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Invertebrate Zoology Course Materials 
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/9 7. 
I I " ~ 
Labo_' a tor Stud,~ of t:10 Proto:~o3 . 
The foll Ning directions ar' merely indi .at:vl f tho plan of 
t:le '.:ork and variations arc acce")tnble . The o_'J,'1!1.ism ... ment'o.led 
~)clo;:; are marine prot zoa 'i th tho excepticn of t.1e intostinal 
-'.Lagellntes of tho TerP.lites . Li..'ections for the .. ,t ld, of sono of 
the rotozoa listed belo1 a~e Given in Drew's, Irvertebrate ~oology . 
_G t day . A. .1 . Free Ii vin.;:; Protozoa . 
(1) EXRmine old colonies of Obelia, Tubellnria , Sertularia , 
)~ Pennaria (Coelenterates) , and Filamentous Algae, taken from 
~hcrf )ilings , for re )rosent·tivcs of tho cln~s & toriQ, i . e. , 
~':.)helota , Pod phrya , and Acineta . Vorticella, Zootha nnium, and 
Cothurnia (Ciliata) are amonc the stalkod forms ',Ihl ch 'lill also bo 
f0'.lr.d . 
l.st day . P. M. 
(2) Examine cultures of protozoa from mnrino 1 abitnts !ll~d 
olso slides and syracuso dishos which hnvo boon stnndin[; 11 old 
h;"y-droid material or in runninG sen wat~r for n week or '.Ot' o . Tho 
followinG nrG some 0 f the forms VJ lich may be found : Ur'os tyln , 
:~oraminifera , Dinophysis (DinoflaGellato) , Uronychis , Discocephnlis , 
rIolo sticha , Tintinnopsis , Anisonema , Pe lomyxa , LacrY!llnrin , Euplotes , 
Gnstr ostyla , PleuI'onemn , Strombidium, Tracholocoron (2 snocios) , 
?hilastor , Folliculina , Hcliozon , Dystori~ , nspidiscn, Diophrys , 
Lombus , Allagronia , PI'otocurcin , Raphidiophrys , Nassula , otc . 
(3) Preserved Noctilucn . 
Identify nnd malee recok;nizable sketchos of (or describo) 
as mnny different Proto7.oa ns timo permits , include both stalked nnd 
freo - swimmin/S for111s . Includo dotn on tho source of the culture , be -
havior of tho nnimals , and cl~ssify nccordinc to Draw, rovisod 
edi tion, 1936 . At least six individuals should be carefully scndind . 
(4~ Cultures from brackish wator sourcos ere availablo to 
those 'vho may car e to oxamine thol'1 . 
2nd . day . A. }JI . and P . 1.1 . Symbiotic , Cor.nnonsal , and Parasitic 
Protozr'ln • 
. d.s<;ocintion of certain ma rine Protozon with ra,lrine hosts of thi.s 
• • • t- rrh f l ' . . ] bl ( . d vlclnluY . 0 0 ._owIng arc OVOl.a 0 Tor s~u y: 
( 1) G o!"~.'7!ensal s 0 
:::::xample 
Folliculina sp . 
Lichnophora sp. 
.':.. ~_cistruma mytili 
",_r..cistruma iS 3eli 
,:onthophthirius mytili 
Baverie. sp . 
~hllodonella hyalina 
Host 
Lim 1 s 
Bdelloura 
Creuidula 
Annelid woy'ms 
,1 l,..;ula 
iliytilus edulis 
Modiolus ~odiolus 
Hytilus edulis 
Teredo navalis 
Orchcstia ClZilis 
1,0 1tion 
.:-i) 1 bool{s 
EeG c~ses of Bdellour 
E Cl" ases 
,urfa e of bodJ~ 
On e..; s 
r.lantle nvi ty 
bt ... tle cavity 
On muscle (;' foot 
Gills 
Cnr p oco 
Al losphaerium palustris Orchestia palustris Ce.rnpnce 
(2) Parasites . 
Cere.tomyx8. sp o 
Anoplophrya orchestii 
Tr ichodina sp o (2 tJ~es ) 
Puffer (fish) 
Orchestio. neilis 
'rhyone briareus 
Gall blndder 
LLcunnc (blood vas-
cular spacos) 
Digestive tract 
Schizocystis sipunculi Phascolosoma c ou l di Intestine 
Haplozoan (DinoflaBellote) Clymenclla Intestine 
A Sporozoan & n ciliato Hydroides ? 
)~chitophyra stellnrum Astcrios Gonad 
( 3) Symbi onts . 
Trichonympha sp . rrermi t os Intestine 
Dinonympho. sp . 11 
11 
:2yrsonympho. sp o " 
11 
SDirotrlc:t.onympha sp . II 
II 
S~udy caref lly end drn~ ( r describe) n 10~st s i x of the 
bovc ':-or::ls: only one fro'!l !Any p, .. rtic l:--r ~ ost . :Sxomin\; as many 
o',hers a s t5.::le P01TIits . Incl de ";ith eoch dre in, the following 
dc,tf. : Clissific",t ion , host , beh"vior , and location in host • 
. ~ll dr.J. '/in;,;s nnd repo :· ... ts ore due tomorro v ~0rnino at 9 A. H. 
':'er"'1ites 
Gras tho hOJd of ~_ termite i - n0 fo 
of tho abdomen ':;i 11 tho other . _ '1.1 th,_ 1, t t,..r t.")t tly . ny ..... 'lis 
:;'lGC~_S t~le ir:tostinG elH: 'bo ulJ. ~ o"..:t of th"\ body . '1' ,}~. ' it ..... 'ly 
[':1d ~e1 ": ero) or tJO f . 5% s, line s lltioL . T <.) iLtvstin' 1 
fi-:.;ellntcs oro cbund~nt . The ::.'vn s Tricho". mphn is l·~:i.>[~ 1st , .01ll -
?r~t and hos c sDir~l str ctur a of tho pellivlo . 
~cxt larsust nnd is flask sh~pel with tho poi1t~d end the tarim' • 
pyrsonymphn is sm::?llest m d ,10ves in a c .rl-scT'()W ;n~;nLu .... . J: lro-
trichonym~hD. is co~:?~ct ~,nd h~s c, BDir:-l t":tr'l..f- r .... of tll(; "011iolo . 
Crush the nniFlnl on n 81 ide nn ;"od . ptfo snlit e ("olution 
or S00. watur . Ano.plophryn orchcstii is sr.1Dll hut ;but:dnnt in tho 
inIec ted hos t . Ex :J.mine n 1 eG . In ['.n i n fuc ted hos t , the 1~, un~le 
Dill be pncked wi t h thu p-:rnsitas . 
Croryidulo. fornicctn 
Sep;"rnte tho individu.':'. l ~. nillwls c:nd if present th\) og~ 
masses will nn~o r flS yollo~ish or d['.rk greyish messes on ton of 
th0 shell to which tho female wns f'tt[cchco. . Romove to Cl slido, 
cov0r $ an(1 eX'lmirlo wi th loW pow0r . Other ciliqtes nrc.) often presont • 
. dodiolus modiolus 
Cut t he mus clo by ins . rtinc [\ scnlpol botwo,n the v.lves . 
Pry 2pr.:rt but do not sepnrc.te . ~'''ash the surf:J.ce of the m .. . ntle 
CQvity nnd foot into 0. syrncuse dish by mo ns of ~ pipette . Tho 
cili['.to romr.ins quiescent ~:nd c. n bo onsily stu(Uod , or C.'11 bl) 
t-r~nsferrcd to n slide . 
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!.v:;il',;s odulis 
-,'----
Ope. . the !;lC\ •• 0 dosf'ribod :-:bC'vo _or l.~;ciol ~S . T '0 
ci .... i'~ t0S ;ill bv fo'nd if th ~ st is i .fest d . Tht.: -:11er 
n ro ~~morous cili~ to is An ostrun:-: . It 10 ~s lik~ tho for 
.... 
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in ::ocUoh:s . Conchophthiri s is much .:rger "\1''.1 los ".b1,;.l:d~ It . It 
s:l .ks to the botton of tho dish r to the surf~ 0 film . 
~~~~ri~, Folliculin~, Heli z~~, ot • 
Thoso will bo f01,;.nd Gttc.chod to bolr.mont t s ['.1[;:.0 or to 
Hyjroid colonies such as TubulL'.ria, Sort'L Inri-, PennCl.ri~, Obelia, 
etc . taker: from wharf pilings . E:XGmino. 10 os in a syr, use dish 
or 011 0. slido with low pOVJor . Anothor mothod is to sti k glGSS 
slidos down into the m~ss ef hydroids in tho culture dish a wock 
or more boforo desired . AmonG tho mntorial .' ttnched to tho sli os 
will be found (perhaps) Suctori ~ , Vorticolln, Cathurnia , Folliculinn , 
Radiolaria , Zoothamnium, Holiozoa and many froo - swimnlrng forms • 
Another method is to suspend glass slides in the Eel Pond . • ... .. 
Folliculina may also be found on the eg3 cases of Bdelloura 0n the 
gill books of the Horse - shoe crab - Limulus . 
Teredo navilis 
Tease the gill lamellae found on the end of the animal 
near the valves . Mount fluid on a slide . If Boveria are not found, 
repeat on another animal . 
Phascolosoma gouldi 
Rem~ve the intestine, open it and wash the contents into 
a syracuse dish . Transfer the pd r asites to a glass slide . 
Qlymenella Torquato. 
Similar directions as for Phascolosoma . It may be easier 
to slit the animal longitudinally and wash into a syracuse dish, or 
to chop up pieces of it . 
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its oft(H~S sl i ,-"h tly , return it to SO" 'i ~' ter . The. r..i '.1 wi 1 ir'lmod -
l.tely cviscc:ote the oliment~ry tr~ct . Cut o:f I orti ~s, a_en , 
r..d ~ash co.tents on [1 slide . 
::;<Ldroid-.::s 
This annolid inh~bits '.rd tubo ~ t';, 11;}d to old shu11s , 
~00kR, etc . Remove thu tubo with ~ s cl' el , br~ak u O tly so ns not 
to ir...jure thJ 'Iorn ~~nd r0move it fr01: tot bo by Sl'et tly dr:..\wing 
it throu3h tho oioces . Gamotos :4!'0 sho lmnodi.:--.toly durin; tho 
brJ;dinS soason . Tho l):"lr8sites "1[\y bo f u.d ~mon.:; the .~erm ells or 
slit the ~~n im:41 longitudin::.lly cnd w~~sh out th .) ontonts . 
Idcntify tho p .rositas , if presont . 
~-livin~ Protozon . I~1 '. rino ond Bra cki sh wc\ tcr Forms . --- - . 
Lillie 1s Ditch is 0. :~00r1 sour 0 for bri.,clcish w:lt 0r forms . 
Secure some of tho muck from thu bottom [md lot it st,.nd in C\ cul-
tur, dish for sover ,'. l d:--.ys . 
Me.rino Protozoa will b~~ found in cu1 tUl"0S t .Jeon from the 
bottom of tho Eel pond , fron wh rf scr ;\p ings in tho buckets of old 
Hydroid m :torL11 , c.nd on th0 slides cmd syrncuse dis~es which h:~ve 
been i:-'lm0rSed in t he hydroid mr-.tericl or in running SOCl w[\t"r for C\ 
i;~eok or more . 
:euffor 
Op~n abdomen end pullout tho liver . Grasp tho 8 ... 111 
blcddor at t he neck \"I ith [I pc>.ir of fo r ceps [\nd pull it ['.way . Opcn 
it on n slide cnd scrope in"er surfrce with n 8c[llpel . 
B--'LIC' ·RAPh"Y 
A __ e~, E . : . 1919 A co~trib~t1o n to the q antitative study of 
plankton . .Io r . v'ar . Biol . Ass T .. , l . • 12 , 1 
Calki,-s , G. 1 . 1902 :.iar-ine Protozoa frol) :fO"'ld Hole . . Fish . 
o~ .• Bull . 1901 p . 413 
(f.:.::"ki .s , G. : . 1911 Rege eration and cell civisio. i. rOLyc.hia . 
Jour. Exp . Zool . 10 
~. alKins, G. N. 1933 The Bi ology of the l)ro tczoa . Lea and Febig r, 
Philadelphia 
'-; larl<: , G. L . and S . S. Gell i s 10 35 The nu tri tion of t;ol'epods i 1 
relation to the food- ycle of the sea . Biol . Bu!l . 68 , ' 31 . 
Clemens , W. A. 1933 A check-list of the r,larin fa'..u.a. nd flora 
of the Canadian Pacific Coast . IT<:.tional Research COl1.nt;il 
of Canada . ottawa . 
Cleve , P . T . 1901 The plankton of the North Sea, The English 
Channel, and the Skagerack in 1899 . Korg Svensk . 
Vetensk - Akad . Handl , vol . 34 . 
Cleveland , L. R. 1924 Relationship between Protozoa and termites . 
Biol . Bull . 46 , 173 . 
Cushman, J . A. 1908 For aminifera of the 1Joods Role reGioll Proe. 
Boston Soc. Nat . Rist ., 34 , 22 . 
~ahl , F . 1935- 36 Die Tierwelt Deutschlands . Urtiere (Protozoa) 
by A. Kahl . No . 18 , 21 , 25, 30 . 
DeMorgan , 1,'1. 1925 Some marine ciliates living ilL the laboratory 
tanks at P l ymouth . Jour. l'Lrine Biol . Assoc . of United 
Kingdom, 13 , 600 . 
~&ure -FreMiet , E. 1924 Contribution a la ConnaissRnce des Infus -
oires Planktoniques. Bull . Biol . France , BelB . 3upp . 6 
-;:;" .l'J.re - Fremiet , E . 1936 The Folliculinidae (Infusf)ria Hetero -
tricha) of the Breton Coast Bioi . Bull. , LXX, p . 353 . 
,.., 
- c., -
BIBLIOGR";.Ph~ 
G .- H 191~ The '"'lankt . -rar., !!.. ~ - y - rod vtion of the 'orth European 
vlaters in the spriL[; f 1 12. Bull . Pla ;.ktoniq e 
lTran, H. H. 1912 Pelagic Plant Life . In "Depths f the 0 can" by 
Sir John ~urray a d r . Joha. Hj rt . .la l':1illan n d 
Co., London. 
:gner , R. and J . Andrews 1930 Problems and Iethous of Rese r~h in 
Protozool08Y· . acmilla. Co . , N. Y. 
hE:' rdnan , '.T . A. and A. Scott 1908- 1915 A Intensive Study of the 
'larine Pla~lkton Around the South End of tho Isle of II n. 
Parts 1 - 8 , ReDorts for 1907 - 14 of the La, ~ shire Fish Lab. 
Johnstone , J ., A. Scott a ld H. C. Chadwich 1924 The 1 arine Plankton 
The University Pres ~ of Liverpool . 
Kahl , A. 1928 Die Infusorien (Ciliata) der Oldsloer Salzwasser-
stellen . Ar ch . f . Hydrobiol. , Bd . 19, 
Kahl , A. 1933 Ciliata libera et ectoco~nensalia , in Die Tierwelt 
der Nord-und Ostsee , Leipzig . 
Kidder , G • . '1 . 1933 I . The Str ucture and division of Ancistruma 
Mytil i and A. Isseli . Bio l . Bull ., 64 
Kidder , G. W. 1933 Stud i es on Conchophthirius Mytili . Arch . f . 
Protistenk . Bd . 79 
Kidder , G. Q. 1933 Conchophthir i us Caryoclada sp . nov . Biol . Bull . 
65 . 
Kudo , R. R. 1931 Handbook of Pr~tozoology . C. C.Thomas , Baltimore 
Lackey , J . B. 1936 ~ c currence and distribution of the marine 
protozoan species in the Woods Hole area, Biol. Bull . 
AXX, 264 
Lebour, M. V. 1925 The Dinoflagellates of Northern Seas . Wm . 
Brenden and Sons , Plymouth. 
- 3 -
LU."ld , E . E . 1933 A correlatio. l' tho 811 ,'crl.ll. 11 1C n~ l! to 
Uni ' . Cal L . 
""'''''.ers of _T"""" ,T 8 Y'sey . ;~ni\' TO"'n t"d! "'<, 1 f U _ v , _ _ u ' . _,., '. ~ ~ ( "' , ... . , ' . 
