"rO, cells l,ri t}" 
nuclcolate nuclei anc 1')OS8eSfln~ granulos to R varial. l c fe~r, c in their 
cyt08om26 an(, three, non- nuclcolnte c elle nODFesr1ns in their 
cytof'ol11e~ fin0 gr[lnules of uniform Gi z.e N]~ich :""1 V"S to tllc c-.;118 II 
grayish co l or . Ho regElrc1s t he nuclcoln tc tyne nc n prinorc3.in.l c01·1• 
which ')I'oduceG in the reunition nw.ss, cl.f: in the no.ult, skcletaJ l.n0 
reprod.uctivc cells. T''1c non-nucL~ ol[Lt e cell 1')ror1ucer t>c G~!'1c~,~tium 
w!: ich covel"O the >06 ~i uno. Itnc>. t:10GC can,;lr: not occ'...I."'11 C'c1 b~! c~'lon­
nocytep . Some i:lc.ication of cell tyn es cn.n b e l:J[\rned from frcrh 
prnpnr£1.tionG but fixed nn6 st~in ~c1 matcI'icl has been fount Qore 
satisfactory Do not s1')cncl too '.1Uch t5.rno tr~ring to identify tho 
different t~)0G of colls . 
Ascon t"DC . (Leueor-o l cnia ). 
--- --"-"--
ench oth( r and prevnlencc of buds . 
Nato relation of in6ividua ls to 
Ha!t c [:. h£1.bi t 81~ctch . 
Select :111 incUvic.uall·thic) ~ is re ll.1.tivcl~' fre e fro nl cetriF . ~iith 
n rn.zor or shrtr~J scal pel cut i t I f)nf,t~:I'.Tj fe nnf1 '"ll[\cc the halve: on £1. 
e:lidc so thn t both in:1er nne ou tcr surfnces PoW.y bo vi ewr.G. unc'l er the 
Sf'l.ne cover glElss . Note the different ty~"'cs of ~1')icul(,f: nn6 C G'"'ec-
i[11J.~' tl1c1r [.;c ner."1.1 ,'rr{'1.nGcmcm t . Note , £1.1 so , 'chc I£1.cl~ oi COrlcn tnt" 
mnterinl ( snong1n ) to hole them to~ethor Buch nf will b e found in 
come monnxonio. 8nonp:es , e . C. Hnlichond.ri £'. c..n<l Chnlinn . FOCUA 011 tl~e 
~n.8trf'.1 8urfn.ce nnd. observe the ht.rltin~) of the cjlonocytc flar~;('J.la. 
,The detnils of the coll{'1r celIe ~~y bc ~tu~ic{ b~ttpr in Sycon) . 
Nato thc; numr;rous norocyteF Hi th their intrncellulnr o·,")cninr;r . Dr;-·""r 
a porocyte £1.nd 80me ~djncrnt chof'.nocytc8 . 
The 81')icules in tl1.is form £1.nfl nlpo in Sycon , CJ"'nl ina, Hnllc'10n-
drin nnc'l Microcionn c[\n be studied b e ~t by eXAmining the rcsi ~uc which 
remains after sponges hnve bc~n boile~ in ~otnssiilll hydroxl~ .. ~tcr-
i~l has .cen trc ted in t~is W~! for JOu nnd is ~v( ilnblc on the 
l):,~·""['rf'.tlon t, ...... blc. Dr[l\'l ['~c,:;t c [' ~ cl une' r t~l' cover gla8sNl of your 
~cvcr[l ~ )rep~r~tion8 . Not~ ~c r:r~lt~. Ill'strnt10ns nnd nnmcs of 
,0::" ty-picnl s1')iculc Sl"ln"'Cf ,; rc :'ounc. in Prn.;t I s I~\~nunl nnd ihlm::.n' s 
Inv:rte,.,rr.tes, p . 298 . COffil)nre t:-! G.cscril tiont=: ,::-'j Vt:n 1n the text 
for sp 2cics rc . rcsented ill looe.,. :!olc tori ~ .... yo r 0' f -:I'vntions. Dr. w 
c[1ch type of ri)icule found, in c[lcl"l 01 t:.\ r'")Ol1r'cc: nv ....... i!.'1'1.... . For 
'Ghc non c[llc[,1'in r,;fcr l:0 Voom ..... tc' s T'lC 8')01: '0 of C~ •. Bny ot' :~n:)lcs. 
~1'itc th o scicntific tcro und~r enc~ sicu~e. S .... c np . 95-10- in ~01~g0 
,"n0 Ecrou~rd . Err.'1hl'.f ic It' .. C: becr nl~"c(.;e, on t'lC fO:'l1 of thl.' soic ~l f. 
b'~C'1.U8C the rDicu10 ir frcquently th.:.. mOf't const' .. lt rlor )holoC ienl 
structure nvrilf'.blc in the clnrFiiic['tton of FOQC Glongc q • 
S]con tync . (SYCOL C[111 rG. Gr")nt.i. ' 111 ole' '1' textr) SuC"<g,:ntionr. 
for r-tufy of t:-is 8')Ong0 nrc r'ivcn in Dl .... C·: (!,l) . 37-4-0, 5th c(~it . ) 
The rCr.lt'..rkr b "rc nrc GUp'''''lcr'l .~nt~ry to t!H_ text. r_l. r l:--tivl' fi7.. 'to; of 
incul'rcnt nnd. r~di ..,J. cnn:'18 ,"n6 thoil .... r It1tion 'GO (;,:.c1-: 0 lJ~'., r filny b\.. 
fcen cL~ .·rlJ in , ...... t.~n;t'n·Gl"'l section of r ('rice <;:el.cto1 l~:;'c' ..; fl.r lollowt 
T'10 CUtFl nrc on.(I(' Tl:'rnllel to the lon ~: nxlM; t:· 1£'n0 of th.- firr-t 
T)[1.8r'C'r tnngr-=ntir lly to the mi('1cilc of t_1C' bO~i "Irll, t; .. lC '")1:'1.11 1 o-;.·ch; 
secona, 11nrrllcl to the' first, i;- 1:1nc'( E;.uffici ~ntly n0('r th l,.; J.on"" ,') 'is 
E'.() f' f to inclufc )nrt of the ~n:'lCr r·urfl~.cc . 
Stut: r of livinr~ mn.tcrin.l . Ob;.( rvncion on the d.ircctj on of c~,lr1'r'nt 
flow c~n be cnrric( out Githcr in Sycon ~ccor{jn~ to dl~cctlonf ii Drc' 
or in Er.J. lcho!1r.rin Hhich £ho~'Tr. n. more vif;oro~18 floF of current i. ;,000 
rn..,tcrinl i~ nvriln lc . 
It ic Bug~'c rtca thnt, lnst~n~ of tnn~~nti~l scctionf m~ntion\d 
i~1 DreH fOI' livinG,' mn.tc:rin l thr .... t ~rou t· .... J to lnJ:;:c crof:G-f;,; cti ')nr. f'c::f-
ficlentl :' thin to [ ~. llo'''' 8tu(1.~r Hit:, n 4 mm . objective ,')n(': Y0t, in 
rn;lldn~ th0 ;.;ctionF , to rctn~Ln t~r',)lc{'l ri~lnti.on>- of t; .... l; Ilninn.l ' (l 
struc tures . ScctionE,!1. qunr 'ccr to n fift~1 0:0: n m) IJ.iJT~tcr l.~'c 'I.bout 
rL,ht . T)-;o cho.1.nocytc r; 11n:Ln;-: t!'lC rn.c:.i[~l 8{1.11'.1 Hill b" vir.lblc .1.nc 
r1 th proper [1.('; jU8tl'1Cnt of condcf1so .. ~ ,",nC. illuminn.tion onc mny ob'l,rve 
flnge l lrt , collnrr., <'.no. the l)roron~Tlc r. . Dr,'~" ,'1. c':.or.nocytf.' :1 f you c~ id 
not obG crvc O!1C in tho frr.C;;ffidltr-; of I~icl'ocionn . 
Obrcrve nlro in thir ·,)rer'nrntj,on gn:"m c()llr. ,'InC' dcvnl01)li1g 
embryos 1".' ich m,I,Y be ~) r O f;8nt . Co: ,'no.re th.osc tl.l!1i1hiLlnrtulnc "!'}ith the 
l ['rvfl.e of :-acrocionn., Th esc lrtt i .. r !':i['.~T b . obt r.inl:;c:;. by c3.iRoecti 1-1C, 
plocer of thc ndult 8 1l0n[lO "itY. nr~(;( lcr . :,·Th . .;n fr()ccl fl .... orn th t: D[1l" ,nt 
tho l~rvr'.o GhJ:.m out 1nto the F'urrounc'1.L1{': 1". tcr . Dr."1'J 't'lhnt8v .... r 
embl .... Yoi1i c st .'1,P,f'r:: , ci tl1el"' in Sycon or 111c1"oc:i.on['. th,~t r'ln.:l ho rt vnilnblc 
in your mntcrin.l. 
Leuccn ty'-e . 1. (C11n.l ino. ). Ob scJ:'vc th( general org: niz;,tlol1 of 
thc colony . I cccntify the o6c"l l n . Onl~.' n roueh 100,"1, C['.n be gnj.n8c. of 
the [1l1ntomy of the fpOn[~C from thin c r08S -8 0ctio;1f; but ruch ;, 
prcl)[1.ration ~·ri ll re v e,"'.l thc mn.n ner i n v!hich sbort r.lOn~xonic3 s:)iculcs 
nrc cffcctivel y hu l d tog8 ther by G1Jong in . U88 mo.gnificntion of about 
4or: x . g".ke a orr. 1 •. ring to illu~tr[1tc t>i8 . 
2 . ( Hn.lic11on(~.rin ). Plnc!"; [l iece of n. cclony in n. Syr r cu8c 
wntC]1 r;ln8r [1n0 look for n!1 o8culun . Fotc the.; vigorous flmv of 
'~'ntcr from it . A P'.in 8ombrn.ne ~'.T~·' ic '~ :0:::'i"1r th,.) of1c.uLun ie n 
f:rl1c:rtium . It cover'" till Fllrfflc": of the p)onr,p fl)rmin(~ 1 tr c1.crmnl 
l[l~"Qr . The f'T)icu l cG b r·ncn.th fU')')Ol"t it like FO man~r tent Dol(;( . 
I U8~.J.~oun osti[l n.rc T)rC8cnt in t:·lC ,cmbr[l.nc ~'T;lich lello into thL ex-
tcnE\i ve Gubo.rrmn. l "'nace bclo~'J . ?ro:. t:1j. R leno the.. incurrcnt cl'.nn.lo 
- n'"" th,., .,'ter ... n" ..... r~ t " " I~ln,., ' '11~- .... ~., C'1'lf'b'rs di!'ec u - &.: . __ \,; \.\,. t"...,, \ CL \"',: .. .... ' . :""""Il... .. .. ~ 4 ,.. .. 10".;. 
Otier Sn~nges . Exnrnin~ ,r1ch oth0r ~ron~er as nny0 nv~ilnblt 
i:1 t:tc lr'bornto,,"y, nrobrbly _ct!lyr~ [:::c Cli n:'. Cl1onrl. 18 th ,~ fU1')hur 
S') o ' ~c -- rrne ll it. It ir. nblc to or' int) rhe lls, but nDl)['.rcntl;v-
""lot by tb.: USe of ."n "C iel. 
,. ' 
All rec~r~G of your work on tbc ?o~ifcr~ rrc due not Intur thnn 
9:00 n.m .. 
Clr'.:.')te, F. 1'1 . nne \1/. C. ;_.celer . 19 22 . 1'1.0 lnorg.' nic cen~titucntr of 
mnrine inv ., rt,:br[l,ter.. Dept . of Int,~ r ')r, Profo :. [ lnnr'.l 
P[l')cr No . 124. 2nd cdi t . · 
Dcln~c, Y. rnf E~. Herou[lrd. 1899 . S~ong1fltros in Trnlt8 d, ZooloG1c 
Concrete, Parie. 
Flncl:.cr, J. A. 191to. Tl' o orj r in of thc' Gcrn cel1r in St vlott'lln. 
hc li-o"lhl1n \V1 Ison ( TetrnxOl idn) J our . l1orph'. 67 : 17f)-197 ' 
GrltGoff, P. S. 19'23. The Anoe aie, movf'm~-: nt of <U:~f"ocl(1te( G'''oa ,t. 
cells. BioI. BUll . 45:153-161. 
" " " 1925. R8{;r.iwrntlon [lfter r'1ir80clr~tion ( nn ' xp ri.1.1 :nt-
nl stuC? on spong ,8 ). I. Bch.'1vior of dlr.rocint<'cl c(,: 110 
of Microcionn prollfern und er l1/~»):'r.1n l nn6 nlt~r u (l C011-
ditiono . J our . Exp. Zo ol. 42~lg3-221. 
" " 11 1925. Rog:me rat i,on ,".:ft~l' dirsoeiAtion ( an CX1) r ri.:' cnt -
.'11 r- tud/ on 81)Ongcs) II. Hi R to[,:,cne si r nf HiCl'nciol1.'1 
prali fern, Vorr. J0ur. Ex-". Zoo1. 42: 223-255 . 
" 11 " 1929. Hot.;rort[t.;glutin.'1tio!1 of cUrrocl.'1tod '1") ()n r';l cuF,s. 
BioI. Bull. 57:250-260. 
Hyman, L.!1. 19~·0. The Inv ort ebr,'1.tcfl : Protoz.o[\. thraurch CtennDl'i01'a. 
McGraw-Hill Boak Ca . ~ . Y. 
Rcntschel, E. 1923-1925. Parllz,o a 1n Kukcnthnl [In( KrumbncllS ' Hancibucil 
der zoolo~ie, T. 307-418. 
Pnrker, G. F. 1910. Rencti onr of 8Don~cr vith n c ~nri~cl'ntl~n of 
tJ10 origin of th~ nervou:' r::,:rtlJm . Jour. EXT) . ZOG I. 8 
II "11 1914. On tho stl' c ngt'" of ,.rr,ter cur:::'(;ntF prorluc e0, by 
sponge8 . Jour. Exp. Zool. 16. 
Vor-mner , G, C. J. 1932-35. The r.')~ngt:) r of 'cbo Bc.y of PnDlc r , 
Doriforn incnlc nri~. Vol. 1-3. Capita Zoo lo ~:cn . 
i'lils')n, Henry Vnn Pe~0rG, .'1nd Jr.mer: T. Pe:nny. 1930. The rC[;ol1crrl.tion 
of GDongos (i-Ucroci onrt) fr oFl CiF180clatc:c~, c (;110. Jour. 
Exp. ' Z001., v. 56: 73-147. 
Wilson, H. V. 1932. Sp onge s nnd biology. Amer. N.'1t. 66:159-170. 
'l118on, H. V. 1935. Some critict ~l polntr:; in the metnmor1):-lOriG of 
t ho hn1ichondrinc; 6-)Onge lr'.Y'vu. Jour. Horph . 5(; : 2e5-
3'13· 
Wilson, H. V. 1938. Beh.'1viour of the cpi{ermis in sponges ( Microcionn) 
when trented Hi th nnrcoticc or ntt :'cked b,v n.qu[lrium 
degcn erntion. Jour. Exp. Zool. 79. 
vlaGslficntl on of t!1"" P'1~'lurn PorlI\..l'n 
CIf1sc:::: . C._lc ":L'~r of Gl"'lcis. on,;i .... , tl: c';l i~:L'\L If'"I)l1C "''s . 
St~ (' lt oL COl"'!-,) fCC. of s"T>[-r{'t,~ c~lc{',r ""Qus G')icu~.t?s, onc-, t~lrL'8-, or f()uI'-
r['.YcG., not c i visP'lr; ir.to n ~gnscler '- I.n' r;icr:J~cl(' J.'t',- . 
Orc.c r 1 . :-:D:-'nc")cll', t~e r.r-COll ~.'~(ln~'~'"; . StJ.'u(,~Ul'(' {'''conol('~. 
Or{cr 2 . Ec~ roco.If'. Struct~r0 ryc)p~l( I~uc ~ 110. . 
01. Se II . Ecx:~c,;;ln,:1J.l({', or Tria .. -· ni({'. Jr HYf'l r on:~~.t'.c, t1:C' i L~"""" 
r ,_'Jli.f!'Cs . S~c e I 0t:)n c ') inoscc ()f triax .... n (s:lx-r, y.(.r ,1 .... ic(""ouf' ~. ':cu1Gfl )r :.or' "Joe ific~tion of tl1.v trinxon [.):' 1, <';C1):'r. tc or uni t ,( in co 
:'lctio"Oj, .... ~r. ; cr.n.o!1oc:r tcs Iirit -,c.. to fin :"~""r- r.'1[,. cd c~:;~!". err {,,'I', 1,,'0- in 
c' ( i ;:"). ,,,: or fol.'0Q l.[':cr; .Ti t '· ,:nt Gur:L c , 0' it;!.:::liu: . 
Orocr 1. nCXl'fteroD}:"l'['. \'i~·C;- :11 x. rt\::l'G , tt',) tt ;' In:1it :-:l:r . 
Orc cr 2 . Ani)l":.it if,COp~10r:1. . ':i t~l. [l.l:1pl1i(' i r!\.G, no Lex,";~~ tl ' l'S . 
Clf'sr. III. DC1-!() S1 on,:;L'.c . SkL.lctO:l of ilic( our ,.I)ir.ul>,.;" or >'fJJ.'ny 
fi ber£' or botL ; rilic,~our- r; .... cuL s not trL~; ("'1, :~( Tll': ':'..lly c:.if·~'l~t n·C:\.:lt-
l)C' intI') r:ogr Gclerc 8 n.ne ::icro r:clt:ru: ; fl[ .,_ ll£l.t-,c c}l['nb~l'C-: 1:0 r-tl" fTln.ll, 
1"-:1J:1,-1 , 0 f t~i. ~ 1 '-l.lee no i(~ t T)\, • 
Subcl.'l.8C" I . Tctr ,'l.cti:1Ql;.i r1 tl . :7i th t..;tl~"X,)J1 eDi uL'~ ; 
n0 s;')')n!~:in ; p.'-icul ck !""i (·til'1Gf: ~,rr·~:tL1e . 
01'001' 1. llyx')r-non~icl..r' .. 'T:lt> OU-C F'1);culcG; atr"J.cLur"" r:illp b 
Or(0r 2. Ct'.r:10r.:..-' ')1' E'Ji.:oG.:-Il,).i"')p;".oX'f' or Tlcl"·-clt.r ;,.):;) \' • 
iIcR.;[1C'clcrc r [l.ne :-'1icl'oC'cl·:ri'8 l1'Jt cl:,'r~) l~.' cif:tl.'rl"l1tir'. ~l:( ; .iO< tl;' ".' t nut 
t:~i('.crl':~9; .'l.oters ;.1(1:' b :~ prc;. .)nt . 
OrdlJl' 3. Chnri r- titr; . i'Ij. t> lonc,- rIll"_ .~tcf \; "inC:h) S; 
DC'b' 8clu.'cf' ('.nc~ j 1 icrnp.clcr.:.;'" cictinct . 
n.r'c e i r;rJ{"'t 8 . 
Subnrecr 1 . Artronhern . 
Suborc'c'" 2 . Si[\iin tonllOl"'n . 
Subc l asf I I. 
~icrnrcleres includ~ nrtOI'f . 
Licrn scl c- r,")<:: "hcn prl,;:=;cnt 
without s~onRin . 
Oro.e r 1+ . ibc'I'O:- ,:- rin:'.. c r ~·I.rj tr")~ .~ I1n.x')n (.lJ. ic'; ~. . i.lq;'-'.r c 1" 1" (':3 
:'.lostly tyl 'Jft:,Tlcs ; r·~i c rofcl,::;:; .. , (; F' \".'('11 1)r(H ent r'()~-\ fo: ..... , , :)r t1.r.ti.:;l' ; 
without Gn~n~in . 
Oro.e r 5. H[l.lic:10J1t' rit.:1 . • H\.:.c, ar-c;l,; ::.''3S r'1l')stly or t"-J Ol' 
Ilorc l~incs ; r'!icrosc l cl'CG l~rnn 'c in :~ 0r n1',] rha:'i1C'.c ; "':\ t!' li'utlc s',')ol-lf'in . 
Orc1 c r 6. Po (; cilo r c ll.~'inr_ . I,lcg:' :::clr:r\JF o:tt('n J f t~·,1') )1" 
:.lOrc FortC'1 l oc{'.lizcci j.n ('i r.tribut:i. r 'i1 ; rcticulnt,~ . unitc(1 b,' ! r,1"c 01' 
l err cDol1f.'in ; often '·'it:l cc'.il':.atii1r "Y)iCl.11cf. ; r-icl"orelr;r,-~G lncluc', 
si.(.::n!1F , c>e l ; .s , n:lc tOXP.8 . 
Orc;"or 7. nnplof.c 1 2rinn . !L[~".r-.clcr()r: r f 0nc ~;:inc'1 , 
o.i[l.cti.nnl wit:'out sD(;clnl loc "-'. l izntioJ". ; 1 'it~-1 or nithovt j ,icroGclc)'o ; ; 
G})ongin gen.:::rnl ly nrcrci1t . 
Subc l ('.sp, III. Kc r ;1'G8stI. , tho :l"rny G'·)()l1P;C'''' . SJ~,; l G ton 
CO[!1l0Sf"{ of 8' .... 011G1n f i bcrr' , ",;-i th'll).t silicl.ou~ ;1')icul cf, . 
Tr2:.:on f1"') ; I "The I nvcrtobrntos " by L. H. HY11n.n 
fLATX1i£:I.: _::i:: rI:~=S AND NE. :ATHELlI.li T~lES 
Selected Bib1iogra hy 
( riginal research and good reference lists ha e been the criteria 
u~e rt L. c v!"1".,ll i!1,t; this t ~ bl .; oGre . .!:'':;.-,'. It ~ 'I '10t "c e"' r'l' f'; ~ ('rcd f". 
co:-,_lete ic:t, ut a v'arka- 1e on8 . ) 
Ktik3nthal , ':: . und 't . K:u 'ac... 1?28 . Ht .• ~-,'!h .... '!--. c:t' '..I\.)oloe i .. V 1 . '-" 
first half . An excell"nt ... Emarsl .1i~c1: ' :·on 0'" 1:h 1 orpl 010 v , 
hysiolog:y, and tclxon my of 1:ill g-;~() t~S l.vlclud(..c. (~r~d()r the 
1 :!.a tyhe l:n in the sand .3:t:a tho lmln :;- I)U • .' l ~,;,ow i If <) ac 1 G . onp 
discussion is a good fl0loc.~ d 1."i'.:J..l0fL .I-'''.~-'' r 19:50~ 
T'ost of the o"Chf'r refe 8nces i C:'1i8 li~t a.::'c SU f 1 mentary 
to those in Ktikent~a1 4 
.:: LA: Y'~L~ ~~Jfl': ·::~S 
Cl8.ss ~ TUl'bcJl8.!.'ia 
Bock , S . 1 927 . - Duotus genJ.te - lnt,e .. 3T:;in~lis in the ,twlvclnds . Arkiv .. 
Zool . (Stockholm) 1 9A (2): 1-15, 
Drondsted , Eo Vo .1.939 . - Rage ',eratioTl lr: !)1~Y'. · (ja:1~) lYlv~st:igatod 
vli th 8. r..ew trans planta tion tec"Lrn ue . Vet. XCJ . Do.1S C0 
Vidensk& Se1-'kab . Liol . redd . IE, (I)! 3-30 . 
Castle , ~':' . A .. and L .. I-I . Byrns,n . 1934 . - Observatj.ons on Font1 In 
vela ta (Stringer) , includinf, a descri.p tion of the an:: , tor.1Y of 
the r eproductive system . Tr&r:s ~ Amer . Pi c r . Soc ., ') 3~ l5~t -17 l, 
Cau Jlery , f.': . e t F . ilr,esni l. 1903. Red.lOr ches sur los lirecampia" GH~rd 
'1'urbe llarie s • Rhabdoce 10S , .F aras i tes 1.n te:cnes des Crt.1 s taco' • 
Annales de la Facu1 te Sciences t'a:,se ill0 , 13 ~ l3J -lS7 • 
Cl.:i1d , C. r . 1 913. - Studies on the dY:lamics of ~: orlhogene sis and 
Inheri tance in expe r imen t a l re produ c tion . 6 . '1'he De ture of the 
a~ial e;radients in Plan aria and their relf-tion to antero - poste r·· 
ior dominance, polarity , and s ymmetry. Arch . f . EntwicklGsmech . 
37: 108-158 . 
Costel lo, H . M. and D. J.' . Coste llo. 1 938 . - Copulation in the D.coelour 
tu r bo llarian , Polychoorus carme l en3is. BioI. Bul l., 75: 85-08 . 
-1939 .-Egg laying in t l.e acoelous t urbell arian , Polychoorus 
carmelensis . ibid. 76: 80 - 89 . 
Freeman , D. 1933. - The p olyclads of the San Juan region of I uge t 
Sound. Trans. Amer. Nicr. Soc., 52 : 107-140 . 
Fyfe , r . L. 1938,- The r eproductive system of t ho p1ana.rian 
Arti oposthia tr ~angulata JDendy ). ~uart . Jour. iicr . SCi ., 80: 
99 -1 26 . 
Graff , L. V9 1911. - Acoela, Rhabdocoe la, und Alloo ocoela des Ostens 
dor Vere inigten Staaten von Amerika . Mi t NHchtragen zu den 
r,~8.rinen Turbe llarien Orotavas und der Kllste n Europas . Zeit<l chr. 
wiss. Zool ogie 99 : 1-108 . 
Hyman , L . H. and A. W. Be llamy . 1922 . - Studies on the correlation 
be t ween metabol ic gradients , electrical gradients , and galvano -
taxis . Bio I. Bull ., 43: 313 - 347 . 
Hyman , L. H. 1 931 - Studies on the morphology , taxonomy, ond dis -
tribution of North Amrri can triclnd turbellaria . TV . Recan t 
European r evis ions of ~he tr iclads , and their apvlica tion to 
the American forms, with a. kO~T to the latter and now notes on 
distr ibu t i on. Trans . Amer . Micr. Soc., 50: 316 - 335 . 
Eyman, L . H. 1939 - Some ,1Jolyclads of th e JJew England Coast , es -
pe c ially of the '~;oods Hole Regi on. BioI . Bul l., 76 :127 - lfJ2 . 
- 2 -
~..J'Tan __ • H . 1 940 . - Revis i :1 of thE: "or' f rca '5 '--,nd ":r-lkor on 
.. ~~ttoral po1 :~ l ads of -·c':' Eng1a:1d e.n "dja cnt . rt ~t5 of Cc.n£1.d • 
.-: ...... 21 . T~e :-0 nt e s crt Is1c.nd 3; 01 . ~, . • _.~/ • 1 4 - 2 • 
-' 1" "" n . 1 937 . - SeX'J.a1 Et~1d El."'exual r"t.ro ~ :;iO,1 in ~ ... ~)l8.n""ri8. ti;","-
v .. J. .. , .a. t ... 
, ~ina (Gi.ca rd .• Biol . ':u_1 ., 73: 280 - _~ ' . 
, . .:t;ncr,- . A. , ,.: . C. Gregor , 8.nd R ~ J. } or ~c r . 1.38 .- T.c :ani .1.1£1. -
" . t:on 0.:' the neP.'..atoc~sts of Ch10rohydra b micros to 'un . Zoe-1, 
ADZ ., 121: 114 - 124 . 
"escI've, F . G. 1 935:. - A nL: \' genus and s pe cies of l~.rasltic hlr -
, J~J.18,ria from 8. Bern:ud2 s .... a clcum' er . Jour . l arE'.sit.o1 . , 20: 
270 - 276 . 
,:uI'I'ay , =. R . 1927. - The c1..l 1tivation of lanarian ti UC'S in vitro . 
Jrylr . Exp . Zeal ., 47: ~67 -505 . 
- 1931 . - In vitro studies of 1anarian paren '1;) :a . 'rch. 
eXler . Zellforschag ., 71; 656 - 667 
,Tuttycor-be , J . W. an d A. J . ' .. eters. 1 935 . - Feeding rabits nd 
pharyngeal structure in Steno~comum . Biol . Bull . , ~0: 4~9 -446. 
'li tchie, ./;I. . D. 1934 . - The haci tat of Procerodos ulvae . J01 1 r . 
~'arine Biol . Assoc . Un5.ted King . , 19:663 - 668 . 
Rue'....,ls'. , 1' . K. 1 937 . - T'{"lE; 2,Lnus Da1yel1ia in Amer; cc, . Z 01 . Anz 
119 : 237 - 256 . 
- 1938. - A compara tive study of the 1'u r be llo.rian Chromo-
somes . i'Jid . 122: 312-329 . 
-193~ Report CD t~e rhabdocoe l e ~lrb e llaria coll ect d by 
the ~a1e North India Expedi tion . ibid . 126 : 49 - 67 
SilbGr , R . H. and V. Hamburger . 1 ~39 . -:--T"i1e },-roduction of ~~,~,~t:n,~. 
gruciata a~d multiple he ads by re ge n e ration in Eup1a ,'.?::.~,~ 
ti grina . Ihysi.olo Zool ., 12 : 285 - 300 . 
UIJ yot , t . and R . S . A. Beaucham1- ' 1931. - i\: echanisms far the rre -
vention of self fert iliza tion in some s pecies of fresh -w ter 
trj.clads . ( uart . Jour . ricr . SC i,., 74: 477 - 489 . 
Class: Trema toda - ~ onogenea . 