,.. ,-
, v • 
I,'inchin, E . 1 . 192:'; An introd'clcti n to tl.e ..,t dy .l t:1C Proto!':o '\ . 
E . rno10 , :::'o~"ldon . 
?iC_-ClI'd, E . A. 1927 ']'h0 neuromata, ap :11':~ tus (f '10'" r:io. t(' 'crlinid 
nelson , a c :'iate from the c:;ills of 'I'o)'co Iltwnlis , Un1 ' . 
C:11if'0~~nia , IT .. b . Zoo1., 20 , 401:: . 
l)I)\'!ers , P . B . A. 1032 Cyclotrlcht lffi ;10 mJeri f1P . nov . ( ll'otoZO(\ 
Biol . TIu] 1 . , C3 
Pm'jers , P . B. A. ::'9::',3 StudiGS on the cil3.01::;'33 i'ro .. 1 ~3cn lh' ,hins 
I nnd II Biol . Bu::'l . , 65 
31ees , C. W. ~,922 The neuromotor n purutns of 1': Y'rromec1u",1 . 
Univ . Celif . Publ . Zool ., 20 , 333 . 
Scbaeffer , A. A. 1923 On tho dist:i.~:i,"ution of n:r1l"l) nmobns . 
Cur nee . ln8~~ o Wash . Y'Jar Bool: 1':0 . 21 , for 19?' ~! , ) . 177. 
Schaeffer , /I. . /I. . J.924 I:westlgct1ons on r.18.r~,nc Q'1101'IUS . C[rn00 • 
lnst . Wash . Year Book . Jlio . 23 , p . 199 . 
Schnef:'or , A. A. 1926 Taxonomy of the maebas . Curn0g . lnnt . 
',1fnsh . Pnb l . 1I~O . 345 . 
8umrnors , F . I: . and G . ','I . K1(;00r 1935 1. 'Jill) :;tomrtto1l.S holocrichourl 
cctocOlllrlOnsn:,s . Biol . Bull., 68 . 
,Surm.ors , F . M. o.no G. W. Kidder 10;';'6 II. Tho co(,lozoic :..lfJto'nu1~ouI3 
n',r;..sitos . Arch . f . Protistonk . Dd . 80 . 
Tnylor , C. 
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BI3L::O~:-::._ HY 
1920 Domo:!str~tion of t.~c func .~O~1 f tho 
!10uro:no-:or ~.t? ... ro.t s in E p latos b,~ 11u', S 0 ... 
rnicrodissccti~n . Univ . Ccli~ . Publ . Z001 . , 1 , 40~ . 
Yo C-"1.:':l, :·L B. H?36 Obser rations on t.ho x' ori'lvnt' 1 t: .. t '1t-l) 1 
of cort .. dn :'ro sh 'Va tor cil1.. tos to R0 'J:) tor . B101 . 
Bull ., G7 . 
PORI?ERr. ust , 1°37 
'.ak e a ~abi t sketch of Leucos lenin . 
Study Leucosolenia to _earn s ::lething of '1<11"'3 er of the body 
wall . l;'dd a fei' drons of car ,iine s lso .... nsio'l . n y '1 ob-
SCI" -e o.ny wter curre'"1ts? 
Wake a study of d ssoci·ted cells of ? 1croc1 na nd of t~e 011 
3ggrego.tes which 3P. ear soon after tho dissoci to, cells 
_lave settled onto slides . In 80 f .... r us posB:i.ble d t ~'11il 13 
tho method by 'y~l1ich the cell . g~;r':-f)2to.) arc form d . Lo h. '1t 
your mnterio.l a f(H~ ti;tes during ho avenin'~ 
study living spccirrons of Sycon . 
Only 11'.'1 ng natorinl noed be 
thut you cut thG sections 3D 
examine choo.nocytec . At any 
find embryonic s :'; Ces " Look 
stages , etc . .... (s you mo.:- find 
Follow directl o ' s in Dr w (p . ~7-40). 
studiod. :!:t is v ry n0COS 8~lry 
thin o.s 00~sibla . If os:ibl0 
ro.ta , you should be ~blo to 
for' n Am hibl:.:~'t 11'\ . DY'~ 'J U h 
o.nd consldor In+:eresti:18 . 
Ref er'ences 
For tho o.bove work you may find it o.dvLtnto..:;eous to refer to 
/il son H. \: . o.nd J . T. Pennoy ( 1930) . -r:le rego:'or:J.tion of 
sponges ( Mi crociona ) from diRsocinted c a lls . Jour . Exp . 
Zool . 56 , page 73 . 
Go.ltsoff , P . S . ( 1925) ReGenoration after dissocio.tion ( o. n 
exper illlent.'3. 1 st.udy on ::::p on{jos ) I . I3oh[(vior of d18 8 oc1[. ted 
coJ.ls of Microciono. prolife~o. under norMol und altered 
conditions . Jeur . Exn . Zoal . 42 , po.go 183 
( 1925b) R0genor0ti on ~ftor ~1ssociotlon (, n 
experimento.l study of spon30s ) II . HistoGeno~i~ of Microciono 
prolifera , VerI' . Jour . Exp . Zool. 42, pnce 223 . 
,: 11 rocords of "four work on the Porif0"Y>[( 0.1"0 duo not 10. 'or Uwn 
fil1"id~ , August 3 , 193'7 . 
~~'~~ 
Directions 
CL~.S : nl~ROZOA . 
I . Exa:nples of the GY? mBL S ... E' . (l\ntho:ned lsue) . 
~his group is characterized b" the absence of h, drot .. ccoe and 
gonothecae in the hydroid genoration . T! e onads 3r~ ovolo 'd 
u"Jon the manubrium of the med sac . 
A. EUDENDR rUI/I . 
1 . Obtain a portion of a colony and excmine . Ob .... 'l've such 
structures 98 hydrorhiza , hydrocaulus, p(,l'iso1"'c , coonoso1' , 
hydranth and gonos"lme . Iake a colon, sktch ~l label tho 
various structures . 
2 . Focus upon a nutritive zooid . Ob~w 'V0 the various Y1'''t.> . 
Dra\1J and labol . 
3 . The gonosomo . (a) . Observe a malo colony . ~ho 30nopho es 
form vorticils just benoath tho tontncl .. 8 of .~ hydra 1th. E~ oh 
vQrticil is comDosod of n number or l7onOnh01'08 . Each 13 no: \lOre 
is composed of two or more chambers f S )orosacs) in 1111('>01" 8' 108, 
and is consequontly cla fr. ified as <.1 mu]!ci )le SD ros<. c . rrhe 
distal sac i 8 the )rim~lry sporosnc , the t"ext proxint: 1 tht' secon-
dary sporoso.c , etc . Drt1VJ a verticil undo' 10Yi PO\JOl' 'nd u I-~ono ­
phore under higher power notinG t1le sp~ld.ix, ,",:,.strov, s .. nlnr 
co vi ty , sac contqn ts , ectoderPl, e~1tod 02.1, etc . (b) . Study ~1 
female colony . Iho female gono )horos ')"0 ro·,dily dis till[;uislwd 
from those of the male . Thoy consist of clu3tors of poculiarly 
mod ifi ed (?) medusae att,ached to tho hydranth or to th0 stem. 
Thoy are orane;o in color . Draw a clustor of g ono')hor08 under 
10 'oj power, ::md a single gonOiJhoro under hiQhor DO'·JOr . Obsorve 
the distclly bifurc[1 ted spadix partially oncirclinG the ec;/; . 
B. PENNARL' • 
1 . Obtain a portion of a colony. Observe , sketch, and label . 
2 . Study an individu8.1 hydranth . Noto tho ar .... anBement of th·, 
filiform and capitate tentacles . The latter ha'Je an oval .shaped 
nematosphere at their distal onds . Ob s)rva the rolatton of the 
gonophoros to the hydranth body _ Draw and 1abel a hydranth . 
3 . Remove a hydranth (if possible , remove a tentacle or two 
of the capi tate var iety and the same nU!l1bor of the filiform 
tentacles , and examine the tentacles only) and pluce on gluGS 
.slide in a little sea ~ater . Study the crrangemont of the 
nomatocysts on the t entncles . Arc the tentacles hollow or 
solid ? Add a drop of methyl green to Y01IT lreparation, covor 
Vii th a cover slip and pr e ssg ently . Examine under 10Vl and 
high pOVJer i. Draw dis charged and nndi~J charGod nOMa tOCY8tG , 
especially thoSO-Of tho nemutosphere . 
4 . Obtain male and femo.lo colonies . Obf~orve tho gonophoren . 
These are borno on the hydranth just distal to the filiform 
tentael e s , and con3i st of medusae with rudill10ntary t ent ... cl es . 
Tho female gonophores when mature cont..1in severnl opaque or 
pinkish oggs . The gonophoros of the malo arc whitish in 
.) 
-... -
o.opocro.ncv . Teo.so po.rt no.lo ~,1d ft,t [\10 
t' e gern colls . Dr~ o.nd lo.bel l:1"lv c.nd fv:1::tll. gono horos, noting 
r·:.ldimc. tury tonto.Clc bulbs , 'citu, l,la!1' b:'i ',1, r;. oi '11 c~n 1 ~, t. . 
5 . Tho eggG oro shed into tho ':I~tor '11;. 1'0 th Y :...ro fertil zod . 
If you c.ro intorostod, sot ".sid sm'"'ll . .l'tions of t'1c I;' 1 no 
fo ... ~lo colonie3 in <. fi~oer o:Jl . K"{o:.i 10 f ;1 tin' to t:L 0 dUl'i'1g 
t~o noxt 24 hrs . f r froe s '1ir.J':'i 1; :.lod s"o . no el'lb'''':o"" 11 v;. rlouo 
stoges of devolopnont . 
C. TUBULARL':" . 
Stud~'"' as o'ltlined in ;--our text . 
D. HYDR.':'C'l'I L'. ~l~D ?ODOCORYNE . 
Exnl!1ine spe cinens of H''"'dra tl in coloni os . I'ollorJ tho (ltro _ 
tiens in :y-our text (Dre~) . Dr>fH1 a portinG oJ..' a colony rJ:lOwin," 
nutritive , reproductive , and~r:ll ZOOL,8 . Observo th'lt th(H'Q U "It.; 
t"IO vnrieties of the la tter , one of whic 1 i G 1 on,~ D1c1 slend ~r 'no 
d )e8 not coil as conpletely or ros ')lmd to stinuli Uf; 1'\), cHl,· '\S 
the other t~rpe of s1'iro.l zooid . Show tho spoposac3 at uchod toch 
reproductive zooid8 . 
Secure a spocimen of Pudocor~·ne uncI cor-:pm.'o wi th I <-dr·1c Llnia . 
Dr3 'I any differences you ray observo . COll'"''11'(; C8])".ci:'111y tho Lon)-
o11Ores (sporooac) of Hydr8.ctinia with th, f-ooo sWirl'1..nG cono -
ohore or Medusa of Podocoryno . 
E . CLAV) .. . 
Examples of Clava are in the laboratory . Securo a npeciool 
and stud- . Sketch. Lab ol . 
F ~ BOUG/I.U:VE,LEA . 
In addl tion to the in:;truction", t;j.-"en :i.n yom" luboratol'Y 
text , note the manner of sro··Jth in the Hou~'llnvlllf)n colon~l . Hefer 
your drawingc and notes pert8inin~ to thio Datter to section III 
below . 
:1 . Examples of the CALyprrOBL.\S'l.';:A . ( Leptomeduoae) . 
'J.1his group is chara c terized by the )rec: ence of h~rclrot}1ecae 
and gonothe cae . The gono.d3 o.re devEJlo)ed along tho rad ial c,.malo 
of the medusae . 
1. Secure a specimen of Obelia in tho liv:i.ng or preoerved con-
di tien. Observe the features pointed out in - our toxt . Dra'.J n 
colony, labell i.n&~ all structures incl Iding an~LUl u ti')ns , nodof" nne] 
intornodes . 
2 . Study a gono:c;ooid (bl a8 tosty-le ) under lov! n nc1 hi:;h povlnr [3 
nnd oboerve as much of the fJ tructurc of tho gonophoreG (rwdu:Jflo) 
as pos3ible . Tease open a GonanGium of a maturo 50nozoo:hl anrl 
endeavor to liberate the medusac: . If thoy nro matur~ they 'Ni11 
probably sho'w 8winul1ing move::lents . Dr 0. VI n genozooic1 sho"Jlnc :Lts 
atta chment to tho colony . D:r <..: w a froar.wdusa in the living or Pl""' -
served condition. 
- 3 -
B. C:,.:.P. IULARIA 
The tro')hoso .. es of the t"lO senero , Co. anularia and Obcl,a, 
are oery si~ilar . It is difficult to distin~ ish t p~e tuo oon ro 
by r:1eans of the trophoso~-:1es alonR . The go 1ozooi' ... nd <.:> 01 h01'OS 
serve to seoarate tho two gener r:1ost readily . (se IJ 2 b01ow) 
Of the two s ne cies of Campan 11ari8 ,lOst co :11'l(:))'l ly found i 1 
the vicinity of 'Ioods Hole in t. 0 summor , C. cnlcoolilora ::Ind C. 
Flexuosa , C. cal ceolifera has a notch 01 one sido of th' distal 
end of the gonD.ngiUl~, whilo that of C. floXUOSG is oonhnllL1t il'l'u' 
to that of Obelia with the exco tion th.1t tho uistal end f the 
gonangiur:1 is not constrictod to form a II sIlo tIdal" old collnr" n. i 
COIT1!~:on in Obelia . 
1 . Secure specinens of thoso species and draw port1ons 01 the 
colonies , not ine tho a bovo foa tur as .... Ii th r oS.) d tG the IT uno" 01.1 '8 . 
2 . Unlike the ultimatoly froo and fuU.y dovelo cd nlvclUS'lO \!hi-,ll 
arc al",'JD.ys de"eloped on tho blustost~rles of th, va ious np c1·, of 
Obolia , tho r.1Cdusoe devoloped on the bl'1stosty1.08 of the Cn:nl'111U-
1.ario 0.1'0 undovcloped , renei nine in a 1;101"e 01' 1 css 10g\,;n0r', co (?) 
condition si\:1i10r taD tho 81Jorosaes of Cla\a , Hydractinin , oCc . 
FrOl~ tho so sporosa c s froo swii:1l:1ing cilio.+-ou o!'lbryoi' c~ lled uLHl."ul:1C 
are liberc.ted~ Try to liborato p lanulae b:,,' loans I) f nl\,;dlo~, . If 
you succeed , draw a planula and o.ny of tho o[l1'lio.1" stagos you 1.1 y 
secure . 
C. SERTULARIA . 
Obtain a specimen of Sertularia . Obu81've the general rela-
tion of the sessile hydr othecae to the 3 t(,r:1s . Sketch a por tinn 0:1 
0. stem shoVJinG , if possible ~ the exp"'nded hydrnnths . 
D. THUIARIA . 
Obtain a sal:1ple of this eenus . Study the hydrotllGca .. 1l1d 
gone sones . Draw a port i on , being particular to show tho Gon0Rome 
1flith the acr0cyst . 
E. SCHIZOTRICHh . 
Solect a specimen and note the col ony us a ~hole . ObJorve 
the sessile , ad nato hydrothecDc a:C'Y'o.nged on the uP IJ ,r sld(;s l)f tho 
hyclroc l adia . Study the internode s of th e "'1o.in sten and obe )rvo 
that tho hydro clodia ari so fr om th\) s::'10rt(;r intorl10c1os . tudy a 
hydroclodium corofully and not 0 int nrnodes and hy(jran th:l . l~oto 
tho nO!:1otophoros --ninuto structuros Cls:Jociatocl witt:, tho dydr ,)thoc 'lo 
and along tho ma in stone They contain the sarcost:rles . Lastly , 
observe the bcout lfully curv0d g0nangic.. . M~\ko drmJj ngs (lovi 'me) 
hiGh power s ) to shOVI the a bove feo ture s . LClb?l . 
Observo the Manner of growth in Schizotricho and rafor to 
section III b olou . 
- 5 -
2 . Obtain stages of the develo' .lent of .Ii rol n . Draw the 
stages oatlined on :ages 39 , 40 , and 41 . 
I I. An example of the S.A- lW:,;EPL:S. E . 
Obtain a snecimen of EJ LICL r TU..) . Observe that the < ,)\ 
of the nboY'al side is attenuated into aped nclo or stull r ; th 
::largin of the umbrella is elongated into eight tr. nn,ul r 
::18. rginal lobes; the tu.:-ts of tentacles on tho l;1nr rinal 10 OJ; 
bet Jeen the j,larg1nal lobes are s1 tuatcd t 10 ;"'I rginal :H1 h l'''; 
wi thin the subumbrella cavity may be seen tho s 10 ,t lallubrium 
and tho mouth . To what stage in Aurelia might tl: i" Stnnro-
modusan be c ompared ? 
CLASS : ACTIJOZOA . 
I . An exaDple of the tCTINIARIA . 
1 . Obtain a spocimen of the brown soa '111011l0nU , dE..~TR1 IU!',i , 
und VI ork out its Genor Rl moryhology from tho d ir C' c tion8 in ,ronI' 
text . Hake careful drc.wingn of tho various stru 'U'cs that you 
observe-.--
2 . Study t~e reactions of a living hlotridium as det~ilod on 
p . 42 of tho text . Wrlte up your obslrvations nn(l clefJcriptiun 
of the exp81'iment. 
3 . Make D. study of the D. c ontia und er hin;11 nower . Stain tho 
nematocysts as directed abo 'le with methyl gree·n . Druv the t:rp08 
you observe . 
II . An eX8.mpl e of the I.fiIDRP.PORARIA . 
There are two corals found in the vicinity of the l,abora -
tory -- the " star coral" , Astrnngi a danae , and the "fleshy cor , l", 
J\.lcyoneum c arneUHl . The latter is rarely seon in shallovl woter 
and is co nsequently r arely taken on field trips . The Rtar corul 
is abundant in this reGio n . It :;.s the only stony coral "hich 
extends to nny gr eat extent lnto the temperate zono . Most of 
the st ony con:>, ls are c onfined to the tropic[ll ano "'ub - tropical 
r egions . 
A coral po lyp is a sea anemone which deoosits lime snltn 
at its base . These salts form a stony Akeleton or other sub -
stanc e which is commonly c aJ. led " coral" into which tho living 
anima l contracts . This skeleton i s u product of the oc toderrrt . 
The c alcar eous exoskeleton in the stony corals usually takes 
the form of 8 cup called a corallite . 'j'ho collectiv(; corall -l.. te8 
of a colony together ";IIi th othoY' hard conne c ting snbstances 
'Nhich m~y be p r es (>,nt , such as tho cooncnchyma, consti tlltoS wh~ t 
1s callod tho corul lum. 
Se cur e a specimon of tho stony ,]koloton 0 the star coral . 
Note the following parts : 
a . The theca . This is tho outside wall of tho eU l . 
b . 'l'he septa . Each septum forms a rndi'l ting pnI'tition 
'.<:ich procee is in"; I'd to "B.rd t .. e el.ter of th c!) . It la.~ 
:oin wit!': another s . tUr.l befor'e uniting \':ith [t centl'al portion 
, . o"'n as 
• l}.'he coluMolla . 
:"serve these fent tres under the di .... sectin5 'lie. scope und dl' ~ . 
7~le seota are Drodueed by inv!lgj na ted f ')~ds of the three odv 
lao ers ";~1ich pt:sh into the various entel'ic alcoves . .!!oncl in-
ushlng fold inv"des t"1e enteric sp['ce let "cen a l:lf'sentt.'ric oupl . 
(-"or a -dia..:;ralTI!:latic representation of t lis pheno!n(Ll0n see P rkor 
8nd ::aswell , ~·ig . Ihe . ). The ectoderm of this in 'a inn.tcd nortion 
s e cretes the calcareous material of th0 sept 1.' . This d(~ osi t is 
consequently al~ays on the outside of the animal body . Tho th c 
is prodnced by the union of the lateral ext enities of the c 1-
care ous septa . 
Select a liviug speci~en of Astrnugia und st \dy n iniividu~l 
zooid by means of a dissecting microscope . It consists of a 
colu;n.n , oral disc , tentacles , and a mouth . ObSE))'V~ th: .. t th ~ V"'nt-
,cles tend to be capitcte , ':' . 0 ., thero is u ronndud nOlilltosp oro 
t tho end of each tent8cle rrhieh is in reaJ.ity 0. bat+()ry of 
ncn~t ocysts . Study the distribution of the no~atocyst~ llon~ tho 
tcnt Q.clo s . The int~rnal ant tomy , with the 0.Ycont.j on of t'10 mor-li-
fication produced by tho inruginatcd septal fol1s , is essentially 
the snme as that of tho COl11r1on anemone . Sl:ctch . 
Direc~ions for the Work on Ctenophor~ 
Your observations on the Ctenophora will be confined ma.nly 
to the living "Rainbow Jelly", MnemiopRis Leidyi . It is gonerally 
found in the vicinity of WOOds l:ole durinG the snmmor r~onths , SOP1C-
times in large numbers . Presorved specimens of i)leurobrae'hj.a Y)ileus 
are in tho laboratory , and if yon des ire , ~rou mo.y study t'lis forl.l . 
M. leidyi is a rerre:::entativo of the ctonophoran ord,)r Lobo.ta whilo 
P. pileus belongs to the Cydippide . Directions for the study of 
the latter form are in your la~oratory text . 
Secure a specimen of Hnemiopsis leidyi in a finGer bowl or in 0. 
3tender dish and study the following [Seneral features: 
A. General Feutures : 
1 . Shape . Observe that it is compressed laterally and that an )r a l pole-aDd aboral pole is present . 
2 . Symmetry . \"1ha t is meant by biradial s:rmrr.etry? 
3 . Ctenophoral plates or combs . Ooserve numbcr , extont , [tnd 
seneral structure . In what direction is the beat propagated along 
;he plates? What relntion does this fact have on the direction of 
10vement of the animal as a whole? 
4 . Oral pole . Observe the two oral lobes and four auricler. . 
latter are fringed by cilia more or loss fused to form a mem-
- 7 -
brene . 'l_~0 t::outh is slit - like , and t ri;llt angle~ to its long 
::.,.xis it has h'o '''.0 il<> :tructures, t'10 or~l l?pp(.ts . Abor l~y to 
u[' ch oral lappet, and s 1 tuated in th.3 reglon oet'::ecn the aurlclos 
ou , ... i11 observe . 
5 . Tentacular pocket and tcr.ta ular b[l~ al - bnl . ":it in t 0 
noc:{et you :--:J.F.,Y orwflrve a tuft of ~mall tentncles ill d "x~endin 
iateral in curved arcs are t'lO ;-idges , the 31taculal' l'ldS"s. , to 
":hich tentacles ~re attached . =acb ric.ge continues to t e b .0 
of an auricle . The basal - nlb is elonoatcd 8nd t)xtend 0 ally fron 
the tentacular pocket area . In the your..g .. Inemiopsis , tho tc'nta '1.1.-
lar bulb ir s ituated l~luch nuarcr the aboral s enso -orgax: and OSS-
usscs an enlargen. , Y 011 - developed tent[\cle . As the anlmal l~. tu'~c[' , 
the tuntacular bulb m:i.grntos ornlly [\nd 0com s C'j.tuato no~ r 
the orr,l lappet . Tho enlare;cd tentacle is lost during thiB pro S8 . 
6 . The abor~J pole and se!1se or8£:.!~ . The f~.boral pole is 
situatod opposite the oral polo . It contains the ucicll son80 -
org~ul . You w ill study thir s tructur e in dvto il l~.'l. ter . 
7 . !h~--1l~8trovascu.!2T SY3tl,L . This sys te:n if complox . '1'h0 
mouth ope;:18 into the sto.nOC1E'eW'l or stolllsell, 8 slit -like c'lamb('l~ 
leading 'loorally to.vo.rc t'le;:~)icrl ser ..se-orp.ln . Ii:; is lined by 
cell.s of ect oderm81 origin . Just below the scnse~ort;nn , t e 
sto:nsch ooens into the i1J.ft'.ndibulum or furmol, the be[;innin[" of the 
ontodermul portion of the castrovas cul r' S~Tstc,.. . 'Ill(> jnfundibulum 
is compressed laterally ancl at right n11[;108 to the stomodaeum . Ex-
tendinG aborally toward tho sense - organ from thl) fu~mel is El 
tubl.1nr structure , the funnel-tube . It enlarges belo'J tho S0'1S0 -
orgrul. This onlargemenFcan\)c" s tudiod to best c.dv'1nt ge in 
lateral and aboral views . The infundibulum gives oriGin to oiGht 
canaJs , viz ., four inter:;.'~1.dial , two p8Nl.f.'jL'.stric o.nd two i:;ontDcular. 
canals . Eech interradial bifurc8tos into two adradiol canals l~lich 
lend to the ciliary combs . The o.dr~.ldia l crn.') ls leading to the busos 
of the auric l es are kno'.vn as the subtento.culfl r J:,eridi onal c8.nrlls 
1f:he~ens the canals lyin8 beneD. th tho combB ElxteLdinG' ovor tho o),al 
lobus .')r0 desiene ton. 8.S the sub -ventral moridional cnnals . Ench 
par~gastric canGl extends orally alone tho fl'1ttenecl surface of 
tho stomodaeu m to tho 01" 0.1 lappet whore it terminateR blindly . 
Just befor o its terr:lination the paragastric ccmo.l giv~s or18in to 
two Intero.lly extending vessels . E~ch of thD latter vessols 
Cill'ves abor'J.lly a nd ultimately a n astomos es '~ri th tho subtentnculr.r 
moridion a l cnn r l D.t the base of tho c<uricle . After nnkinr; thin 
o.n'1st omosis it continues distally over the innor aspect of thu oral 
lobo whore it eventu nlly unites with [l slmjlrl::' vonsel f~L'Or,l tho 
othel' s ide of the animal . 'rhe branches of th\, p~tr~18[' str:i.c cnn"-" ln, 
t~oref or e , 'J.n~ s tomos e with tho subtontacuJ.uI' cD.nnls Gnd [lln 0 form 
'J. continuous vessel surrounding the oral ['.roo. of tho animnl . Ench 
t0ntnculc.r cana l courses distnlly to thu tontr.cu.l 'J. r rockut and bulb , 
and bifurcates in the substance of the tentacular bulb . '1'he two 
sub - ventral meridi onal canals of eo. ch or~_l lobe cours e dis tal. ·1 y 
over the outer surfo.ce of the lobe where they pass inward towfU'd 
the mouth and soon unite on the inner aspect of the lobe . 
8 . The apical sense-organ . The apical sense-organ lies at 
the bottom of a deep depres sion at the aboral end of tho animal . 
It does not lie within the animal and is a spocio.lization of the 
ectoderm . The sonse - organ consists of a specializod area , tho 
- 8 -
pole plate , and a small mass of concretions , the lithocysts , lyinG 
in a snaIl depression of the elongated pol~ plate . T~e e concre -
tions are sup_ orted and covered b y cilia . The cov rinB cilia are 
fused and form '1 covering for the statocyst concretions . 'l':be 
apical sense orGan is est observed from Interal and aboral viu "IS . 
B. Special Features . 
A more detailed and comprehens i vo vic'. of the val" ious 
structures noted a b ovo and others may be 0 tained by cutting the 
animal into smaller pieces and studying these pieces more parti u -
larly . If your specir.wl1 is a small one, make one trans verse cut 
thru the animal about mid-way between the sense-organ and tho 
mouth . Such a cut b i sects the animal into an oral and an aboral 
portion . If your specimen is larger , make two cuts , one near the 
sense organ and one near the mouth . After making those cuts sol t 
thO. proper piece and continue your study, reviowine; the va.rious 
features already observed and in addition observe : 
9. The mouth and its surround:i.ng structuros . 
10 . The cut surfacos thru tho stomodaeum about holf\vny bo -
tween tho senso -organ and the mouth . Study thl; 8ha~ 0 of tho 
sto!l1odaeum and observe the grooves along tho 13.teral \'Jalls . Note , 
also , the p os it ion of the tentacul ar and paragastric canals . 
11 . The ctenophoral c ombs , structure of and relation to the 
gastrovascular canal sys tem. 
12 . Excretory pores . 
tube below the sense -organ . 
Study the expansions of the funnel 
Conclusions? 
Hake drawings s h owing the ab ove features . 
SARY 
'0.1 or .• 'th side . 
ont8.iniL, !1cttlc cell in se, rtn .1OYlO • 
. CR .. S?ZDOT: :-=:JUS .. - - : med ..... sa 'iithOl:t veluM or :1.i ..... :.)l11', 
of the Sc:~hO~03 • 
.. . T:Picnl 
.. C:nOCYST-- An e:;:tro. - C3 .. S\lJ.:L' b4' od c!1amber or ".o.rs yi. 1 .... c 3. t'3 h; 
to t~e c isto.l e:lJ -f t;he r:O!10sor::e in c rtai 1 ,~,ly . .-'to L ti h: 1'01"1s. 
:.CI'IP):--E. .. y:T~: __ .\ te:'r.1 used for the throat in se::t anemone . It is 
synonymous ":i th st;cr~od.aeum . 
ACTIr)SI'C cl!: __ The e~·t er!1U.l. !!lOU th of the ac tinop laryn:;: . 
l~CTINULE!~ OR !.CTINU ,,\ - - .\ specialized larval form lo.vin cr ... boral rtnd 
oral tentacles . It i. cle':c2.o)ed in t.le med"\. sa f tubul' ria hy -
droids . It u1timo.t l:r Gives rise to a ne\'T C01011; • 
AD T.'.TE-- Gro'Tin[; ::i th one side adherent to 0. stoLl . 
I rca lE -- One of the compcrtment " 01 the nteric cavi t.~ in "ea an mon " 
produced by the mesenterics . 
!.NNU:L;~TIOlJS -- The rine - li <e forna tions on tho stem of l' tn. in hyclr 0 id s • 
BI.f,STOSTYLE-- The reprod lctive polyp or zooid ()robnl)]y rt degenerate 
hydranth or pers cm ) in certr.un hyd.roi0."'. T;lC' r;onophoros (sporosac 
and medusae) are c1evelo.)eG. on the blastost7'lo . _ orne forms , e . f, . 
Tubularia , a coenosarcn 1 Oll.te;ro\,Tth of tile ~r~( .I.·anthc- called the 
"false - b l astostyle" gives oric;in to the meJll"o1.d hodie., . 
C\PIT:.TE TENTACLE-- ne that is enlarGed or globose n.t its distal end . 
C!~I,r.'l'0BU~STIC-- A c ondi tion in vlhich a protective extension of the 
per i sa rc fo r ms around the nu tri ti ve o.nd rronozooids . 
CINCLIDES -- Minute o;?eninss in the body rro.ll of anemones thru \'/hic h 
the a c ontio. a r e thrust out . 
CI'HDOBLAST -- Stinging cell in Cnidaria containinr the nematocyst or 
thread c apsu l e , a mi nute stinGing oruo.n . 
CNI!)A-- Synonymou s Y!i th nema tocyst . 
CNIDOCIL-- The sen sory c i l ium or proc ess ;?rojecting from a c nide -
blast c e l l . I ts stinru.lation causes the ejection of the thread -
l i ke stinging struc ture from the nematocyst . 
COENOSARC -- The c ommon flesh- like substance joining the vnrious 
zoo i ds of a colony . 
C ENENCHYTM -- A term applied to the soft common body mass of tisaue 
i n a lcyonarian co l onies . It is also applied to the hard skeletal 
parts joining the c orallitcs of a colony of stony c orals . 
TLO S."u Y 
- 2 -
C 1- :lY- - The rarious zoic s coru.e ted by "l con"1on cocnoso.rc . 
co::- -~:T I"~ -- : .. ~ass formed f a lose ::,,"';~re ation of :,"onan L a.mong 
"";:llch are sc a tte:>ed protecti-;e hrdr theccc . See fal'1ilT' L..<lfoeidac . 
CC''": .. LLITE- - The "cup- coral" r exos:~eleton of 0. solitary c ro.l 
polyP in the stony corals . 
CO[{ IIU::-- The s _<e leton of an entire coral colony in the st ny 
corals . It com l rlses 0. number of corallites together with any 
exos '.:eleta l 'TIa terial \"Ihtch joins the vFlrious individlo.l coral 
cups together such as the coenonchyma. 