Alvey , C . E~ 1936 . - The mor}.iholog~T and deve101ment of mOl0~IenEJtie 
trema t ·,):lG Sphyranura 01 i!~orc 115~ (Alvey , 193 3) and tbe des .. 
cr ipti c.'l of Sphyranura ' .. olyor,G2is. n, sp . 1 aras i tol ., 28: ?29 - 253 . 
Jahn, ~I' . L . ~.I1.cj. 1 0 R . Kuhn. :1.932 . .. "Tl ~t) l:l.fe history of Epibde~.la 
IT,e 'Lleni .l a cCallum , 1 927 , a monognnetl c trematode parasitic on 
rra· ... ~.L ne f:;. shes. BioI. Bull., f..2! 89 - 111 
Odhncr , ':,' . 1 912 . - Die Hom o10g ien der vJeib l l':,~en Genit£\ lVJoge bei den 
'I'romatoden m .'.d Cestoden . Zool . I'.r'z ., 39: 327 - 351. 
Paul, A. A o 1 938. - Life history studl "'!3 of Nor th Ameriean I" rosh'u8.te r 
f·olystomes . Jour . Parasito1 ., 2 '~ . 489 - 510 . 
CLASS : Tremat oda - Digenea . 
Bos ma , N. J . 1934 . - The lifo 1:l istory of the trematode AJ.ari a mustolae 
n . s f . Trans . A~e r . ~icr . Soc ., 53: 116-1E3 . 
Cable , Ii . l! . 1 934 . - Stud i ', 3 on t b e pe r m co 11 cyclo of .Q£xEtoc otyle 
lingua . II . Germinal deve lopment in the larval stq=.:cs . 'LUar t . 
Jour . Micr. ScL , 76: 573 - 61 4 . 
Chen , i' in-dji . 1937. - The germ:-cel1 cycle of tho tromatode , I'a ragon-
imus kel1icotti Wa rd . 1'lD8.ns . Amr r. r,"icr. Soc . , r:;6: 208·-236 . 
Do...,ro~olny , C . G. 1 939 . - Life history of P1agiopor~~ 8inits1n,! 
I,ue l1er and embryology of new cotylocercous c ercariao (Trema todD.) 
l rans . Amer . Micr . Soc ., 58: 121-15b . 
- 3 -
'-.l:;) . 1937 . - Life histo~"" ~nd !:or'holo?y of .'ncrave ti 
,hS , -
1"-e"Sllm S' • nov . (~ro::1.oco~ .a lidae , Trer::tatoda) . ~ic; . ~oc : , 56: 478 - 504 . 
:£.',UC, '0 . R . 1 ~26 . - A trematode Y'ith two ani . J01.r . "'l'asitol . , 12: 
2C7 - 20'"' . 
"c·-1,llen , D. :5 . 1938 . - Observe ~ ions on fre cocious meta crcnrial 
de~910 ment in the tre~atode su crfamily Pla .iorchioi·~~a . J01I~ 
~£.rasitol . 24: 273 - 280 . 
I-a ,,,t::':1 , .': . E. 1938 . Studies on tre.atodes of '.'oods }:ole: The lifo 
cycle of Lepocreadiurr: setiferoides (;:iller and "ort.'ru' ), 
l,llocreadiidae, and the descri tion of Cerca.ri C1. .• in ia n . sp~ 
5iol . 3ul l ., 75: 463 - 474 . 
- lS39 . - St .1.dies on t 1 e trematodes of \f;oods Eol€l . II. The 
life cycle of Stephanos tor En tenue (Linton) . i":10 . 76 ~ - r: - 73 
Nicoll , ';J. 1909 . - Studies .n t'1e structure and cla s:i.flcrtil.'1 of the 
di:;r-me tic trenatodes . (,uE,rt . Jour . 1,:icroscop . SOCI~, 53: ~.1-487 
Od£1.ner, T . 1928 . - ' .. -e itere 'Irematoden mit anus . Arkiv f . : 010[, . 
(Stockholm) 20 : I - S . 
iratt , H. S . 1909 . - The cuticula ond su ;.)cuticula of tl tr-l1atodo s 
and cestodes . A,cr . N2t . , 43 : 705 - 729 . 
Ra:1kin , J . S ., Jr ., 1 939 . - ~~e life cycle of the frog bl ddor fluko , 
Gorgode rina a ttenua ta S taff'ord , 190 2 (Trenla toda; rOl\"1'odoridac) . 
A:ner . ,7idl . Nat., 21: 476 - 488 . 
Ssinitzi~l , D. '1' . 1911 . - larllhonogeneti c e;('neratlon of tl'l. '['.tod send 
its proe;eny in mollusc s of the Black Sea . Rec ords of tho 
Imper ial Academy of Scie:1ce s , 8th series , I hysico-i\.€dhemutic 1 
Dcp.;.rtment , 30 (5) . (OriGina.l in Russian . Translations may bo 
obt[ ine d from the secret£-ry , Dep'rtment of Zoology , Univ< 't.'slty 
of r,:i c ;-.igan . ) 
StunkaI'd , H. 'il . and R . r·l . Ce.olo , 1932 . - 1'h6 1 ife his tory of 
Jarorchis avitus (Linton) a trematode from t..""lo clonc r, of the 
~l ll. bl01. Bull ., 62: 328 - 338 . 
Stunknrd , E . V, . 1930 . - The life his tory of Cryptoco tylo }jngu" 
(C-;.'o pl in), with no t e s on the 1Jhys i ology of the me tacerc8.rino • 
Jour . ~,· orph . and l'hYCl,ol ., 50: 1 4:3 - 1 91 . 
- 1 038 . - The mor~holosy and lifo cyc l e of tho trem~tode 
Eimnsthla qu issotE;l1sis (r,';iJ.ler end Northrup , 1026) . Bio l . Dull ., 
75: 145 - 1"64 • 
- 1938a . - Distomum lasium loidy , 1891 (Syn . Corcariaoum 
lintoni Miller and NOl .... V·jrUp , l S2S) , tho Jarval "ta[)o of 
Zoogonus !ubellus (Olsson , 1868) (Syn , Zo muris 10003, 1901) . 
ibid . 308 - 334 . 
'ri-10y , C. H. 1930 . - Studios on the lymph system of di[,unetic tr'J~ 
mat odos . Jour . Morph . and .l:hysiol~ , 50: 1-37 . 
Class.: Cestoda 
Benham, B . 1 90] . - Platyhelmia . A treatise on zool oCY edited by 
E . Ray L8nkestor . 
Linton , E . 1938 . - Cestode holc.fus ts . J.J~,vro Jubl1ar .trof . Trnvas80o , 
3: 275 - 278 . 
Luhe , r . 1910 . Cestodes . in "jrnue r: Die StlssvTcss erfc.uno. Deu tschlo.nds 
S"b.J.nkard , H. '.t' . 1937 . - The, Ilfc cycle of Foniezia exp8nsa . Science 
2G : 312 . 
Venard , C . E . 1 938 . - r.~or:;)hology , Bionomics , and tr,xonomy of the 
cestode Dipyl idium caninum . Annals N. Y. Aco.d . SCi ., 37: ?73 -
328 . 
• 
- '3: -
yo:.ng , " .1935 . - Sor.:e unsol'ed }-ro lems of cestode ~tr'lcture and 
de'·e lopment . Trans . Amer. t.:icr . Soc., o~ : 22 - ~3, . 
Class! .er.'ertea 
Cae , ~; . R . 1930. - The pecl-liar ne'pridia of the '1e.erteans of the 
genus Cephalothrix . Z ... 01 . Anz., 89: lO~-108. 
1930a . - Asexual re roduction in nemerteans . ? YSl 1 . 
Zool ., 3: 297 - 308 . 
Cae , .:; . R . 1934 . - Analysis of the regenerative lrocesses in 
ne~erteans . Biol . 3ull . 66 : 304-315 . 
Dat:in, .-~ . J . and 1·';. G. C . fordham . 1936. - The an'"'tomy lone. syste lD. :lr 
position of Gorgonorhynchus repens , gen . n ., sr . n. , a new 
genus of nemerteans characterized by a multi-lrnnched 1'0 -
-oscis . roc. Zool . Soc . London 1936 (2): 4 'l - ·±83 . 
Friedrich , H. 1935 . - Beobachtungen ~ber eigenartile r w-gungswei on 
bei Nemertinen . Bio l. Zentralbl., 55 ; 84 - 86 . 
1935a . - Studien zur ~,lorphologie , Systematik, uno k010gie 
de l' Nemer tinen del' Kieler Bucht . Arch . Na t.ur ,os ch, (Arch . 
wiss . Zool., Abt . 6) 4: 203 - 375 . 
Stiasny-Wi jnhoff , G. 1 934 . - Some remarks on North Atlanti non -
r-elagi c l-otystylifera . ,uart . Jour . ~ricr . SCi ., 77~ 107-180 . 
I:-hylum Nemathelminthe s 
Class: Nematoda 
C1:.itw ood , B . G. and M. B . Chi twood , 1937 -1938 . - An introduction to 
Nematolo gy . BaltiMoro . 
cobb , N. A. 1 914 . - Nematodes and their reL,tionsh5.ps . Yearbook , 
'-U . S. Departl.11:lnt Agriculture, 1914; 457 - 490 . 
Taylor , A. L . 1935 . - A review of the fo~s il nematodes . Fr oc . 
Helminth . Soc. Vash ., 2: 47 - 49 . 
Yorke , ',;; . and p . A. Ji/laplestone . 1926 . - The nematode parasito& of 
vertebrates . Philadelp~ia . 
Ecology e.nd l-hysio logy of Parasites 
Brand , T . v, and G, F . Otto . 1938 . - S~me as[ects of the carbohydrate 
motabo:"':..sm of the hookviOrm , =~~£I _~:2st01;Q. ,£aninum , und 5ts 
hos t . Amer . Jour . Hyg ., 27 : E'o:~" ~89 . 
BrEmd , T . v. 1 937. - The anaerobic g~ y..:ogen consurnptlon in Ascaris 
fema les and IT'a l es . J our . Paras:' ~,') _~ ., 2~-): 68 - 72 . 
19372. . - The aerobic res yn thE. :':'s of glyc oGen in Ascaris 
Jour . rar asitol., 23: 316 - 317 0 
i,Jr::.,vey , D. G. 1938. - Studies on the 1 h;Tsjology of tho nematodes of 
the alimentary canal of s;"eep . i'rl'asitol ., 30: 2'/8 - 295 0 
1 938a . - The respiration of ner.l8. todes of the a l imen t ary 
tract . Jour. 2xper . B r l ., 15: 217 - 224 . 
De.vis, D. J . 1936 . - l-athological c:tudics on the IGnetr[tlon of 
the cercar i8, of the s trire id trama todo • DiplC?E..ton:!.Um flGxicnudunl· 
Jour . Parasitol., 22 : 329 - 337 . 
Giovannola , A. 1936 . - },nergy and food reservos in the c1GvoloI.Jment 
of nematodes . Jour. rarasitol ., 22 : 207-218 . 
't{oc},.;pli , R ., L . C. Feng, and E . IT . Chu . 1938 . - Attempts to cuJturo 
helminths of verte1)rG. tes in c.rtificial m(;dia . C:binesG r.,od . 
Jour . Supplement II : 3 1 3 - 374 . 
~,~cc oy , 0 0 R . 1935 . - The phys iology of the halmin th parLlD i t01J • 
l hysiol . ReViews , 15: 221 -241 ~ 
- 5 -
,:etcalf, :·L • .. • 1929 . - Larasites l:n' th" aid ,he, v€' i'l :roblems 
of taxono,,_y , geofraI hica~ istribution , a 1C' 'aleog oc:rqhy , 
... ::nithson . 7.;isc . Col~ ., 81 (8): 1-3l> . 
R£.rJ:in , J . S ., Jr . , 193"7 . - An (> c 01 0 ica 1 ~ tn , of pI: ' site s of 
sorre }ort~l Cnrolina sE:.}amanders . i' 01 . _.or~o .r . , 7: h,0 - t') 0 
1 939 . - cologiccl st.udies on ler El tl'ell,,"'oj-s frOll 
\-!es tc l'n r.:a~sachuset t s . Jour . Farasitol . , 2 .... : 
:Zot:tsc1:'~ld~ ~- . 1 '.;3 • - Gigantism and v8riation in !:eri.~7it l]Jln£. 
Fennant 1777 , caused by infection :it.h loI'vr,l trt'pmtodos. 
Jour, :ar~ BioI. Assoc . United King . , 20: 38-516 . 
1938 . - Furt'ler oGservatiol'1s on tl:e offect f t10mntode 
},;arasites on F A!":~"'l E'i~ ulv(?,c (Fennant) 1777 . fovit . ... oolog ., 
41: 84 -10?~ 
SaY)dground , J~ 11. l03l;. _. (1'" t.le potentia l longevity . f V'l'i ns 
he lmi~iths nth G. record for [t 81 ecies of Trichostrcdfylus 
in m£.l'1 . Jour . ?arasitol . , 22 : 401 - 470 . 
stunkard , H" :{ . 1937 . - The physJ.olo :y . lifE'cyclos and l-lylogcny 
of tt .. E'; para i tic flat' orms . mer . 11\.\s . Nov ., No . 908 : 1-27 . 
',i8.rdle , R . A? 1937 . - The 1-hys iology of tapev/orms . 1:!, ni t ooa Es"uys ,r 
60th ~-\.nni ve 'sary C ommemor!J.' iOll Volume, Uni v . i. t ni tabu, 
-': ' innpeg , Canedo.; },:[,c!'.~, 3un Co ., Toronto : :338-36 A • 
KEY 'i' 
~GL,!:::-J._:;:::'I:DA: Fairly large t'..lrbellrri3.ns, \-:th th:1n, J€uf - ike b.dy; 
; ..,tcs tine :vi th v ery nur.lerous ':")rencr:es which re .. ify t ro f .ou t the 
;~dy; eyes u sually numerous . 
1 (6) 
2 (3) 
3 (2) 
(5) 4 
5 (4) 
6 (1) 
7 (8) 
8 (7) 
9 (1 2) 
10 (11) 
11 (19) 
:2 ( 9 ) 
.: :) (16 ) 
, , (15 ) 
1 '-, 
_v (14 ) 
16 (13) 
17 (18) 
18 (17) 
Te n ta c 1 e S 8'J sen t ••••••••••••.••.•.•.•.•.••••.......• 2 
~&rgina l eyes .Tesent ••••••• Coronadcna rltab:~is . 
(marginal eyes aro'.lnd anterior b ody l'nlf; ,-r ny to 
ye110 vish- brown ; 18 X 5111]11; among shells Ctnd ['.l(""nc) 
"arginal eyeR abselt •••••••••••••••.•• .•. . •.. . .•. . •• 4 
Four c ons 1- icuous eye clus tors near ant e ~i or C 1 d •• • • • 
•••••••••••••••••••••••• Notoplana ntomata 
(Syn . : Le p toplana ::!. l':1nbili 
(23 TI1Jn . long; bl' ovmish; sluggish; under s tone in 
tide ~ools, also on ~ilings a nd algae) 
Eyes few , a b ou t six on each side, no t in c ons l~ icuons 
clus ters ••••••••••••••.•..•• Euplana Grac 11 is 
(yellowish to l: rownish-grayt 8 - 12mm . long; on 
pilings a mon g algae and s hells) 
Tentacles present ..•.•................ .... . .. ~ .. .... 7 
Ten t8 cles formed by upfolded nnteri or me. r gin •••••••• 
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • Euryle pta maculosD. 
(thin undulated margin; 10 - 12mm . long ; tentnc1es 
brown ish on a :f.,£1. 18 flesh -colored ground; on piles 
an~ong algae) 
Tentacles formed just ~osterior to anter ior body 
margin ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.• ~ ••••••••••• 9 
Margina l eyes I resent, surrounding or nearly 
surroundlng body edge ••••••••••••••••••••.•. .. .. ... 10 
Color pattern of alte rnating ye llowish or white and 
bro'm cross bars of vi'~ich the most anterior and 
IJoste rior ones are V -s~-~al-,ed; usually found in hermi t 
crab shells (pagurus 1- all icar is ) ; often on 'wharf 
pi Ie s ••••••••••.••••••••.••• S tyl ochus _zeb ra 
Color usually cream or yellow; body with undulated 
margins; under stones in sh allow water nnd t ide 
p ools ••••••••••••... .•. ..•.• ;S·~S l ochus Q~}. ipticu~ 
T;3yn: Eusty' ochus ollipticus) 
l\'arbina l eye s absent ••••••• 0 ~ ~ ••••••••• , -.~'~, •••• •• ••• 13 -
Oval form; tentacles without eye s sca tto:ced t..hrough 
tl'1e m •••• 0 ..... " 3 • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 0 , 0 0 • • 0 • 0 • • , 0 0 0 0 • • 0 .. ,.. 0 ~ 14 
Li ving in mantle ca vi ty of Bl;:' ~con; whi t(l in c C} ('Ii"' ••• 
••••••••• 0 ••••••••••••••••• o r.I.:.:.:p l oplana l~ ~:--luilirlCl 
TSyn ; Planoc oL'f1. i1"l ( .i1in8. ) 
Living on Sarg8.ssum 11 ee d; flesh-colored. :,: .-:-::-:-:-:-:-:-:--
•• 0 ~ ••••• ~ •••••••••••••••••• Hcploplano. ~~~~l:>G i 
El onga te forms; tentacles with eyes sC [.,i,;;" red throu gh 
them •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (0 .' • .J , •••••••• 17 
Color green with meciian dorsal light st !" , ... 0 , 
29 X lOmm.; on algae •••.•••• PID.nocera Yl:. ,) I.OSD. 
Color yellowish, wi th br ownish s p o~s , '6-- " :-3- mm . 
long; on algae •••• , ••••••••• ~n~ sioceros £~~ridana 
'etc:~cholaimus ..... ristillr s 
T::is forM. is a free-li'ln~' iJe!ilatode found in t:e ,!; din s.allo\'; 
S "_t ·::ater . It 1 elongs to t>e :'arge .. arine gro .. , the Onc olniminae 
Go • " ) (tJ~e Se~us , Oncholaimus, 'toot~ in tre throat • 
~~e arrt:o~ for Examinat_on: 
.1._ .... __
Study several s"e cimens in a s~racuse dish 'ith a in ula r 
c'iS2'3ctj~~G [:"i crosco e to ::';)s er e the continual c"li1in: .:-:.0. "!1C iling 
cc.3.racteristic of ma!1Y :ler.atodes and to disting:uiMh t:e '.:l •. lnt '1tel'ior 
fr01!: ti:~e :-.ore 1-ointed :.osterior end . ote that so.:le :terce sle inens 
conte.in several large bead - lilre str ctures at about tel i'dle of tl e 
body . f .. ese are eggs and indicate the animal is 0.1 adt'lt fem Ie . 
:lace such a s ~ecimen in a drop of fresh water for one to two 
IJlinutes unti.l quiet cmd then n'ount at once in clear oa 'jater . 
Flatten the animal sl ightly b'j removing vater from under the cover 
glass . Unde r the se condi tio"s the VJorm sho Id l. e 0,uiet exce: t for 
flo~ -ovemen ts of the digestive tract w ich wiJl help 0 scrvatio~s . 
The Digestive System: 
Note that the lOS teri or end to. ' ers very 1"0. idly ane. is s 11.P"~1 tly 
curved . The anterior end tc pers gradual ly . Along t1~c s ide of hoth 
ends are numerous sensory setae . At the truncated eJ tremity of the 
a!lterior end is se en the Mouth oyening . Behind it :i. a ~hol't }hnrynx 
in wl~ ich there are three sharply - pointed teeth , the onchia . 'rhe 
thick-walled tube run!1ing backward from the l-·harynx is t'·,c oos0l-haGue" . 
At its yosterior end is a skincter valvo (the cardia) merkinr tbo 
besi-ning of the intestine , ':irich is a yellowish -brovm tlce running 
throughout nearly the entire leng th of the body . Careful focu ing 
on P:e anterior i-a rt of the intestine will show tl·e.t its wall is com-
posed of tY ' i cal columnal opithelium . The inner ends of most of the 
epithelial c e ll s are fi11ed w:i.th r ra.nules w .. ich give the color to the 
intestinal wal l. About halfv!ay along the tapering tail (ventrally) 
is s een the anus and run"-ling forvlard from ita t an anglo i tho 
rectum . 
~ and Spinneret : 
Tho tail is first conoid and then cylindroid in t~e fostori or 
fourth where it ends in a somewhat blunt , alplOst impe rce ptibly 
swollen , rounded spinneret showing internally tho three slip-htly 
s\'1011en 2.mpullae of the throe candal glands . The cement -like se -
cr c. tion of those glands is ,1:oured ou t of the minute }..orc at the ex-
treme til) of the tail to be used in teml,orarily c ementing the 'liiork 
by the tail to the substrctum . A spinne r e t valve (homisp'ccrical 
posteriorly and tapering anteri orly ) is fastened by a contractile 
fiber to the ampUllae and the con trae t ion of this fiber VI i thdraws 
tho valve to allow outflow of the secretion . 'l'he canda1 glands 
aro ellipsoidal , arranged in tandom fashion from 0. ~oint nbmlt five 
body diameters ante rior to the anus to 0. point about 10 body 
diarrcters anterior to the anus . Each caudal r1and is c onno cted 
"ith an ampulla by a long , s lendor caudal gland duc t . 
- 2 - : 
Che :xcrctor, Systo~: 
-
'n"~is systen consists of a slngle "renette" coll "-'~ich is a 
:~'J.s 5.fe1":::, ventral cell located ventrally abo 1 t four body- id ths bo -
l-dnd t::e ~.ec.{. Th"is cell is cOll'1ected by tIe ren"cte duct to a 
~i~gle , ventral e"cretory ~ore located about ne - J '... rth tho distance 
f1"o:~ t. e anterior e.ld of the body to the nerve rL. -. 'I-ho rcnette 
duc-: e~larges near the excretory 1-oro to form a mi!lUte excretory 
ves iclo . 
7he -;"ervoas S 'stem: 
--- ~--
-
The chief concentration of the nervous system is th3 thic~, 
semi -translucent nerve - ring '-hich encircles the eoso}.hur;us e-bout 
mic:'-ay of i ts lengt_~ . Before and behind the nerve-ring arc numvro s 
distinctly ~_~cleated ganglior" cells . Other ganglion calls may bo 
seen along tl-' e vent:c-al :"1.e rve aYld in connection wit..'11 8opsory seta 
of the tail may be ssen in demonstration s ecimens staiY}ed with 
methylene blue . The longitudinal nerve cords arc not Joll developed 
in ~'e tonchola imus • 
~he Female Reproductive System: 
A short dis tanco proximal to the large thick sholle d "'gg , 
\'Ihi ch are in the uterus , may be seen a row of cuboidal cells nearly 
as large as the diameter of the body . The most proximal of t'1esc 
cells , the oocytes , marks the ~osteri or end of t C ov rY e From this 
point, anteriorly , the ovary continues forward showing pro,.':ressively 
morc advanced stages in egg develoyment~ The broad refloxed ovary 
is cont inuous with the mu ch narrowe r oviduct v'hich turns pos tcriorly 
to cO~lnect wi th the uterus near the l-osterior end of the ovary . 
Fostcriorly , the uterus conne cts by a short , transverse vagina to 
the slightly elevatod vulva , the ventrally located oxtcrnal op ning 
of the female system. 
The Demanian System : 
This s ys t em is found only in the f emale . It cons is ts of the 
follovling structures: A short distance anterior to the rectum are 
two large , c lear , cross-striated tubes , the moniliform glands , 
which 0i-en posteriorly by se par6te :'ores . Anteriorly these tubes 
unite ne&r the conspicuous , rosette-l ike uvette . From the uvette 
a tube runs to the intes t ine , and another tube , s tartin~ as [I. wide 
ampulla , soon narrows rapidly to form Ct thin tube .• tho c-ffcl'0nt utorus .. 
whic.h joins the uterus in the vicinity of the vulva . 'I'he demanic-lY' 
vessels e laborate a copious, elastic, sticky , non -water~soluble r;ocro-
ti oY} possibly utilized during c opulation and also pre3umably to pro -
tect and ~rp.serve eggs after deposjtion . 
riake a large drawing of a female Me toncholainrus to s bow as many 
of the atovo features as you have been able to idontify . 
The r::ale !\'~o tonchola imus ~ 
In th e manne r already described mount a malo speclmen and oxamine .. 
The demanian system is absent altho possibly repres ented by obscure 
homologous structures . The tail of the male diminishes suddenly in 
size a t the arms and is arme d Vii th abou t ten small 1I sUPl-'lemontary 
organs ii ventr8.lly located , vlclich giv~ the tail a serrE, tod £'i1"carance 
- 3 -
;-ivin:::: rise to the spe c ific nal,.e , pri tiurus (sa ' - t.<:li \..d) . T1Crt are 
;::,~o G.~CYlt thirty s1:.ort ventrr:l sensory sC'tE'.o Su' ·lel~l- t'"rv or"'" 11S a~~ - ~ 
&nc s'tac are alike sensory in function . 'rhe 0 cninE of tb.c ,8.1 
rr€nitcl system is just anterior to the aniS . ~xtending for1ard fr~ 
It are t':iO sle'1der , rod - like spicula , aoout seven tir:1CS !"Is lone o.s the 
G.nal "body diameter . There are two testes , tht: anterior tC8t ~ and tho 
_ ostcrior , extending in oI-l-osito directions rlong tIL ,lhdle third of 
L.C oc~y . The t '0 t8stes :oin the long vasdcf r .ns "'1ich connucts 
"i L . t:::e e j aeule tory du c t rhieh in turn op ns os tcriorly t.1r tli..c 
_ oni ~ al ~ore . In each testis t.here is a 'ro"r~ sion of st~acs in 
S:r-cr ' ,1 de -clop!:cnt from the bl!.n_~ ond of the testis ton:.rd t10 ,j :meti0I! 
.;;it"'l the vasdeferons . Draw to S :10W the male gonital 0 '('ell '::md t 110 \ 
-e:xtr -;:ne-posterior end of the malo worm . 
First La oratory Lriod - one half lay . 
Class: Tlrbellaria . 
A. .' ce lloura candida ; C' scr Tt.. this 'J rl~ 2.11 its rH. tura1 
r: .nt on tLe ventra.t surface of tl"l( rorsoshol3 cr ' 
its e£,~s i1". cocoons on the "le 8.\0S of tl1(.. g 1 b oks, ,ut nay 
l~ ~2.::"GC n'~lmbE;rs at the asa l joints of the walkine' Je,~·s . 
n ir n-
It lays 
be fo :md 
The pharyngeal -pro~osc's Mo chahis : Tran for a 'orm to a 
''Y'o- of s(a '<'Jator on a slide "it.l0'l.t a cov \...r -sli ... . .. dd SC\'c )'(tl dro,l.s 
':; '''/~. o.J.c oho) and 18. tch for ~ "nrynx protrus ion . Thi'" lS lell' ocru.r" 
':vit'~in 8. f.;:;w minutes . The mus cu12.tu1'c of t .. _c 1.hl:\1ynx .. ,(l,Y b~ sun 
cluf 1'1" ~ Co to r under 8. cover s 1 i~ b examinl.i tion ndor llig o\' 1.1' . 
2. . Ext c rna1 c illa. t ion (a -taxonomic chorac tc"r): add u drof 0f 
sor.. we. tr r- carmine su spons ion to a s I ide Vii th Bdol l ourf.'t ~,nG obs ( rvl. 
th,- C')I':!:t.nt Sl.t U by the (, it")e lial c'lia . 'C11'"'in nmy bc' 0 c'~, 1'vld 
also under high ~owe r . 
3 . ~/:or ... r..ology : rl£~ ce a l~'o d:um -sjzod Edolloul"I."I bet', (}l '2 rln.,s 
slie'os viith v:.selinod edges 8YJ.d :--l'f:' dually cOlnl-.rC3s-u.'nt 1 tJ1' Wlrm 
is "1,.1itc.: fla'S and (Iuiet . l<ollow dlr(;ctions in Drt"w: 68-7), jf 
nev".ssE.ry , fer cloarn.;:; ss, 1;19.ko se,tD.rato diarr[,ms of tiio d fJ (rent 
orv[ n s ys tems • Trese sys tc:ns may be includod in [l s jn810 ;;.011'1 os 1. to 
didrcn . It may take sc 'ere. l sfccimcns beforo t.ll." entire lr·o",l.hology 
can bo dotorm node 
B • 0 v t i on 8,1 : 
and f or--'th"os 0 ~h 0 
s ~~l] ':"l l c s • 
For studonts who h8.ve studied 0(1c l1on1'[ .f.:r'l."viously 
prefer to make comparf ti vo E,nd-ombryoloCi cel 
1 . Make a c omparotive study of th .. s ()H":'El l Slo ciof' of r:.\lr -
be:'lr:.riE. in tl1d labor ;.,tory as to gross mor1-:--:c1ogy ,-,nd tr'..xJ.'lo1. Y· 
,2 . Study the egf-s and developing larvae of Eu~lina £rf.'.0iliS.. 
Th:.s polyclad is found in ebundance on ulva in the.ce lond . Use 
Kukonthal on the front des~ for r efe rence . 
Second Laborrtory leriod - one half day . 
CLt~s: 'lrem.1. coda . 
1 . Adult Digenetic Tre''::latode - cr'Y'Pto(:;_~tYlC lingu.0. (C '1- 1 1n) . 