CORBUIJ. -- A highly modified bl"'anch or hydrocladium vlhich forms a 
protective envelope for the gonan ia in certain plumularian hydroids. 
COR,.:IDIUM-- .'I.n assemb1a~e of structt res (or persons?) of a Siphono-
phoro.n colony consisting of 1 . ) a d isc-sho.ped h;rdro~hYllium, a 
protective structure cove ring tho rest of the corli ium; 2) 0. gast -
ro - zoo id ; 3) a dactyloz ooid ; o.nd 4) n .onozooid . 
CR!,SPEDOTE I:EDUS:, -- A medusa possessing a velum ; 0. vei led medusa . 
typical of the Hydrozoa . 
DI:.PHRl'",m,1-- A basal shelf in the hydrotheca V/hich forms a supp rt 
for the hyclranth . 
ENTER OS TOr-- E-- The inner apera ture of the ac tinopharynx or stomodaeum 
which opens into the coelenteron, i . e ., the gastrovasculo.r space . 
EPHYRI~ -- Ii. young stage in the development of a scyphomedusan; the 
sto.p;e following the seyphystoma. 
EXUHBRELLA -- The aboral side of 0. medusa . 
FASCICLED-- Used in the description of a hydroid stem (hydrocaulus) 
when t V/ O or more stems are apposed together more or loss intimatoly . 
The st ems may be in a condit ion of loose contact or there may bo 
actual communications betYleen the stems . This condition 1S not to 
be confu sed \"/i th tho. t v/herc young hydroid stems gro¥l over older 
stems or \'/here para si tic hydroids groVl on the stems of other hydraLds . 
GASTROV.'\.SCULAR Cli.VITY--The general digostive -c irculatory cavity of 
the Coelentera ta. The more c entral portions function as a digestive 
system while the moro peri pheral parts a ct as 0. circulatory system . 
G;\.STROZOOID-- I\. feoding z ooid of hydrac tinian and siphonophoran 
colonies. 
GONI,NGTIJM-- The protoctive chitinous covering of the blastostyle in 
calyptoblo. stic forms . 
GONOTHECA -- Same as Gonangium . 
;)'7 )('<.~:. :::::; -- :. collecti"e term "'- :)' lied to t: e nl.-r".f-.ive zooids of n 
, ) ~ '.Ir:y ; a term ";hlCh may be sed t inc 1 de b th the go. angi m nnd 
L'~ ontents , i . e ., blastostyle, ~ed soc, ~: roqacs , et . , Dnd 
~ :13c ti vely t{" the r::edusae yrhen })roduced 8.S they are, for exo.m:)lo, 
;-. 30u.:;ainvi llea c-s evaGin'" tion from various rarts of the hydr -
~~~ulus • 
G ):T::no, ID - - ;~ reporduc ti ve zooid . Soe bla n tos tylc . 
'"!~:~):--EORE-- The specialized form Yfhich produces the sex c0l1s . It 
refers to the medusa 7hethor highly devel ped or vestigial as ex-
e~plified in the sparosnc , and the intermediat stuges betleen 
the sp rosac and free - s'limming medusa . 
GYMUOBL:.STIC -- A condi tian in v!hich the hydr theca and gonothocf\. 
are not formed around the hydranths and ganoz oC'ids , respectively . 
HYD~.:.NTH -- The nutritive zooid of R colony consisting of digestivo 
sac , proboscis (hyperstome) , mouth and tentacles . 
HYDROCAULUS-- The stem of a hydroid colony . 
HYDROCLX8IUM-- The polyp bearing branchlets in the Plumularido.e . 
HYDROPHORE-- Sauc er shaped hydrotheca in Halocido.e . 
HYDROPHYLLIUM-- Sec Cormidium . 
HYDR0RHIZA - - The root - like attachments of a hydroid colony . 
HYPOSTOlIIE-- The projection of the hydranth body which bears the mouth . 
HYDROTHECJ:.. -- The chitinous covering for a hydrnnth in calyptoblantic 
hydroids . 
INTERNODE-- That portion of a stem or branch bet\"lCen tvJO joints . 
LITHOCYST- - A marginal sense orga n in campanularian modusae . 
W.I.:'"NUBRIUM-- The holloVl ou tgrm'lth supportinc; the mouth of a medusa . 
MEsm TZRY-- A mesentery is a membraneous lamella or sheet ho.ving 
mesogloea for its middle layer and covered on either face by 
entoderm . 
a) . Perfec t mesentery-- one that j oins the actinopharynx . 
b ). Imper fe ct mesentery-- one that docs not join the throat 
or actinopharynx . 
c) . Primary mesentery-- same as perfect Mosentery . 
d) . Accessory mesentery-- same as imperfect mesentery. 
r.mSENTERY PiI.IR - - Any t\'lO mesenteries rrhlch nrc of the sarno 31ze and 
immediately adjacent to each other , with the retractor nru.scle of 
one partner occurring on the face nearest to the other po.rtner . 
This means that the retractor muscles will tend to be contiguoUs . 
'I'he arrangement of mus culature in the directiva pairs is the nppn-
site of this . Sec beloy! . Also sec Parker and Has\'vell , fig . 156 . 
- 4 -
'~-sr:-- :."::::2S-- :JIREC':'riE ?AIR -- These are the nesenterif"s n t+-nche to 
:~'!, s: "Ion glyphs . The retractor :., scl s ccc'tr 01 the fac "t .C' 
, p~e:-::e ry pa':'r ';ihich is turned a\'lny fr ::1 its. artner . 
- ·ES.2.~I'~, IC .?IL,\:!E"T-- Thickeninss of t: e free ed~e of the mes 1 tery 
. ,o .. sistir..,:; of gland cells and nettle cells . 
rs lA'I'OCYST-- Th stinging or an c ntained wi thi 1 the nidi In t. 
"£,' !:~' ?HJRE- - The chi tinous recept2.. le int vhic 1 the defensi VC' 
zooid (sarcostyle) retracts . See ~lurnll~rid3e 
:'A:~fI,TOS?HERE- - The 8lobose enlar a e::lent at the ends of ertnin 
tentac les and consistinG ot: batteries of tinginr; c 11" . 
' "DE- - A joint in a branch or ste:n . 
OP~i1CUW~.1-- A chitinous pr otec ti ve s truc ture found on the hydroth cn 
of certain hydroids \'Jhich closes the hydr thecnl Rper:l. ture when t'w 
hydranth is retracted within . 
~TOCYST-- Same as lithocyst . 
PEDICEL- - The stalk sup~ortinG a hydranth or gonozooid . 
PERISARC -- The cuticular chitinous covering extending along th 
outside of the coenosarc . 
PHYIJ\CTOGCNIUM-- An ap~)enclage of a hydrocladium which rotects the 
gonangia of certain plumularian hydroids . 
?Ll,NULA -- The oval , ciliated , free swinuning embryo developed directly 
from the egg and which later becomes attached at one end and forms 
the beGinning of a hydroid colony . 
POLY?ITE-- Same as hydranth . 
PROBJSCIS -- The hollow elevation vhich supports the mouth . An en-
larged hypostome found in certain species of hydroids . 
RJOT - STOCK-- A cr eepine; stem from vhich the hydrocauli or i ginate . 
It may be filitorm or have cross comunications with other root 
s ta ll{s . 
SElJSE- BULB-- Swelline; , usually at base of a marginal tentacle of a 
mudusa . Probably sensory in function • 
. 
S~SSIIE EYDRANTH-- Not hav i ng a pedicel . 
SI~PIE STEM OR BRANCH-- One no t fascicled . 
S ...... IRAL300ID-- Defensive person found in Hydractinian c l". lony . 
S?IR)CYST-- One of t he types of nematocYGts in sea anemones . The 
~jected thread does not penetrate but adheres . 
- 5-
S? RvS.;C -- A sac tha.t con ains the senero.tive ells -- an undevel ped 
(possibly degenerate) medusa . 
STJLOl -- Same as root - stalk . 
TRJ:::-E ')SO~:E-- Collective term for all nutritive zooids a d a.ccessor T 
')arts such as hydrocaulus, hydr rhiza , etc ., tha toto mo.ku up 
~ 
a colony . 
VEWI-- Delica te membrane or "veil" stretched aro'lmd mare;in of the 
bell ?ening in hydro i d medusa . 
ZOOIDS -- )ne of the individ.ua l s , more or less independent , that go 
to make up ' a co lony . Zooi ds may be nutritive , c;enorativ€) , d f€)n ive , 
or sensory . 
:~ TO TH2 ::o::m Cv.J: J1' ! ..:"DRvIDS Ir TH';: VICIl~ ITY F ,. DS H LE 
carefully observe t_e specimen and ~ote tie presence or absen e of the 
hydro theca . 
, 
- . 
1 . Hydranths unprotected by hydrothecae. 
Sub - order Gymnobl3.stea. A. 
2 . Hydranths protected by ydrothecae . 
S b - order Calypt b1nstea . B. 
Key to the Families of the Sub-order GYh BL STEA . 
If the specimen is a ('Pymnoblastic hydroid, 0 t:l've ;>articular1y 
the type and arran ement of the tentacles, the shu' c of the 
hypostome, and the type of -,ono phore , i . e ., whether it is s. 
sporosac or a medusa . 
a. Hydranths Ilith scattered fill.form tentucles; eono. horo a 
sporoaac . Family Clavidne . I . 
aa. Hydranths with one r/horl of filiform tentacles at base 
of hy:)ostome . 
b . Hypostome (proboscis) conicn1. 
c. Colony not branched; zooids ~1. ise sin.gly from 
common basal coenosarc. Found , Gener3.11y , on 
shells inhabi ted by hert1i t crabs. 
Family Hydractinidae . II 
Family Podocorynidae . III 
ce. Colony regularly branched; tree-like; gonophore , 
a free -swimming medusa (planoblnst) formed on 
various parts of the hydrocaulus and not res-
tricted to the hydranth body . Found on wha:tlf-
pilinG, etc . Family Bougainvillidae . IV . 
bb. Hypostome trumpet - shaped; gonophore a sporosac . 
Family Eudendridae. V. 
aaa. Hydranths VJith proximal and distal set of filiform 
tentacles; gonophore a partially developed medusa. 
Family TubuJ.Rridae . VI. 
aaaa . Hydranths wi th capita te ten tac les s co. t tered over hypos -
tome; gonophore a froe-sv/imning lllo.noblast (medusa). 
Family Syncorynidae. VII. 
aaaaa. Hydranths vvith single v/horl of filiform t entacles around 
t he bo. se of hypos tome and c api ta te ten to.c 1e s sca t ter ed 
over body of hypos tome. 
Family Pennaridao. VIII. 
B. Key to the Families of the Sub- order CALYPTOBLASTEA . 
If the speclmen is a calyptoblastic hydroid , observe the 
pres ence or absence of pedlcols, and the arrangement , position 
and shape of the hydrothecao . 
- 2 -
a. Hj-drot::ecne sesf'lle C' •• do:. ~. te . 
b . H;;vrotheco:e ~rrnnsed n oth sid"", f r,1nc11e • 
F~l1j.l.T SC'r t In.l'l ~ • IX . 
of brnnch s only . 
F~miJ - Ph' lll~ril ne • . :. 
aa . Hydrot!-.ecae ~ ot sessile, n. },cdicel being presc'1t . 
c . H:-rdrothecae 'lell devclo~ ed. 
d . Hydrothec8.e bell -shaped c· .. npnnul~te) ; hy-
pos tone of hytl.rnnth tr lm)et shaped . 
Fanily Cnmpnnllnridne . XI . 
dd . Hydrothecne tubl.lar or turbinate; hy;,os -
tome not trlm' ot - shaped . 
Fnlllily Cnl'11pnnulinidnc . :.1 . 
cc. HyLl.rothecae reduced nnd l' ldimcnt 1ry b0in~ snucur 
or funnel - shnped; hydrD.nth c.nnot b retracted 
completely rll.thin the hyclrothocD. . 
Fali111y Hnlecidne . XIII . 
I . Family Clavidae. Key to GeneI'D. 
a . Colony bl'anchil"l.[::; ; fresh Md brncl·-ish-\,mt0r s)ecies . 
Genus Corc1ylorphor8. . 
One spec ie s found at ':load s Hole, name ly , C. Ulcns tris, 
on water plr-nts , shells, etc ., in ponds D.nd bracldsh 
wa ter. 
b . Colony non-bra,nching ; polyps (~ooids) 1'131n8 singly 
from the stolon . Genus Cl8.va . 
One s?ccies , C.leptostyla, found in nngles of and 
on br2..nches of Asco~)l1yllum . Zooid3 small nnd flesh 
colored . 
II . Family Hydrac tinidae . 
ne species 8cnerally found in vicinity of "foods Hole , 
Hydractinia ochinata, on shells of small hel'111it crabs . 
May also be IJrescnt on legs and shell of Limulus , piles , etc . 
III . Family Podocorynidae . 
The species, Podocoryne carnea, is sometimes found . The 
polyps arc pinkish uhite in color and nre very similar to 
those of H. ocinnta . The mnin differonce bet"loen tho tuo 
species is tha t in P. ca rnea free s'nmmil18 medusae are de -
veloped while in H, ochinatn sessile sporosacs are produced ; 
also, the defensive spines in Hydractinia aro sharp , jag~ed 
and roug!1 in a ppearance , v!heY'oas those in Pooocoryne I1.re 
smaller, smooth , and rounded ct the tip . 
-3-
IV Far.u_y Bou e. invillidac • . 
Genus Boug~invillia . 
a . Hydranths with L cor.s· ... icuous hyp stome and \,lith 15-20 
tentc.clcs; c 1 ny sr.ullj nodusete \,/ith yello\"lish 
manubrium. 
B. su~ercilic.ris. 
all. Hydranths \'/i th )rominent hypos tome and ':I i th 12 -14 t~n­
tncles; colony ~ PJroxirnately 2-8 inches high ~~dusa 
vii th bric {-red metnubrium. 
B. cllrolinensis. 
Found on piles, roclc-weetl, etc. 
v. Family Eudendridao 
Genus Eudendrium. 
a. Hain stem fascicled , i.e. several stoms or hydrocauli 
apposeo. to each other llnd compou.nded more or less in-
timately into one stem. 
b. Branches and podicles slightly unnulated . 
c. Hydranths and gonophores briBht rod; male and fe-
male gonophores borne on separnte hydranths 
which are aborted (i.e., tentacles roducod or 
absent) 
E. carneum. 
Found on pilin8 , Fucus, etc. 
cc. Hydranths and ~onophoros of lTlQle vermillion or 
pink, those of female oranGe ; female gonophoro 
borne on hydranth which is sllGhtly abortod, the 
rna le ~onophoro borne on hydran th v/hich may show 
variation in extent of abortion . 
E. rnmosum. 
Found on piles, etc. also dredg0d. 
bb. Branches and !)ediclcs strongly annulated. E. dispar. 
Dredged - sand and Gra vel bottoms. 
aa. Main stem simple, i.e., not fascicled; colony small, 
1 inch. 
d. Gonophores borne on hydranths that arc not 
aborted; hydranths and female gonophores 
white, ma le gonophorcs yollow. E. album . 
ddt Gonophores at bnse of aborted hydranthsj 
hydranths and male r,onophores liGht groon, 
female Bonophores reddish. E. capillarc. 
NOTE: E. tenue, E. ca pillarc and E. album" should probably be 
merged under E. ca pillar c" - Hargitt, Am. Nat. vo1 4 25 
E. capillarc found on Mytilus, U. S. Fish, Com. \'Jharf . 
-4-
I . panily Tu ul~ridao. 
a. Perisf:'.rc of ste~s ext0 sivoly annulated , nnulations 
varying from doep to shallo\"l. T. lar"j"l'lX. 
Found on sea -y,,-ed and ""harf - i li • 
aa. Perisarc of stems not oxtensi \"oly annula ted. 
b. Hydrr.nth lar:3o, may be inch in diam tur, and havi. 
a proximal row of 30-40 filiform tentacles; st~m 
mny be deeply annulo. ted a t intervals . T. couthouyi. 
Found generally only by dredging during the summer. 
bb. Hydranth smaller , proximal row of tentacles 20-25. 
T. crocea. 
Found on piles, wharfs, etc. 
VII. Family Syncorynidae . 
a. Colony slightly branched; perisarc crell dev010ped 
to base of hydra nth body . Genus Syncoryno . 
Our species, S . mirabilis, found in .'1oods Hole region 
generally during early spring on shells, sea-woed, 
etc. , in shallow w~ter . The gonophores 0.1'0 borne on 
the basal portion of the hydranth body as medusae vlhich 
ultimately detach thems0lves and become free-svTimming. 
aa. Colony unbranched; zooids small and rise directly from 
the stolon; perisarc not woll developed . 
Genus Coryni tis. 
Tho species, C. aga.ssizii, is found in deeper waters 
generally associated with Schizoporclla unicornis 
(see Bryozoa). 
VIII . Family Pennaridae . 
Genus Pennaria . 
One species , P . tiare lla, of "lhich 
namely, tho wharf-pile variety and 
The stem in the wharf -pile variety 
co l-grass variety blacl::ish brown. 
is pinl{ to red . 
IX. Family Scrtularidae . 
two varieties arc found , 
the eel-r,rass variety . 
is brown , that of the 
The color of the hydranth 
a . Hydrothe cae arranged in opposi to pr.irs . 
Genus Sertularia. 
aa . Hydrothecae not strictly OPPOSite; sliGhtly alternate . 
- 5-
b . H~-droth c:::'.O bo tle - sha~)ed; !:lar ;>in u u".lly without 
tooth; operculum of a sin~l ndcaull c flr-p . 
GenIs Abiotin".ria . 
The srecies, _ . a i tin , tr.rir..,s inde\.::~)er wnters 
of lineyard SOlnd . 
b . Hydr othc c ::.~ not di stl':l.ctn,.y bot tle - shap d; marGin lTk'1.y 
be smooth but often uith one or t10 sharp tooth 
present; o~),",rculum of one abcauline fl p or \lith tv/O 
fla?s . Genl.s Thtiario. . 
The specles , T. argentea , obtained on d~edgi trips 
in Vineyard Sound . It is n '/intcr and spring species 
and the empty perise,rcs are obtained during the 
summer months . Grons on shells I stones, etc . Somo-
times found nenr tide line . 
X. Family Plumularidae . 
One specie s , Schizotr icha tene 110., commonly till-en . 
Found on piles and wharves as a white floocy e;rowth 
of about 1 - 2 inches hi~h . 
XI . Family campanularidae • 
. ~ n. Marljin of hydrothecea ornamented ,"lith teeth . 
b . Small , g lassy \Jhite colony , with little if any 
branclnng ; margin of hydrothecao Vii th teeth ; 
gonangium corrugated producing Japanese lantorn 
effect; free-swimming medusae r>roducod . 
Genus C lytia. 
c. Stem unbranched or sliGhtly branched ; margin 
of hydrothecae \-,i th 12 - 16 teeth not dooply cut. 
C. johnstoni. 
Grows on Fucus , etc. 
cc. Stem with irregularly arranged branches; 
pedic l es lone and slender annulated proximally 
and distal ly; hydrothecae v/ith 10-14 deeply 
cu t tee th; gonangium weakly c orruga tod . 
C. edvm.rdsi . 
Gr ows on Ylharf piling . 
bb. Colony branchos profusely ; gonanr,ium not corrugated; 
Sessile medusae produced v/hich Ctre ultimately 
extruded from the gonanr,ium but remain attached to 
t he blas tos tyle to form " extra capsular sporosac s " 
extending from the top of the gonangium . 
Genus Gonothyrea . 
Our species , G. leveni , found generally in tho 
VJoods Hole region . The marein of the hydrothoca 
is ornamented with 12-14 deeply o.nd pointedly 
cut teeth. 
- 6-
aa . ::2.rgin of hyd::,otheca vii thout tl.. ... th; ;~onan 'i m not 
corrug~ ted (In ";oods Holo spvcies) . 
d . Gonansium ','/i th dis to. 1 end .wodnced into a dufini c 
colla~-ll~e &per~ tur 0 . 
enHs O' olin . 
c. Colony sr:1all, inch hi'\h or less; st m or' Zig-zag 
appear~nce v/ith little branclnnc; ; pedlc10s o.lt ernate 
and borne on shoulder ~rocesscs of tre internodos . 
• genicula to. . 
Found on }'ucus , Lam1naria , etc . 
ee . Colony large and bushy ; much branching 
C. commissuralis . 
Found on \'Jharf -pi les , otc . 
dd . Gonangium "!ithout collar - lil<c apero.ture . 
Genus Campnnularia . 
f . Stem n.nd main branches fascicled ; pedicles 
arranged in vorticils. 
C. vorticillata . 
ff. Stem and oro.nch~s not fascicled . 
g . Colony small - ono inch or less , little 
branching; di s to. 1 end of gom nr.;lum open 
and not constricted, free medusae not 
produc ed ; ped icles strongly annulated . 
C. flexuosa . 
Found on Ascophyllum , }'ucus , etc. 
gg . Colony 2 - 3 inches or more ; distal end of 
gonangium constricted into n beak-liko 
stru cture ; h ydranth has a trumpet shaped 
hypo s tome \'Jith abon t 20 tentacles . 
C. co. lceolifera . 
Found n. t tached to ~1ytilus on pi le8 , on 
1fvharfs, etc . 
XII. Family Campanulinida o . 
nc species sometimes dredr-;ed in Buzzards Bay, Lovenella 
clausa . Found on mollusc shells. 
XIII. Fami ly Halocidae . 
ne species , Ha lec ium halccinum , r;enernlly encountered . 
Grows thruout the ','foods Hole region a ttached to stones , 
shells and piles in shallower waters . 
other species of Halec ium sometimes found . 
Class Turbellaria: 
11 ErT:33RATE ~ L GY 
(0bserve this "'orm in its natural environm nt 
n the ~ills of Limulus) 
1. The Probosci s l.1echanism: 
Transfer a young individual Bele 11 urR fron the fin r bO\':l 
on your desk to a small drop of sea \'mter on a slide. Add several 
drops of 7% alcoh 1 nnd watch for pharynx pr trusion. This usually 
occurs in most individuals ylithin a fer.' minutes. The musculature of 
the pharynx may later be clearly seen by examination under hi'!;h pIer 
under a cover Glass . 
2 . External Ciliation (taxonomic characteristic): 
Demonstrate external ciliation by adding a drop f ea-
water carmine suspension . 
3. Detailed ~orpho logy : 
Using a medium sized Bdelloura, quiet by exposure for 
I minute to 7% alcohol. Then mount on a slide and hold in flattened 
position by a second slide . 
Follow dlre c tions in Drerl , pp . 49-52 . rJherever it is 
conducive to increased clearness, make separate diagrams of the dif-
ferent systems of organs . 
OPTINAL; 
(a) Make a comparative study of the followin~ Turbellaria 
in respect to gross morpholoGY and taxonomy by orders: 
Belelloura , Syncoelidium , Eustylochus, Proceredes , 
Planocera . 
(b) ~bserve active flame cells in one of the above mentioned 
forms . Flame cells only apJ.~ear in well - flattened lndividuals . 
Clas s Trema toda : 
1. Adul t Digenetic Trema tode- -C ryptocotyle lingua (Gull flulce) 
For convenience of sup~ly, chis flul-~e has been introduced 
in quantity into the intestine of the domestic cat by feeding a cnt 
with meals of cunner fins containing the metacercariae of the ~or~ . 
Careful study of a small portion of 'the cat intestine furnished by the 
assistant will reveal several of these small , colorless flukes in liv-
in~ condi tion. Remove these flukes carefully and mount for observa tion 
in warm- blooded Rineer I S solution. 
INa tch a fe".' moments for egg discharge and then study the 
structure of the flu~ce for the follov/ine; features : snclcers, mouth, 
pharynx , osophagus , intestinal trunlcs, genital pore , uterus , (wary , 
seminal receptacle , vitelline ~eceptocle , testes , vitellaris , excro-
to~y tubes , and excretory pore . Excretory tubules and flamo cells 
cecome clear as the 'form becomes maximally f lattened. 
stained, mounted specimens ~ill show some morphological 
d~~aj,ls not easily seen in fresh mounts . 
-2-
2. E discharge: 
Fr cure one r l:",ore li in: fr ~ 1 IT fl b:e (r nmOl cces) 
fr om the assistant. ?lece these in cold, fresh ' T''lter whic!. "ill cause 
". d ischarge of r::ost of the e --s fron t_l uterus. .I. otlce t.le ef1'e t 
or oduced by this met ad. u;?on the Vlorm as a \"Jhole. N. B. NC' records 
): t ::i s la t ter ob serva tion are required.. 
3 . Larval Forns of ~ Di~enetic Trematode: 
A. Redia: 
From the assistant. obtain a living pecimen of 
1i t torina li torea r emoved from its she 11. If the liver is .rayish, 
tease it gently and examine with a binocular. Rediae and cercaria 
shou ld be numerous and may be transferred to a slide for study. 
Being careful to locate an undamn ,e1 redia, notice 
the follo"'linp" features: oral sucl{er , intestine (very short), birth 
pore, and stages in cercaria develop:"1ent rancin from undifferentia t 1 
"germ balls!! at the extreme posterior end of the redia to Platuer 
cercariae near the birth pore at the anterior end. 
Patient observation will show the release of cercariae 
from the birth pore . 
B. Cercariae : 
Morphology: 
Obtain from the assistant a drop of water containing 
mature cercariae of Cryptocotyle that have been released in a finger 
boHl in 'ilhich infected Littorina vlere kept overnight . To this mater-
ial, add one drop of 1 : 2000 solution of neutral red solution and 
cover vii th a covers lip . As t he cercariae become qUlet , observe and 
draw to show mouth, sucl;:er , pharynx, "penetration glands ", cysto,genous 
glands , germinal mass , excretory vesicle, eye - spots, and tail . Finer 
details are best seen under oil immersion in a flattened individual . 
Encystment of Cercariae: 
Place a small livinr; Fundulus in a finger bowl 1/2 full 
of sea water . Add Cryptocotyle cerco.riae obtained from the assistant. 
Loca te me tacercariae in the fins of Fundulus several hour s 1a ter . 
To a watcn - glass filled with sea '."Jater, add first a piece of cunner 
fin and several mature c ercariae (furnished by the assistant) . Observe 
and describe the activities of the cercariae during encystment . 
C. Metacercariae: 
study and draw metacercariae of Cryptocotylo as they 
appear encysted in a cunner fin . 
optiono.l :- Remove a metacercaria from its cyst, mount 
and study . 
1 . Scolex : 
Examine living scolices of H~lynchobothrium and Callio-
bothrium (both from the spiral valve of the smooth d ogfish; and , if 
available , Crossobothriul11 from the sand sharI: . Loole for bothria, 
hooks , suckers, proboscides with their sheaths and contractlle 
bulbs , the unsegmented neck r ep,ion , excretory tube s Vii th adjacent 
-- -
::)ra\-! the sc-"~ _ ices 0_ R> .. ~mc.1o "'ot. ~:i_l'L '.. one oth r f 
.e 8.bove ~en tioned t'.po ·o • .:::s . 
2 . ~ ature ?ror;lo tid \optional) : 
C r.:press a ::-.il 1{y ·,hite mntllre )ro '-lotci t\": e1 
2~~ cOler~l&ss and shdy, f ~louin~ ~re~ , p . b) , as far as 
Tr.is study maY'e S'i~).-lemented by examination f :wcp' ,red 
3 . ?lerocerour (Cysticercoid) : 
li 0 
)('s"i le . 
lides . 
The hoxaca!1th embryo of the t'-l)€" r::1 , 'Ito )ot. 'i1..1111 
from the HarJ11T.erhead shark , enters the' body of the butter lsh, 
its inter~ediate host . The cysticercoids are s all ~lutc sphcrc~ 
ir: t:'1e dorsal body muscles . Tease a cysti ercoid out of it"> ~,'lC'3.th 
of host connective tissle and carefulJy tCRse it a~~rt wi~h fin 
needles . Cover and" tudy in fla t 1 enod POSi tion . 
As the larva unfolds , dra\'/ to shoy/ tho scole;~ bonrj,ng 
exceptiona lly fine proboscides li::e those of RhynchobothrH'm . 
NO'l'E : THE INDIVTJUl'.L DISS~C~'lON OF El CIT S'J'l'D:~Nr.r SHOULD 
BE DErlONS'l'RA TED TO AN INSTHUCT R FOR CHEDIT . 
Phylum Nema the lnlin the s - - - C las s Nenn toc1a : 
Follow d irectio!1s on m~meographed sheets distributed with 
this outline to worl< out the de t ailed mori-,holoGY of r·1etoncholainru.s 
pristiurus . 
Phylum Platyhelminthes -- Class Nemertea : 
Amphiporu~ 
Follov/ the directions for Tetrast~rnma in Dre'l , pr o 57-
58 in studying the morpho lo ~y of this very simi lar form . The chi of 
difference in g~ o ss mor pholog y bct~0on thc t~o forms consists of the 
larger number of eye - spots in Amphiporns . 
tctonchclaimns pristiur S 
~r.lS :'orm is a free -livin'" ·em to:1 c f md ':"n t'}C ~ ld in sn[\llow 
s'"'lt -!['ter . It bclo~,,:s t:) [l. lar~0 oarino ~l'Ol:' , \-10)n .ol~iminae 
I t:.,pC Ge!''lUs, )nc:_olo.i'·:Lls , "teoth in the tl .... or.t ll ) . 
Study several s )ecimens in a syrncuse .ish "lith bi ocular 
d :'ssectinQ" !"icroscope to obser'o the c ntinual coilins an \.n ilin) 
rX0.racteristic of m'ln' 3ematodes and to dis i!l1'uish the blunt '1nt ,rj.or 
f'l ' Orr. the )::o::.'e ,?ointed posterior end . iTote that so ,0 l~r~e s.'eCil'len~ 
contain several lar l-e bead - lilcc structures at about the middle of th8 
"cody . These ar8 es:;::> and incicate the animal is an £1 l..h lt f ,1.1 • 
Place such a sl)ccimen in a drop f fl'esh "ater . or ono to t\"l 
r::inutes until q iet 3.l".d then r.1ount at once in cloar scn vn~~ ('r . 
Fla t,' on the animal sli ~htly by :i.'emoving water "'"t'om un er the over 
rlass . Under these conch tions the "riOI'm should bo luiet ;~ce~)t for 
810"! r10vements of the d iGestive tract ,"hich \"!ill h l~ observ cion . 
The DiGestive System: 
Note that the posterior end tapers vIJry rapidly and is slightly 
curved . 'rhe anterior end taper" gradually . Along tho sidc~ of both 
ends are numerous sensory se tae . A t the trD.nca ted o;:tromi ty of the 
anterior end is seen the'mouth opening . Behind it is 0. short pharyn...",,-
in ',7hich there are three sharply-pointed teeth, tho onchia . Tho 
thick- wa lled tube runninf.S bac ~mnrd from tho pharynx i 8 the oe sophar,us. 
At its posterior end is a sphincter valve mar'cir18 tho be r~inning of 
tho in tes tine , Ylhich i 8 a ye 110\"/i sh- bro\"m tubo running tlu'au n;hou t 
nearly tho entire length of the ~ody . Cnreful focussing on the 
anterior po.rt of the intestine vlil l sho" that its '."J.:>.ll is composed 
of typical columnal epithelium . The in?1or cml s of most of the 
epitheli al cells a!'e filled '/ith r;r C:1nulos nhich ('ive tho C010T' to 
the intestinal wall . P.bout halfYIaY along the taperinc; tail 
(ventra lly) is 8een the anus and runninrr forvrard from it at an anc;le 
is the rectum . 
Tail and Spinneret : 
The t ai l is first conoid and then cyJ.indroid in the posterior 
fourth where it ends in a somewha t blunt , almost iml)erce~)tibly 
swollen, rounded spinne!'et shovline interno.lly the three sliC;htly 
sVv'ollcn ampullae of the three candal r.; lands. Tho c emont - lilw so-
cretion of those glands is pot~ed out of a minute pore at the ex-
treme tip of the tail to be usod in temporarily cement ing tho v/orm 
by the tail to the substra tum . A spinneret vulvo (hemispherical 
posteriorly and tapering anteriorly) is fastened by a contractile 
fiber to the ampullae and the contraction of this fiber vlithdraVls 
th<3 valve to allow outflow of the secretion . The candal [,"lands 
are ellipsoidal , arran~ed in tandem fashion from a point about 
five body diameters antorior to the anus to a point about 10 bedy 
diame ters an t<3rior to the anus . 