:06e Stmke,r ":, H . 'ii . 1 930 . 'l'he life l1istor'Y of _0 line~:~ Cr .:pJ3n) , 
" ::'.. 1:.h no ·:; e s 0~-_ the 1)hys j 0 logy of the me tacerc ~u'ia e • Jou..:' . MOl'pi ,," lnd 
.t~1ys;ol ., 50: 1 43 - 191). 
Obtain tNO or three sb-ecimens fron, the aS2::'stant n.nd mU'_lrJ. t on 
a slide . Vase l ine the ede:es of the c o\'_r slip ':l.Dd "Pl,· ly .P'f.s['uro 
,,!~til tr~e worms are fElirly wel1 flatte Y".,.d . As ','·0 worms flatten, 
-')dy c(;toi ls nay be obssrvE;d .,ore cl()i: ," ty . f\..[;lnn.l.ng antlllorJy, 
::'ook for t:."l(; following feaD1X'es: oral 'JUch,8r 1 cllrroundinr t1(; 
month ; short prephary!.lx; buloous 1 J"'a ry'~~; -~~l hr. ~~ , b ran ching into 
two long in t OE' t inal crura t'"'c~ t extond .~.; toralJ y to a lmos t the 1-'os -
to~~j.or ond ; 3.cctabul um , or v€;ntral such.0r , F.l,+, t bfJU t mid -body] cngth , 
followed by the goni tal 101"(,,; uterus , f i'led with Y0110 'J ~~t. doxtra~1 
loba to ovary; mcdiD.n v i tolJJ-.2l.~ or .Y.21k l'OS c~~yoir; doxtrc 1 av" to 
- 2 -
se:~~i::.a2. recel-- taol~ t'o obli~uely -s i tUB ted t ~ tes; r..edian e xcr tory 
S"~E.cder, exteDdin,:, as a sle~cer tl. be to t~:e } ost rio"'" 
:-osterlorly , Bnd to e ~arge txtent a 1 eriorly, are th 
or ~ _ollicles . 
2 . Optional: Examine slides of different lecies of Tromatod s . 
~o~~are and dra a few . 
Third La~oratory fer io' - one half day . 
(pr leI For~s of a Digenetic 1~ematode; 
1 . Redi a . In a finge:;:> co'!:l at 'our desk are s:ecimens of 
::ttor~_:'1a littorea ir..fected '·itl:. ,9. . lingua end removed fr o 1 t eir 
shells . Find an undamaged rdla and mount on a sli e . Not e thc 
fhaFynx , short ~ntcstine , antcro - 1E'teral birth~, f.11d d('vclo in 
c2rc-ariaG , ranglng from undifferentiated germ liaITS at the ll"\st~ rial' 
end to r,atur€; cercariae nea.r the birth 1-ore at the antol':\. 01' ond . 
Release of c ercariae through the birth 1-ore may bl 00 (;'rv d . 
2 . Cercaria . 
a . C't-tain froc the assistent a drop of \'vT:;er c -. nt,ir",1g 
ma;:;L.re cercariae of C. lin[~.w , add a dro of 1 : 10,000 sol'~ tion of 
neutral red , and cover vlith a cover-slip . s the wat~r c.vnloratos 
tho }irc ssure of the cover slip fl£'ttens and CluiLtS tho cercaJ'iaG and 
t~o body det8.11s Q(;come more dist5.nguishable . Note the general rc-
semblance of the body of t."le cercaria to th£'o t of the ndill t fluko . 
Find oral sucknr , pharynx , intGs tin~l crura, peno trf.' t 1 on r:lands "i th 
ducts-rFiOw many?) leading forward to empty no&r t!.H.;; anteT'lOr tip , 
cvsto,Q;onous £.;2.nds scatter( d OV8r the whole body surfr>cc, ~!,minal 
~~, oxcreto:....,Y. bladde~, ~ spots , and taU, Note thE) dis tribution 
of the fin on the ~,. and s},.ines on th(; body . 
b. (btional. reko 8. compara ti ve study of the VariOl.LS 
cercariae i~·~Se lab or2~ory . 
a o The metacerc2ria(; of C. lingua ere found :1.n fis11CS 
(eslec:'..p~ly the Cunner) . Add C . lingua corc f1.!'iao to 8. f:1.ngc .coowl 
contr. ·tn:.:;:g a srne.l} Fundulus . LOCc.te rnctacoru.1.rinc in f5ns [. fow 
L0urs lL.. ter . Add a piece of IU:1dulus fin to wa tclL glr.ss c'lnt,o ... ning 
c.:;rcari2.6 . Obs orve and des cribe the ac ti vi t ios of tho ccrc·I..l:"'i9." 
duri n g encystment . 
b . O( tional: Instead of studying oncvstmont of C, 1inl"'la 
C0rcar :Lac.; , triG. t of C. iarvicand8. ta rna b (; subs ti tu tod . Ob"fH·~:r.··a-
S .:.J€:) c imen or two of tho turb ell8.rian Luplana rrae_~} if? and }.,1L.. C ~J with 
Sf ( r 2.1 s }-o cim(. n s af Cerc8.rie }2.rvicau~D.ta in a W'.t tr·.h glass or do -
l:fssion slide end obs t-r ve }tnctro.tlon , .. '1d c.ncY·; ..... mtnt . If interv'tod , 
try other turcell:?ria wi th tr is cerco.rie. and \.-o~nr dro . 
4 . ~o tacercQria . 
a . Study a met2.cerc2.ria of C • . ll~.@:.l.~ as it <.\1'1-0ars l nCYtltod 
in a Cunner fin . Remove a mota cercurL .. fron: a cyst o.nd study . Noto 
thrt oxcelJt for :1]rturity it :E'osemblc3 th(; adult worm . 
b . 1- t ional : ::r.y 'be s ""'s ti tll ted for the l~e to.ccrc r ie. f 
C. 11!'l'":"C& . 
1) . Remove and s bldy the . t~,c 1 c r ir f C. nr 
e.G. te, fro:n £u1'l[n£. ;;-racil is t .. t 'ou inft-cted rcvi01,' sIy ;"·;";'o';';:'r~;;"";;"'=-
-
2) . Remove end 
e..~en8,ri!l from the barnacle , r2 anus ala"'olces . T is 'Jorl. 
"['1 t~€; ~'-lddy T lrnstone (Arener i8 i .ter; res) , 8 stor· 1 :ird . 
eys ts oce .lr in lar ""e numbers throu£hou t the tissue of t e 
&one. r::c-r 'ce teased out easily 'it' needles un er' tpe dis"'ect " n, 
.lece t-;.e cysts on a slide ::'n f dro of v'ater . Slit:>ht pr0f c 
the co ·or -s lip usually excys " -'ere "lorms . 
Fourth La-oratory F'eriod - one half dRY . 
C]' as S : C est ada . 
1 . Scolex : Examine livin; scolices of R}ynchootnrium Dnd 
Call iobothrium (b oth from the s: i ro.l valve of the smootli c1 0, 'fish) , 
and if availeble , Crossobothrium from the sand shark . Look fo r 
bothria , hooks t suckers , proboscides vJith their sheaths a'1c~ con-
tractile bulbs , the unsegmented neck reglon , exc r (;tory tn .Q with 
adj8cent flame -cell~ , &nd nerve trunks . 
2 . Matur e proglottid - 0_ tional: Compres a milkv -hite 
pro~lottid between a slide and covcr-sli~ Dnd study, following 
Drew , p . 74 , vs fa r as ~ossible . 
3 . F lerocG r c ous (Cys t icers: S?,~.9-1 ; 'I'ho hexacanth embryo of tho 
t~o tapeworm Otobothriun f rom the Hrnnnerhoad s "lerk , onte 1'S thG body 
of the butterfish, its intermediate host . The cystic crcoids aro 
small write dots in t'IJ. e dorsal body muscles . Teaso a cysticcrcoid 
out of its sheath of host conne ct ive tiss-uo ,md c£rofu1ly i..unsG it 
e.~art ~ith needles . Cov er 2n0 study in flEttonGd ~osit10n . As tho 
l arva unfolds , s 00 tre fino ~l'obas c ides 1 iko those in R' ync ohothrlum . 
~lass : Ncmc rtea . 0ktional . 
1 . Amph iporus ; Follovi tJ·e d i roc t ions for Tc trns tC11l1nc, in Drew, 
r . 77 - 78 . Tho chit;f dif fcrcmce in gross morlhology '-.It tV/OCl! t:bc two 
forms con ists of the lar[:"Gr number of eye - spots in AmlJhiporus . 
2 . rake a comfaratlvo study of nemurtinos in the Ic ')oI'~ tory . 
Fif t h LBbor~tory } riod - one half d~y . 
~~ylum Nomath81minthcs - Clas s Nema toda: 
Follow directions on mimoogral-'hcd sheets dlstrl''-'utGd with 
this outline to Vlor k out the dctc.5.1cd 1'101'. hology of ;"vtoncloluimus 
k l' is t i u ru s • 
KEY TO ~.~ 
"E:~'L=r-: Soft , ery contr"~ct:"2.e, often 1 ri -:~tl c lar .d , r~os tl,~ 
~ree -s !i::::-::i!1g ; bod elongate , tc,!: elL::e or n.liform; pro'"'os is often 
~::.'ctr·l(_ed oa s tiI"lUlat ion . 
1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 
8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
(2r) 
( 1 r. ) 
(10) 
(5) 
(4 ) 
(7 ) 
(6 ) 
(9 ) 
(8 ) 
(3 ) 
(12) 
(11) 
(14 ) 
. ( 2 ) 
(17 ) 
(16 ) 
(19) 
(J8) 
-~:Tes ,t:resent •••••• ••• ••••••••••••••••••••••. •• ••.••••• :;... 
Lyes fe\v in nl1.mbe~ c." .. Qo •••• • s o • ••••••••••• •••• • ••••• • 3 
Four eye s , forming 8, rectangle •• • ••••••..••••••••••••• 4 
Eody stOll.t ••••..•.••••••••••••.• 'Ie trastclm!3. '-itt'tum 
(Green or yellowish, ~ith 1 or 2 dorsal stri~es; 
5cm X 4I11I!l; onnuddy bottom at 10 tide) 
~ ody slender ........ .. 1\ • ••• 0 f' .. ..... . ..... ..... . ...... •• 6 
Body tapering fr om lTiddle both ways~ •• •• ••••••••• • •••• 
• •••••••• 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• e tras tenuna Ie gans 
( 2cm X lmmj median dorsal yello\,/ and t\O l, t.er 1 
br own s tripes; among leeds and stones) 
30dy wider in front . t pa r ing pos teriorl y •••••••••.••• 8 
Body pale yellow or reddish, spotted; found on 
muddy bottom •••••••••••••• . .•.•• Tetrastenuna C '1llic l.lU.l 
Body white , light Green , or yello~ish; not s~ottcd; 
among algae ...................... Tetrastemma can idum 
Eyes 4 - 14 , lateral , ne':e r fo rming a rectangle .:-:-::.ll 
Body small, some vha t flet tened , dark gre en VIi th 
mid -dorsal yellowish strive ••••• Lineus b icolor 
( 45rn.."Tl X 1 . 5mm; s infle row of 8-14 e ye s on each side; 
among algae and hydroids in shallo1!J v'a t ar ) 
Body long and slender , not fle. t tened ••••••• . • . •.• . ••• 13 
Body c oiled in ti ght s r iral whe n con trac ted ••••••••.• 
•••••••••••••••••••••...•••••.•• Lineus socialis 
(15 cm X 1.5mm ; e reen or brown with a fe w n8rrow 
encircling light rinGS; single row of 4 - 6 v ery small 
eyes on each side of ~ead; under stones between tides ) 
Body not coiled in t ight s pi r a l when contracted •••••. 
• •••••••••••••••••.•.•...... .. .. Lineus ruber 
(Green , bro'wn , or reddish; singl e row of 4 - 8 eye s on ea ch 
side of head; 200m X 6ml'!l ; under stones be t ween tides) 
Eye s numerous , mor e than 20 ........................ . .. 1 6 
Body slender , 4cm long , light green; eyes in 2 or 3 
paralle l r o ~ s along each side of body; bet~lCcn_ tides" 
• • ~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 • • "Zygonemcrtes ~_i!,~~~~~j,1S 
Body r e latively s~" o t and t Li ck; eyes never in p~rallel 
i"'" ow S • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • lit • 0 • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • • • 18 
Eye s conve r ging ba c~flards; yellowish ; 7cm X 3r.un; under 
stones betv/een tidos •••••••••••• Amphiporus ochraccus 
Eye s arrange d in 2 frontal clust~rs on the \'Ihite margina l 
area, and in 2 dorsal CrouIJS; reddish or brown; hood 
wider , set off from body , whit e in front with a white s p ot 
on each s ide an d an H-s har. cd f igu re in tho m-I ddle; 
under stones betwoen tides •••••• Amphiporus angulatus 
~ye s absont .. o •••••••••••••• •• ••• •••••••••••••••••• •• 21 
21 (28, 
22 (23) 
23 (22) 
24 (25) 
25 (2~) 
26 (27) 
27 (26) 
28 (21) 
29 (30) 
30 (29) 
31 (34) 
32 (33) 
33 (32 ) 
34 (31) 
35 ( 36 ) 
36 (35) 
- 2-
Caldal cirru.s " rt;~c ... 1t .•••••.•..•....•....•..•...•.••. 22 
Bod v e r 10:11"" , 2r.. or less X 251~:; road , fl::\ t; he ad 
lancet - shaf'ed'- 'ith ::"att.re.l sroovc~ r.: h - .... ol red; 
i11 s e~!1(1 • ••••••••••••••••• ~ •• C t-:l"'t"'r. .. ~ .... ~u.t 1 ~ la tt. us 
Body long and sle:. ':3r: h ad :i ~L".·lt "1--- t- r".l-·-.'- C ••• 24 
Read long and '~:~-:i:;ed , pl.re ':hit; '-lo:~, \'1 "it.ls h; 
in sand bet\~'een t.::i..:-~s ••••• •. ~.yC'\u ..... '')C'l i . r '''''~1'3 --J.... ..... _ .. _~ ... ___ •. ___ • __ 
Head s r..or t and -cr h".lc.. ular; ,) ~c5.~r _ 2 .- t. •• , • •• ~ to ••••••••• 26 
r ody de. rk brov.n or yc 110\'J; i:: G :'H' 1 .. • ..•• 0. ~ •••••••• 
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ~ .) 't 't... . • • • f' f' .. :' If i C *l-' , •. r' ~ \.~:.:.: C (' 0. 
Body r ed or _. lTlo dorsn12~ ',;:;-:::--~'TG;;-f--:-~difln linC' ; 
15cln X 4rrlr.1; in s 8. .. ::~~ .... ·c -:.\'r0~!1 t icl{ s ~ ••.• 110 ) 0 •••••••••••• 
• • • • • • • ~ ~. CI • c: e • • •• • (' .. C' ~ ~ ~ ,Ii: 2 ..~_~}'.1:'~- l~~r~y.! 
C a 1J. d a 1 c. i l' l~ S a b S G n t _. • 0 .. " • .' - e" ft ,. ~ • • • • .. ., ... t' • • • • • • • • • • • 2 () 
Body s hen" r:} fla t, t'1ick, \'Jit:r~ l' r .. e sucker r,t fOstt'rior 
end; in b:'-'anchial c9.\~ity of .. ,;'.:'.. !' Venus) etc • ••••••• 
• •• tti •• f). o ......... . ...... .... . l~:.:,,~l .. ~~~bdcll·\. llZ9~~8a 
Body s lender , c ylindrical , no S\"l"lrcr , ::.'re -.',"immi 19 •• 31 
Body cylindric8 l in frl nt , flc ttJncd I r~.i.n,: . ~ •••• •••• 32 
Color orange; 25 cm "r lCmrn ; at 10'.' 7." 1(' l:lt,~lk, . ••• ~ 0 • • • 
• • e o •••• Q ••••••••• 0 ...... 0 •• • £,'n ra l)O 1 ~~~ ~:Q..rr .. 1:1 -~.n cn 
B'.lff in color; her.c' vr J.to , l.'lattenod , ::.':luncl('d in fron t; 
12cm X 3rnrn ••••••••••.••••.• ~Carinoma t:: en nfl' ros 
Body cylindrical r.nd filiforlTI , not rId ten d •• ••••••• 3S 
Body very sm~ll , 25mm X 0 . 5mn; h ead l arge and dist inct ly 
sot off; v/hi tish; 2.r.10ng enne l id 'cubes u t 10\1 tjde mark 
• ••••••••••• 0 ••••••••••••••• Tubulanus pOlluc idus 
'ody lonc; , slender , t c' c r ing to j,-olnt ed Dnt riol' und ; 
1 5 cm A I mm; worm coils body in sl-·ir a l ; flesh - c ol ored; 
under stones and in sand bctvJecn tides •.••••........• 
.••••••••••............••.•• Cephalothrix spirDlis 
l''u 'ElIDA 
1941 
First Day 
I: General remarks: The materi3.1s available for st.udy today are, Ner"is 
virens, Arenicola, Glycera dibranchiata and Amphitrite ornata . It is sugge't d 
that the narcotization of Arenicola be st rted first e,nd ' .. Ihile the animal is 
relaxing study I ereis or some of the other forms available . Lar e , clear, 
accur3te, line drawings are considered the est m~ hod for r~cording morph lOTi al 
observa tions . 
1 . Nereis virens . Follow directions given in Drew, pp. 91-95 (5th edit.) 
After studying reactions of living v.orm, narcotize it in order to examine its ex-
ternal and internal structures . Do this by adding about 10 cc. of 95 perct:nt 
alcohol to enough sea- water in a finger bowl to cover the \'; orm. Aft ,r 5 or 10 
minutes add an additional amount of alcohol if necessCiTY. Your study and dr'l\ inl1:3 
of head and pa rapodium should lead to a clear und rstnntli:.g of the follO\ving tt:rms: 
annulus, prostomium, peristomium, t8ntacle, ~, parapodi~lffi , notopodium, ~_uropodi~, 
seta, aciculum, dorsal and vent.ral E:Iistomial cirri, and dorsal and ventral 
~podial cirri. Brief descriptions of these structures may be 'obtain -n from 
Pratt's Manual , pp . 320-325. Cleared and mounted preparations of Nereis parapodia 
which show the acicula, may be obtained from the preparation table . Draw don:;al 
view of head and 1st 2 segments, cross section of worm to show parapodia and dorsal 
vie\'/' of dissection . 
2 . Arenicola. This is the largest marine "o rm available for study and 
shows clearly many interesting internal structures . Plan to devote most of the 
day ' s available time to this animal . Directions may be found in Drew pp. 102-107. 
Make a large drawing to show a dorsal view of dissection and any additional drawings 
of parts you may wish to show in greater detail, e . g . a nephridium. The specimen 
will not keep over night very well. 
3. Glycera dibranchiata will oe available for those who have previously 
studied Nereis or for those who wish to make a compa.rison with Nereis . Allow the 
worm to swim freely. Which end u sually moves foremost? Observe the protrusion of 
the proboscis . Identify a ncphridiopore anterior to a parapodium. Narcotize the 
VlOrm vlith proboscis extended. Open near th~ dOr1~e.l blood vessel. Pin out the 
body Viall . Noto absence of septa . Is the tnechanism for everting and retractJ_ng 
the proboscis the same in Nereis and Glycera? How might differences in thair 
longitudinal musculature be correl,ated with differc.:nc es in their movcm(;nts? Locatu 
the nephrida . Draw dorsal view of di ssected 1'lorm. 
4. Amphitrite ornata. Note the r 0actions of the living worm. Narcotize 
It \'lith alcohol as given for Nereis . Laboratory directions may be found in Drew 
pp. 100-101, and especially complete ones in a paper by Adolph (SU0 bibliography) 
r 
I' 
" 
-.:. 
i ' 
-2-
Second D Y 
There will !Je availa' le numerous annelids in t h l.:lbomt ry for id nt.ificd-
I tion and study. Pratt's Uanual and the Key of the Corrunon Fooas Hol' Chactopoda 
i. r will b", helpful in this Hork . 
R",cord your identification according to th~ numb~r wiv~n ench sp~cim0n 
. 1 on the mimeograph sheets prcp<.1.red for you . ake car0ful drmving s of th; h, ads .:lnd 
first few segmvnts of about 6 sp.;cies . The study of p.1.rapodia will bl. giv n 
special attention tomorrow. 
I ' 
Third Day 
1. Continue, if you v;ish , thl- study of the variou types of polychi.'l.:t0~ . 
2 . S (.;veral living specim\..ns of the Archiannclid , Dinophilus gardin0ri , 
will be ".vailabl-:: . Study this sj)(;cimon in conjunction Hith th\.. pup r b r Iluubush 
(s<.;c bibliography) . 
3. Make a comparative study of po.mpodia . Pr0parcd slides nrc. [l.v.:1.ilabl~, 
also segments clearod in oil . If you choose you r,1...1.y cut off with a sh'~rp scn.lp'l 
segments of worms presE;rved in alcohol and glycerin . Kindly use care in hn.ndling 
the prcs0rv<.;d slides and r eturn to proper ple..cus in slide boxes . Dral'! cross-
sections or half cro ss-s~ctions of 5 or more spec ius of PolychaeteS:--
4. Trochophore larva of Hydroides . Mount th0 larva on a slide, using 
l ens p.:1.per to ~ntnng18 it. Study its external o.nd intcrn~l strucLuros . Idl.ntify : 
apical plate , apica l tuft , prototroch, mouth, dig<.;stivo tract , ~, ~nd eye spots . 
The addition of ca rmine suspension will .:1id in th" study of the dig0stiv0 tract . 
5. PhascolosolIk.l. , a Gephyrid ".'orm. This group of worms is re:-,r0 "0nt(;d 
by relatively fe~'J specieS . Comp rE: it extern,1.11y and intel'm.lly with the Polychaete 
annelids already .:itudi c.:d . Follow Drew pp . 119-121. Draw dorsal viow of dissucted 
,,' worm. 
All records of work on annelids due 7: 00 P. M. this 0vcning . 
I' 
Adolph, E . F. 
Ashworth, J . H. 
Bcnh<!ffi, 1 / • B. 
Dar~gr(;n , Ulric 
Hc:;.th , H.:'. rold 
Ref>r~nct,;s 
1922. Diss 'etion of Amphitrit~ ornnt:-.'l e 
',1. C. Alll;c . Th Inv<..rt<.;br2.tI. Cours • 
BulL tin 41 :121. 
In '.. pnpur by 
Biolo i ".1 
1904. Ar"nicola . Liv.rpool M. B. C . .. :.:;n irs , 118 p . 
Williams & Norg::.tc, London . 
1896. Architlnnclidn, Polychv..~t~ nnd hlyzostomrio. . 
Cambridg0 Nat . ~ist . 2: 241-344 . 
1917 . Th~ production of liGht by,mimals . 
Pnrt III . 1'lor:ns , crust"cva.ns and low".r ~.n oct >. Jour . 
Fr2.nklin Inst . (1:D.y, Jun', 1916 .".nd Jan . , lr'l1'7 . ) 
1930. A connecting link bcbiL.Cn th Anndida ~.nd thL' 
Echiuroid,"a (Gephyren arm.ato.) Jour . l.iorph . nnd PhY"'iol., 4q . 
Lillic. , F. R. tlnd E. E. Just . 1913. Breeding h"bits of the h .. t roncrei<- lorm of 
Nereis limbntv.. i'.t Woods Holo , Mo..ss . Biol . Bull. 24 :1!H-168. 
McIntosh , Vi . C. 
hl~rtin, E. A. 
Ruebush , T. K. 
SayleS , L. P. 
Stephenson , J . 
= 
1898-1923. British ru...-: rinc Annl.:ilids . Vols . l-l.~ . 
1933. Polymorphism end m tlods of as"xu~l rvproduct~on in 
tbo annelid, Dodocacuria , of Vine-year Sound . 3iol . Bull . 
65 : 99-105 . 
1940. Morphology, oxcnpsul;l.tion o.nd osmoruguL'.tion of 
Dinophilus gardin(;ri ~,ioorl. . Tr~ns . MI.. r . hicr . Soc . 
59 : 205- 223. 
1939. Buds induced from implants of nvrv(; cord and nl.ighbor-
ing tissues in the Polycht·.ete , Clymenc:ll,". torquntt ... . 
Biol . Bull . 76: 330- 338. 
1930. Tho Olieoch:>.etn . Oxford Univ . Press . 
Verrill , A. E. ~d S . I . Smith . 1874. Report upon tho Invertebr~t~ animo..ls of 
Vineyard Sound and o.dja.ccnt waters . nep . Comma Fish ;).nd 
Fisheries for 1871-72. Hashington . 291.lJ78 . 
lle'e stor , H. E. and J. E. Benedict . 1884. The Annelida chnutopoda. . 
Wells , G. P . 
Ann . ReP ' Comma Fish 8: Fisherh~s for 1881. WD.shington. 
699-747 . 
1937 . The movement s of th", proboscis of Glyccra dibr::mchiata 
Ehlers . Jour . Exp . Biol. 14: 290-301. 
1937 . Studios on the physiology of ArcnicolD. marin']. L. I . 
Tho pacc-r1'lkcr role of the esophr.gus , and the.: .::t ction 0f 
<.drcnalinc :l.l1d acetylcholine . Jour. Exp . Biol . 14 : 117-157 . 
1941 
Vnrintions ln Polych, etc ECi~S 
A. ProQttJniUD - ""'yp1cn11y c tJr:icnl but ex c ,-,p tionG, for ex[l.. n le Glyc'r£l.-
c longnt~ nnf ~nnu1ntc 
e~_ thys bucc rn - nDn r ox i:-1nte l : squ."rc 
1. Pn1bs 
Lnr:;c - Pereir.p, i phr ocHtle.r (8cn1 ' -' 'rns) , (Eunic e ), Sy1116 
·iuch rr~;-}c;~cC' to f01Tl lon g , ,.i0b i10 fl1t'.n, nts - Hoi (1" io. F, 
P SGUe; opo tn::l1n, P n1"C'.E' [\~)c11n. 
Re ouccd. or "rr..ntinr.: in nnny f01'nG . 
2. TcntnclC'C" 
Abc-ent - SC 'J loT)lof' , A1"ic1 n , Arnbtl l t" , Lunbrin "rn18, ;1.l1G. 
oDjor1ty of f'J1"LS out[ 1&~ )f ttc Ner01 l fornl, 
Dn n - Sthcnc1nis, Hlnoc 
T,vo - N ere 1(1 s 
Thre e' - Le') lc.on")tu8 , Hnrnoth" (' , Autol ~' tur, S: llls 
F0ur - t en;1thyn , Glyc ern, ?hy11oc1 CCI.; 
Five - Di onntrn , Mnrryhysn, ~ul['lln, L~od lcc ( Sunlce ) 
Ei ght - Tr·onhonin 
NUr.~' l'OU8 - Armhitrit c , Lvnr: .... en , Polyclrruf, nne. r10 st otJ'."'l' 
TcrL. belli (1 r . 
3. Eyes 
Abr cnt - AricL".. , Scolop1of3 , An·,:"ti t rite, Lunbrincr0io, Piot:'. , 
Nephtl'.ys, Tr"ncr i :'. , Doc1ecno e rin 
T\-l0 - Chnctopteru6, Eulnli n , Phy1100.oce, Hnr'nhyor'.. 
Four (2 pniro) - Scnlc-vo rDo, Sylli s , AutolytuB, Podnr~ c , 
Nerc is, Spio, Pol ydorn 
Four (i n n trnncv.Jrr. c row) - ArC'belln 
Nun ero u6 - Thcl aT)u~, Lcprnca 
Numc rouf ')n brnnchc0 pnipf. - P ... ~r:'fnbelln, Ps cu6opott"::illn 
Two to five - Arcnicoln 
B. Pe rieotomiun 
Usunlly n8eti ~ero us but s etae in KephthYR . Snballnr1n 
P eri~to!1i n1 c irri rnre outsi c1.c of Ncrci0.ifor!:1i:'. b u t f) u nci in 
Spi o , Polydorn , Chnc t optarus 
C. " Hei·d " ineludcf. seve y-'nl r.agnr;nts - Tr ·")nh·";1in , 0.U,: to f Orl'!n:cCl 
growth of l on g , ~ l enda r n~t~c . 
Varin tions in P [~rr.T)oc. in 
A. i'o topodi un Incking - Phylloc1.oc c 
B. No t opodiuD re~ucc~ nnd ncuropoeial G ~ t ~ c cnlnr~cd n na ~ct in n 
trnnsvcrf:c rm.r in boCly 1"'nll - Arcnico1[1., Clymcnclln , Tcrci")1..1110.s . 
C. Modlfi cnti ons of pnrrpo0inl cirri 
1. Doranl Cirrus 
Abs ent - Ne1)ht hys 
D r~cn orntc - Glycern 
A:.::· gill s 
Arb~reGc ent - Di onntrn (Ant eri o r pnrt ), Arcnicoln, Tcr cbcllid n 
Sho rt, sirnnlc - S~o lo~lo G , hricin, Spi o, Po l ydorn , 
SAbell t'.r in 
L0n6S , Sl £;no.cr - Ci rr[~ tuluo 
At' c l ~,' tr[1. - 8nne scgncnts of A])hrocUtlclr, ( 8cnlc-H () r!!c ) 
2. Bct) ~ folincc',uf, - Eulr' lin, ?hy110oocc 
Vnrinti tJns in Wor m Tube~ . 
A. Cr lc n.reour tubcf.--Hyd. r'"lic1.c8 , Snirorbi8 . 
B. Mcmbrnncous tube r---Dioptrn , Po ( uc1opo tnrlilln, ChnGtontcrnu8. 
C. Sune'. nggllltinntc:d. 1-vi th !l.dhC' ci V I) j 1,'·. t "l'inl--C1ynl)nc lln , Cint cnldc8 , 
Snb cllnr iC1., P nri'.sllbclln . 