- 2 -
:':.e 2xc!~ctory Sys ten : 
This system consists of a s i ngle "renet .e" cell nhich is n 
f '.1::>:'form , 'entral cell loca ted about four body- 'lid ths ehind the 
~cc~ . This cell is c nnectcd by the renotte uct to a single, 
vcntr~l excretory p re located about one-fOIl' h tl _i~ta c~ from 
t: .e a!1 terior end of the body to the nerv rine;. 
Lo .Te rvou s Sys tem : 
-r:le chief concentration ef the nervous system is the thick , 
8cmi - translucent nerve - rino ",hich encircles the ooe-op aGus about 
midvmy of its length. Before and behind the nerve -r ine; are 
nurrerous distinctly n l.cleated gan ,lion colIs. )ther f;anGlion colIs 
;-pay be seen alonG the ventral n-3rve and in connection Vii th sen-
sor y Sl.. tae of the tail may be seen in demonstration specimens 
:1 :;a1ned with methylene blue . r:[1he Ion itudinal nerve cord arc not 
'"loll developed in Uetoncholaimus . 
~he Female Reproductive System: 
A short d istance anter ior to the larGe thick-she lled egGS , 
\7hich a rc in the uterus, may be seen a row of cuboidal cells nearly 
as large as the diametvr of the body. The most post~rior of thes 
cells , the oocytes, mark s tho posterior end of the ovary . From 
this point, anteriorly, the ova ry continuos forViard ShOYling pro-
gressive ly more advanced staGes in eg~ development . The broad r o-
flexed ovary is continuous v/ ith the much narrower oviduct v/hich 
turns posteriorly to connect with the uterus near the posterior 
end of the ovary. Posteriorly, the uterus connects by a short, 
transverse vagina to the sli ~htly elevated vulva , the ventrally 
located external opening of the female system . 
The Domania n System : 
This system is found only in the female . It consists of the 
following structures : A short distance anterior to the rectum 
are t 'JO large , clear , cross - stria ted tubes, the moniliform glands, 
which open posteriorly by separate pores. Anteriorly these tubes 
unite near the conspicuous , rosette - like uvette . From the uvetto 
a tube runs to the intestine , and another tube , starting as a wido 
ampulla , soon narreVl s rapidly to form a thin tube , which joins the 
uterus in the vicinity of the vulva . The demanian ves sels e laborate 
a copious , e lastic , sticlcy , non-Via ter-soluble secre tion pos siblW 
uti lized during copu lation and also presumably to protect and 
pres erve eggs after de position . 
Make a large draning of a female Me toncholaimus to show as 
many of the above f eatures as you have been able to idont ify . 
The Male Metoncholaimus: 
In the manner a l ready described mount a male specimen and 
examine . The Dema nian system is absent a ltho possibly represented 
by obs cure homologous structures . The tail of t he ma l e diminishos 
suddenly in size at the arms a nd is a rmed wi th about ten small 
- 3 -
"supple .entary organs ll ventrally located , which [;i e the tail a 
serrated appearance Givi ng ri s e t the specific name , pristiurus 
( sa;r - tailed) . There are also about thirty short ventral sens ry 
se tae Supplementary organs and setae are alike sensory in function . 
ltr) opening of the nale ,-eni tal system is ju t nnt"'_ .... ior to tho 
2nJ.'3 . R'-Ctending for ':ard from it arc t\' 0 slencl.<.;r , roJ - like spicula , 
c"Jout; seven times 3.S long as the anal body diameter . There arc 
t·o testes , the anterior testes and the l~ost"ri r , -'xtending in 
op '?osi te c,irec tions along the middle third of the body . The t\l 
tJ1~0 S join the lonrr vasdeferens vhich connects ~ith th ejacula-
tory duct rlhich in b::.rn opens posteriorly thru the g .... nital pre . 
;n ea ch t0stis ther0 is a progression of sta~es in spern develop -
r'enJ.. from the blin1 <'nd of the testis torTard the junction r/ith 
tho.; vasdeferens . Dr[.\'l co shorl the ma l \) genital organ old the 
Gx t:.. 'er.18 t>0st'J::'10r one. of the male '.form. 
._4 
1. 
2. 
Variations in ?olychaete Heads 
?rostomium - Typically conical but exceuti ns, for exa lple 
Glycera - elongate and annuldte 
Nephthys bucera - approximc; tely square 
Palps 
Large - Nereids, J' phroditids (scale-worms), Leodi , Syllis 
.uch branched to form lonb, Mobile filaments - Hydroides, 
Pseudopotamilla, Parasabella. 
Reduced or ~anting in many forms. 
Tentacles 
J\.bsent - Scoloplos, ;~ricia, r rabella, Lumbrinereis, and 
majority of forms outside of the Nereidiformia 
One - Sthenelais, Ninoe 
Two - Nereids 
Three - Lepidonotus, Harmothoe, utolytts, Syllis 
Four - Nephthys, GlyceraJ Phyllodoce 
Five - Diopatra, Marphysa, Eulalia, Lcodico 
Eight - Trophonia 
_umerous _ LMphttrite; Lepraea, po_ ycirrus and most other 
Tersbellids 
3. Eyes :~bsent _ i~ricia, Scoloplos, Amphitrite, Lumbrinerois, Pista, 
Nephthys 
Two _ Chaetopterus, Eulalia , Phyllodoce, Marphysa 
Four (.2 pair s) - Scale-1fJOrms, Syll is, i.utolytus, ?odarko, 
Nereis, Spio, polydora 
Four (in a transverse row) - Arabella 
Numerous - Thelepus, Lepraea 
Numerous on branched palps ... Parasabella, l)soudopotamilla 
Two to five - hrenicola 
B. Peristomium 
Usually asetigerous but setae in Nophthys, Sabellaria 
peristomial cirri rare outside of Nereidiformia but found in 
Spio, polydora , Chaetopterus 
C. I1Head" includes several segments - Trophonia, due to forward 
growth of long, slender setae. 
Variations in Parapodia 
A. Notopodium lacking - Phyllodoce 
B. Notopodium reduced and neuropodial setae enlarged and sot in a 
transverse row in body wall - hrenicola, Clymenella, 
Terebellids 
C. Modifications of parapodial cirri 
1. Dorsal eirrus 
~bsent - Nephthys 
Degenerate - Glycera 
i.s gill s Arborescent _ Diopatra (i"ntorior part), Jl.renicola, Terebollids 
Short , simplo ~ Scoloplos, Aricia , Spio , ? olydora, Sabollaria 
Long, Slender - Cirratulus 
As elytro. - some se3men ts of J\phrodi tids (s cal e-worms) 
2 . Both foliaceous - Eulalia, Phyllodoce 
·-
1937 
A Key to the more o~o'1. ') ly haetes of tho> '. oods Hol 
Rcgi:>n 
scale ':lOrms - Scales on dorsal side of dy •••••••.... ·· . ........• 
Pnrapodia: cirri broad and l e df - like; 1 ~airs of peric;to!tl~_al cirri; color of vJOrr:1s , Greenish ••••.••..•...• _ .... • 1 
peristomial and dorsal cirri lonG and slender; 3 
tentacles; 4 eyes; small 10rms •••• .... . .....•••••• . • .•.. . . ... 111 
Eead -,Ii. th 2 small tentacles , 2 larGe _ al s , 4 eyes,_ 
and 4 pairs of peristomial cirri •• • . .... ••... . ... . ... .. . ....... 1\ 
D0rso - v entrally flattened \wrms wi th 4 vo!:y 8m 11 
~entacles; & deep cleft bet~een ~otopodiilla 
and neuroDodium \,li th a small s ic1-:1e - shaDed 
Gill depending from the notopod ium .•• • . ' ............ . ..•....•.... \' 
Dorso - ventrally flat~ened , brolnish ~or IS with 5 
prostornial tentacles in a ro~; small pLrsDodiao ••.••••••.•••••• VI 
Hend YJi th reduced or no apuendages; p,1ropodin small 
A. Segments ver~T long ... . ........ ····· · ··· .... .. ............ .. . 
B. Segments relatively shor t ••...... . ... .. . . ···· · ······ · •· · . . VII 
T-,'JO long peristomial cirri , usual ly curving over 
back like a pair of horns •••••.... .. . . . ........ , . .. .. . .. .. ... V II 
Long , slender filD.l'!1ents , usunlly on an t orior end of worm, ' 
branching gills on ono to t hree anterior secments 
of some •••••••.•...••.... . .... . . . .•.••.••..••.. . .. . ....•.••.. . . IX 
Numerous , long s l ender setae extendin8 forwurd 
to enclose head; 8 tentacles, usually small ••••..... . · ..... .... XI 
Worms identifiable by their har d ci.Jses •••.•.... .. · . . ..•.••.. .. OJ II 
Peristomium projectin3 forward in the form of a col-nr 
to enclose a large cr own of branchin3 pa l ps ••••.•••••••••..•. XIII 
• 
l~ 
III 
? l~ haete Key 2 
a . 12 nairs of scales •••••...••.•.••••... .. .•. LE! I 0 OTU 
aa . 15 ~ " II 1I ••• • ••••••••••••••• • ••••• R R!'OTH E 
aaa . 100 or more pairs of scales 
b . Black in olor; us all found in 
Amphitrite tubes •••••••••••••• • . • ..•. . • • • L1:..?IDAl'E"rRI 
bb . Grayish col r •••••••••••..••• •• ••••.••••• , THgl EL I'" 
a . 4 prostomial tentacles •••••••••..•..•••.••• PHYLLODOCE 
aa . 5 II 11 , one mid - dor sal .. 0 ••• E :rL. LIA 
a . Tentacles and cirri seumented •• , ••••••••••• SYLLIS 
aa . Ten ta cles and cirri unsegmented •••••••••••• ~\UTOL rTU 
111 • • ••••••••••.•.• EREI 
a . Dorsal division of notopodium leaf - lil e 
b . Jaws black •••••... . ...•..•..••••••••••••• NER~.~IS VIREN 
bb . JaVJs light amber in col r ••••.•..•.••.... En ',18 LII.IB.\Tl 
aa . Dorsal division of notopodium conical •••••. NEREIS PBLil.GICA 
v ••.•..•......•...•............•.•••••••.• ~ •..... • NE1)HTHYS 
VI 
VI I 
a . Se t ae light - color ed ••••• • •••••••••••••••••• NEPRTHYS BUCERA 
aa . Setae black or very dark ••••••••••••••••••• NEPHTIIYS INCISA 
a . Large , br anching gills on anterior 
segments ; gill s mu ch r educed pos t er i or 
to 25 th segment ••••••.•. . ..• . .. . .......•.•• DIOr r TRA 
aa . Branchi ng g i ll s beg i n at about 20th 
seBment •.......... .. . . .. . ' . 0 • •• ••••••• •• •• • I\'I .. ~R r)IITS ~ 
a . Parapodi a s mal l; no gi~ls ; anter ior 
end of prostomi um rounded 
b . No eyes on pr ostomium •••••••.•.•.. . •••. . . LID1BRINEREIc 
bb . 4 eyes on pr ostomium ••••••.•••...•••.•••• f.RABELLA 
aa . Pa r apodia of medium size with gills; 
very pointed anterior end ( prostomium) ••••• GLYCERi 
b . Each parapodim with one dorsa l and 
one ventr al unbr anched gilL ••••• . ....... GLYCERL DIBRi N-
CRIl.Til 
bb . Each parapod i um with only a dorsal , 
br anched , r etr a c til e gill •••••••••••••••• GLYCERl, /d lEHICllNt. 
VIII . 
IX . 
Po1ych otc .~ OJ' 
aua . ?ar...lpodi~ !:!1d their t'nbrul1cLed il1:::: 
fo:':';.l se ·vr::..l _'o',.S Jo'::n do:'sol 3:.d. 
of c.r!i 4!J.l 
b . A~t cr:o~ rJ~:on ound in C~OS8 -
s ·""ctiun ••••••••••. ... •••.•..•..•.•• SlI()JJO ... LO'" 
c . Gills bO'in on ~'6th s~if; .. o!lt •••••• CJT. LO" 
cc . 11 fl II 16th II •••••• ~CUTA)""'L0S 
bb • . \l1~orior re ,:>i.un J.l .• t o. cd dOl'SO-
vcntr~l~.y; g:!.lls bV0in 0'1 6th 
SOt;rlcnt •••.•••......... ... . . ... . . . . RICI.~ 0 
::t . 5th scg.'~Ln'!; clo'1[,'utc with rC\'J of dV..IpJ.;r-
sot , GhOl>+:, h0':1vy satao; 0th.C'" 8 "~~rlts 
with slennor s~tcc Or 'O.,: ..... i.1l 001'-1 •••.•• OLYJ')OR/ 
::ta . 5th oe~;nent not c:ifferent fro':l 
the othe~s 
,~ 
,. J.' •• 
b . Gills 01'1 all ~eg7ne'lts •••••••••••••• s'~IO 1....!.!J~10f) .. ~ 
bb . Gills dbJent fro~ posterior 
portion •••••••••••••.. •.. • ... . ...• • L/\.ONICE VITIIl"IS 
(See a 1.:> 0 IX !:J.a ) 
a . Tentacular rilaMe~ts ( head reston onl~ ) 
b . Blood - rr;d; no branching Si·ll .:.:; 
c . Setae lm flrct 25·se':;1.0nts O!'!y; 
paraoodia 31'1a11 ................... 1'OLYCIRRUS 
cc . Sotae on all se~nents; brunchlr~ , 
red :).:l ra~'od:1fl in 11ie; -bud~i roc) , .... '1 . :rmOPTJOrm:., lcr:us 
bb . Not slender; bru~c~llr.L Gil18 d')r-
sal DruO~~ rl1aM0nt3~ on ono or 
more anterior seGments . 
c . 3 poirs of bra~ chins Gllls 
d . ~ctae on nntor~0r 0n~t of body 
only •••••••••••••••. .. . ... . ... • fJilPHI'rnITE 
.. 
o . Sotae on fir st 40 s0i.~r1on ts ••• . 'Jv11 11ITR T 'l''8 OHr: 'E .. 
eo . SotflO on :21rst 25 8ognonts ••• _'.T.L'HITRI'l'E BRUNNK'. 
dd . Setao oxtend to postlrior o"d •• LE;B~E~ 
c c . 2 ua irs of branchinc Cil~s 
d . Sotao on 4th - 20th sot!;l1cmts ••••• PIST:, 
dd . Sot.ao on th5.rd S ogno nt to 
Dostc~ior 0'10 of body; the 
"IIydr;J. - w orn" ••••••••••••••.•••• TJU~T.;E:)·lJG 
c c c. 2 .) air S 0 f gill son n s i '1[;]. e bas (; ; 
l ook like one Gill VJi.t~ ::'our 
ports ....•••......... 0 ••••••• 0 0 •• TEl-{EBE~-,LIDES 
an . 4 to 14 pairs of olongJtc' darnal c'.Yri , 
bOGin ;lnL on ?-nd 30G:"lG:1t; bod:~ 
u3u.::.lljT bro"m ish ,)'. tori o1'1y cLrm~:i.l1[; 
to y0110viish postvriorl:,- ••••••••••••• DOLJ~:C:_C-)1I"\ 
Baa . Head baru; lone dorsal cirri us r(;s~j.rotar~ 
oruons on r.la'1Y sO':)10nts of tilO 
body , cuDGcially nunorous nour 
tho L<ntarior ond •••••. ............•. • crm:.'l'(JLUf'. 
x. 
?ol:choctt.; Key 
o . Se !::c~ltGtil)ll imHstL,ct; 0""1 C' : ..• 
1- '1. l s c~ -, .. ,.. 0'1" ~ l) - .. ~ ~ n J- C':' • --, \T -1 ' r ' u .,1.J...&...!.. u \.... .-. Q . £\..1 _. lJ ~ •••••••••• . ....... I.j!, l .. v .1 ... .... 
b - 1 D"" ir - . f ~l' ~ 1 co • -" '11' ~ 1 ". T' T . 