D. Hucl n:::~glutinnted. Hi t ll ncthcsivc 1 n t c rinl. Mnltnl1e, Pintn, Ar'lphi tri te. 
1941 
Tat:le 
- - -
Place in the colur:m at the left the dish number of the worms \"1ich you identify . 
i Turn in with your dravnngs . 
I 
Ii' 
r 1 
I Dish 
; Number p-; 
cuss POLYChABTA 
ORDER POLYCH.~ETrl ERRi';·:TIA 
Family - - APHRODITIDAE 
i i . ~ ••• • •• ~ ••••••••••••..• Lepidonotus squamatus (L) 
••..• • •••.•.••• Harmotho~ imbricata (L) 
i • L • • • • •• • •••••••••••• •• Lepidametria sp . 
. 
" 
· t ...... t ............. . ~S thenelais sp . 
I I Family - - PI-~ODOCIDAE 
. ~ ••••••••••.••.••.•••• Phyllodoce catenula Verrill 
! 
i 
· .. . . . . .. . . ............. Eulali a sp . 
! 
I .~ .. .............. . .... Eteone sp . 
Family - - SYLLI DAE 
• ••• 0 •• • • 0 ••••••••••• • S'Jrllis sp . 
• . •• .•••• • ... . • Autolytus sp . 
Family -- :IESI GNIDOE 
· ..... . ••••••••••••••• Podarke obscura Verrill 
Fanily -- NEREIDAE 
· ..... . •.•• .. .•••••• • • Nerei s virens Sars 
'1' ..... . 
· .... .. . 
..••••••••••••• Nerei s limbata Ehler s 
•••••.••••••••• Heter oner eis stage of ~. limbata 
..••••••••••••• Ner ei s pel agica Linn. 
Family -- NEPHTHYDIDAE 
. • •••• • •••••••• Nephthys incisa ~~lmgren 
• • •.• • .•..•.• • .•••• • ••.• N ephthys bucera Ehler s 
I 
., 
. 
, 
" 
" 
i 
i 
1 
I: 
-2-
Neme 
--------------------------------
---Dish 
!urr.ber 
Family -- EUNICIDAE 
••••••.••.•••••••••••• Diopatra cuprea (Bose) 
. . . . .. .. 
••••••••••••••. Marphysa leidyi ~uartr • 
........... 
•••••.•.••• • ••• Lumbrinereis t€nuis (Verrill) 
.. .. ... .... .. .... .... .. ................... 
Lumbrinereis hebes 
........................................... 
Arabella opalina (Verrill) 
Family -- GLYCEnIDAE 
•.•••••••••••••••••••• Glycera dibranchiataEhlers 
•.•.•.•••••••••••••••• Glycera americana Leidy 
ORDER POLYCHAETA Sr'J)ENTA!tIA 
Family -- ARICIIDAE 
.......... .. ................................ 
Aricia ornata Verrill 
.......................... .. ................ 
Scoloplos robustus (Verrill) 
.......................................... 
Scoloplos fragilis (Verrill) 
Family - SPIONIDAE 
.......................................... 
Spio setosa Verrill 
.......................... .. ............... 
Laonice viridis Verrill 
.. .. 0 ........ ~ .......................... .. Polydora sp • 
Family -- CHAETOPTERIDAE 
••••••••.••••••••••••• Chaetopterus pergamentaceus Ouv. 
Family -- CIRRATULI DAE 
.. .......................................... 
Cirratulus grandis Verrill 
.... ................ .... .................... 
Dodecaceria cor~lii 
:, 
, 
~ 
i 
1 
, 
: 
I 
I 
I 
I 
, 
, 
: 
:, 
. 
Dish 
·S\..L'"!'!ber 
r-
. . . . . . . 
........ 
ti ....... . 
'\' ..... . 
n + .... .. 
r: I I, '1' ...... 
I 
-,-..... . 
.1 .. .... . , 
-3-
Name 
------------------
Family -- TEREBELLIDAE 
· ......... ... . Amphitrite ornata (Leidy) 
Amphitrite brurmea (stiJnpson) 
Pista palniCl ta (Verrill) 
Pista cristuta 
Terebellides sp. 
· ........ .... . Lepraea rubra Verrill 
· ..... ....... . Thelepus cincinnatus (Fabricius) 
· ............ . Polycirrus eximius (Leidy) 
I •••.•.•• ••.••.••...••. Polyc irrus phosphorells Verrill 
I I': •• • • • • •• •••••••••••••• Enoplobranchus sanguineus Verrill 
I 
I Family -- AMPHARETIDAE 
I 
.... . ... r ... . .......... Ampharete setosa Verrill 
Family - - AUIPHICTENIDAE it ~i ........ 
Ii 
•••••••••••••• Cistenides gouldi (Verrill ) 
Ii I Ii ........ 
Family -- CAPITELLIDAE 
•••••••••••••• Notomastus filiformis 
It: 
II 
Family -- OPHr~IIDAE 
I •••• ••• • to . ....... ~ •••••• Travesia forbesii 
· .................... . Maldanc urceolata (Leidy) 
· .................... . C1YIlIenella torquata Leidy 
Family -- ARENICOLIDiill 
· . . . .. . ............. . 
t •••••••••••••••••••••• 
Arenicola marina ( L ~) 
Arenicola cristata 
" 
t , 
I: 
, 
,-
, 
r-
Dish 
NurIDcr 
-4-
Name 
I Family - CHLOru;~IDHE 
L ...... / ............... Trophonia affinis (L .. idy) I i Family - SABElLIDA E 
L ...... ~ .............. ParasDbe~la Glicrophthalma Verrill 
I , 
I I 
.••••••• ~ ••••• • •••••• • • Pseudopotamilla oculifer~ (L~idy) 
I I F&r:ri.1JT -- 3ERP 'LIDAE 
J. .... .. t. . . . . . . . . . . . .. Hydroides hcxagonus Boxc 
,I ....... f .............. Spirorbis spirorbis (L.) 
! Family -- SABELl.JiRID:'J~ 
I 
i 
....... t .............. Sabellaria vulgc:ris Verrill. 
I 
CLf,SS OLIGOCHAETJ~ 
Family - - ENCHYTRAEIDAE 
........ t ...... . ...... . Enchytrucus albidus Henle 
. . . . . .. . ............ . Lumbricillus agilis 
19·~1 
A Ke:' to 'Gi:.e GOLlmon c.~1. . t.· .... ~)od[l. of t~l 
.. oods Hole Regio.; . 
Dorsal furface mo~e or less co~ letel~ covered bv overlan~ ing 
scale s (elytra) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... I 
Leef-like dorsal anC' ventral cirri \-r!1ich do not cover the 
dorsal surface, 2 eyes, 2 r hort cau~nl cirri . Blood 
co}orle s s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II 
Proeto~ium ~ith 2 pal~s, 3 tentacles an{ 2 nai s of eye~. 
6 1)eri s tomial cirri (arj sing from 3 fusc.> c Seb1!1(;nt s) • 
Dorsal cirri abo~t as long as ~ofy is wide . Lengt: 
un to 4 cm . Co l or brm.rn .. .... . . . . III 
Peristornial and dor8al cirri long ane slender, 3 tenta lea 
(1 meo.ian ) an0. 4 e~'es . Pro tr'.lsi 'ole nha:.'ynx . Small 
slender worms . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . IV 
Head ~ith 2 small tentacles, 2 larr e ~alns, 
pairs of ~erlstomial cirri . . . . 
4 eyes nne .... 4 
vorso - ventrally f l A,tteileci. uorr.s 1·!i th 4 V8r ~r 8Mall 'ccntacle? 
Protrusibl e pr~arynx . A 0.e81') cleft betl'reen notor~odlum 
ano neuropoa 1. urn "ri th a smal 'l s1cl;:lc- s~lap('(~ &;:\,11' de-
V 
pendln~ from the notopodium . . . . . . . VI 
Dorso - ve n t ral ly f l a tteneo. , bro'.rni p~, 1.,ro:;. ... nr wi th 5 nro s tomi<-ll 
tentacles in a t~an8verre row . Small parRp06ia . . . VII 
Smal l coni cal hea~ with no appen~ages . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII 
Small conica l heaa Fith 1+ minute tentnc l cs at tin 
proGtomiuni . SeementG CO)l1" o~ce, of 2 annul i. 
eyes . Probf)f;cis h'i th 4 hoolt - s]:-;apcG, teetll . 
retract ile gil l s . Parapodia small . . . . . . . . 
of 
No 
Small 
. . . . . IX 
Two perlstomi a l c irri , u su a l ly l ong and cur~ing over back 
l ike a pair of horns ; short ~,n one gC:1US of tLi s group .. X 
A disk-shaped c e1,)!1ali c l obe , on reflexcCJ.. marr;in of 't-rllich 
arise nume r ous l ong fi l &mcntou8 tentacler . Body 
t:1i ck er ante r iorl y, t aperin r ,: 'I)ostcriorly ( sec a l so 
Dodec a c er i a ana c irr~tulus under VII I) . . . . .XI 
Numero u s , l ong s l eno,eI' settlE) extena.ing for1·mrc to enclose 
head . 8 tentncles, usually small .XI I 
Peristornium projcctln~ forwar& in the form of R collar to 
enclose n lRrgr crovn of branching pnl ps . . .. XIII 
OLIGOCEAETE 
• 
Cli'tellum present . No pnra}iOC ia or c e{)hul ic nnncnc1..ngcf, . • . . XIV 
p. . 
[~n . 
-2-
?olychnc ,c Key 
12 ~nirs of scnles . . . . . . . 
15 11 11 II •• • •••• 
· L:?IDO!-"':':-S 
· H.~ruiOI'~O: 
a(ln . 4c to 60 f>< :irG of sc[' les. Blnd: in 
usunll~{ f~und in A.'p}li tri-,' tub\. 8 • 
over 100 scnles . G~~yis: color 
cclol"; 
. • L ;:PI ; A' :-:1. \IA 
II 
a . 2 pnirE' of pGristominl c1 'ri; 4 8"10 ... t 
prJst0minl t~ntacle8 . . . . . . .. . 
[' .. (1 . 4 pairs of 1)('ristominl cirri. 
b . 4 pro8'Go P1inl tentacles . . . . . . . 
bb . 5 (1 mec-:.inn) prostoninl t cmtnclcf . 
. • ?HYLLODOC;:, 
E0LALIA 
PO~A .. , ,"" \. .r .. OBSCURA III . . . . . . . . . . . . 
IV 
v . . 
VI . 
VII 
n . Tentrcles an~ cirri seg~ente{ 
1 p,'l.ir of Dt'.l l)G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S~:LLIS 
an . TentncleG nnd cirri not s ~ gmcntcd . 
P nl ps fused nnd not wall d~velon0a . . . . AU10LYTUS 
. . . . . . . . . . .1 EREIS 
· N:r!:R-:IS V!R'S:'-S 
n . Dorsnl division of n~top0&ium lonf-like 
b . J l1l,r s blC1.cl(. . . . . . . . . . . . . 
bb . J n1\fs light amber in color • . . . 
nne Dorsnl division of notapodium conicnl 
• • NERE IS L 11 :BA ;"A 
. N:r!:~~IS P:LAJICA 
n. 
nn e 
n . 
nn. . 
. . . . . . . . . .. .... . .. . 
Setne li ~ht -c o lorcd. Paddles 0 1 n0to-
nnd n e uropoclin. . . • . . • . . . • 
Setne black oi v e ry dnrk . P~ddlcs 
nbscnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
Large, br~nchlng gills on ~ntorior 
se gl'1Cn tR; g ills nuch r eo.uc cci.. no ptCY'; or 
t n 25th sl::vmcnt . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
Branching gi llr; begin n t {I.bout 20th 
segment. 2 [hart br~od pnln s f~~~t 
2 segments ~it~out aDnend~~es • 
. NEPHTH'IS BUCSRA 
. r!EPHT!;!YS L~CISA 
DIOPAT lc\ 
!ii\RP!'YSA 
Vl:i:I . 
IX . . 
-3-
a . Se:.ne:1l; s of boc1.~r lon.:, 1 '1 to"'. ro true: inr--
setigerous setal sacs of cont.< 8~ . ng color . 
b . Anus corsEll to a flattenec, smooth, 
cauoal 7"'l.:1.te; ::lUC' tubes . . .. 
bb . Anu at ~osterior tin enclcs~~ in 
a collar of cir i; sane t~~~s .... 
aa . Segments not conspicuously ellongatec-:' 
b . Lar6 e, branc •. inr; gills 0'"1 Decian 
se ::;-ments of b00.~T . . . . . . . . . . . . . 
c . 11 )airs of Sills .. 
cc . 13 pairs of Sills .. 
bb . Gills filaform 
A:GiICOLA 
A. crif·tatn 
A. marina 
c . Gills (dorsal cirri) longer t'-..an 0, i:une ter of ~ oa :J 
d. 4 to 14 nair on ant ' rior se ~ments : 
Filaments May b csin on se~m~nt portcr10r to 
Douth an':! 1st pair m::ry be t}1ich"H t:lan thode 
following : 
Harm usuaLLY not ovC'r 2" lOl1r. 
Common in Bryzoa nodules . . . 
dd . Pair of filamentr on nearly eve~y 
segment, eGP. a:lt81~if)rl .. .... 
cc . Gills ( dorsal cirri) Fhort 
DOD~C CZRIA 
approxima tel~T counl to C. ia~~eter of worm or 1 . s s . 
0. . Has proportions of R worm, !lot s h ort ane: fat 
like a mRb[~ ot . 
e. Anterior re--ion ro'me in x-sectiOl 
f . Gills be~rn on 26t~ segment . . 
ff . Gills begin on 15t~ segment • . 
ee . Anterior region flattcne~ dorso-
v entrally . Neurono~al setae on 
. SCOLOI'LOC:; 
· ... S . ROBUSTUS 
· ... S . FRAGILIS 
anterior end are Q, 11"'k . Gills 
begin on 6th segment . . . . . . .:..RIOIA ORNATA 
dd. Animal l e s s th8.i1 1 1/2" long. 
Shor t an~ fat like a magg~t 
e . Anal cirri, ~ small o.orsal 
and 2 large ventrnl . 
ee . Annl cirri absent .. 
bbb . Gills absent . 
c. Trnnsverse r01.' of 4 eye[< at 
base of prostomium . . 
c c • No C Y I; S • 
· OP HELIA SHlPLEX 
· TRt~ V~SIA FORVESI 
.ARA3ELLA OPALINA 
d . Anterior 12 segQentr biannulat ~d 
Biannuli not consDicv.ous, .' ". '~ <" L&' ing- shr>peo 
smooth . Prostomium po i nt c{ . Notopodal 
and ncuropodnl s ctac ·FiC' ely sepnrn t ef .. 
No pp.rn.poclin . . . . . . . . . . NOTOI·:AS'rUS FILI?C~j.JIS 
lid, Se'!<,'Dents not binnnulntc0 .. 
Proetomium roundet . Sct~e on 
t iJj of short co nical p r~r[ ,poo in • . LDr3l.Jl·l:1GIS 
L :;t 1 i L . T :i! U I S c. ong t!1x"c[t(!.- k c 1.:orn . . . . . 
ee . Proportion of lenGth to wi{th 
about a:. in In.r :~(' c" . rth-l·~orm . L. i-r~B ,~S 
. . . . . . . . 
... GLYC: tA 
a. Each pnrn.:nodiurn "li t:l one C: orc['.l ,ln0 
one ven trn.l, 'J.nbrr · nc '-.. ('c~ ~~ill . .. . GLYG.~RA DI l: r ·.l C·:IATJ·~ 
nne En.ch pnrDn odium wit~ onl y n. fors r l 
gi ll' i·J"~.:iJ:;1 i 6 bi."~.nchcd . . . . . GLYC '~RA AJIi:i:RICX·A. 
x 
XI 
c .• 
I: 
- .-
Body not divided into distinct r ions. 
Dorsal cir'ri [' s gills rtrc:10d to:';a~C' t~1,-' mid- linc . 
b . 5th scgli1~~nt clong<1tc vith rOH of d(''''ply- ct, 
sho:rt, ~1cavy sotno; ot!lcr sc";mlnts \'!it'l 
slend_or sctf'..O on narnT)od1.'1. • • . . • . . . • . . POLYDOR:~ 
bb . 5gh ~ogD~nt not different from t~~ others 
c . Gille on rtll s-'dJlcnts ...•••• . • , 
cc . Gills absent from osterior Dortion . . • 
an . Bod! dividcd into 3 r0~ions . No- ~ille . Color 
. SPIO S-T _A 
. LAOrIC; ... ·r:.UDIS 
r.rhitc, t~1rouF;hoat Dost of bocy . LumincsC "'}11t .. C:i.i'3T :-:t:':R:..rs . 
*** .:~** 
n . No branching gills on 3 scgDcn-q bchind 
t cn t i' cular f i l'Ju.' n t G . 
b . Sotrtc on first 25 s \.. ;-:- mentG onl,' . 
Prtrrno(irt small . . . . . POLYC IRJmS 
c. Coior blood rcd . . . . •. 
cc . Trnnspnrent--\vhi 'LC 0 li ,: '1t ori'ngc . 
Lumincsc~nt • . • . • . . . . . . . . 
bb . Sot~e on m08C scgmc'nts- GOm " th1cr.; rt~; FCi1t 
fron l rtst f8W . Br~nc:-inG red p~r-podla 
POLYCI US cximuG 
POL:rCIR:iUS );-:0 T hor-
(H.18 
in mid - body rC£:ion . • . • .. . ... ENO}?L03RA JCHUS 
nn . Br~nching gillE on one o~ more ~ntcrior 
s("~~mcnts . 
b. 3 pn i:rs of brtm chl:.:· ·,;ills 
c' d Sc ~ne on ~n't ~r:i.Ol"'IB:u~t 0:2 1,) o (L;[ 
. ;::>ctnc on IJ.l"Dt '+ fc ; :men -(;[,: 0111" ,~t!T -JRfRm~Trp'i' '. • J.~~ .rr:; "I ~,.., ;"'0:')' ,r -, TA • • • ~L.tr _ _ _ r. 'I. _. 
d.eL Sc-r;f1.C on firct 25 SC::IflCr:ts . . AIPEITRrr:: ~:m:,E"ER 
c c . Sctnc oxtcncl to pOGt C Y'iOl~ \~ n0 . . . . L;::PR.;I.EA RUBRA . 
b b . 2 pni rs f)f brancJ'.in~ gillc 
c. Ench gill hnG n Dop~r~tc ori~in 
from the body . _ , 
d. Sctnc orl 4 - 20 ['C ;·":l,;j·!·~G . Froquently one 
Ol" narc f..:'ill r.: brokc ll olf but stump 
u 8uil.l ly rernn1ns ). EycG Rbs (; nt •. PISTA . 
c . Gi l l e hav e trcc-lil';.c 
nppcnrnncu . Bl ood gre en . .. PISTJ\ PAL~ijl.TJ _ . 
ce . Gi l l s conicr.l \,'i t}, 'ur".i1cl1 r,[. 
i n ro,-rr-: aroun '!,' c cnt:cil.l st ,1.1k . 
Bl ooeL red . -..... ... PISTJl CRIS'riSl\. 
dd. S ot~e on 3r~ scgm0nt to posterior 
ond of body ; the " Hyd,I'r..- 1',TorTJ ". 
EyCf nUli1crr:mB 1'1 r.t tl"nnsVUrr',J ro',! . 
( YounG ferr.:G U!) 'co 1/4 II l onr.; mny 
onl y hnve one pn11" of bi l ls . . . 'J' HELEPUS 
cc. 2 pn1re of gil1r; nriro froI!j 'hoey 
by n ringl ~ ctnlk . ( lookA like 1 gill 
wi th J~. p,~rts ) EycG nume rous . Set.'l.c 
scgment 3 to pOf'tcrior ~ nc_ . . • .• T:-:il.EB-:LLID::S . 
XI I • . . . . . , TROP~OlnA 
XIII 
XIV. 
~-
a . Peri s 0["11 um ar otig:C'rous 
b . Colli"'r bro .....  dly notch.f eor"'~lly . 
Gill filr'mcnts ~ith minut~ o y~ rnotB . 
Antorior re;ion of S reti~0rouB 8Cg-
I!!entr, t orr.lf. smnll. Foro or.crustinO' r.~n(l-tubC''' 
PAR SAB~LLA InCnOr~T'';:''\L!:'\' 
bb . Coll~r without dorsal notch 
c . St~lked operculum. 
d . V,'o rLl ('.S usunll ,. tru~ n ov r-
10 rm . long--up to 75 mm. 
Sinuous ci' lcarcous tube ... H:CmOID:S 
dd . 'lorn smnll , nbou t 3 Dr.. 
l ong . 9 gill filaments . 
Dextrr.lly cOilec. tub, . . . SPIROR IS. 
cc . No OD CJ. culun . 1\ n:'.rr' v' nll t 
prcsent on dorsal Gi~. of collnr . 
}.1eobrr.n OUG tub: . Frcq"Lwn tl:' fonnd 
in Bryzon. mod ,ls . • . . . . . . • • PS:-:UJOPOTAl IILL.A 
nn. Peristomium setigerous . Pont0rior 
portion of worn ~c~enern.tc, usually 
fo l ded b~ck ng'[l inst an tarior pnrt . 
b . Peristomiun forns 2 dink - like pillars 
pro jcctlng b eyonci. th ~ pro8t'lnlulTI . 
Numerous ·ccntacl, · 8 on vC'n trnl Glc3.o 
of neristOT:1iuIl . Tubo of r'.f:r;lutinn.tod 
s emel grninr.~ • . . . • . . • .. • SABELL,XqI ~ . 
bb~ Peristono cr'.rrics a 'ningl<3 c.lr.c 
c or.mos cd of 2 rm-lE of fUGoel bo1o.,m 
b r ict l os . Tubo of n cil1g1c In.yer 
of ngglutinato~ rnn~ grn.ins ; onen 
nt both enes . • . . . . . • . . . • CIS1''::'IDES . 
a . S et~c of equal l ength 
b . Setae strn.ir;ht . Color 1,r}:itc •. 
bb . Setne sigmo i d . Calor red . • • 
ENCHYTR.i'.:r;s 
• LUlE3RICILLUS 
Laborator" directions fo st d of Bryozoa 
stud? the forms subr:i tted, for the follo'ing feut res; - ( ot all 
to be fo me) 
1) Fabit of the Zoonrium or colony case. 
2) A t~pical zooecium, as to orifice sha_e, spines, 
pores, character of cover , etc. 
3) Presence, posi tion and ty_ e of Avicularia and Tibr ul, 
Ovicells or Ooecia . 
4) Pol.pide orsans; - tentacles, lophophore, diaphragm, oeso-
phagus, st omach, intestine , funiculus, retractor ruscles, 
cilia, brovll1 body , intertentacular organ . 
5) Regeneratine zooids . 
6) Look for developing embryos in ovicells . 
·.:orning study: -
I . Study and compare as outlined in Drey", Bugula flabellata 
and B. turrita . Note the ~ethod of retraction of tentacles 
and time the rhythm for various individuals . Note evidence s 
of gemmation or'a sexual multiplication . Note differences in 
nurp.ber of rows of zooecia' and sp ines , and posi ti on of avicu-
l aria , in the t ~ species . Note the Mode of activity of 
avicularia . Note the Swimine Larvae - -Cyphonautes--of ' Bugula 
f l abellata in finger bowl , or B. turrita , if avnila le o 
II . CompClre also wi th Flustrella sp . Note the different habi t 
and mode of attachment . 
Afternoon study :-
I. Study the Zooaria and' ZooGcia of 1\:embranipora s1j . , Lo.prnlia 
sp ., Schi zoporelln sp., and Crisia sp . Note ovicells ,,"here 
found, 
II . On the sli des provi dod study and senrch for Barentsia sp ., 
an Entoproc t . Bowerbankia Play 0.1 so be prosen t , and young 
colonies of other fOrTIlS studi ed above . 
III. If'time permits l ook at the permanent slides for Loxosoma 
sp ., the only solitary type of Bryozoan . Statoblasts of 
Cr istatell a sp ., are a l so shown . 
N. B. Students wishing credit will complete the study of one 
form , f or organs , as outlined above and t.9.F_C?fLa...P_hJ_G..ul 
and COr.l.p~.E_atJye. study of the zooocia of any five others. 
Characteristics of Ph~lun, ::':ntoprocta, Cal.' sozoa or 
Cor:_ tozoa. 
Cor:.pare \'lith those of Ectoprocta on next sh et a 
1. Individual consists of a calyx or head \vi th viscera en losed 
+ a contractile stalk . Tentacles not retractile into the 
coelo, . 
!1. Lophophore circular \ ith one 'ow of tentacles . F th ~outh and 
anus inside the vestibule. 
IlI . Tentacles nay roll in'lard and e covered b an epistone or 
flap growing from the base . 
IV . ~o coelomi c cavity I as viscera fi 11 'hol e heaCl, or jelly 
fills it . Tentacles not pulled into it . 
V. u -shaped digestive tube ~ oesophaGus .,. stomach.- ciliated 
intestine. 
TI. Paired gonads open to the vestibule. Unisexual or h ermaphro-
ditic. Loxosoma sp. have ~onads function first as ovaries 
then as testes. Ft"rtilization is external. 
TII.Paired kidney tubes wi th flame bulbs, open into the rectur. or 
into vestibule. 
TIll. Nervous system ~ ganglion between the mouth and anus .... 
radiating ner ves.,., plexus at base of Calyx and one at base of 
stem . 
1X.No blood vessels nor blood fluid. 
X. Periodi cally lose calyx and its contents, and ne"" calyx 
develops from regenerating bud on the stalk. Powers of 
regenera tion are very great . 
XI.No special sense organs yet found, ex cept sensory )its . 
XII. Found in both fresh and salt Hater . 
3 families with 20 species. 
( 1 ) 
( 2) 
( 3) 
Loxosomidae; - Solitarv with young buds attached . 
--'Lophophore obli que . Marine . 
Pedicellinidae; -Coloni al . l'farine. Stalked forms 
--f"rom-a-s't-6'lonlike stem . 
Url!.ate)'.1,t.d,a~_ ; -Colonial . Freshv.r8. ter on sides of 
stones. 
Characteristics of Br.ozoa (Bcto.ro t ) 
Cor.par e vii th t. os e of "": 0 
')recec.L shee . 
I. Zooeci ill .• s":alked or ~ess ile . _cn tacl.... et c . e. Stalk 
not retractile . 
II. Lophophore circular or C- sha ed . An ~ ou ,i the venti ul . 
III. 10 epistone , but· so. e have an op erculun 0 cor -like 
nembranous cover . 
IV . Coelon. pre~e !.t . Viscera and t entacl.s may ~ drs :11 in y 
retractor r scle . CoeloMs Mq. intercornunicat in colonial 
forI"'s. 
v. u - shaped dieestive tub v.;ith caecum off th e st v~ch . 
Funiculus holds gut to bottor.. of zooeciurl . 
VI. Hermaphrodi te . Testes usually on the funicull~ . Ova rie s 
e i ther there or on side 'rall per i ton(,\l1 . fe 'ti 1.~' i 1 
coelom or iT' ovary of fresh '.'Tater specie" . Dev ~l) .. t< 
larvae in Ooecia , in coelun, or f'xtel'nall .• 
VII. No kidneys yet demons trated. Some hold intertentncnlar 
organ is Ont' . Some sa~' SpE> r' and ova Gl?t 0 t thro 1 11 it , 
Gut is prob~ oly excretory . "BrOVID bodies" !llOY be a menns 
of excretion . 
VIII.Nervous syst em as in entoYHocts , \,lhere deraollstrnted. Sone 
have none yet fomd. Lately n "Colonial herve n·t" in 
zooecial V!B 11s of lembrani Dora ane . the Phvlac tolae . (1 tn 
(fresh v!ater for.s) has beem found. . . 
IX. No blood vessels; but bl od fluid fills co~lo . 
X. Periodically produc e bnmvn bodi Of:! ,,'hich <. I e either ex rudpd 
or retained. From the re s t of the 'bOGY wall a bud develops 
as if from a settling larva. NoW caecum is related to 
brown body , digests it, passes it out the anus. ~.lq~r be 
excretory device . ReGeneratins powers o.re great. Stato -
blasts or internal buds in freshwater forTYls settle and pass 
winter and regenerate in sprinf, . 
XI. No special s ense orgBrl S yet found. 
XII. B0th fresh and s2lt water fOrMS. 
to Borg. 
2 orders:- or 3 , according 
( 1) 
( 2) 
(3 ) 
Gvmolaema ta; }.:ar:ilne forms wi th O-sho.pnd lophophor • 
'Phiia 'c-t'o-laema t a : Fresh-vlUter forms. C-sha ped TOpnopn'6re .-.---. 
Stenol aemata.- Cyclostome. ta, Crisia and such forms . 
}:nrine. 'Round Flouthed forTYls . 
:_lll~.an, G. J. 1856. .:onogra ' h of Fresh .. "a ter Polyzoa . Royal Soc. 
p. 41 . 
B~ssler , R. S. 1922. The Eryozoa or .oss An~ als o Smith onian 
Inst. Rep . 2633 . 
Sorg , Folke . 1 926 . Studies on Recent Cyclo tomatous ryozoa . 
Zooligiska Bidrag f. Up s la, Bd . 10 , pp . 
181-507. Gives a very com'lete ibliography . 