• .t..:1 l l).:. ..... .... . ....... . ... ... ,1. ~ '"... L· .J,.. v J.. .. J,.' rio.\. 
bo . 13 " " " •••..••..• . .• •. . .• ~~ ·;-'1.COJ.:. ::.ItI. J\. 
au. Reg:'lenb~ ti '.1 di~ti 'lvt; to l.r.'"'n:"!c:d:: 
Ci11 s; b'" 1 00 - 3""m ,'1", nco 
b . ,',:11.:.:. dorsol t - ,-, f18ttened , 
s,1outh, c"ud-;l pl'1to; rl0~!lS 
dn:::>k brC)";n~; li\'o in J7md - tubos •••• ;LLD:.1':;: 
bb . ;\nu8 onclcsed i c)llc.r ',Ijth 20 - 25 
ct ~ri; 22 so~nert3 , 18 8oti~orols; 
1 i vo in sand tntes ••••••. _ . • . . _ •• JL:':I1"r.' .. ~r,L:. 
XI .•..•••.•..•..••.••••.••••.••• • ••....•.•• TltOl: .... ~IOllI .. ·.Ir. 
XII 
XIII 
~roTE : 
a . Heavy , calcareOuf> tubes , SOl~lmJ~lat 
irre,.;ular .•. ~ ••...... . .. . . . . .. . . . . . Im)ROI1)1~~ 
aa . 'I'ubes 8:~:1l 1 , coiled , flat 8 ,) i1"o15; 
c&lCureo11:3 •• 0 •••••••• • • • • • • • • •• •• • • SJTROR13[("t 
aaa . Tubes len ;, rath. r slender c ones of 
8ond .• . , ... . o ••••• 0 .. 0 0 • • • • •• • ••• 'l ••• • CISr:PENID"-JS 
a . P eri s tor.'iul'1 as etico:J."'ous 
b . Col!, t',1" notched Gu ..... saJ.J.y ; Ol:ter l or rOGi on of 
8 sot i Gerous 3eG~eats; wor~s 
s;"18,l 1 , en t 1"us tillL: 30nd -tHU~S ••••• p !'~R !'~~ :.BELL"\' 
bb . CollL.r 'iJithout dorsnl no tch; 
l ive in sr:'8 11 , p& r Chl'10nt 
tubes 8.UOi~C s~'lG11 s; dredGcd 
with Eyc1::'oides , etc ••••• c ••••••• • PSEUJlOPOTl.MILL;. 
Hydr o ide:J , \"Jhen 1"or10';ed fran its tube , nay be c onfusod 
wi th tho3e . Hydr o i dos , howeve:::> , possessos stalked 
opercul U11 . 
aa . PGr i sto':liu:-n sot i co1"ous; postGrior 
port i Jn of worm do c ener ate , 
uGuall; fo l dir10 back aL;cti nst 
antGri~r p art . UJual l y dr edGod 
in Eryo 7. oa n n odul 0 S ••••• • • • • _ • •• _ •• S':'BET.L:JU;. 
- 1 .. 
LABOR.\TO~Y 87"; Y OF ,:OLLUSC '. 
1937 
'rhe noteboo ~ sho'_lld include vJel:'... 1 belled l'~ wi 1 ' S illt st,'ating 
j.:'~e chief £lnato:'1ical -'eatures of re, cse'1tnt1,ve I'orus as \'loll ns 
rec~r1s of experi!~nts anj ot~3r otservati ns . 
18t . Day . 
A. M. I . Externa:!. C_larac teris tics, habi ts , etc., o'~ the 
Am <hlneuro., ill ustra ted '0/ Chaeto:)lonrn . · l:\l'O\i, )p .. 
..,-;r-~ C A ,e 
.!. <± G - .L '_.) • 
P . ~,1 . II . Ana ~omy of ['. Gas tro,:",od z B\l~ can. 
Study h0rr..isected shell3 undoL:soct 
fl~oshly injected specitl1ons . Do nut 
dl'[\\'J tho sholl. Follo") Drc1'1 pp . 1·13-
162 . Post?ono ?UrB~r31h 5 , p . 150, 
until tho socond day . 
III . 
-' 
Anatomy of a Hudibr~:tnch . 
Exarllne any N'ld ibr3.nchs t'''.ut o.r\..; av~ ', I o.olu . 
Totu the following : 
~rn<.td . Numb,):, of tont clos . Aro thoy retro.ctilo? 
Do may pas sass ..:.ho'1 ths? By 08 . l'nouth . 
oody . :':s thoro 3. distinct 'ntll1tl.) ') )'osont? Is 
tho-:tntogurr..ont 80ft or nrc hard s':dculos npose:lt? 
Vhat is tho '~)os:l.tlon und nature of tho rf)spirntory 
orgons ? Special org~ns may be entiroly absont 1 
l'os :t)lratlon occurring thpou[,h tho intogumont 
(i . e . Elysia) , or s},> ociaJ, org-.'.ns m~y bo present 
in tho form of either adaptive gillR surroundinr a 
mGdiun dorsal anus ( ~ . o . Doris) o~ 'OWG of coruta 
which often c ontain ox ton.;:L(·n", of tho livop and 
olso nomatocysts dorived rro~ ingested hydrolds . 
W'lla'c co lor is the ani.mal ? Locn to thl) emus C' nd 
genlt:::l. aT)ertures if posr3iblo . 
Foot . Note its width in pro ,) ortion to :LtG 
lone;th . '!hon cretvll:Lng r:.. ... ooly sm.all Llnimols 
frequon tly attach t~lOmscl1J08 to tho undoY' 8urf~co 
of tho surfaco fil'JJ. . In such ca8C3 tho C'.ctivitios 
of tho foot m~y bo readily obsurvod . 
IEtornal Or 7 ans . rl'he o:xtont to 'flhi ch tho 
intornetl :JtruITuros mc.y be obsurvod ',ario;] rli th 
di~foJ"'0nt lnol'lddual:1 . 1Jnually tho aors'):' heart , 
tho _~i!?r , Clnd the 1.[ 'Y'gc ovary m~y ho obaorved , 
~nd possibly othor dot~ilJ . 
EC';s in vo.rlous S~"f,Oi.l of dovolo,)mont muy of ton 
bo found in tho dishon wi.th tho [; nll:H,ls . 
Classif~ t he anim~l . 
- 2-
2nd Day . 
... . ... . 
P. M. 
I . Egg laying , SDer!n sheedi~L-a~ d the for::lO. .... i n 
tro~hoDhore and ·oliger lar'!ao of umincia . 
Dr e ':; , ' . 1 ~ 1. • 
f 
110 Activity of ~he 
odonto~h-o-r-a~l~--a-D----~----~~~--~~---
III . The foot of Polyn~ces 
Place in an ~qua::'iL m of sea '.tater and 01) orve the Gra u~,l 
s"1ell1..:.[; of the foot . I:ow much of tho sholl .oe., it 
finally- covur? Can yo 1. SUbGost hor, thl' sand coll8.2's :.l e 
formed in ~~~ch t~o eges aro la~d? Stic l.t. the snail 
and c:;{nlain ho'; such an onormous fo ot c, n be wi thdrn','/n 
into the shn:;'l . :Jocs \'J[1 tor exude from tho foot dur Ing 
its contraction? 
Froqu on tly v01 ig0r lal'V(le may b,,' obtai nod fl.'om t'lC s( nd 
collars . I' pos':d ble sec 1'0 one und st ',dy . Lator a C011-
par ison of tho vC:iger of C l.nlingiu may be l~lndo . 
IV . If timo pCTI'!1its tho follo1!iin(; ox ;. erimunts on cho gnstro od 
foot !'1c,y b 0 j"lorformed :-
A. ':ho.fo ot of Busycon. 
Obs 0:::'VO -til0 fo ot a s tho aniM.ul S 01'0 at tachou to 
the sidos of tho aquarium . HoVJ does it adh J"O to th0 
glo.s3 1 Noto the chc.racter of tho su""'fnco 0:' tho foot . 
Is it slimy? Exo.mino thin section'" of diffuront regions 
of tho foot cut ~ith 0. razor from onimuls usod in III . 
Aro cilio. prosont? Is tho pcdo.l gland pr0~ont in both 
80XOS ? 1Vh2t is its function? 
B. Activi tiy of tno foot of Alcctrion . 
Allow Alo c t:::-ion to bocome attached to 0. gL\!"'s plnto . 
Obsorve wi th 0. lons tho creeping surfaco of the foot . Do 
you distinguish rhythmic wavos passing ovor the foot fronl 
end to end? Aro Cilia pre3ent? 
Bv means of wax fasten Alectrion to tho bottom of 
a Syrac~se dish so tho.t the creo~ing surface of tho 
foot ~ill be up~erm08t . Pour S08 ~ator inco th3 dish 
until the surfo.ce film 1 s lovel \')1 th the ventral Gurfaco 
of tho foot . Observe the foot with a binoculr.r micro-
scope , noting cil i c ry activity, diroction of movemont of 
ccrmine particles , etc . 
natom 0:' a l o.mellibranch illustrat)~one of tho 
fol1owing :- I Vonus ( Dron , p . 124 ) ; ·2 ) Myo (Drew , p . 137): 
3 ) Modiolus ( Drow , p . 134 ) ; 4 ) Pecten ( Dro~ , p . 136 ). 
- 3 -
3rd . Doy . 
I . Fi .ish :ssect50n of la~ lliu~ 
P • . : . II . ______ .....:.:.._of t:1e gills of Ls_l_ot __ 
St~ay t~e fo1L01ing t.~es 01 ;~lls :-
a) P::'otobranchia - YoldL .• , 3010 .. ya or '~cula . 
( Dr 0 ;1 , p . 134 ) 
b) ?ilibranchia - Ho 101us 0::" :yt lus (Drew , 
D . 1 c5 ) 
c) }s ,u~ol~mollibrarchia - P 'oten, Os~ro • 
(Dr Y: , D. 136 ) 
u) r.lllal.lell ib~anclljl. - Venus, l.ya ( nr~:J , p . 
127, 
e) ~eptitra~chia - no rOlrasontntlvo herc . 
In (loch caSG '~art icu] ar 1'efo;oer'co Sf'oL1Ie, be l'lnt"o t 
(J.) grl)s:::: anatomy - number of gills on ot.,ch S.LO of t;1e 
boc'lJ ~:oJ.'mof-gTIl shee t; , etc . ; ( 2) ['"11). filHl.lt. ~_8.J_ 
sh'lpe , rof10c cC'd or non - refloctod , ortln , chntrlbn'cion 
of cili :-" pr-J8 nc,-- or abJenco of 1':t 'l' - '~llom)iltnY' , 
junction~ and of intor - },umollur juncti m~3 . 3tudy th 
g'i.ll 'fil['r'lo·lt . .., f~Ol:1 mounts of PO:ctil'ns of tho livin~ 
gill Bud a130 from stained scctions . 
III . As lUony of tho fo~lovJing stud~.os m':;' b0 lilr.de us timo 
pormits: 
By u81n0 carr.lino iJnrti cl us .J1 1.:J'Ietlc1Ucl in so::;. 
water dot..;rmino the c:t::..'cti()n of -shC' C1ll'ronts 
of v:ator thru tho 3ipho1J.s of Yoldia ( D::'on t) ~ 1;)4 , 
b ) Hya (Drew p . 1:39) CUl.l:!nr.;;i::;. , o:r nomo othOl' 
Ct/c.:tl ablc form . 
B. Ci liary Vo chanism of tho GilJs 
Plnce ~ovld ,)!'ed c JY'\"::lno l:; 1I'ticlos on th o b111s of 
I'llyti lus, Nlyo. or S(11~10 o thor form . Do tho p'1rt::cl c.," 
movo o.ntcriorly or r ostoriorl;)T? Vn1.ot conclusion 
do you droYI us t o tho m0thod of fo()ding ? Do tho 
l abial pu l ps take JJart ~.ll th o f')o(1ing 'I1'OCOS 3? 
C. Anatomy o nd J?unction of tho foot of Polo ~ypocl8 
a . F'0110w Dr cl\J }-I . I2{ SI.)C:"10118 ~ and 4 . 
b . Cut off the foot durj YJ.g e.x ') ansion and nou t; 
in sea ~ate~ on a elide . ~nto ciliary 
~'utivlty , munc'llar mo r emont8 ;,1 and uni -
c ollular mU ... OU3 glnnr]o co ntllning yollovl 
opherulo::: . 
4th Day . 
2 . Burro ling foot 
a . Primitive tYDe - Yoldis (Dre1 p . 133) . Note es -
pecia~l; i~s planter surface; co~_are 'ith the 
foot of Chaetopleura an the gastro ods . 
b . I'or e sp ec..2..:al ized t.'pe - Venus , Enois , C unint~ia , 
-e-cc . For ·(~ nsis see Dre'J, p . 140, ec . , 2 and 3 . 
_ Iso 0 serve the burro':Jing act if lossible in 
Cumingia , Venus, and others b J" pl cing on a 
sandy ~ottom in sea uater . 
c . De~cnerate Foot - ya , Ostrea . 
]S\amf'le the foot of Mya or Ost1"ea and comp 1"0 
\"lith the foot of Venus, Ensis , CUlllingia , etc . 
Also compare \1ith a byssogenous foot . Is u 
byssogenous foot degenerate? 
A. M. Anatomy of a Cephalopod . 
P . M. I . Study of snall , living specimen. (Drew . PV . 140 - 141) 
Demonst::-ution of' feeding in adul t sqn-td . 
II . Di ssec tl 0n of fro shly inj ec ted squid . The sp ecimen.] for 
study includo both 1:1< les and fr.ml[;\les as fur us possible . 
Two males and tno females should be dissected at ea ch 
table and their anatomy compared . (Dr evI , up . 140-151) . 
Note that after study of the "ventral " vi ew of the opened femo.lo 
the nidamental glands r.1Ust be removed . In both se:xes the digestive 
and circula tory s ys tems rnust be \ 'ked ou-: concurrently :. After ob -
serving the anteri or vena cavo. thi s 8ho,-11 d be ti ed off , cut , and 
reflocted to gain access to the liver o.nd oesophug 1S; similarly aftor 
study of the kidneys these organs must be carefully renoved to e:xp03o 
the stoma ch and systemi c heart . 
~ st.l~~· ~l :!or..ar.;.s , C\.y Jil.'-oIC!t...:S 111 ...... tf'"l4.1~:". :s: Dr \." • 
rhO. l (L j ,C~-(l .:;. ('1.:- _ ~ ,'':']1 r.s . " l~ ' 1£ il tr 
he td.~.l 0 ' t1 e C.L_'C 11.a:lrJ ";;v "e:;) 
.::i CO:.)<.:.r~.ti.\' . ..3:' l ~ O.~ bO'~C co ':.on 
dL' ;uti0r.. sLJ v. 
A stul;y ot' autoto.y.in Dca . SJ8 sJ t<!.i.a l l'r ct "_U.lC· t ~ i..' 
SJ.fo ~ 8 ti VY!S . 
11 study of tb.; 'lb.upli.u.8 1.'11'1.-a (il..rte :ll.L"J . 
s~le (, t . 
11 cO;:j)eri:.)o1" I..~' .... lle Ll~·si.::; ~,teg.:: or t;"l).e lob~:t t r wj th L a I' J t 
HG cbroIn;,'fds. 
S'1t'u'day. AUg'l~:3 I t::9 ; 
A S ~ l~U;Y of I ,L.11l1 us • 
J\;cdinR: r ac~iC'l:S, LCt~10'::' oc 10co"1 tioH , 
(U.:J6 ST'<.J.Jl SJ
'
0Ci r;L no a~l(t lUl'V[;.l .oo;T~af"J . 
t:xL'J~nal aJll.1toll~· . 
Rct'ov r to 'll'OW . ) 
Lnerall 1 3.torny . Fr ~shl;Y- killGu. r:.nirw.l:.:; WooL Ll b,:; proviJ..<. d . 
Pollo~J c...ir",cLions in Dr'cw . 
Monll.&y,mornin~ , .b.UgL..:3't :30, 9 : 00 0 ' c1cc' .• 
Laboratory r8COr(;.s in the form of lliJcll:.)cl dr.l.\tri.I1fD , t c:.b11.lt .Lu m; 
and brief notes arc due . 