3ronstein , G. 1938. De la rEsence de ~uscles Stri~s chez les 
Bryozoaires. Bull. Soc. 2001 . de Franco 
63 (~/5) : 257 - 9 . 
Ce.lvet , Louis. 1900. Contrihution a l'histoire naturell d s 
Br yozoe.ires Ectoproctes :atins . Trav . Innt . 
Zool. Montpelier N. S. iem . 1,:- 8 . 
Canu, F. & Bassler , R. S. 1927. Clas sification of the cheilostomatou.. 
Bryozoa . Proc . U. S. NRt . Museum . LXIX . 
art. 14. 
__ ---------------------- 1929. Bryozoa of Phillippine Region . U. S . 
Nat . Museum . Bull . 9 :100 . 
_____ ------------------- 1930. The Bryozoan Fauna of the Galapagos 
Islands . roc . U. S. Net . l\luseum . LXXVI 
Art. 13. 
Delage, Y. and E. Eerouard. 1897. Traite de Zoologie Concret€ . Tome r. 
Drew, G. A. Revised by Dawson, J. A. and L . P . Sayles. 1936 . A Labora-
tory Manual of Invertebrate Zoology . W. B. 
Saunders Company, Philo.dell,-bia , and London . 
Eastman , Charles R. Textbook of !'alaeontology , A tr r,nslation of 
Zittel . 
Harmer, Sidney F. In Cambridge N[tural History , vol. on Worms , 
Rotifers and Polyzoa . 
_________________ 1930. Polyzoa . Proc . Linnean Soc. London . 141 : 
68-118. 
__ --------------- 1931. Recent work on fOlyzoa . Proc . Linnean Soc. 
London . 143. part VIII: 113-168. 
Hiller, S. 1939. The so-called "Colonial Nervous System" in 
Br yoz oa . Natur e 143 (36 34 ): 1069-20. 
Lankester) Ray.------------------
McBride , F. 111 • 1914. Textbook of Embryology . vol. 1. Inverte-
br utes . p . 386-406. 
Marcus (S ee Bronstein and Harmer above ) 
O'Dono ghue, Ch. H. 1926. Observations ~n the early devol pmont of 
Membran i por a villosa Hincks. Contri l o to 
Canadian BioI. etc ., Ill: 247- 264-
__________________ and Elsie 0 ' Dono ghue . 1 92G . Second li:3 t 01 Bry07 na 
from Vancouver Isl<lnd Region . ibid . I ) ) . ~ I' 
47 -132. 
Osburn, R. C. 1910. The Bryoz oa of the Woods Hole Region . 1)11.1J.. 
Bur. Fisheries. XXX, 1 910 . Document No.'760 , 
1 91 2 . p . 203-266. 1 4 pl. 
Parker and Heswell, Vol. I. 
Pratt , H. S. 1934. Manual of the Common Invertebrate Animals. 
Revised odition . 
}rouho , H. 1892. Contributi on a l'his toire naturelle des 
Bryozoaires . J.rch . d . Zool. Expt . Series 
2 vol. 10. p . 557 . Plates & Embryol . 
iG-:: r.iO TEE BRYOZO. CF T~:::-' C' J;~ ~ 1:: , 'GlO}) ' r )ST IIIT.'LY I.r,_ 
(f.fter Cs'1orn) . 
:.DL~.i.T=- - ;, t tached to subs tra tum at the bacy and ['rtlJ fre • 
!.'lICULl.'=tIJ. - Zooecia r,:.odified to look 1 ike b i rds I 1 ads, '/it'1 mo abl 
- ja ~s . Functio~i. unkno "n . 
Infiltrated lith lime salts , fi ing f r sted wl'\. ' te appear -
ance . 
E.fCRUS'l'I:rG- Formi..ng a crust of zooecia ~ith the hacks of all att.ached 
to a more or less broad slrface . 
L(tHOdIORE - Ring around the mouth to which tentacles are at.tached . 
aaEC rJ '1 - Zooe c ium modif i.ed as a bnood ouch . 
OOECIOSTO! ' E- Tube leac1ir g frOl. the ooecium to the al1erture . 
arERCULm~- Lip overhanGing the mouth or orifice . 
PEDUNCLI - Stalk of a Zooecium . 
sr'OT"li - ConnectiolJ. bet een the z.ooecia of a colony 01' zooc.rium, 
drawn out into a strand like a root stall , or traili 1 r 
vine . 
VIDal.CULf - Long 1110r e or le ss ;flex ible z ooec ia ' odif 1 c1 to 1" esemb 1 
spines or ha irs . Funct ion unknown . 
zaCEC IUM - THE nmIVJDU1.L Ci.SF ENCLOSDTQ ~rRE LIV .c,rC 1:~DI IDU, L OH 
ZeOID .· 
zaOJ..RIUM - THE AGGRF.GLTE OF ZOOECI. ENCLOSPJG i. ':;P,OLF C~ \LONY OF Z(.OID~ . 
(1) 
(2) 
U'l':' ( 
J,( 
(1,2 -
-
-------~----------------------
Key . (Thls does not c ove r f O!'~!1S not fr< qnently found) 
Anus inside 101.h 01-11ore ; lophophore not r etrac tlle . Entoprocta . : 
or Calyssozoa. t . 
l.nu s outside 10l-'hophore; 1 0 , h ophor e retract.ile . Ectoprocta . D. 
Individuals s olitary , not col onial. Lophophore obl ique . 
Loxosomidae . B . 
Colonial; lo phoyhore trans ve r se; Stol onate ----lcdicellinidae . C . 
(Bl- 18-30 tentacl es; foot small ; 2 nnTI . l ong .--Loxosop.la daven},orti . 
B(B2 - About 8 t entacles; foot srtlall; 1/2 mm . long .--Loxosoma minuta . 
----------------------------- -
fo duncle not enl a r ged at base nenr stolon; Pedicell tna cernua . 
:2eduncle enlarGed near bas e; s talk not perfora ted . Bar er1"C81a 
major. 
Peduncle enlD.I' ge d near basG; stalk perforated or a r c olate . 
B . dis cre t a . 
-- -- ---------- ---------------
No opercula nor ooe c ia; Ortfice circular ; zooecta tubular and 
calcified; r ound r.louthed forms . -------CYCLOST(JMJ.rrt • --E . 
Ope r culum pnUF nt; zooe c io. usually calcified.; and with oOGcia 
and appendicularia; l :l.£ll ec1 mouthed forms .-CI{T LOSTOMl.Tl .. - F . 
Operculum of a rlng of setae; never calcified; no avlculnI' fl. , 
vibracula , nor oooc la; soft chltinou s walls; zooaria 
stolonate , encrusting , plant -l ike , or in f l eshy' 1 01)(.8; 
Comb-mouths. CtenostoMata --K 
KEY to Fryozoa l o~tld) 
Join ts horny ~ ogeciun .lJeer- sha1 ed; 10.:. tubular ro.c1 icel 1 roe\~ se 
Crisia e rnea, or (P.rs . 
Zooarium lobate or branched; a0nate or from an i1crusttnr bRSej 
tubular, in sin~le ser:es or c ntiguous . T ljporn, or 
rarel', Stoma o~ora . 
Stolonate, with expansion on stolon where t lnr 1000ci8 (with 
lateral Plembranous area and terminal or. fice) CO~lC ff . 
A.etea anguina . 
Not incrus ting nor calc i fied; zooe cia loos 81y un} ted; [\1; ondaGt) 
pedunculate and jOinted;--Bugula-------G . 
Incrusting; calcified; front wall of zooec ia dcprcss('d, 1": 1 -
branous and lJart ly '~ridged by calcareous s11 If; '700t' iul 
borders raised------------Membrani oridne or fl" trin idaEJ: 
No median pore, but often a small rounded u',icnlaritun so plne d: 
lower margin of Irinary orifice with a d ltni no cb; or 
cells erected , with fpertur c t"uarded by n projoct.ion "'it1 
aiVic. on the side---------Schizoporollinae H:q,:,.'othoidae . 1. 
Lower margin of 1)rinci18l orifice strailsht (occasi onally round d } 
without notch , thouGh overGrowth of soconc8.ry marGin Illay 
s imula te a notCh; late ral margins of or ifice nmy bear 
teeth; l.vicuJar.ta may bo present related to the orifict;;; 
zooecia incr:.lsting, not erect. 
Hip~oporinae ~ hlicropnrellin8.c . J . 
Orifice OCCUfJieS nea rly whole front of Z ooccium; no sptne belO'd 
orifice; stalY of colony with uncinate. hooks; zooocia 
biseriate and in spirals --Bu11ula uacilis val' . uncinata 
One strong splne at outcr edr;e of orifice; ovic~ll ul angle with 
axjs of btseriate , spirally arranged zoot;~ia; beak of 
avicularium not toothed .--Bugula turrita. 
4 s l)ines above; ovicell in 1 ine with axis; beak toothed . 
Bugula cucullifern. 
No mar~inal spines except at top ; ooecia small and hemispher ical; 
avicularia alike and small; Zooecia 4 - 6 in number across 
each branch of the fan - shaped flattenod zooariwn . ------
-- - -- -- Buguln flabellata-. -._.-
other BUl3Ulo.s differ from the above onos in minor lJoints but art' rare. 
Membranivoridac or Blectrinidae - ~ratt uses Electra in place of 
MembranijJora f-;jven below . 
Front wall , ins:Lde raised marc:tn , all membranous; no ooecia , 
avic. nor s~J.nes; or orly slender eroct sl'i.nulosj 
Memb ranJ}Jpora 1& ero iX:l.l • 
trea of front wall , bLlow raised margin , perfor&ted with larGO 
pores; spines strong and well developed . 
Membranipora ,Pilosa . 
SimJlar to M. pilosa , but not perforated; woalccr spinos; median 
ventral spine stout (othe rs usually absent) . 
Mcmbranipora monostachys 
- 3 -
Y.ey to Br~ "08. \cont l n) 
Spines feY' (2); ooeci '!1 prese, t ',i th s:all subl"'rec t a vicularium 
at for ard e d .------- -------l ':embranipora mi orni . 
Spir.es (13 or more) bent dO'm~ard ver the a tur and fla 
in cross - section; dirtcted strongly for ard . 
Callopora craticula . 
Spines ~resent only as stout tubercles; calc fi d Ian ina well-
develo ed half closing the area; strong teeth froje tinr 
toward center .---------------l:embranipora tenui~ 
Adnate zooe cia more or less distinct; wall smrt!vl.at cylindrical, 
thin and hyaline; no avic~llaria; zooecia not }rolonrred at 
base; usually forming a crust, but often erected in older 
colonies.- -------------------Hippothoa hyalina . 
Calcified; encrusting or foliaceous; continuous crust;Rvic laria 
absent; ovicell with special pore; rimary oriflce 
usually obSCllredj ------------Schizoporella sinuosa . 
Similar to the above; but avicularium pOinted, on- ---n--or- Otl 
sides of lower border of aperture; mandible 1'0lntin8 for-
ward and outward; Ovicell wi thout special rore . 
Schizoporella unicornis . 
Like the above, but avicularia rounded or spatulo.te, not 
poin tad; small oval one on a mound on on or both sides 
of orifice; ovicell with depressed ar a with radiating 
furrows .--------------- ---- --S chizoporella biaperta . 
Like the a bove , but small rounded avic1 llarium cen'trnlly just 
below the notCh; depressed area of ovlcell with pores , 
regularly placed , in place of furrows .--
Schizoporella auriculata . 
(Pratt uses Cryptosula instead of Lepralia .) 
Primary orifi ce without IJosterior tooth or shelf; no sub-oral 
avic., spine or mound; secondary orifice , when ra lsed , 
never a sinus at the ~osterior margin; orifice laree, 
e l ongate , widened near its ~osterior end; ooecia and 
avicularia absent .---------- Lepralia ..p~l.~§.~lQ;~~-" or 
Cryptosula P . 
Like the above , but orifice smalle r , inner anterior oral margin 
fi,ne l y toothed; lateral tooth large and doub18; Av i r,L<. -
laria abundant and of two sizes; Ooecium brof:'der th~ ,r, 
lon£:;; a transverse membranous area above the orifje'L' 
Le~ralia s errata. 
Like the above, but zooecial and ooecial por es small o.nd 
numerous; the forme r rounded and often broader than. long; 
projecting marginal denticles give the losterlor rounded 
border the apvearance of a broad sinus or notch . 
Lepralia pertus a. 
Like the above , but zooecial pores few and large; zoo c'al 
opening quardranfular and usually widest posteriorly . 
Lepralia americana . 
Posterior ~argin of or i fice has overhanging pointed bump , or 
mucro , without avicularium ; no avicularia; ovicells small 
and present; zooecia small and slightly convex; flat with 
age. 6 slender marginal spines --Mucronell~ peachii . 
or immersa. 
A - ~ - ~ 
Key ·0 or.,o:-oa ~cor. . Id) 
nviC't aria absent or large and not on a rostrUl":· post 'lor 
border of r-rir-ary orifice 'ith tr minent tooth-lik or 
shelf - like rojection; orifice ro ndod }osteriorl , 
wit.h srmll usua1.ly ~ointed ooth or none; aviculRr' ,tm 
just behind orifice; ------- ---Smittina orifera . 
Like the above, but orifice straichter in rosteT'ior l1f'T' in; 
tooth broader; witt out avicnlarium just behind orific 
with or wit' out large olnted avicllari m in a~dltion 
to smaller ones _______________ Smittina trispinosa . 
--------------------- --
(K1 - In brown gelatinous crust armed ith horny sl jnes , not ~tolo -
( nate; orifice 2 - lipped , with one lip movable and a ting 
( as 0 e1' culum; on Fucus p.nd As ophy1lum. -- --( Flustr lla hispida . 
(K2 - In yo::.lowish gelatinous crust without spines; no l1ps; orifi e 
( .j losed by invagina tion of tentacle sh0a th; z.ooarlum not 
( Lmpregna ted 'l'I i th earthy mat ter ; without pa U.1 ae; On 
crabs , mytilus , and big scallops.--Alcyonidium mytili . 
or J:-olyoum 
Other Alcyonidia have spines and earthy matter , but arc not 
common . 
K3- Stolonate; not gelatjnous; zooccia with flattened a1' e more membranous than the rest of the wall , covc rinr; most of 
the ventral side . Zooecia clustered in pairs at nodos 
of the stolon; 4 strong spines at the top of zooooium . 
HiPpuraia armata . 
KK4 - Like the above , but without spines , oninnotheres . Hippuraria elongata . 
K5 - Stolonate; not ge latinous; no flattened ventral area; creeping 
or rising in plant-like tufts; not jmpregnated; Zc'oecia 
narrow at base next stolon; expanded tentacles form 
( circle; gizzard }lresent; z ooecia clus ter ed in double 
( spiral rows on ere ct branching stem--Amathia ~ichotomaz 0~ 
( Vidovici . 
(K6 - Like th.e 8.bove , but zooarium creeping with erect shoots; 
( zooe cia irre~~larly dis~osed and occasionally clustered; 
( basal part of zooecia \iii thout pro jections; ( Bowerbanltia r;raciJ.is. 
(K7 - Like th e above excep t fo r the presence of pminted or divLlod 
( process near the base of zooccium on outer siG~ . ( Bowerbankia grac .L lus '7 / 1" . 
( caudata . 
Key to freshwater Bryozoa is not included here . 
Mos t common ones are underlined . 
its, tc . :.:.:.:.~=;...:::.:_rf'.:J.. i ]us -
s. ~:.:l[tO~":: of ~ Gastropod , -us c r: . 
Study hcrr:.is ec i:;ed s hells and di "ec t f _ shly . . 1j ec ted 31 c In~ ,n • 
n:J nst draw me shell . FolIc\,' Dre\' , .1- . 14.3 - 1. 2 . . os t} '- no 1" rn -
~!'E'.,:: ': , ~- 152 , untq later (see p . ? • 
... -
:5 . L!ato:"1;.- of a ~~ud ibre.nc:n . 
~xa""'~ne 8...'1.y l:udibre.nc.ls t' ~t arc av<?~l ble . 
taken ~f 'i1"le 0.1. ~ortun::.ty tc st l.CJ t.hose f"rms e. 
ere '1~t c.li'lays 8vailf.'b e . l'otc the follO\"ing : 
A h:' n tn::o c:. ,::, d bo 
Ii . r.~ chs 
r:O&G . liumbrr of tentacJes . Are hey ' l 'Otract Ie? D . .) tl ;r 
lOSSCS S s.le2.t>s? Eye8? Eouth? 
Body . Is there a distir-ct r.1antle rresunt r I('! th'" 'nto unont 
soft or crE' there '-lard spicules l--rl"sont? 1ret i eo the:. itj01 und 
nF~lre oJ the r e s -ira tory organs? S lo cial organs illuy ~c Gntir~ly 
[;.osc..nt , respirati.on occu r ing trrcuC;1 t.l1e integr1.1ment (i . o . -ly" if) • 
or 3. ecial oreans Ir8.;'T 1'0 l.rcsent i~. t',,,c form ('f e 1t" t;r '- ,,-,,171 vo 
~ilL surrounding a mediaD dors81 8.n'.A8 (i . o . Doris) or roy'" of 
~er&t8 ~~icb often conts in oxtcns~lnn of t~o liv r .nd a130 l1Gmu -
toeys ts dcri vcd. fro['1 i nges ted~ r~}~dr'loids . '. l:~[' t color is tr.o Ct111.nlt ]. ~ 
:":ocatc t'-~e emus and ~enltal f ~_\. rturU:l if Jccssiblo . 
Foot . ~oto its widt::l in :,ro ... ,~rt.ion to longt' . ' .10n crawljnr; 
freelysmall 8nhnals fre~~_lentlr [,(tach ther:solvcs to tbc undor ;1.11' -
. ["co or t:-:e surfc.c e filn~ . In fuch cc.:ses thv activitlGS of tho root 
rnry bo readily obssrved . 
Internal org2.ns . The C:ZtC.:1 t to \"hich the -:.ntoI"1al 01'8Cn8 
rr~Ety ')S oBse rved vErics with ~1irforent_ ir-ldividuals [,ytd 81CC108 . 
'C's'.H;.:'ly t '1o dor88.l '. (;8.r t, tbe J.ive!' , dJ;:J.:ut1vo trc.. c t , the. l[lr["o 
ovary , the o t ocyst, &nd ~ossibly ot her dctfi1s may be observod . 
If srl~ll sj:,e c imens are use d t',i'" detailed f' t udy may bo best c ur-
ried en vlitl-:; tho 81 e c imo n on [, slido r.nd slightly dOl,rcsscd VIi th 
e. c ov'-r gle ss . r10unt ono of ttc cerate, on 8. slide nnd obo(rvc 
'melor '-igh l ower . CGn ncmatoc',·sts I)e soen? 
Eg2:S in VeT10'1.S 8 t agcs of dovolol mcnt may of ton be found in 
~hG disbes with t he animals. If Cunineia Bro not availablo a do -
t["ll cd study of the s e stages 1S 8.dvisebl0 , the ve 1 igor ere excc llcnt 
lor study . 
Sec de~onstr2.tions of tYl-CS ot hc;r than the ono used for ::;tudy . 
C.li...s~:ify t~c c,nirr~.l u:C:O(J . 
t' < ~gf' 12.ying , s..,crm pl.-:- lJd(li nO' , [~nd the fo rmntlC2..,n. of trocllol_hor~ 
11 veJ. iGor larva o of C'l11'~inp.:i_a. 
Tho. aniFa l s s houJ.d ')0 VI 8. c l-;.cd clc'o.n beforo plLC 1 ng in fingo:r 
llC'vlls . vl}1en fc >' t ilizinc; uso :-bout 1 drop of sl.Jcrm sU'l)Cl1fl:i.on for 
'.'0 c .. c. of H20 . Drow , p . 141 . After fertilizing the l,gg~1 TN.!.Y be 
- :.... -
','er e 
- .... '.... f '"' 0 t d f' J- ' 
_11 .i-.~e a .... s e .. ce v '\. "::l;;'t.: i a 0. s 1.1: ~ I,.. 
S. 'r, di°.::;:.&,,:c'l. or C:- _ 5.d'.la r:"~- . '::ade . r.:l":.e ... gr;s 
r,ot £.~ So .' table f \) r such ' c. s t-.'..d:- , ~u t t::e IE rva'" \,.~ 
of 
s ~~ c ial d1 (\ t~on ~f 
_ e ------
t ~G cd ont. '-1or 1 
.' -5 . : ,c "v:' .:. t: .... c f t t e radulo. 
'-r.;-L<' 'USYCC.l . Sa. ... co. - "" . ~ 
.. .. . ~ -- -- --
0.::0. 
: ~llou ~r€~ , p . 150 , po.ragra}h 5 . 
'T:', Y'I ""·'or d t f' teet· ,11 ;'.h._e r~dl1 .. 'f' ·.S ·"c1 i:1 the t'.'l", .• 1.11:.', an arrange:;-,c1;. o~ !., ~ - - - . G=.~ c.:: fice.:. ti cn of :::E.ny of t ..... _E' S" s tre~ods • 1'11e ani!. a1 is f" J"" t 1-i 1(-' 1 
':Jl : .• ", ..... :~5lt~S in ''lot ... [~ter fo:." a ".':"nute cr ::::) rn i8 t· ... n rem v d from 
_,_. ~.~ ,..,-, '1''"''e ,,', 1 " 0C" 1""""'" Ted ' ' b 'lod l"t".· 1 ~ roo i.:.6 .. c _ -' , •• rc.:.o.~ a So C 1.,-, _ v .• 0 \ ano 1 " _ v J.. \. n 
for [. s:'"0r t tirr.e, untn the radula soc is dis ol\'ed . T'lO :';duJ.a ;u'Y 
tt'£D '0e ;~e'.l.n-::ed 5.1;. [. drol- of bl:rcorino under th binoc lIar 'li cr os Ct 1 t) > 
ts.~\::. !'[" cere to moun t it strr'.ght . 
-:=' :"0 fcllo'inG "'~ocir.:ens , if c..vajlab10 , mt1.ke '- t\God "' '"' r ''(.8 or 
.: -- '; I' E. S t : 
• tenog10ssr. - - L. 1 tOYl ium . 
Gym:'1 og1~ss r. -- ::clnnel1a . 
Taenioglosr~ -- ~;~torina . 
Rachielo~sa -- Urosal~inx . 
;:.. fl fth 65 :Lsion , t he Toxoglosso , ha no re · r€Jsentut:l.vo o here . 
ll-.e foo t of Pol vnices • 
--- ---- ~Q--~"~----
:i:'lace in e.n aquorium of sec:. '!I-iter and observe t[lo~r&C:"o.l 
s';t;l linC o f the foot . Rov! :-rncr of t1"'E; s11e11 does :t finally c ove r? 
.,;n you s 1.::' ge st how the s end c oll&r'" a re formed in \']hich the eggs 
c:X'C: IG.:c.? Stimu1c te t ilC sn["jl &:'ld 8xpl[in hovi such an enormous foot 
::;,:". be "11 thdrawn into the s'1e11 . Doc s '.'8 ter exude from tto foo t 
d''':',nE~ its c ontr:action ? Can yO'l c1cterl~ll.ne ho\,,] mu c!} water -).8 t3ken 
'It' ;):.T the foot? 
!'rcquontly v e liger larv&c ffi&Y 'be o~Jt2.1n f:, d fr C'li: t'le ~8.D(l c ollnrs , 
JI . ~8s1ble s e cure one and s'ctdy . Lrtcl'r. c Ulnl.o r ison of t ( c 1 tgor 
.)f ~;u;'1:4nfi8. or a :Judibranch muY be mDdo . 
If time lc rmits th e follo .'ing cx~crjnent~ 
r; per-ferme d . 
17 
. . 
A. Tl~~e foot of Busyc ~n . 
on the g8.ctro od ~"J 
Ob s e rv e the foot [,s t he animr.J.s arc Gttcc'v~c d to t ~l(' s ides of 
tao aC:'lc. rium. HO~1 dces it nc1h::r e to t>.c glfls8? Note t \1C c hc. rG.cte r 
n:.' t~'}E; surface of we foot . Is it ['limY '; :":J:L.:n5.no thin ~'r; ct ons 
:1 djfi'c r ent regions of t;-:(, foot cut ""5th ~ r;).. zor from [.nir.1' L , usod 
.. n 5 . !~ r c c Dia >r0sc:'1t? I s t: .. (,; l'cdal r 1C'ncl lH't,:;ent in both "oxe"? 
,·" o t is its f'mction? 
foot of NUf; ,. • f.c ti vi ty of tho B. 
-- - - -_ ._-
Allovl Ec.S 8a to b e c ome 2ttachcd t ,,) D. £3;1[83 lJl;:.tc . Ob" rve 
.... 
, . 
- , -
f 
f t.f' , ~. :.. o' i. : :..-,..;....;.....:..:...c __ ._. 
- - - --
) 1 ~ ) ~ y . ,. 1 
, ,,~r!·.).s (D:rm'> ~ . 1:...4):,.. ':,::; ~:C:>E";, .' • • ' : < ~ •• O .L • S 
;:J!' "', _ . 1:: 4) ; 4.) . .: c ten .i)r ,:'v· , p . l~~') 
fJ. v'. ar8. tive st'"1.CT of tL . :ls of -8.' e111 r 1C s . 
.-' . .~ --~ - -- ... _- - -_._----
st. ,-d,'" t::.t foJ., o~.ri DC- t".:. 8 of il ls: ,-
a) . l''')tc'cr'-llch ia - ~cld:!.2 , uol."'1Y·11 or '~UJ~~. 
(D::: e" t 1 . 12·:) 
r:.:J ,l :'3.i..'j:lia - ::cd~o~.'1.S '1' ~ tiJ"~ (D!'o'., p . r ,) 
c , -':2',1..,' ~.'J'·.o llibl'[mcJ.~io. - .rctcn, "'scre e . (.:, \.. . J~ .) 
(~ ) >J.h::8:i ll"')ran0 .i'" - Venls , .:,Tt \~r e \': , 1 . ~. -)' ~ 
; ) Se tJ":...:n: chi s. - ::0 I'€.~ ,' ( ~l ~tat~vc he r~ . 
I'! c[.ch C t 3 8 pHr tic''.:Lf.J:' :!'6f, rcm.c' "10' d :" \ ) .Q\~,::s 
~:.1. 'O!'Y - numh r of r2 n~) on c ciA. s~dc of t.c.o bod, , . (,.j t 1 
:....-:: .... --.,-- _.1- . ("') .~l l~-f'·l ~"":"')l-"\J...( t::o" .-""" i1 + d ",rl t d S,'~ ,lo , (,l C:; •. f... __ ~:..:!.:.~,~~ , ... f',-,,tU , l'\, ,OCl I.}"!~ .1 - ' ,(' , 
ost ia , d:"'tribution of c ., :!'~3. , J:.' ::'C C 8 or E"l<"~nc (' 01 .;.~: r - fila:rh,ntE'r 
·'.nctiC:"18 2:1.d of i }tcr - l'Y' :cJ.:!.o· ~Ul1G" 1 . s . Sb10,T ~:h; J 1 ',10"1 m ts 
:hoC)];' ,<"'lInts of 10J't~ons of t''', }'iVl1. [;'lJ eno rlso f1'('1:1 ct'"!.lcd 
!::0Ct1 0~")0 . 
:i.e). As many of t he follo':'inf'>; studic'" E1PY b o made' C!, tl", l0l'wit 
By us ing carmine r:; rticl c3 susl- endod 1.n 80a v n h r dt; tc- . .; ~lO 
~~!'; dj.Y't.'ction cf the C \li 'l'Cnt ~ oi' "l['t t.. r thru tl"'c f.'i ihonf3 of :"oldia 
I.';rcw iJ . 234 , b) :Eya (Drew 1) . :30) Cu:rin[riF , or so,.C ct1cr a Ve:i l eb] ( 
lor!",; • 
. lece powder, d c8.ri"1inc 1· r tic l e s en thc glJ J.[) of 1,1y t:i.J n [; , J yl:. or 
80:':1C ot-cr form . Do the 1)[d·tic10~3 "[l(V" nntrriorlv Oi' C'"tr_ri.or·J, IT? 
':;h::.t conc lus ion do VOl dr~vj -'.8 to the nctl:.od of f~~('c1Llf,r; Do t~c'" 
}r"I"iC'.l l)[.lps take l)~r t in tr-"',, fU-dLlf I·rocess? ~ 
1 . Byssogonous foot . kyti~us 01' T odiolus . 
a . Fol l ow Drcw p . 121 s c ct ion~ 2 ~nd 4 . 
b . Cut off tho foot &'J,1"1:"'c c.X.L,£,.:lsion dlll mount in s (,a V'[ltC2:' 
cr. a sli00 . ~' ot( c } 15. f r~r iCt:.V:ity , '':''11;' Gu1[:.r 1'1OV' lTIC;nt:.:" rncl1J.nic(]lll~ 
1 r Il'.lCou. S gland:::; C _~Y' t~ Lljr.c :,· ~i .~,O;.' ~lrb_ruJ.t,Cl . 
its 
c . 1-'rimitivc type - X'oldia (DruJ ;" . 1~) ~5) . ,~otc G;;ll, e1.: ' lly 
plantar surf'£1cc; com}l< re ',lith tile foot of Cr)L eto] luurc. ['nrl the 
f~3 tr a l- ods . 
'J.so 8. fresh::1 ir::r.l . Core f :!. ly rC:1o'o one V~ _ "0 l f t:.c 5.10 1 
~~...,~' ';-.':11 t:18 10 r:..(:' rdial c.:- it~· . 1- 1£\ce t~.e anil.L !. i l " 
n "l'-~ 1--nr- :-nr.rine . ol 11'C' c c''''"' '01·"' .... e" {,ToCl . L! __ , .- 1,' " OOt; v .... - {.. --........ ...- :l ..... - .... \ ... c-.. (,.... G \ .. : . , 
C r,3' J . Observe tr.c bec..t a:ld ti:'le it. =.~·"·ec:~f'Te.L [' "tor 
:,;.:e ' Ci:r~ may rerr:rin tem;-.or8r5,lv ..... t. r est . OI.en f: ~·er8.1 c •. iY'·81s mtj~L 
" f."t-:'~':a ctory ~e[rt is obt",jncd • . emo\-e the [1..;' f ':1m t 1. !-\in (' ... ',. 
~ci.· t::"': .. and rlG ce i~ a secc'~.d fil er bO "l (em" ty -'1d "It ' Cl"T t 1(' 
e.!.~'( ''C of dro1-pinf" ./2 ::C)' 0:1 the :lec.rt . Tl e rnt of t~(' .n ts 
c':.: _"'''''C o Does the heart t.:)4.~ to stOl- berting in ~ y3tolc 0 1 dia st l()'~ 
.'" [dd ]':;2 CaC12 E.?1d '10~:1.. tl~,e effect . e.turn the [,lim 1 to Rine; 1'1:; 
) '~_lll,ion to '''' ote reCOV81', . 
If kymograyhs a nd he t rt lev'l"'. are 8. vt.llc.~le n rc ord of t, is 
t!~, •• r'!':"lent mo.y be :r'1f..de . 
WO\,l doee the effec t of trle s e snl ts on the Pale c yrod ' \..'£1 rt com-
PiUU ,'lith their effect ... on the T(rtebrate hecr t? For n di.scu~'~ ion 
:),.' -cl'1is c:n::er i ! ent s ee Clark : IiComparativo physi oloL~ of t>e ·~c.~lr t"; 
'':;1'._:31 , .thysiol . Zool ., vol . 10 , 1937, P};'; . 25 - 140; r:otley , ibid . vol . 
1. ~334 , ~p . 62 - 84 . 
Can you note A.ny effect of :,(')chanical or electricfJ. ~t.1rn'\.,1 "1.tlon 
,_ the viscc::ral g£.ng1ion on t}:>C' "efrt r£~t(;? ~CG Olm ., Sci. ~cp . 
:0 .. ,11m Un iv . , vol . 4 , 1932 , ~1- . 1;)'7. - 143 . 
/J. . 8tu dy of s mall , living s ,t}ccimen . (DreYJ . pp . 140 - 1 / 1 ) 
)Clr~)l1str8.tion of feeding in 8.dult sq"id . 
!~" Di8sectl on of fr eshl y injected sC:"J~,d . The slocimcns f'r st-",lC':y 
l"H."_'lde both ma l es and f ema les as far cs 10s"'101 e . TVlO 1]"r.lo'" [,llll 
t:.:) fCl'21 es sho~Jld bo dissected " t eael" t801e and their Dnctomy 
cOrD},.-ClI'('d . (Drew , },-p . 140 - 151) . 
Note that after study of the "ventrn l ll vic'l of thu opened fer1a]() 
th8 nidamental g lnnds must be removed . In both sexes 'C.he dieestivc 
end Circulatory systems must b'_ \i'lorl!'ed ou t concurrently . Af t er ob -
:-,:('ving the anterior ve na c aya this sho' l d be tied off , cut and re -
-fe ted to gain access to tl"c Jiv·.r a G. OenOl-r.D-e'1S ; Dj,l.l'orly oftcr 
~ l;-ld;y of the kidneys t~,.(.S(; ore-Ctns ?11ust be cr. ref 1..11y rumovud to cx -
':-80 t~.G stom~' ch rnd syst0lnlC CC_I't . 
.ndre . s , E . A. 
--------------
Atkins , D. 
----------
----------
----------
Berkeley , C. 
Clark , J . M. 
Coe , V' . R . 
----------
----------
----------
----------
----------
Selec ted r fe"e :lces 
1334 . Biol . Bull . vol . 7 , ~ . 2, .~ . 
"Shell repair by the snail Ie rodonte l'ostr{,ta Pfr ." 
1935 . Jour . Ex • Zool . vol . 7~ , p . 75 . 
"Shell repair b~~ tho snaL 'critil1a ll • 
"t936 . Quart . Jour . ;.:-ic . ~ci ., vol . 7" 1 . • 1 "1 . 
~ ' On the ciliary nechanism a.d interrclatio11Cl i s 
of lamellibranchs . I . Ne' obs'rvati n on 
s orting mechanisms . 
1937 . 
1111 . 
Ibid . vol . 79 , p . 339 . 
Sorting devices on the gills . " 
1937 • Ib id . vol . '"19 . p . 375 . 
"III . Ty};;es of lamollibranch ,~1.1ls and their 
food curre'1ts . II • 
~937 . Ibid . vol . 79 , 1 . 423. 
"IV . Cuticular fus5.on , ~ith sy8cinl reference 
to the fourth aperture in cortai!:). :tamel:J.ibl'a""\ch ." 
1935 . BioI. Bull . vol . 68 , r . 107 . 
"The c"1.e111ica1 C01i.l \) S 1. t J.on of the crY8 t.e,l~ ine eo tyle 
and of the gastric shield with some now obs erva -
tions on the cc c'..trrenc e of the s t:rle ox' de,so" • 
1936 . BioI . Bull . vol. 70 , p . 361 . 
ilAn experimental study of lJolysrormy ll. 
1932 . S c ie~ce . vol . 76 , p . 125 . 
"His t o loc;ical bas is of sex changl'; s in the 
American oys tel' (Os t:r' 0 a virginic a ) II • 
1934 , Sc ienc e , vol . BC , p . 102 . 
"Sexual rhythm in tho pe l ccypoc IDu lluslc , Te rodo ll • 
1934 . Am. Nat., vol ~ 68 , p . 236 . 
"Alternation of sGc'lality In oysters ". 
1935 . Sc ience, vol . 81 , p . 510 . 
"Sexual phases in pr0800r'11ch mollusks of the 
Genus Crepidul a i ' • 
1936 . Mem . Museo Hoval . d lHis t. Nat . de 13G l gi<.Ju·3~ 
Deux , Ser ., Fas c. 3 , LV . ~9, 
"Sex ratios and sex changes in mollusks ". 
1936 . BioI . Bull . vol . 71 , p . 353 . 
llEnvironrnen t and s ex in tl10 oviparous OY3 tel' 
Ostrea v irginica o" 
1936 . Biol . Bull . vol . 71 . p . 1~2 . 
li Seauence of functional soxual .l,Jhasos in Toredo ·,'. 
-' 
,. , 
i . ... \. • 
---------
:::lsey , C. R . 
Field, I . A. 
G81tsoff , F . 
- 2 -
1936 . Jo r . Exp . Zool . , vol . 72, I . 4Sr: . ItS ·u.''..l 
hases in C-:'c: idula" . 
1936 . Jour . E-l . Zool . , 
tions i~flue~ci~~ Cla~ 
gen' s Crepidula '': 
Tol . 77 . 1 . 4:"'1:" . I'"'on i -
of ex in Mol'u ks 0: +he 
1925 . Trans . : 0v ' Soc . G"nf'da, yol o ::"'., 1 . 131 . 
On the structure and f mct ~. ' '1 of t'le 11a itl and 
gill of Ostrea giras (Thunberr-) an" Ostr· . 1 ' rida 
(Car!enter)li . 
1922 . 01l : 1 . 3ur . Fish . , vol . "8, 1 . 127 . !lBi 10CY 
and econol":1ic vHlue of the sea I'1U8Sel .:ytl.llS e '.lli"ll . 
1938 . BioI . & 11 . vol . 74, p . 4 1 . "hi Lol -y of 
reproduc tion of 0 trea virginica . II 1. Ii Sl il\rning rt'ac -
tions of the female and !nale" . 
Genther , R. T . 1897 . Jour . r,:ar . Biol . Ass t n ., vol . 4 . p . CO . 
"The oyster cul tu""e of the aY) cient Ron anD" • 
Graham , G. 1937 . Trans . Ro • Soc . Fdinb lrgh , vol . rq , . : 67 . 
"The structure and function of the cllmenta l'v canal 
of Aeolid molluscs, with a dis us ion of ~helr 
nematocyots . " 
rtrl.line , H. K. 1938 . Jour . Cell . and Comp o lhys:iol ., vol . 11 , p . 
465 . "'l'he discharge of im~ulscs i:r1 tho optic nl"r vc 
of r'ecten in res ponse to ilJumination of the eye ". 
~-IG l~ :l ns , A. E . 1934 . Sc ience , vol . 80 , p . 411 . "Acces ory hearts 
in the oyster!! • 
. ~ . ____________ 1936 . BioI . Bull . vol . 70 , p . 413 . tlPul Rn tion of 
b l ood v e s se ls in oyster Ostrea Lurid8. and O~tl'('[l 
gigas lt • 
J-uJlien , ~4 . and D. Vin cent . 1938 . Cor"':_ t . hend . Acad . Sci . , '1' . 206 , 
p . 209 . "Sur l ' a c t ion do 1" acetylcl101 ine ~. ur le 
c oeur des mollusques . L ' antagonisme curaro -
acetylcbollne H • 
. . . _----------- 1938 . Ibid ., T . 206 , 1, . 1145 . "Los ester r • do Jo. 
choline dans qulques or£:nnes d s mollu r • cJues" • 
Tameere , A . 
Loosanoff , V . 
1936 . Mem . 1I1us . F:oyal d ' Hist . Nat . d Q Bo l g ique , 
Deux . Ser e F·asc . 3, p . 1 . 'lHiGtoire de la classi · · 
fication dos mollusques" . 
1936 . Science , vel . 83 , p . 2[\7 . IISexual phasos in 
the c:uohog" . 
1 937 . Biol . Bu11 . vol . 72 . 1 . 380 . IfDe v 101J1110nt of 
the primary "' o l ad and sexual phasos in Venus mercon -
aria Linnaeus" . 
LoosaEoff , V. 
- 3 -
1:'37 . Bio . Bull . vol . 7' ~ l ' 
dal changes of adilt cla~~ , 
406 . "Se a.:.;onal ,na-
n. r o. ariD (') . enus 
acgir..itie , G. E . 1934 . Biol . B :::1 . 101 . 67 , ~~ . ~C . li The eg<"T 
laying acti~ities of the sea hare , Tethys coli -
fornicus (Coo: e:.') II . 
::o.loe".l::: , N. S . R . _937 . Zeit . f . erg . Fhy~ . Bd . 2 , S . ·3 . "crlh 
energ- source of the rr.uss 1 Ol.~-tilus e I l i<") cl rine!' 
~:oore , B. 
--- -- - ------
~otley , H . L . 
: e 1 s on , T . C . 
- ------ - ---
oxyge. lack " . 
1 936 . Jo lr . f.:a r . Biol . Ass 'n, Tol . 21 , 1 . (1 
il'Ihe ioloCY of hIr ura la1 ill ' . I . S C 1 J varia -
tio'1 in :. elr,tion to environn ent ll . 
1938 . Jour . rar e B10 . As~ l n . , vol . ~3 ~ p . 67 . 
li The biology of rurp"ra la illus . II1 . I 
1934 . Phy~ . Zool . , vol . 7 , p . 6i:. . "1 hysiolo ie 1 
s tudies concerninB the l~fulation of ' earth at in 
fresh water mussels il • 
1 918 . Jour . Nor.:._1 . vo l . :3 , p . 53 . 11 (' t () ori jn 
nature , and function of the crystalline "t. le of 
lamellibranchs il • 
1925 . Biol . Bu}l . vo l . 4. ~ , p . 86 . "Eecen t con -
t ribut5 on to the l:nowled[;e of the cI';,<:ltallinc 
style of lamellibranchs" . 
i(idgewood , W. G. 1 903 . Phi . 'l ran3 . Roy . Soc . Lcndon , 5 . vol . 
195 , p . 147 . "On the strl cture of the 3i11s of 
the Lamell:1.1 ·ranchia \I • 
:' oths c;- i ld , M. 
Scharrer , E . 
Vcrr:U. l , A. E . 
-;pJ.z l , E . M. 
------------
1 936 . J. fu:>r . Bio l . p.ssn . vol . 2 , p . 537 . 
II Gigant ism and variation in Peringia ul vae l' nnar,t 
1777 , caused by infe c tion with larval tremato <fies !l . 
1 935 . l-ubb . d . Sta t Zool . Napoll , v ol . 1[::) , p . 1~S2 . 
"Ueb e r da s Hens trBmische Organ X bei 0 iotlO -
b ranchiern" . 
187 5 . Am. Nat . , Vol . 9 , p . 21 . " The col08sa1 
ce phalopocls of the north bt1antic il • 
1 937 . Phy~iol . Zool . vo l . 10 , p . 12~ . ;I Action c;" 
ions on the he8.r t of the O;Tc t er (Ostr( a vircin ,~- ',2 ; .. 
1938 . J . Cell and Comp o 1-'hY81 01 . vol . 1 2 . p . 2'i7 
Response of t he oyster heart to electr ical stimu -
lation and effe c t of calcium 8.nd 1 ota; r:i.um on it' 
threshold of inhibition . 
Yonge , C. if... 
y Otln g , J . Z • 
-----------
- 4 -
1936 . .:e!I. ' llUS . noyal d'1H t . Nat . Bele i ! . , 
Deux . Ser . F eSC . 3 , ' • 77 . "Tho evolltio~ of th 
s\'!i:rrllr.ine: h abi t in the Lamellibranchiu if . 
1936 . illsrt . Jour . Mic . ci t vol . 78 , 1 . 
"The giant nerve fibers ano e 1- i C' teL_ar od of 
Cephalopods ". 
1939 . Phil . tr . rtoy • Soc ., B. vol . ? ~ 0 , p . 4 ~ 
"Fused neurons MC' [;-rnaptic cO'1tnct" :i.n tl10 
v II 
giant nerve fibers of co~:alopo~~ . 
Yonge , C. M. 
Yo mg , J . Z . 
-----------
- 4 -
1936 • .. e:., • • , 0 . hoya1 d l Ht t . :Jat . Fe1c::i 11. , 
De"..l.x . Ser . F 8SC . 3 , , • 77 . "Tho evo1l t iO:1 of the 
sl,'!inu-r:ing ho.b i t in the Lame11ibrnnchio. iI 
1936 . '(,uart . Jour . Nic . Sc i. vol . "'8 , .l: . 
"The giant nerve fibers and C.k-i"'t lIar ody of 
Cephalopods ". 
1939 . PhD . • tr . 0:' . Soc ., D. vol . '20 , • 4t)t: . 
"F'used neurons a.ne' ~·-'na.pt ic co 1 tncts 5.n the 
giant nerve fiber~ of cq.' .alopot1rJ . 11 
=C~IT.OD-:R. :,_ ~:~ 
Directions for Laborat · ~ "0 Y 
_ irections in Dre'." s 'e.nual' 'ill be er.' t, e. '1 i. C"u:)"'Il. on in!; the 
fo':'lo''ing directions. -, B. "lork here outlined is or? dny . . 
~atcrial to best adva ta~e . 
1st day . A. _.steri as for esi. 
_ .. -- -_ ... ..... --. 
1. External structures, Identifv the follo\'ing: or! 1 and 01':11 
surfaces, r~o tt, an s, r.-.adreporic _:'..et laoral ('. '0 ve a , 
tube feet, terninal eve- suot der .al br ",:i n ~ 
pedic ell ariae, . - , 
II. Beha vi or of th e an i .. al . 
A. rethod of 10cof:1otion. 
1) Do the tube feet ac t a ~ levers f <~ "in or t S 1'Ol)e 
for pull ine; the body 1'orv,rar? tud v the starfi h a ~ 
it proceeds over sand. Watch the mOVE'I.:ent of the tub 
feet as a starfish travels in u It r e crystrlliz.ing 
dish filled \'lith sea "ater. Espcciully note the 
movemen ts in climbing a vertical )lane ( .J:i de of di "'h) . 
2) Does each tube foot act indeoendentlv or i. there a 
unified impulse? Is there an intElrmediat , ethod of 
action? 
3) Does any partic lIar ra~J scen to r;o for"'l1rd llPd 0(' -
madreporic 
/ 
1 ' tcrrine t}1is? t'Il':c three trials 
in the follo"'inp anner . Pi ck up 
the starfish by the disc "i tn the 
thumb and fir t finrer or "'i t.h 01 
2 
plate 
~-""" ___ 5 four fine;ors so that thE' t~ ctiln 
sti uli \,Ji 11 bo equnlly di. ~ri butC'd 
along the five radii.. . Using thl' 
scheme of notation ~h~'n in the 
mcrginal sketch, record the ann or 
arr.1S v/hi ch ar e an te ri or (1'1ll' i ne 
proBress fo~wllrd . ERCh trblc pa y 
gi V0. a r "'por G of the r( suIt." "hl ch 
mav be innoruorat ed into the class 
report vhich'may be pJ~cC'd on the 
bll1ckboard if time ])01'[;11 ts . 
LI.) 1.,~&k c whatever comp8.ra ti vo observa ti ons upon the T'lOVG-
ment of Arbacia and Ophiodorma (called Ophiura in Drew) 
you see fi t, "h on thsse forms becomo availab 10 in the 
Labora tor y on ls t am 2nd day s or 10. ter . 
B. RightinG reaction . 
Do starfish us e a particular UrT:1. in turnj nf~ ovC'r after 
being placod on the aboral surfaco? By this is moant 
the arm or arms v.Thich first bocome 0. tached to the 
sub - stra tum . l.:ako two trials and re cord rosul to [lS in 
A. Make comparisons with other tvpos of Echinodorrr.n to. 
by watching the rightine: of :)phiodorrda and Echinuro.ch-
nius . P l ace tho latter in sand and rllske observations 
during the do.~7S used in study of EchinodeIT,ls . 
- 2-
Echinodermata. Laborator, Directio~~ onto 
C. !ethod of respiration. 
1 ) . Tie a string around one arm of a ~ta ';ish and uspend 
it for a few monents . Put a sl:d.e '\.l:1dC'1' "he tip of 
an a nn and gathe r on a sl i de " '~1'... ,'1.' coe 10.Ii e fluid 
'lhich viII drip fron it. Ex" " ii ' it ;j th n. high .0' or 
for details of cellular st C't'1:;' "s . 
2). In the laboratory are starfi~h "hich i'e e inje te d 
vd th carmine solution 12 hours previo l~ ly. Car 'line 
suspensions were injected directly into t18 cl")('Io,.ic 
cavity. On these experimental animnls r fe t th 
examination described above. What is the f' ncti on of 
the arnoeboyytes? What is the function of redermal 
branchiae? 
1st day P. M. 
D. Method of surface protection . 
1). Draw a camel'S hair brush lightly over the surface 
of a starfish . Does it catch on this surface? 
2). Remove a pedicellaria from the circlet at the base 
of a spine and examine under the microscope. Do the 
same vvi th a pedicellaria from the region between the 
spines. Note differences. 
It is suggested that students make the experimenta l studies and 
microscopic stunies of the pedicellariae and co elomic flui d to -
gether vvi th what drawings of external anatomy may seem fi t o.nd 1,A,or th 
while . Nmtes upon these studies ' should be included in tte report 
a t the end of the time allotted . 
1st . da y P . M. 
1) • Asterias . }.:ak e a dissection of the "inj ected sto.rfish tl • 
Follov.r directions in Dre'l.'T . In removing the body 'I,,,a}_l 
from the disc lift it very ca re full r in order t.Q ~ee 
the very short int estine 'Nhich l eads to the a.bor:~~, 
openin g , the anus . I'Jhatever records of the inLc'I ::. ..... 1 
anatomy of the starfish you care to make in the i'o.!"r:l 
of drawings or diagrams are in order . 
Studen ts vmo do not wi sh to repea t a dis section of n 
formalin specimen of Asterias may dissect a livin , 
speCimen , make a study of the cross-section of the 
arm of a young star from a slide preparation, or make 
a comparative study of the brittle star , Ophiodermu 
brevispina, follo wing outline for Aster ias above . 
A check on cilia ry action in the intestine and 
coeca and in co elomic cavity is of interest. 
, 
2nd Day, 
1) • 
-- ... ---- - ..... ... -
- 3 -
Zchinoderr:ata. Laborator: Directiol ont 
: . E: P . 
Arbacia and Stron, rlocer.trot ~) . . : ke 'hatever studies 
aroeha-vior ano -e-.:a-errtal." sTn{cture of the li vins " 
Arbacia see important to yo t. St tdy the dr~ test . 
The di ss ect ion of li vine; Arb lcia 0 preserved 
Strongylocentrotus ma , be ad€' on Fnterinl f lrnish d . 
A dried Aristotle's Lantern of each s'l)ecies "ill also 
be available . Record Pla. include - ner al nnnl sis 
of the interna 1 anatomy of Arbucin ".'i th brief note 
on Physiology of parts' ith peci al reference to 
Aristotle's Lnntern. In the stlc1: of tis o ,pli ntcd 
s truc tur e ) both th e dried and the fresh or for :alin-
preserved lantern in position in thE' body should b 
used . ote differences between lantern of Arbncia 
aDd Strongylocentrotus. 
. ~- -~ .. - - .. . ....... -. " . - .. .. .. - .. . - - .. 
.---- .. ..... .. ~ .. _ . . ... .. -... .. ... --. .. .. -.. ~ .. .. . .... '" . .. .... .. 
3rd Day, A. r . & P . M. 
\'vatch some of the nctivities of living Thyone . Record . 
Repeat for Leptosynapta . 
Study the external characteristics. 
Dissect Thyone ani study its interna l anntomy with 
special reference to homologi es \,Ii th oth er 
Echinoderms . . 
Note vestigial character of the skeleton. 
Study Blood cells - Amoebocytes on Mesentery. 
Hemocytes in H. V. S . - ~l!. th~ animal p.).one;, .right 
~ide i[lstea~ of ventral_ bodl~. Are the small 
pair of tentacles ventral? 
Study animals regeneratin~ But ~bd c . after evis-
ceration 3 we~:s beforr this day . Note size unc 
characters of regenerated parts and vlhich a r e nost 
advanced in completeness . ardor of rcr()n(l'ation ~' 
}:l nke who.t further stud\tes of behnvior you are i n ".,c r -
estcd in , upon anima ls of the r:roups othc'r thrm 
Astcrias and r oport them . 
Gp~eral Accounts . 
----------- -----
--- ----------- --
G e, . ~ i 1] , J . F . , 
Spec1.l='.l StucUes 
Cla rl ' , B. L . , 
Cule , 
-------
Co' le s 
J :\ eld . 
Fujiwara , T . 
Geru,1ill , Jas . F . , 
Glaser, 0 , 
He-gashi, R. 
HOJ:)lrins , A. E . 
Irv inG , L. 
Kindred , J . E . 
Kille , F . R . 
Jennings , H. S ., 
MaCArthur, J . W. 
ECELTO :.. RLAT., ~IF'LIO 
1900 . ::e oil' Li er1'ool .' ar e BioI . '1"'1] 1. jJ 3 
191 4 . 
1933 . 
1914 . 
1902 . 
1913 . 
1013 . 
1919 . 
1892 . 
1935 . 
1912 . 
r:.G:-irru s 
jenoir Liv l' 001 r ~ari e Binl . C01~, . # 2 
Echinoderm la.rva . 
e .. oir Livt:r 001 Lar ine Biol . e 0 ~'J'1 • #25 
Asterias . 
The Develo ment and Certain toints in he 
adult tructure of the Starfish, A~terias 
rub ens L. Phil . Trans . Roy . So • London , 
B. 01 . 205 . 
Echil oder lS of the ; oodr hoJe ~e ~ ion . Bull . 
U . b . :Si sh . 00rln . 10 02 , p . 50~ . C . 5483 . 
pr1.,1ted 1904 . 
EX1- (" ri..rvm ts on Coordina tio and ighting 
in t h e Starfish . Bjol . Bul l . vol . 24 . 
Direct·l.on of locomotion :in the Starfish, 
Ast e:cia.s forhesi . Jour . Ex ' . Z001 . Vol . It . 
St 'i""'uli /1', duc d by liGht and by contact 
W1.th solJ.(l '·alh. :1~ factory in t~ bE'ha iol' 
of O~hiul'0ids . J . Exp . Zool . IX ,. 1,'110. 
Lo:!.'va of Asteria vull.~aris . (uart . Jour . 
Hi cr . Sci . vo l . 34 . 
On the foisonous edicellaria of Toxop-
neutstes piliolus (Lesueur) . Ann . 001 . 
Japanensis . 15 (1) : 62 - 67 . 
Locomotor function of the Lantern i n 
Echinus , with observatlons on other allied 
lantern activities . Pr oc . Roy . Soc . B. 85 : 
34 - 109 . 
1907 . Hovement and Problem solving in Ophiura : 
J . Exp . Zool. IV . 1907 . 
1935 . Studies on the Morp~oloGY of Japanese Sea 
Stars . I . Anatomy of Henricia sanguino -
lenta val' ohshimai (n . var) . J . Fac . Sc i . 
Hokkaido I mp . Univ . Se ries VI . Zool . 4 
(l): 1 - 26 . 
1926 . On the Physiol oGY of the Contral Nervou s 
Systen in the Starfish , Asterias tenuis -
pina . Jour . Exp . Zool . vol . 46 . 
1924 . Ci l iary Currents in the Starfish , J . E . Z. 
vol . 41 . 
1926 . Regulation of the pH concen tration and 
its r elation t o metab olism and r espira-
tion in the starfish . J . Gen . Physiol . 
Novr . 20 , 1926 . 
1924 . Th8 Cellular elements in the pe rivisc eral 
fluid of Echinoderms . Bi o l . Bull . vol . 46 
1935 . Regeneration in Thyone briareus Lesueur 
foll ov·'inG induced autotoJ11.y . Biol . Bull . 
69 (1) : 82 - 108 . 
1907 Beha viol' of t he Starfish Ast r'r i R:J f'orrAl'1 . 
Univ . Cal. pub . Zool . vol . 14 . 
1924 . Expe rirrental stUr1y and a physi ol o;-i.0al 
interpretation of exosa,ltrulatt \... n Fl .d rr>-
la ted modifications in Echinoderr.l enbryos . 
. I 
. :a.c3r':'de , E. J' . . , 
'ead , A. D. , 
- 2 -
ECHE'ODR ?~f.TA, B1:L OG2AF... Y • 
1896 . De elopme t of • "'teri s ib oSr' . • J • 
.: • S . . 01 . 33 . 
1899 . ThE' .Tat l.ral 'q st r':l f the Starfish . Bull . 
U . S . Fish . Cornrr: . 18~ • 
:'a.r8.s irnbnn:urti , t, . 1932. De velo mont and Funct ion f th • eart nnd 
ericardium of Ech nodermata, ·roc . Roy . 
Soc . B. vol . 109 . 
-- ------ - -- - -- - --- 1933 . Development of O~hiocoma ni ra ( rliuroid) . 
:'ev!man, H. H. , 
otter, G. ~i • , 
Paine , V. L . , 
Parker , G. TT .1."1 . , 
Plough, H. P.. . , 
Romanes , G. J ., 
Smith , J . E. 
Smith , J . E . 
Stier , T . J ., 
" J . ,I: . S. vol . 76 (1): 3-88 . 
1925 . Experimental Anal~sis of A ymmetry in the 
Starfish Patiria miniata . Biol . Bull . vol . 4' 
1932 . Rockburro in[ Echinoids . Blol . R v . 7 (n) 
89 - 107 . 
1 926 . tdhesion of the tube fe t in Starfish . 
J . E. Z. vol . 46 . 
1927 . Locomotion and righting l~lovcm nt' in 
Echinoderms, es .. ecially in Echinarachnius . 
Am . J . Psychol . 39 : 167 -1~)6 . 
1 929 . Determination of the S~f> et n fonni1g 
material a t the time of the fir t cleava e 
in the eggs of Echinus and laracentrotus . 
Vi . Roux ' 1>.rch . Entwic<, Orean . IhC:: 380-39 r • 
1885 . Jellyfish , Starfish and Sea Urchins . London 
Intern2tional Science Series . 
1937 . On the Nervous System of the Starfish 
Marthasterias glacialis (L) . Phil . 
Trans . Roy . Soc . B. 227 (54 2 ): 111-173 . 
1938 . The Structure and function of tb o tuOf' f t 
in certain Echinoderms . Jour. ~ar:i.ne Diol . 
f·.ssoc . (U . K. Plymouth) 22 (1) : 3;15-357 . 
1933 . Diurnal Chan ge s in ~ctivities and Geotropism 
in Thyone briareus . Biol . Bull . 64 (3): 
326 - 331 . 
Tennant , D. H. and H08gue 1906 . Studies on th e development of the 
starfish egG . J . E . Z. vol . 3 . 
Tennant , D. H., C. V . 'I'eyl or and D. M. . \Nh ittaker , 1929 . An invostigo.-
tion en organization in a sea urchin egf . 
Pub . #391 , Carnegie Ins t . Vlush . ~6 . 
Van der Heyde , H. C. 1922 . On the Fhysiology of digestion , rospirn-
tion and excretion in Echinoderms . Iolder , 
C. de Boe r , Jr . Holland , 593 . 9 V. 28 in 
M. B. L . Library . 
~ ----------------------------------------~ I 
KEY TO I): :IE. FCHL10D1 .. ; :S f ·.OODS HOLE 
1. Radii r.:ore or less e longa ted to form a 5 -rayed tar . Body and 
arms not oistinctly marked off fro ee.c'~ th'"'r, •• ~'l'ARFISH 
(1) Small rod star 'iith feet in two ro\'s; } dlcellaria 
wanting; body brif,ht r ed , 'purple lav nder , or yell -.I , 
above , yellowish bela '; disc s all, arms lonG and 
cyl indr:i.cal , • • • . H JRIC II. SA G INOLENTP . 
(2) Arms 5 , blunt , svout and cylindrical; 4 rows of f~et 
er ray; spines few and coarse; madre} rit bright 
orange; color very variable, greenish bla k , m st 
conunonly; 30 fathoms to shore, • • AS'IERIAS I' CREES 1-
(3) Arms 5 , painted , tulged near middle , 4 rows tube fct . 
?;iadreporj.t e 1 ight ler:on yellow, color usually purple •• 
Commoner northward. . A. VULGJ' RIS . 
II . Rays much elongated into slender cylindr1.cal arms , sharply 
set off from central c1:Lsc; 2 rows of ambulacral a1 enda €I 
lack suckers; no anus; madre p orite on ora.l surface in an 
lnter-radius; 2 slits at base of each ann into f, ,nital bur-
sae; no cilia on external surface; no lJedicellartae; sI 'ines 
usually from sides of arms, •• BRI TTLE OR } h lT':l T S'l' RS . 
(1) Oral papillae ,l-reEent; arms with distinct a.nd regular 
superficia l plates; lateral slJine8 on arms small and 
close to the surface; disc granulated, arm l)lates 
regular and distinct; lateral flates bear sl)ino which 
lie close to surface; 4 bursal sIlts in each inter--
radius; brachial slJines short and smooth; djsc ventR~ ­
onal; green or brownish; spines short, no scales, 
Od~IODErufIA RHEVISPINA . 
(2) Oral paIJillae present; small star, , plates regular and 
distinct; lateral arm p lates with short solid s~ine~ 
which stand ou t from the surface of the arm ; rather 
stout and cons pi cuous; disc covered wit~ scales bearjng 
g ranules or small spines; arms longer than in I,receding; 
color very variable; both scales and spines Daisy 
Brittle Star, ••• OPHIOPHOLIS ACULIATP. 
(3) Disc small; wit'- out s1--ines but covered by scales; 
arms slender; 6 oral I-apillae in each corner of the 
mouth, outer two very wide; 2 scales to each tentacle ; 
color gray or yel lowish; radial shields whjtish; 
arms 2 -4 cm. long; scales but no spines •••••• 
AI l-HH OLIE:S(UAMATA . 
III. 1'es t rigid; with movable s pines . &ubglobular, • • SEf.. UHc:nNS. 
(1) Circular outline and yeristomial gills; sl)JneS solid 
and r ather laree; ambulacra l areas narrow; aboral 
ambulacral feet ~dthout suckers; subglobular; inter-
rays naked at B.boral end; co lor reddish bro~.n to 
purple; common here. Purple urchin, ••••••• 
AHBAC IA t>UNCTULt TA . 
~2 -
KEY .1 0 T3 - EGEI -0: ~. S Or '::OODS H I 
(2) Circular outl:ne; test ~i gid; s~ines olirl; rAri~roct 
'ith Many lates; more thnn 3 lairs f .or s in 
ambula cral plates (4 - 11 . sl ins slender rnd flut d; 
tubercles not all of s °Jne size ; crov'ded; col r gr en; 
found north f l'le re , Graen Urchin, • • • • • . 
STRONGYLCCFNTROT'LS DrlOE:'~_Crl ·;SIS . 
IV . Test r 1rtd ; flpttened to a disc; anus marginal: s~ines short 
and fine , Sand Dollars, ••••• ECHI /"fu'CH' ns JAG! ' !. . 
v. Test r educed t o hooks or v·antinc; . Body soft and mu cular , 
SF .. CUCUJl;:F I'B~ . 
(1) Pmbulacra l feet resent; 10 branched oral tentacl ~ ; 
feet sca t tered thlckly over th body; color du11 
b rown to Llack purple; large and o}in(1u ••• 
TFYONE BRIARLUS . 
( 2) No ambul acral f et; 10-1:) pinnate tent tlcl s.; one 
polian vesicle ; calcareous bodies in tl e f I'm of 
anchors with s errat e arms , and fe r forated rlates; 
par tl y trans va rent, .••.• LEITOSY~APTh SI . 
( a ) ~entacles 12 , with 5 --7 vairs of slde 
branches ; 10--30 cm. lon '; 5 -10 broad; 
c olo~_~4.t~isl:!..i cornmon in sand, •••. 
L."EPTOSYNAPTA IN HAIRJt..NS • 
(b) As above , but 2 -- 3 pai rs s ide branches on 
tentacle s; 10 cm. or less l ong ; coloF r~ 
red; usually unde r s tones or in gravel .•• 
LEPTOSYNAP'll} r:( SEOL];' . 
AR~ERO~CDA. 1941 
Laboratory Schedule 
Firs t da.,: 
A branchiopod , Artemia salina . (See special heet) . 
A de copod , Homarus Americanus or Callinectes sapidus (R fer 
to Drew . Injected s_ecireens for the detail of the cir-
culatory system wiJ 1 be available in the afternoon . ) 
Demonstration of parasitic Crustacea . 
Second day: 
A comparative study of some conunon •. :alacostro. a . (See sloC 0.1 
sheet (2) for sug~estions . ) 
Experimental problems . 
Autotomy in Uca (See special she , t (3) . 
Color changes in Falaemonetes and Uca . 
Third day: 
Larval stages: 
Cirripedia: 
Fourth Day: 
Fifth day : 
Nauplius larva of Artemia (Soc special cheet 
I'lysis stage of Homarus (Compare this with 
adult Heteromysis) . 
20ga larva of Polycnyx macrochelos . 
Activities of Balo.rus 
Anatomy of Lepas . (Refer to Drew) 
Dredging a nd study of tow . (The tow will pro-
vide material for a comparat ive study of 
some common Entomostraca) . 
Limulus : Feeding reactions , method of locomotion , external 
anatomy . (Use a small specimen and larval stages. Refor 
to Drow. Pl a ce a larva under a cover slip and noto the 
distribution of tli.e hepatopancreas .) 
Limulus : Internal Anatomy . (Freshly-killed animals will be 
provided. Follow directions in DreN) . 
Sixth day , 9 : 00 O'clock . 
Laboratory records in the form of l abelled drawings, tabulations 
and brief notes are due . 
LIFE RISTO rES T-, REPR.t.SE~TTATIVE CR"J STACEA 
In the tabular outline ·)elow the stage at ':hich hatching 
occurs is indicated by the use of a capital letter or letters . 
In case the orga.nism hatches at some oint not coincidin" it 
a definite listed stage , the letter H is sed to indicate 
hatching pOint . Symbols for the several stages follow : 
c---cypris 
H---hatching point 
m.g --megal opa 
(ENTONOSTRACA) 
mn---metanaupl ius 
my ---mysis 
mz ---metazoga 
n - - -nauplius 
pz --protozo~a 
z ---zoBa 
Phyllopoda ----------------- n - ---¥N - adu ly to - adult 
adult 
adult 
Cladocera (sumner eggs )--
II (w inter egt s ) -- n - ---MN -
Copepoda 
Eucopepoda ( free )-------- N- ---mn-
Ii parasitic (a )----- H--mn--- arasite ----
adult 
adult 
adult 
adult 
adult 
II " (b ) - - - - - E - - - - - - - 'a r a s it e - - - - - - - - -
Br anchiura (Argul u s ) ----- H------- -----
Os t r acoda ------------------ -----
Cirr i pedia 
Thora c i ca (Lepas )-------- N-------- c ----- adult 
adu lt 
adult 
II (Balanus) ------ n- ---MN --c -----
Rhiz ocephal a (Saccul i na-- N-----mn- c --- --- -----
(MALP.C OSTRACA) 
Amphip oda------- - - - ----- --- n ---
I s opoda-------------------- N-- i 
Schizopoda ----------------- N- i 
Stomatopoda---------------- n ---
Decapoda 
Mac rura 
pou 
pou 
Poneidea ---- ··· · .------- N--- -pz 
Sergesti0ea (many )----- - PZ 
Luc ifer -------------- -pz 
Eucyphidea------------- n ------
Astac idea 
Homarus americana ---- n 
Cambarus -- - - - - .~--- ---
Anomura---------------- n 
3rachyura ------------------ n 
'--------.--.--------'--'----t---+--
--- ---- ---- - -H- - adul t 
u t i l 
----- ---
- a'dult 
h u til 
-- --- ---
- adul t 
Z' ---- ----- --- - adul t 
--- --- adult 
--- ----adul t 
--------adul t 
------ -I- ~.dul t 
--- ----8\~nl t 
-----H-- r,,:l.,,~ t 
- Z--mz --- -mg - ']., lu 1 t 
- Z--mz--- -mg - <~(1 ul t 
-+-.---1. __ . ____ ._ 
STALTES I: DEVELOL'.::; TT r CRUSTt.8EA 
Body: Unsegmented 
Eyes: Sim Ie, m.edian, x-shaped 
Appendages: Three pairs, first pair re-oral. Later 
become antennules, antennae and mandibles . 
Occurrence: Free swin~ing stage in large ntunber of 
Entomostraca. In dalacostraca usually passed 
within egg. 
::eta_n~a_u~p_l_iu __ s Body: Beginning se&nentation in ~ostmandi ular region. 
~s Similar to that of Nauplius (simpl~,median, 
x-shaped) • 
Appendages: As in auplius (three pairs) 
Cypris 
protozoga 
Zoda 
MetazoE!a 
. 1egalopa 
Mysis 
Occurrence: First larval form in APus, winter e gs of 
Leptodora, Dlcifer, HiPfolyto. 
Body : lantle folds present; resembles Ostrac d. Folds 
become calcified in adult (Barnacles), or entire 
thoracic and abdominal regions slough off when 
animal assumes parasitic mode of life (Sacculina). 
Eyes: 1 simple and 2 compound. 
Appenda~s: antennules become or~ans of adhesion, 
antennae disappear. 6 pairs sw~mnling feet present . 
Body: Distinctly separated into cephalothoracic and 
abdominal regions . Former covered by carapace; 
latter imperfectly segmented and lacks ap~endoges . 
Eyes: Paired , compound, sessile. 
Appendages: As in Nauplius plus 2 pairs maxillae and 
1=3 pairs anterior thoracic appendages . 
Occurrence: In many Malacostraca, as freo swi~ning 
forms. 
~OdY: Abdomen distinctly se8~ented. 
~: Paired , compound, stalked . 
APPendages: As in ProtozoSa . 
Occurrence: 
~OdY: Abdomen distinctly segmented. 
yes: Paired , compound, stalked. 
Appendages : Full number cephalic and thoracic 
apr:endages. (5 plus 8). Latteruniramous. abd . 
append . dev 0L oping . 
Occurrence: First larval stage in nearly all 
Brachyura. 
~OdY: Large broad ce phalothorax; small abdomen • 
. yes: Paired, COMfound, large. 
Appendages: As in Me tazoea. 
~currence: As 2nd . Stage in nearly all Brachyura . 
Body : Cephalothore.x, abdomen . Latter distinctly seg-
mented . 
iyes: Paired , c OIi 1 1-· ound I stalked. 
tPenda~: Full number thoracic appendages; biramous. 
A dominal appendages developing. 
Occurrence: In many Decapoda . 1st larval stago in 
Homarus end in Palinurus . Adult stage in 
Michtheimysis and in Euphausia . 
CR"CST. Lll. 
Abrarr~owitz , fl . • A. (1037) ~he compnrati e ~hy. iolog'.~ 0"1: 1 i~:lento.ry 
r eslonses in the crustacea . J . Ex • £JoBl ., 76. 7-- ~G . 
f.. ramoVlitz , A. A. (1938) On the s:ecificity and r lated Iro_crti s 
of the crus tacean chroma to_ horotro ic hormone . BioI . ... 111 . 7·1: 
278 - 2ge . 
M:drevlS, E . A. (1883) On t~1e Anatolly of Libinia emarginata . Trans . 
Conn . Acad . 6 : 99 - 121 . 
Brovm , F . A. (1935) Control of igment migra tion within t_ e c11ro l'l. -
to :1.ores of Palaemonetes vu.1garis . Jour . Exper . Zo 1: 71 , 1 - 16 . 
Brown , F . A. (1939) Humoral control of crustacean chromato.J:.hor(s 
Am . Nat . 73 : 247 - 255 . 
Brown , F . P. . (1940 ) The crustacean sinus gland a.d cj1r matoIhoI'a 
activation . Physiol . Zool . 13 : 343 - 355 . 
Brown , F . A. and H. P . Scudamore (1940) D:1ffcrentlutJ.on of two 
principles from the crustacean sinus gland. Jour . CoIl and 
Comp o 1-hys101 . 15 (1): 103 - 119 . 
Carlson , S . P . (1936) Color changes In Brachyura Crustaceans , 
esre c ial1y in Dca pugilator . Kungl . Fysionf,raf . SRll. 6:1-18 
Churchill , E . P ., Jr . (1919) Life his tory of the BIno Cl'ub . Bull . 
U. S. Bur . Fish., 36:93 - 128 . 
Darby , H . H . (1934 - 36 ) Pa~jers f r om Tortugas Labor tory , Carnog:l e 
Ins t itut ion of "ashington . Vol . 28 , etc . 
Emmel , V. E . (.1910 ) 
crus t acean limb . 
Difforentiation of fissues in the regonerating 
Am . J . Anat . Vol . 10 , Pil . 109 -156 . 
Hans tr c;m, B. (1937 ) Die E> inusdrllse und del' hormonal ~)EJdingte 
Farbwechsel del' Crustaceen . Kungl . ,svenska Vctenskap:J . Eandl:i.ng . 
16 , no . 3 . 
Harreve l d , A •• v an , and C. A. G. Vliiersma ( 1939 ) The function of the 
quint uple inner vation of a c rustacean muscle . Jour . EXI) . B.1.o1 . 
16 ( 2 ) ~ 1 21 -133 . 
~·=ea th , Har old (1924 ) The external development of ce r tain 1 hy1:1 01 od~ • 
Jour. rIorl:;h . 38 : 453-475 . 
~Arrick , F . H. (1909 ) 
u . S. Bur. F is h . 
Natural Fis tory of the American Lc bs tel' , 
1911 , 29 :149 - 408 . 
Johnson , Geo. E . (1 924 ) Gis.nt nerve fibers in c rustaceans , with 
spec ial reference to Carcbarus Gnd l' slaemonetos . Jour . Comp • 
. Neur Vol . 36 , No . 4 . 
Kleinho l z , L . H. (1936 ) Crustacean eye - stalk hormone and retinal 
piement migration . 3iol . Bull . 70 - ; 159 - 184 . 
• -: •. ()_ Z $ L . H. 
-:'~I"'.1s tacea : 
(,f contrel . 
-;.. -
(2..~38) h:lies i~ tle .igmental', ~yst 
I~- ;'ne unitt,"" versus the multiple :. m 
::'1 . E 1_ . 75~510 -53° . 
of 
hypothesis 
? 1-,,1 "' , _ T . S . R . 
Arthropods . 
(~,~8) hysiology of the alime~tary tra t of 
Ri • BioI . 2~:1 -62 . 
: :l' uf, . • S . R . 
arthro},.oda . 
(1:''::1) Physiology of excretion among tl'"' 
?l:..~"'s :;'01 . Rev . 18: 
:.aluf , • S . R . (1938 ) Secretions fron ectodormal glands of arthro-
pods . Quart . Rev . Eiol . 13 (2) :169 - 195 . 
Ealuf , N. S . R . (1939 ) The blood of arthropods. Q,uart . Rev . 
BioI . 14:149 - 191 • 
. ,:2.1uf , N. S. R . (1939) Physiology of the arthro odan circulatory 
mechanisms Jour . IJew York Ent . 30c . 47 (3): 227-286 • 
. ~organ, T . H. (1923) The development of asymmetry in the Fiddler 
Crab . Amer . Nat . 57 : 269 - 283 . 
"lorgan , T . H. (1925) The art ific ial lnduc tion of synllnetrical claws 
in male Fiddler Crabs. Amer . ~at . '-8 : 289 - 295 . 
l arker, G. II . (1932) Humoral agents in nervous activity with 
special reference to chroma tophores . Cambridge Unlv . Frt. ss . 
Parkor, G. H. (1932) The Movemen ts of the Retinal Pigment . Ergebn . 
BioI . 9 : 239 . 
Patten , Yl . and Redenbaugh , 'Iv . (1899) Studies on Limulus . I . The 
Endocra.nia of Limulus , Apus , and r.ftygale , Jour. Morl- h . vol . IG: 1 - 2G . 
Patten , W. and Redenbaugh , W. (1899) The Nervous system of Limulus 
polyphemus with observations u}lon the general anatomy . Jour . 
Morph . Vol . 16:91 - 180 . 
~atten J W. (1912 ) The Evolution of the Vertebrates and their Kin 
B1akiston. 
Pearson , J. (1908) II Cancor i1 L. M. B . C. Memoi r No . XVI . roc . 
and Trans . Liv . BioI . Soc. XXII - 1907-1908 . 
Ferkins , E . B . (1928 ) Color Changes in Crustacoans , e8pocially in 
r a1aemonetes . Jour . Exp . Zool . 50:71 - 105 . 
; l"0ntiss J C. \'\1" . (1901) The Otocys t of Decapod Crus tacea . Bull . 
1lus . Comp . Zool ., 36: 1 67 - 251 . 
~ rosser , C. Ladd . (1934 ) Action ~otentials in C. N. S . of Cl ayfish . 
II . Responses to illumination of the oyes and caudal ganglion . 
Jour . Cell. and Comp o Physiol . 4 , 363 . 
?7) dfield , A • C. (1934 ) Tbe hacmocye.nins , BioI. Rov . g: 175-212 . 
j 
~ 
- ~. -
~ , '~ _:.: "ick , A. (_888) II A 1.onograph of the s rec ies and dis trib 1 tiol! 
of the gen s Peripatus, Guilding il • Quart. Jo r . Hc . Sci. 
28:431 - 494. 
Vitzou , Alexandre - Nicolas (1882) Recherches sur 1a structur et 
la formation des tegumens chez les Crustaces decapod -s, Arch . 
Zool . exper t et gener ., 10:451 - 576 . 
Yfarren , H. S. (1938) The segmental excretor~ glands of a.rtemia. salinti 
Linn. var. principalis . J . Morph . 62:263-297. 
welsh , J . H. (1930) Tne mechanics of migration of the distal pig-
ment cells in the eyes of Palaeomonetes . J . Ex • Zool . 
56: 459 - 494. 
-;,olsh , J . H. (1932) The nature and movement of the reflecting 
pigment in the eyes of Crustaceans . J . Exp . Zool . 62:173 -183 . 
~elsh , J . H. (1934) The caudal photoreceptor and r esponses of tho 
6rayfish to light . Jour . Cell . and Comp o Physiol . 4:379 . 
He rsma, C. and Van Harreveld , A. (1939) The i nteractIons of tho 
slow and the fas t co:" traction of crus tacean musclo . Phys . 
Zool . 12:43 - 49 . 
\-~_ lliams , L. W. (1 907 ) The stomach of the lobster and the food of 
larval lobsters . 37th Rep. R. I . Comma Inland Fish . p . 153-1'79. 
Wood , Florence Dowden and Horace Elmer Wood (1932) Autotomy in 
decapod C~stacea. J. Exp . Zool . 62 :1-49 . 
Yonge, C. M. (1924) Studies on the comparativo physiology of 
digestion , and assimilation 1n Nephrops Norwegians . Brlt . J . 
Exp . BioI . 1:343-389. 
Yonge , C. M. (1932) On the nature and permeab i lity of chlton . 
Proc. Roy . Soc. of London B:lll: 298-329 . 
Yonge , C. M. (1936) On the na tur e and permeability of chiton . 
II . The permeability of t he uncalcifiod c1bl.iton lining tho 
foregut of Homarus . p . 15-41. I roc . of the Roy . Soc . London , 
Series B. vol . 120. 
Sec Pratt, Dr ew, CaIman (Lankester ' s Trea tiso on Zoology), Sars 
(Crustacea of Norway ) Smith (C ambridge NE' tural History) and 
Das Tierr(;ich for additional r eferonces on anatomy and 
classificat ion . 
.' 
,-
T.e BI'J.:'o S: rJ.::11, Arter-na . 
shri.>n s: (1) t n oveme ts of tho 11 pairs of 
foliaceous appendages for loco~otion , f od - gather ing and res iration; 
(2) t ~e orientation of the shrimp (a) "Jhen s~ .. i.r.1r'.ing (b) 'Jhen feeding 
on t . .!.e bottom , and (c) when the source of li : t J. S ben at.l the cul -
ture dish; (3) the huge 2'1d antel ae of the :,:~le which is develo d 
into a claspir:g organ (Sl'!1it'h , .. . 26 ; (4) tlieovisac, just behi d 
the last pair of swim'''ing ap_endages on the mature f n.ale . 
glass ill be 
finer 
I . 
details) . 
II. 
Head: 
(1 ) 
(2) 
(3 ) 
(4 ) 
(5) 
(6 ) 
( 7 ) 
(8 ) 
(9 ) 
Trunk: (1) 
( 2 ) 
( 3 ) 
( 4) 
( 5 ) 
( 6 ) 
(7 ) 
(8 ) 
($) ) 
(10) 
References: 
(Packard, p . 550 . ) 
Com}' 0 Hld eyes (on flexible , unsegmented stalks) . 
Ocellus (a median or .auplius eye) . 
An ter.nae (tvo '0a irs) • 
Labrum (large upper lip) . 
~andible s (one air) . 
Maxlllary gland- (typical excretor r ITI nd in ad t 
Entomos traca and larval ~,alacos trace) • 
Oes ophagus (vertical tube from mo th to s tOl'1aC_, ) • 
Stomccch (globular expansion of ali.mE1ntary canal in heae) 
Digestive rla.ds (t ·/O diverticula of th stOln8- 11 in the 
form of branched tubes , packed into t:be head around 
the brain) . 
Foliaceous appendage s (11 pe.irs) . 
Prepare a slide of a cros s - sectlon of tho trunk to soe 
details . Identify the endites (medially directed 
proces ses). The proximal one is an important food -
gathering mechanism (gnathobase) . ~he exites are an 
u pper and lov/er gill -s ack . (Smi t _'l , p . 27 ; l-acleard 
p . 530 ) (The endopodite and exopodlte homologios 
ara obscure) . 
Limbs of t he 18th trunk segment (genital s~gmcnt ). 
In female , fused to fonn the uterus or ovisac .. 
(Smi th, p . 20 , fig . 2 ) ( :t'a ckard, p . 558 , fig . 2 ) 
In ma l e , forms two penes or cirri . (Packard, r . 558 , 
fig . 3 ) (Co lman, p . 30 ). 
Limble ss segments of trunk (1st is fused vvith gord.t!.ll 
s egment) • 
Te l son . 
GonrJls (in trunk , p os terior to genital s (;[~ilwn~,) ~ o·'I.3.1' ies 
(Smith , p . 20 , fig . 2 ). Testes (tackard, p. o~0) 
fi g . 3 ) 
Heart ( dorsal tube in trunk; patr of os tia in c 8.('.l' ' oC; -
ment exc ept the las t; ope n w:idely at 1-'os teriOl" end , 
forming a sh ort ce pha l ic aorta anteri orly ( Pa c kc"1l'd , 
p . 560 , fig . 2 and 3) . Remainder of blood system 
~ l acvaar ). 
Int estine (stra ight tube v entral to he rt) . 
Rectwn (v e ry short , at level of telson) . 
Anus (terminal ) . 
Telson (with an anal plate on each side of the anus) . 
Borradaille and Potts : InvGrtebrata (1936) p~ . 356 - 360 . Chiro -
cephalus i s similar to Artemi~ . 
Colman , W. T . (1909 ): Lankester ' s Troatise on Zoology , C~13tacea 
Packard , A. S . (1883 ) ; Phyllopod Crustacea . 
Smi th, G. F . (1909) : Cambridge Natural History Crustacea . 
- 2 -
A CO.:rAP. .. TIVE S':..'"JDY F SO~:E "'STRP.0A 
Several common f ot':·, s are provided . . ·ake a COr,1 •. ara t ive study 
(~"' the external featur '" s a . d record t air characteristi s in tubular 
:'nr 7':: . Some of the features : ich are frequently . f diagnostic 
'ulue are suggested for s ~ eclal attention. 
Tribe Order S bordor Gonus 
_-Caprellidea CAr RELLA 
.. ~- ----
-_ ... -
...... Amphipoda.:.:------
peracarid< ~Garnmaridea ___ TALORCrFSTIA 
-----Isopoda Idotheoidea IDOThEA 
__ --Na tantia PALAEMOl IETES 
--- ------
Eucarida Deca 'oda-------
----------- ~ -~epantia 
LIlJ INIA 
---
Characteristics 
BoctY: form: c ompre s sed laterally , or flattened , or cylindrical; 
elongate , or shortened? 
Body regi cns: head, thorax and abdomen , or cephalothorax , abdomenj 
wel l.· ·developed , or rudimentary? 
Carapace: p resent? if so, extent and f orm? 
~ egments of thorax : free or fused with he ad; number fused? 
~&~~·l· s of abdomen: free or fused; number fused? 
Telson : shape and size? 
.Ai'l- ~~1cl~~_1? of 
Hend : particularly the antennae --number , l~ngth IIDd form? 
:T'10rax : number and lcind; biramous or uniramous; che 10. te, sub-
chelate , non - chelate? 
Abdomen: ntL.'TIb e r and kind? 
G1.11s: location and number? 
~,·.:.··s: stalked oX' sessile ':' 
-3 -
I~:- .... :_ the clav vA thout = ...i :.H :' on the leg and note the r sul t . 
C>-;~"-c re any relation be:' 't= C~\ th' rt g ion of the leg injul'.d and 
'che s peed or frequer..-:'.7' of au totoJ.:Y? 
.:~ 8. cheliped autotomized !.lore quic"ly than a walking leg: 
:::f a rn.unber of aPgendages of any gl.ven svecimen are autotomized , 
'~ll the last ones be cast as quickly as the first in the 
series? 
!s t he re any relation between the type of stinrulus used and 
fr equency of autotomy? 
Do c,'-!J.y animals exhibit au totilly after the cuttincr or crushing 
of the a },.pendage? 
}.XBT- ine the end of the stump 'lhi ch remains after' P.U totomy . 
Stimulate the ventral ganglia. in freshly killed s e cimens to CO' ee 
if autotomy can be induced . 
(Dissect or hemisect for t he nervous system) 
Stl.mulate the nerves of the :;·.}-'l:endage by ins Gr ting a fine pin at 
the joints . 
terform artific ial autotomy . Us c either preserved for froshly -
killed material . Hemisect the animal and remove the entire 
leg intact , through the coxa . Locate a large nruscle in-
serted by a tendon on t~e basis dorsally. This is the 
aU.totomizer muscle . Pull ventral on this tendon and ob-
ser'le the mechanics of the proce ss of autotomy . 
How do you think the force exe rted by your pul1:1r:.g on thic< tendon 
compares 'd th the force exerted by the J ivlng cru.stacean 
muscle? 
1-'L'.11 on ~'/t.8 1:=;g of a dead c rab and se e if th e" brraldng-jo inr, js Ju J.~u 
we8.l:cst point :ltru0turally . 
~r all .~~ : C: ~:J. "ts distal to tl1e ischium are remO\if.c1 by a cu'!";, G811 
au l~(;~G"lJy 3 till be J.nc.uced ? 
:-.';': ~ '!>0(' :1. and Wood : 1932 . Me chanism of Aut rt')my in DecJ Pf' C 
C ' 11. 3 td (;8anS • Jour . Exp . Zool ., 62 . 
::~:) :..dle] 0 L: 
f.J:\.(' 1 M 01.:11 ., 
1937 • Autotomy in the BraC::'1yur8n , Ue B. !:"11 gnax . 
73 , 155-163 . 
-. , . Flace a 1 auplius la:::"·" :':1. a drop of water on a cover-slip and 
study its charac te:L' :.s t ic s il.1.":1ing (and feeding) movements. 
Add a few lens paper ~ibers to the drop and cover with a second 
cover-slip . Both ~~e ventra l and the dorsal surfac s of th 
larva can now be sUldied under high magnification. 
Your attention is called to the following features: 
1. The oval , unsegmented body. 
2 . A single, median eye . 
3. A large, r ectangular upper lip (labrum). 
4 . Three airs of afpendages . 
a . The anterior pair are uniramous. Each is a 
relatively short, unjOinted appendage b6aring 3 
setae on the free extremity . They serve the larva 
as tactile and swimming structures and will form 
the first pair of antennae in tho adult . 
b. The second pair are biramous . Each is composed of 
a thumb-like endopodite , a larger subconical exopo-
dite and a gna thobase in the form of a recurvod, 
conical structure at the base of the protopodito . 
These are powerful organs for wwimming and food 
gathering in the larva. They wi:il form the SOCOl'~ 
pair of antennae in the adult . 
c. The third pair are biramous in most Nauplii . In 
Artcmia there is a short protopodite bearing a 
t erminal , finger - shaped endopodite . Theso ar0 
principally used for swimming in the larva lml' 
will metamorphose into the mandibles of the aduJ t . 
5 . A digestive tract consisting of mouth, oesophagus , stomach" 
intestine and anus. 
E. ~uscles which move the ap~endages. The originate in a 
mid -dorsal region . 
" 
I 
I VERTE3R . ..,.TE ZOO:'OGY 
Laboratory Stud, of the Protochordates . 
The nature of the re core sad the urbe nne kind of dra "ings 
are left to the discretion of t 1e student. Certai d ~n .. ine;s are 
Sut;C8s ted in Drer/'s, Invertebrate 2 0 010[;" :hich mnr be follo 'ed, 
anplified or others substituted for them. If vou have n ver ctudied 
J,mphioxus, SOLe material is available althour-h ' this ani al is not 
found on this coast . 
Demonstrations of several tmta wtr:1ml protocho dnt · swill bo on 
display, i.e. Salpa, Boltenia, Appendicularians, etc. 
Note - All records are due at 4 0' clock on the second da". Thf's , 
\'ill be returned as soon as possi ble that evening. 
FIRST DAY - A. : . 
a) Study Perophora 
given in Drew, page 238 . 
transparent zooids (v.,rhich 
stolons. 
viridis (Urochorda), folloving the dirpctior 
In this colonial ascidian the Breenish, 
rescrnble smail l:olgulaf» are connce ted by 
Gently prick the ani~al and note the kind and ~, ount of 
contraction. After strong stimulation does the heart stop 'beatine; 
and the circulation cease? For how long? Is there a difference jn 
the nu:r.J.ber of abvisceral beats of the heart (tovJard the branchial 
basket and stolon) as com'l)ared vi th the advisceral (tow'ard the 
viscera)? Does the nUIp.ber vary in each series? Does the blood 
citculate in the stolon? Is there any coordination of the heart beat 
in several indi vidualsh~Ao~e~t~dA .?:~~ ~ ~~ 3ornr.¥>n s,tolon? lJote the cir- /) ~~the ~t~ '- $4,( ~~~£AdZ4I ?)c:tA.~ 
If .ie animal is placed in a solution of strychnine, vlhat 
happens to the heart and to the circulation? Use 1-40,000. After 
10 minutes of exposure to this solution, transfer the animal to s e a 
water . Does the heart recover? 
Acetylcholine, mechol:l , adrenalin, .pilocarpine etc., in 
appropriate concentration vlill increas e the ldne;th of the abvisceral 
phase . Adrenalin is especially effective and by chan~inf- to fresh 
solution hourly, the heart can be made to bea t thts V'8.'T for hours. 
Use 1-20,000 for adrenali n. I'lhat ha,p ens 'lhen th e animal is r e turned 
to sea wat er? Atropine appears to inhi bi t the pilocarpine effec t, 
while eserine potentiates the action of acetylcholine . 
To what extent do temperature chanGcs affec t heart nc~.i vi ty 
Study i"dtrst in fresh sea vlater. Then place dish i»~ sun for an J.,~~u~~ . __ 
and again count the ntlr.lber of boats with time. /~ C;~ t 
b) By using carmine particles suspended in sea water determin( 
the direct ion of the cur rents of wa ter throUf~h the siphons. 
c) Fertilize some egr;s of lI'olBUla by removing the hermaphrodi-
tic gonads of several animals and cutting them up in a small amount 
of sea \~Tater . If fertilization occurs, the early developmcmt a s far 
as the tadpole stage may bc folloVTGcl c urinB these two days . 
., 
- ~ -
Laboratory Study of the Protochordnte . 
FIRST DAY - P .1: . 
a) Exa.,!ine ~ oung and nat lre coloni es of Botryllus scll10 seri. 
Directions are given in Dre~, page 239 . 11 the mature colo ies note 
the arrangement of the zooids of a colony, their color an the 
f:1ovemen t. The colonies of this se:i-transr>arent, composite, inc ust-
In? chord~te may be fou~d on v'harf piles, stones, algae , tc . Gla e"" 
Sll des rhl ch have been 1 !,mer sed in the Eel Pond for on to t,~,o we k 
previously will have on them single individuals and earlv colonv 
formation . These are more easilv studied for structure and a tivit 
of the internal organs because of the absence or small OWlt of th' 
pigment . Inme rsa the sl ide in a petri dish. _ 
b) Study Didemnur1 . This ',rhi te, incrusting, co . osi te tuni ate 
is found on vTharf piles, under stones, etc . l''hat is tht~ purf ,e 
appearance? By' crushing and teaSing a small piece, determin the 
type of spicule . Can anything be seen regardin the structure and 
grouping of the individuals? 
SE COI\TJ) DAY - A .J..' • 
Study isolated adult individ als of Amaroucium (Urochorda) 
according to the directions in Drm'l, PAg e 240. These fW. be secur d 
by cutting the common gelatinous tunic vertical to the surfaco of 
the colony, or by strongly squeezing the mass into a dish of sea 
vat er and thus forcing out the animals . Remo ve to a syracuse dish 
and examine until a cOllr>l ete animal is found. This can then be 
transferlUed to a glass slide for closer exrunination. Add sea \'later 
and cover. Is there any struct ura l di fference between the 
individuals of A. stellaturn and A. constellaturn? 
Often vlhen the crolony is squeezed, the tadpoles are also li ber-
ated . Carefully study one. Slides of stained tadpoles are available 
if no living ones are found . If the living tadpoles are transferred 
to a syracuse containing a coupl e of drops of sea Yater , they will 
sometimes attach and . undergo !Tletamorphosis . 
Compare a tadpole of Arnarouci urn vIi th one of l~olgula or 
Botryllus . 
Occasionally young individuals in various stages of netaJ:l1or - A 
phosi s are avai lable for study. \1hen ,::Jossi ble these vIi 11 be; prcpare.ci/ 
by the instructor a few days in advance . Details of structure arc 
more easily seen than in the adult espec ially ciliary action in the 
branchial basket and heart beat . Are the chn.ractBristics of the 
heart beat simi lar to those of the heart of Perophora? 
SEconD DAY - P . 1'< • 
a) Study the external struture of a living Dolichbglossus 
(Hemichorda), follov.ring the direct ions in DreV' , pnr;e 233 . Dew-ote 
about and hour or less to this. In sone animals the posterior 
region of the trunk may have been broken off . Stained aerial 
sections of the animal are available , if desired . 
- 3 -
Laborator: Stud} of the Protochordatcs . 
) The reI'lainde of the afterno ::1 sho u 
8x8.r.ination of the sirqle ascio.ie..n. :01C:'\.11n 
follN.i.ng the c'.irections 6i ven in Dre'; . paoe 
of Perophore. viridi s .,-1. th that of '0. Sula (0 
sir.ple ascic1ian) . Even thou~h ray have ~t,t i , 
fo!'e ~rorl preserveCl mate rial esh r.:ater· al )O~s es~e 
-laE ~ges . l~ I ~ ./ ./ ....v ~ • .J' 
c) If ho1'ever you feel fal1iliar ' iith Vol , un I ~ndc<..vo se -
cure some of t.he blood on a slide in sea \·ater a d st'\. .:th ty .. E'S 
cf cells to be found.. There arE' both allE'ooid enC', pi~lpnt:>d cell 
of several different t~'Des \'lhich are Quite unliy-e the blood \.;8'ls 
of Vertebrat es . The cells s TV' ve and ar e ncti ve ,in j';;Jt 8. .rntor 0 tf ~ (., ) 
r:~; ~ ~~/ t:[A·tTl-"o..e:r . , 
I-RCTOCHOrlDATA 
otes . 
Leave !3otpyllus colonies in finger bo Is for a. f w hours or over 
night . Plenty of tadpoles wi ] be found on the botto of the on-
tainer . Developing colonies of Botryllus may be found on las 
slides that have been suspended in the Eel Pond for s f'V ral '. eles. 
Squeeze the fresh Amaroucium colonies in fr-sh sea water. 
Tad oles will be found on the bottom of the container and also 
s -/il11Jring at the surfa ce. Pick out the swim in ones and transfer 
wi th a Ii tt Ie sen water to the bot tom of a syracuse di.sh . Some 
'd J 1 s ot on the glas s and unde rbo me tamorphos is . Ch nge the wa. t r 
daily . Only a few drops are necessary at first or oth r 11s the lar-
vae vlill a ttuch to th e sides ~:md hence will be invisible . Aft r 
attachment mor L 'lJater may be 8dded . The dish s may thun b pluc d 
bottom up in 0. crys tal izing dish of running sea Vlater . Thi ob-
viates daily chr.nge of seo. v'nt8r . 
Cl bo.vage stnges c.nd lr.rvo.o of ~ol@l[l. cr.n be s cur8d in th 
follov/ing way: Romove tl:D test and , undor a aiss ctinG nucroscopv, 
the ovary and its duct ean bG identifiod by tho 08[ ,S withi.n . TIl 
ovary '!hich is hollow can b o oponod vlith a sharp n uodle and tho og s 
removed. Solf f e rtilization should bG avoided . Removu tho animal 
from the dish containing the eggs . From another animal r mov tho 
whito testis (this mo r (; or less enclosos tho ovary) and cut it finGly 
in th o dish c ontaining the eggs . It should b(; done in a very sm~ll 
amount of s ea Viator . Aft6r a littlc while add mo re wutor and v,ash 
to remove extra sperm. Development is r apid and tadpolos aru formud 
in about 24 hours. 
As described by Borr ll l 1 932 , '36 , the ogGs of Molgula can bo 
freGd of thoir mombranes by plG c ing them in n solution consisting 
of one part of crustacoo.n s tomo.ch juico to fifty or [1. hundrod p:'rts 
of seD. water. The membrf.ncs o.re digusted off in [\ f ov! hours with 
no ho. rm to the ugg , nnd, on removr.l to fresh SOL wr.ter , c£'.n be for-
til ized . F(;rtllized eggs c f'.nno t b (; tr~e. t ed in this me-nnor . Un -
f e rtilizod eggs r emnin vi nblv for [1.bout 18 hours {~ftor remove, l from 
tho f.nimo.l. After this t rcr.tmen t o.nd f crtili zr. tion, tho blD.S tomaros 
of tho doveloping embryo c e.n be s O!JC'. rf'.ted by slight shnking or by 
dec[1.nting from onG v e ssel to c.noth0r. 
Po rophorn viridis. The normr.l budding method r.nd formc.ti orl '.)f 
r. col ony cnn be studiod by removing [\ short l ength from f'. froshly 
collected colony r.nd tying it on C'. elf'-SS slido. Suspend this in ['. 
be.ttory jc.r of SOl'. we.te r which should be chr.ngc d two or threo t -l..mus 
dC'.ily. Tempo r r. turo c['.n be; kept fairly con.stant by immorsing tho 
battery jar in running s e a wat~r. Within 48 hours tho form.ation 
of new stolons will b ogin. These now stolons may b o romove d to 
finger bOVIl s for furtbcr g rowth and study. 
Oozooids, or tadpolos , can be removud from tho cloncal chambor 
for study of thcir structur~ and changos during motumorphosis . 
Yo ng indi vid als, stages in 1'''e tanor hos is, or young stag s 
of colony formation of £ero~h ra, Ciona, AMaro cium and Botryllus 
may be easily secured by placing syracus dish s bottom p n lass 
container, i.e . crystalizing dish, in running s ea water. Plae 
numerous adult indivirr als or ~ieces of the colony of one s~e ies 
only in each conteiner about one to three eeks before des red . 
Vyhen us ed for study, remove the dis he s, wipe the bottom clean, turn 
over and f-;11 th about one-eighth inch of sea wat r. The indi-
viduals may be found n the bottom of the syracuse dish . 
Ciona . This simple ascidian may be easily studied y r moving 
the trans arent tunic and lacing the animal in a finger owl of 
sea water . The removal of the tunic does not injure the animal and 
in fact , if given a sufficient length of time, it will regen .r te u 
new one . Morphological details, such as 0 scphaGus, gonad du ts, 
heart , ganslion , branchial clefts, etc . , are particulr, rly cl 0.1' . Po 
not keep the animals in running sea water as air bub les ac umulat 
in their bodies; this c~uses them to float and they s oon di. Wh n 
kept in finger -bov'ls in a cool pleco (I.nd the water chr.nged onc or 
twice duily, they will live as long ['.s wanted . Thy pass ss murk . 1 -
poV'~ ers of regenerr.tion , und if one of th e siphons is tied off, th 
r.nimul will form [l. new one . 
Eggs of Ciano muy bo fertilized by removing th~ '~n~ds of 
seve,rul onimnls to c. dish contr in ' nb c. sme 11 r.mount of SUC'. wLter ~ . nd 
cutting them up . By c,xnmining tho cuI turu froqu "ntly thor c.ftor tho 
phcnomene. of f~rtilizntion , tho dividian of tho f~ rtilizod og[; ond 
the devel opmon t of tho embryo mny be followed . The tndpolo s tq~e w 11 
he.ve formed by the following dc.y . Avoid self-fortilizr.tion . 
About the only pl~ce to secure ndult Cionn ['.t woods Hole is in 
the S 6 ['. wnter trmks on the top of the me.in brick building . Vory rrrol) 
~ re thoy found on tho collecting trips ~s thoy ['.ro deep wut e r nnim~ls . 
Sometimes they mr.y be found growing in ('.qu['. ri~. or cultur dishes which 
he.ve remai ned undis turbcd for somo time ('.nd into which s (;C'. w[t. ter hr.s 
bo.6.n running . 
A Kcy to tho Frotoc~oriRtcs f thu ~o ~ H 1 0 R-~ n 
Enter pneusta (H michordata) 
V'orm- like; "' lende r elongated body divided into 1i[Tht y 11 ',' 
conical p r oboscis , orange red c ollar ':i th 'Lite r i nG l' os ter-
iorly, orange r ed trunk shad ng to greeni. h ye110 p ster or1y . 
Burro s marked by cast inGs n fairly clean sand flats . Ohara-
teristlc odor r esembling iodine . Liver sacs ab €Int . 
DolichoGlossus Kcwalevskyi . 
~~icata (U rochordata) 
Simple and compound , s ac -li~e cylindrical ody tin mo t) in-
closed in a test of cellulose . Si l hons, lar e branchial chambel', 
an dos tyl e . os tly at tached . Tadpole 1ar a. Sea squirt"' . 
I . Minute, trunk and 1 ong tai 1 , transparent , animal can mo tJ 
about wi thin t he voluminous tunic , tail tv:is t d 90 cerre , 
no pcribranchta,l cavity . 1 e lagic, at s orno dis tance from 
c ontinent s . Tail cbout twice as lon as trunk . 
AU·endicul ari n l ontjico.nda . 
II . Asci d ians or sea s qui rts . 
Sac - shrped , s essile , c ompound , colony flo.t cnd Incrustin{" 
diges t i vo tr£'. c t behind brc.nchic,l s ['. c . Ch~ llry I,lh i. to or 
yellowish . On stones , shells , e tc . 'Ibin test contnins 
cnlcnr eous sp icu1e s s t ell ,- te wi th r r.ys Lcut o or brokon . 
Didomnum c nnd i dum • . 
Spicules spherico..l ' itb r ounded i"'nobs . 
Didemnum c lbidum . 
Mcs sive coloni es often of l~ rGo size . ThroL di viDj ons of 
z oo id ['.n d los t - c.bdome n contnins gonc.c'l.s enc hcc.rt . Col on i o('! 
v e ry l ['. r£jo , of t on in form of thick v l- rticc. l plf' t s . Common 
t;0 l c. tinous tunic . Zooids ['. rrf'.nt;ed in stollr.te clust urs , 
brf' nchio..l acc C'. nd intGstine or ango . 
Amaroucium sto11atum 
Colonies thick , fla shy , of t on l obed , sm(oth surface . 
Brant;o and T' od z ooiCl.s s hoVl throu/:;h tunic . On piles , r ockn 
Ama roucium cons to 11 G.tum 
Coloni es la r go , numorous small narrow lobl-s-;-rurgor a t 
u },;pe r Em d , donse l y incrustod with s and , c l ose ly pa cked 
togo th er. On sandy bottoms . 
Amoroucium pellucidum 
Col onial [lSC idian , trans parent tun iC , c omp[lc t body , zpoi(~s 
s opo. r rc t o but connt) c ted by S t 01 ons , dit: os tl VG tro. c t bes:1 do 
b r cmchi o. l so.c , f ew r ows of stiono.ta , zooi(~s smnll . Gr o n . 
On p ile s , r ocks , S CCWGGd . 
Perophor a viridi s 
Semi - t r o.nspnront tunic , 0 l onGr. te body vlhich t o..1JO r S t c VI[ r(l 
c.n t o rior enc~ , C'. ttr.Ch 0cL by lC'.r [;er f·cstc.rior ond , ye ll '18 1'1 , 
small oran~0 o r r od spots (ocolli) around marGins of 
orifi co . On stones , pi l es , buoys , 'fa tGr tank el f M. B. 
Laboratory . Var y c ontractl l o . Simple . BU(l.s of t e n prosent . 
Ci ona int estinalis 
Sessile c ol oni es , comp ('.un(~ , thin an(' incrustinG or thick 
cmc: fl Gshy , z('o ic1.s in r oun(1 c r e l onUl t G s:rfJtoms about tho 
corrnnon cl oacal c·pen lnc , pGriphl; r e.l <~ ro.l "IJl-n lnGs • Trans-
parent t es t , L~o latin('us , pen Gtra t 0C by branchln{; VODS 1 0 
end inG in bulbs . Z\'() i r's brown },;urplish blr ek (· r c omb ina t1 ( I1 
of thCJ s o . Britbt c ol ers o.rounc" ( poninc;s . On sGawoc(l , pj l .s , 
e tc . 
B· tryllus schloss~ri 
III. 
-2-
Tunic hard ro h and n'inklea, bra nish or y 
Irregularly ovate , adhering by one nd or by 
face , small r ranualr t rbec les on an about 
the 0 enings . Often in grou_s . S~pl. On 
etc . Very common. 
110 ish . 
v ntral sur-
.. apilla of 
les , ston s, 
St!ela ;artita 
Simple . SiMilar to Stye a u only one gonad on right sid . 
Pink or bright red, smooth, de~r ssed dome-shaped with 
ex~anded margin . On stones, shells. 
Dendrodoa carnea 
Simple. Globose body t tough tunic wi th rou h surface 
fibrous or incrusted , sippons arise near to ether a d nrc 
long , divergent and retractile. 6 branchial folds , sti ata 
curved. On p les, stones, seaweed. Very cornnon . 
M '"Ilgula manhat tens is 
Simple. Body rounded, ap ertur s flush ~ it. h surfnce and not 
contiguous, densely and evenly conted w th c~' rso srund ad-
hering tiGhtly. Apertur es inconspicuous wh n closud. In 
sand. 
Molgula ar nata 
Simple. Body globose ,con1'P'r'Os.wd , covered wi th mud or dirt , 
siphons not contiguous and long and diverging . Gonads in-
verted U-shaped . On san d and g:cavel in deeper wnter. 
Molgul a .~ . ?mplann to. 
Simple. Branchial sac without folds but ... i th num rous 
conoca l interne lly extending pro j ections e.round which wind 
the long spiro.~ stigma t o.. Ono gonad on le ft s ido . Body 
globos e , unctto.chod, tun i c with fibrous he, rs to which 
clings the s ['.nd or mud in which the v.nimel 1 i ves • L "' oks 
like a b[.~ll of mud or sand. Tubes smr.ll ['net closo togothor. 
Bos tri chobrffil chus tilUlo.ris. 
ThB s a lps, Pelagic, trc.ns po.r ent , a l £orn[t ion of gonurntions , 
cylindric [tl, l r.r ge orc,l opening r. t one ond . Swim by 
causing current of we.tor. Conspicuous muscle b C'.nds . 
Rospirutory pnrtit ion in body c[.vity. 
Se v er e l s pEl c ios c. re 8i v cn b y Prc.t t, A Mrnuo.l of the 
Common Inver t ebrr.te Anim r. ls,) as occurring in the Atlrntic 
Ocean of f tho coast of New ~ngland . Since the s 0 pelagic 
anima ls arc not encount(;r <... d on the field tri.ps , t he 
diagnostic cha racte rs are not giv e n here. 
Loptocardia (Ccphalochordata) 
Do not occur this far north . 
;"bra:1o';:i t::, A. A. 1 '"'3~ Th c r.~_ ara i 'e _ hys' 10[:;' f 
reSl-onses i.. the crustac a . J . :-.- • Z081 . , 7', 
also Ho f , E . .. . 1937 Froc . So . ::::x • Bi 1 . an 
3F , 616 . 
Alexandroli z, J . s . 1:13 
systems ei.lger 
~ur Ke. nbns d ~ s:r:"'Inthis hen ;or 
'irbellosen . 2ei tschr . all' . h~~:i 1 . 
14 , 358 
;.llee , . • C. 1923 Studies in T:":arine ecology . I . he di<>tri'ution 
of cor.J!lon litteral invertebrates of the ~ o~ds Hol'" rt'(: n . 
3iol . Bull . XLIV, 167 , 205 . (good litt'ratur" lLt on 
ecolocy) 
'acc! , Z . ( . 1934 Obs e1 va ions hys iologiques sur le c et r , 1 s 
muscles et le systeme nar ux d ' une asci ie (Ci na 
intestinalis) . Bull . $'.cad . Belg . Sci. (5) ~ I . 1 .::~ . 
Bacq , Z . r· . At M. Florkin 1935 ~is e en ev idence, dans 1 .f:plf>.'t 
"ganglion Der eux - glande neurale" d ' une ~scidie (Ciona 
intestinalis) de }.-rincipes pharrnaco10 "ioue!~,E'.1t 8.nalo/.:' t s 
a ceux du lobe posterieur de l ' hy ophyse des Vert 1~l'l~S . 
Arch . Intern . Phys' 01 ., XL , 422 . 
Berrill , N. J . 1932 The Dosaic develo~m nt of tho as i an g~ . 
Biol . Bull . LXIII , 381 - 386 . 
Berrill , N. J . 1929 Digestion in A "cidians and tl'lE' influ ! of 
temperature . Britt . Jour . Exper . Bl01 ., E , '7['; . 
Berrill , N . J . 1936 C Iture Methods for Ascidians . CoJl cctlnc N t, 
~oods liole , 11, 93 . 
Berrlll , N. J . 1931 II . Abbreviation of develop ent 1 th~ 
Folgulidae . Philos . Trans . London , 21$1 , 281 . 
Berrill , N. J . and A. Cohen 1936 Reganerat;on in Clavelina lepadi-
formis . J . Exp . Bl01., 13, 352 . 
BradNay , N. 1936 The experi~ental alteration of the rate of meta-
morphosis in the tuni cate , Clavelina huntsmani (Van Name) 
J . F~p . Zool ., 72 , 213 . 
Brien,~ . 1931 Contribution a l ' etude de la reeene ration naturelle 
et experimentc.le chez les Clavelinidae . Am . Soc . Zool . 
Dele . 61, 19 . 
Brien , 1:' . and G. Paridaens 1932 l' ormEl.tion et reGeneration du systeme 
nerveux ce ntral des Tuniciers . C. h . Association franc 
Av . Sci . 56 , 276 . 
Butcher, E . O. 1934 . The pi tui tary in the ascidians Olclgula 
manhattensis ). Journ . Exp . Zool ., LVII , 1 . 
Dal c q , t . 1932 Etudes des 10calisations germinal es dans l l oeuf 
vi erge d ' Ascidie par des exper iences de merogonie . Arch . 
Anat . Micr. 28 , 223 . 
Das . S . 
Day , E . 
Day , E . 
Day , E . 
Deviney , 
rf. . 1936 On the structure and function of the Ascldian test . 
J . Mor ph. 59 . 
C ~ The ~hyslo lo gy of the nervous system of the Tunicat 
I . J . Exp . Z061 ., 28 , 307 , 1919; II . J . ExP . 2051 ., 34 , 
45 , 1921 . 
C. , 1919 . The P:TJTSj oloGY of the ne rvous system. of the 
tunica t e . 1. The rela ti on of the ne rve [;angl i on to 
sensory resp ons es . Jour . Exp . Zool ., 28 , 307 
C. 1921 . II. The relati on of the nerve g- an r l ion to the 
heart . Jour . Exp . Zool ., 34 , ~5 . 
R. M. 1934 The ~ehavior of isolated ~ .pces of ascidian 
(Perophora V] ridis) stol on as com!Jared with ordlnary 
budding . J our. Elisha Mitchel Sci . 80c . , 49, 18~ . 
Elwyn , A. 1938 The melano~hore - expanding activity of the ascidian 
neural gland . Blol . Bull ., LXXV, 370 . 
(qJC( 
) 
- 2 -
Georse, " C. 1920 'i''t-ieh:stoloa'~'of'''e blood '· ..... er :Jo t 
viridis . Jo r .. ~or h . end PL'·siol. 311 . 
Georee, ... . C. 19')9. A cO .. para ive study of t~. of t , e 
Tunic&tes . ~uart . J ur . 'icro . Sci. ' 
GeDDge , 'f. C. 19'::.7 'i'he formation ' of . e' si hon e inf"'s in the 
tunicate, Strela plicata . Jour . ,":;lisha 'itchell Scien. 
Soc , ) 53, 87-92 . 
Grave, B. H. 1933 Rc.. te of gro th, a r e at sexual , aturit,', nnd 
duration of life of certain sessile organis s nt ~'looc:s 
Hole, :ass . , BioI . Bull . ,65, 382 . 
Grave, C. 1920 Amaroucium. pellucidum, form co stellntUm. I . 
The'activities and reactions of the tadpole larva . Jour 1 . 
Exp . Zool. 3g , 239. . 
Grave, C. 1934 The Botryilus Type of Ascidian Lf,rvn . Pap . 
Tortugas Lab . Carnegie Ins t • Vlashing ton , :, 143 . 
Hanstrom 1939 Hormones in Inv(>.rtebrates . Oxf I'd t iniv . Pre 
(Chapter in Tunicata) 
Recht , S . 1916 The ' 'Jater current produced l ) y AsciCli fi tra 
Lesueur . Jour . Exp . Zool ., 20 , 429 
Hecht , S . 1918 The physiology of Ascidian atra Le~ueur. III . 
Blood system . Amer . Journ . Phys . 45 , 157 . 
Hecht , S . 1918 '1'he physiol.o,q:y ' of Ascidia ' atra Lesneur. I . 
General physiology . J01.1r . Bxp . Zool ., 25 , 229 . 
He cht , S . 1918 'rhe physiology ' of Ascidia atra Lesueur . II . 
Sensory physiology. Jour . Exp . Zool . , 25 , 261. 
Hess , '!. J . 1935 . Ligh t reae tions and photoreceptors of Dolicho-
Glossus. Biol . Bull ., 69~ 336 ; 1938 , J . Exp . Zool ., 79: 
1937, J . Com!? Neur ., 68 . 
Hilton , VI . A. 191 3 The central nervous system of Tunica ni gra 
(tt or spe cies is rea l ly Ascidia atratt ) . Zool . Jahrb . , 
Anat . Abt ., 37 , 113 
HogS , B. V. 1937 Subneural gland of ascidian (Polycarpn tecta) : 
an ovarian stirtr~latine action in innnature mice . Proc . 
So c. Exp . Biol. Med ., 35 , 61 6 
Hunte r, G. W. 1903 No t es on ' the heart actibn of ~'olf,ula 
manhattensis . Amer . Jour . Physiol ., 10 , 1 . 
Hur ley , J. S . 1920 II . Dedifferentiation and resorption in 
Perophora . '),uart . Jour. ~·icrs . Soc ., 65 , 643 
J ulin , C. 1881 Sur l' hypophyse et quelques organes qui s l y' 
r attachent dan l es genres Corella , Phallusia et Ascidia . 
Arch . Bi ol., il, 59 . 
Xobayashi , S . 1938 Stud i es on the body fluid of an ascidian , 
Chelyos oma sibeja Oka , with special reference to its 
b l ood'system. Sci . Repys. Tahaku IMp . Univ . 13 , 25 . 
~~acgini tie , G. E . 1 93 7 The' use of mucus by marine plankton f e eders , 
SCience , 86 , 398 . See also Biol. Bull ., LXXVII , 443 , 1939 
1~ o rgan , T. E . 1938 The gene t i c and the physiologi cal problms 
of self- sterility in Ciona . I and II . Jour . Bxp. Zool . 
78 , 271 . 
Rose, S . K . 1939 Embryonic induction in the Ascidin. Biol Bull . 
LXXVJr.I , 21 6 . 
Skramlich , E . V. 1930 Observations sur 1e battement 0U coeur chez 
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- 3 -
Sunner, F. B., Osburn , R. C. and L. J. Cole . 1911 rt liologica1 
s rvey of th e "aters of ','Ioods Hole and v' cini ty Bu 1 . 
"Bur . Fisheries, 31, (Dred inc) 
Tu..Tl , T. C. 1932 Bxneriences de coloration "vitole sur l'Oe f 
d'Ascidiel1a aspersu . Arch . BioI . 43 , 451 . 
~lng, T. C. 1934 L'orGanization de l'oeuf 'econde d'Ascidiella 
scabra au debut de 10. segmentation. C. R. Soc. BioI. 
115, 1375-13?8 
Verrill, A. B. and S . L. Smith 18?1-?~ The invertebrate ani lnls of 
Vine~rard Sound and adjacent ,\raters . Rep. T. S . Fish . 
COITTl. 
Webb , D. A. 1939 Observations in the blood of certain ascidiun~' 
~ri th special reference to the biochen:istry of vanadi I . 
Jour. ~X") . BioI . ,;: 16, 499 . 
Yar'1aguchi , Z. 1931 Sone notes on the physioloGY of st:ela cloVR 
Herdnan . Sci . Rep . Tohoku Univ. ,6 1 597 . 
Other references may be found in Drew. 
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