Several co.,-,-:1 n forms are provid d . ·:u.:e a co'::r-,rrtive stldy 
of the external features and rec 1'0. their char<3. terl.stics ln tubular 
:'orT . Sor.:e of t~e fea tures \!:1ich. are fre~.,le .tl,~ of ingnostic 
".-alue are su ~ested for special .'ltte::1ticr: . 
Tribe Order ~ border 
-Caprellio.ea CA?RELIA 
~Ar.lPhiPOda< ---
peracarida______ Gammaridea TAT ')HCHE TIA 
~sopoda Idotheoio.ea ID TlEA 
----
~ ND. ta n t ia _ _____ rALAErlCl~E'l'ES 
Eucarida ___________ DecapOda~ 
ne~antia LIBINIA 
--------
Characteristics 
Body form : compressed laterally , or flattened , or cylinJrical ; 
---- elongate , or shortened? 
Body reGions : head , thorax and abdomen , or cepha lothorax , 8. bdomen j 
well - developed , or rudimentary? 
Carapace : present? if so , extent and form? 
Seo.;ments of thorax : free or fused with head ; number fused? 
·Segments or a bdomen : free or fused ; number fused? 
~'elson : shape and si::;e? 
Appendages of 
Head : particularly the o.ntennae - -number , lenGth and form? 
T'FiO"r'ax : number and }dno. ; biramous or uniramous ; chela te, sub-
chelate , non- chelate? 
A bo. omen : number and }':ind? 
Gi l ls : 10c a tion and. number? 
Eyes : stalked or sessile? 
'- _' ~ ... " J - r ::. u . . 
Srush the cla"j ':i:r..o t pulll.Drr ;2 the le[ an note t e ::' ,-ult. 
_s there any relati n bet\"ee _ the rc"'i0n f the 1e, inj :!'e Dnd the 
speed r frequency of autot my? 
Is there any relation bet\';een t.e type of stimulus used and 
fre':!uency of au totom.T ? 
~o nny a~imals eL~ibit altotilly after the cutting or crushing of 
the aPl:endage? 
RAamine the end of the stump which remains after au totl'lmy. 
3timulate the ventral ganglia in freshly killed s?ecimens t see if 
autotomy can be induced. 
(Dissect or hemisect for the nervous system) 
3timulate the nerves ')f the a)i)endage by inserting a fine pin at the 
joints. 
Perf orm artificial autotomy . Use either preserved or freshly-killed 
material . Hemisect the animal and remove the entire leg intact 
through the coxa _ Locate a large ~lscle inserted by a tendon on 
the basis dorsally . This is the autotomizer muscle . Pull ven-
trad on this tendon and observe the mechanics of the process ()f 
autotomy . 
Ho\'/ do you think the force exerted by your pullin8 on tlll.S tendon 
compares with the force exerted by the living crustacean wuscle? 
Pull on the leg ()f a dead crab and see if the breaking - joint is the 
weakest point structurally . 
If all the parts distal to the ischium are removed by a cut, can 
autotomy still be induced? 
Ref: 1.'vood· and l.'Vood : . Nechanism of Autotomy in Decapod Crustaceans . 
Jour . Exp . Zool ., 62 , 1932 . 
::.':iE :'A"J'PLl"JS LAR VA OF 'IRE '"' "T"'R n _ ...... "3RI: :r , ARflE' .I.L 
I . Place a ~ a1;.pl . M lar-Ja in a drop of :.fa t.cr 0 a cov 6::" - 811' and .... 
--"'-s t ldy its Cil'U'S c t 91'i sti c swim .:i!': .... ( a .d feedl. . - ) ,1 e.1e: ts . 
II . dj" few 18:13 C e:c fib~rs to t...~e '" , 'l! C co 7(1' 'lith a sec nr 
co er - sllo . ! ot1J. the ventraJ. n t~le dol's ... :" :3 u .. f ce of t.l 
larva can nO':I be s t.udied undor h10h ma~ ifi0:\ "j 0,1 . 
Yo ::.' at i:entio.1 is c lled t the fol10 'iL feat,\'..l'es : 
2~ A single, P8d':'an eye . 
3 . A large , r8ctangula~ upoer li? (labrum)e 
4 . Threo 0.) l'S of ap.9f?lldages . 
u . Thv ~ \:'(:~'io r ~)air arc uniramOll~l . t"~:..:.('.l: i~~ u 
rcJ.s.c .l/ely short , 'lll1jo1.utec.1 Ul:'p0'll1:~ge uo~ rlnr' '') 
sll-ae on t'10 freo extrot.li ty . 1'h \v sC:::'VG 1 1 rv[ 
:.';8 tacti le and swim .. in~ strwtu't'es and \J 11 form 
the first pRir of antennae ir tl-).u uc:uU~ . 
b . 'rhe ~~0 cond pall' ar -; birOomGus . Each is cmn:,oflvcl of , 
thumb - like 0ndoY)od i te, L. lart;cr 'iu"i:'coYliC'Ool t));OPO -
dl te alld a gna thobasG in tho form of :;t roc'ul"' 'od , 
coni c al structu::' o at tho bOos e of t-he l>roto~odi to. 
'::"hc se are })o\icrfl.~l or,:;uDs for s'"Ji ":tld!'1g Oond f'ood 
gr, thoring 1n tho 10. r v:.:t . The~- will form tho S oc onel 
peir of antennae j.n ~lO Oodult . 
c . The third pa:1_r o.re biramous in most Naup1 ii. In 
ArtJmia t horo is D. short protopoJ~to bnDrin~ c 
tE)r~'1ino.l , finger - shOoo0C ondofoditc . '.LI:-WSC ,'1'0 
principally used for 8vdmminc in the 1 urv..l hut 
will moto. '-:J.orphos 0 into tho mc.ndi hlc S 0:;.' tho odul t . 
5 ~ A digestive tra c t consisting of mouth, oosonhngus , stomnch, 
int e stine and anus . 
6 . Mus c l oD whi ch movo the o.ppondages . They origina t o in a 
mid - dorsal reglnn . 
LIF:2 HIST)RIES CF REPR~S~rT .• TIVE C21.1 ST .. eRA. 
In the tabular outline be 10 '1 the s tnge a. t hich hn thing 
occurs ~s indicated by the use of ~ ca.ital Jett2r or letters . 
In ca~e the organis~ hatches at s ~ point not col cijing vith 
a definite listed stage, the letter .t is used tC" indicnte 
hatching point . Symbols f r the several stn{;es follow: 
c---cypris mn---metnnauplils 
H---hatehing point my---mysis " 
mg --mcgalopa mz ---metazoea 
n ---na 1 liu~ 
pz --protozoea 
" z --- zoen 
(E1 TOI'DSTRAC!~) I , I I: ~'t'-
Phyllopoda ------------------n ----MN~-e;rrdUallY to ... t- --~--- -- dult 
Cladocern (summer ee;gs) --!------!- ----------i--- --- - f-- - I---- -- adult 
" (vlinter ee; s )---n ---~-MN-- ------I-------r -- !- ---~-- Cl.iult 
Copepoda r. l! I I I 
Eucopepoda (free) - ------""I-N ---- mn~- -- ... -- - 1- - -!-- --t --~-- -1--- sdul t 
tr • t . () 'H 1 • tl,... I It para Sl l.C "n -----,-n - --mn -- ara,sl. p --- --,----:--- a u 
II II (b) -----:- n --H- f--- ---paraj!:D.tb --- -------,'--- adult 
Branehiura (Ar"'ulus) -----'- n-l- H- I---J-- ---""1---:----~ --,- ------ adult :> , I . ! )s tra coda --- ---------- ------N -1-- -1--- -,-C -- --;- --1---- --~- --,- ---adult 
Cirripcdia ; 1 I J 'i I ! i 
Thorac ica (Lepa s ) - -- -- -- -I-N-l-- ~- - - -c - - _eo<_ - -1- - - -r --1- - --,- - - -adult 
II (Ba.lanus ) ------I-nJ---j-NN~-C --- -1 __ -!--- ----,-- --'1- - - - adul t 
Rhizf)cephala (Saeculina)~-N 1-- i-mni-c ------ -:-------!----,--- -adult 
o.1AL.t\C ')STRACA ) , J : J' , I I 
Amphi poda - - - - -- - - --- - - - ----:-n -- -1- -- ,-- - - -~- - -/- - - - - - -1- - - -rH--adul t 
Isopoda -------------------~-N1-i~ brqod pouqn t~til -~---l----adult 
Sehiz opoda - - ------------ - --I-N-l-in brrlod ,pouclh until --1- - - -1-- -adult 
I ' I '1 1 I' Stoma topoda -- -- --- ----- -- - - ,- n -I- ---- -1-- ---""\ Z l i-- -- ---i- ---1-- --adult 
De capoda i ! : Ii! I 
Ma e rur a ii ' I . ! ' 
Peneidea ---------------I- N ---1 mn--- -PZj-Z -1---- my!- - --1--- - adul t 
, Sergestidea (many )-----l-n~I--~------ - pz -z-J---- m~----I----adult 
! Lucifer ... ----- -- --- - - ~-n ---i-~rn -- - -pz-l-z - j-- -- -mYl--- -!---!-adul t 
I Eue yphidea --- - - ---- - -- + .n ---1-- -1-" -- --{- z~-- - --mYJ--- -!---j-adul t As tae idea ! J I. ! i I I 
, Homarus amer icana ----i-n - - -l- - -1-- -- --j- --1- --- - ~1Yj- ---1- - -I-adult l Cambarus -- - - -- - -- - ---:-nj- - -- -- - -- - - - .-- -1- -- - -- -1- ---i- H--adul t I ' " -. ' ,' , Anomura ---- - - --- - - - ---- -n- - ---- - -I---i- - - -'- :~ -i-mz +----mg -'-- ... - adul t 'J, ,I ' Braehyura -- - --------- --- ---!-n-:--i---1---t- -- -'-Z-J-mz - !-- -!- mg - ,---l-adul t 
1 I : ' I ' ; ! 0 - _ . __ _ __ •__ ._. _ ...--l...._ _--..L...... __ . t _. ___ • 
:-auplius 
_1etanauplius 
Cypris 
" Protozoea 
" Zoea 
II Hetazoea 
Mega lopa 
Mysis 
STAGES I - DEVEL P!fENT CRUSTACEA 
Body: Unsegment~d 
~ Simple, median, x-shaped. 
~endares: T:b...ree )airs , fi::.~st pair pre -eral . Later 
- bec.)",..:; antenn-10s , _'ltcr"K_e , ~nd mandible. 
)cc~rr8,:ce : I'ree S-.'l!"'-_r[ .. SCi. e in lar0 e number of 
----u-~ :V7trac", . J.li l.::._~ ec '3 crr-.en. usually pa ssed 
vii thir.. eg~;. 
Bod~: Begirilling segmentation in postmandibular region. 
~: Similar to that of Nauplius (simple, median, 
x -shaped) . 
AppendaGes: As in Nauplius (three pairs) 
')ccurrence: Fir st larval form in -Apus, winter egBs of 
Leptodcra, Lucifer, Hippolyte. 
Body: ,1antle folds present; resembles stracod. F Id 
become calcified in adult (Barnacles), or entire 
thoracic and abdominal regi ons sl ugh off when 
animal assumes parasitic mode of life (Sacculina) . 
Eyes: 1 simple and 2 compound. 
Appendages: antennules become organs of adhesion, 
antennae disappear . 6 pairs swimming feet present . 
Body: Distinctly separated into cephalothoracic an 
--abdominal regions. Former covered by carapace; 
latter imperfectly segmented and lacks appendages . 
~: Paired, compound, sessile. 
Ap)?endage s: As in Nauplius plus 2 pa ir s maxi llae and 
t-3 pairs anterior thoracic ap?endages . 
Occurrence: In many Malacostraca, as free swinuning 
for ms. 
Body: Abdomen d istinctly segmented. 
Eyes: Paired, compound, stalked. 
Appendages: As in Protozoga. 
r.ccurrence: 
Body: Abdomen distinctly segmented. 
Eyes: Paired, compound, stalked. 
Appendages: : Full number cephalic and thoracic 
appendages. (5 plus 8). Latter uniramous. Abd. 
append, developing. 
Occurrence: First larval stage in nearly all 
Brachyura. 
~ody: Large broad cephalothorax; small abdomen. 
~: Paired, compound, large. 
'A"PP8ndages: As in Meta zoea. 
Occurrence: As 2nd. Stage in nearly all Brachyura. 
Body: Cephalothorax, abdomen. Latter distinctly seg-
mented. 
fyes: Paired, compound, stalked. 
tPendageS! Full number thoracic appendages; biramous . 
A dominal appendages developing. 
0ccurrence: In many Decapoda. 1st larval stage in 
Homarus and in Palinurus. Adult stage in Michthei-
mysis and in Euphausia. 
k..: 
.. ---/ 
' f " 
... - (\ ,/ ~ 
,\i ' J" 
/ \./ 
/ -.. -
lC--
'-:=-=-- -- - \ ~- - ~ -~ . .. . ' 
( ~-
-_1\.._--_ .... _. 
.,-., 
'--1-·,f 
.~ '- - - ' .. I -'~I, 
r ·_ .-/ 
: I 
'--' --- 1 
i 
- --- I 
I 
! 
I 
I 
" I I I ~ \ I 
j I 
--l--+-. 
1. 
2 . 
3 . 
4 . 
5 . 
6 . 
7 . 
8 . 
9 . 
10 . 
l I. 
l e. 
b . 
i . 
m. 
cr . 
p . 
d . 
proto",)od.i to 
exoJ?ouite 
encioj1odi te 
exito 
endi te 
gnathobase 
8 tel' ni te 
lergtte 
cara~)ace 
'j,ll chambor 
plauron 
coxa 
basis 
iscli. i m'1 
mer .:!.::.; 
car) ".1.8 
pro) oJus 
dactylus 
1937 
:bra o';;itz , A. • (1936) .'ction of Crusta oan e';i - st, n extrlct on 
mel::lno.::-hores 0:: h.,ryo:;>h~;sect01 ized fis!J.e<> , n,! hi ians a. d ' ~ ­
tiles . Proc . Soc . Exp . Biol . ~ed . 34 , 714 . 
Abramo 'Ii tz , ~ . C. (193G) The act:i.on of intermedin on cr lstace n 
mela,o.hores und ~f t~e crustacean hormone on Ellsruobp81 h 
melanophores . Proc . at . Acnd . Sci . 22: 521 -52~ 
AndreTIs , E. A. (1883) 
Trans . Conn . Acad . 
On the Anatomy of Libinia emarginuta . 
6:99 - 121 . 
Carl son , S . P . (1936) Color changes in Brachyur· Cru:3tacE\ans , 
especially in Uce pugilator . Kungl . Fysiongrnfisk~ 88Jl knpots 
I Lund F8rhandlinear Vol . 6 Nr . 9 
Churchill , E. P ., Jr . (1919) Life hhltory of the Bluo Crab~ Bull . 
U. S. Bur . Fish., 36:93 - 128 . 
Darby , H. H. (1934 - 36 ) Papers from Tortugas Labo~atory , Curl gio 
Institution of Washington . Vol . 28 , etc . 
Emmel , V. E. (1910 ) Differentiatiol1 of tissues 1.n the regenernt.il g 
crustacean limb . All1 . J . Anat . Vol . 10 , pp . 109-15G . 
Hanstr8m, B. (1935 ) Preliminary report on the probable connection 
between the blood- gland and the ch~omatophore activator in 
decapod crustaceans . Proc . Nat . Acad . Sci . 21 , 584 . 
Heath, Harold (19 24 ) The external development of certain Phyllopods . 
Jour . Morph. 38 : 453 - 475 . 
Herrick , F . H. ( 1909 ) 
u. S. Bur . Fish . 
Na tural History of the Ameri c on Lobster , 
1911 , 29:149 - 408 
Johnson , Geo . E. ( 1924 ) Gi ant nerve fibers in crustaceans, with 
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- 2-
Parker , G. H. (1932) T _0 " ovene. ts of the ati Gl iu nt Erg 1 . 
':'01 . 9 : 239 . • 
Patten, ~ . oEd Rede.bo .gh, ~ . (1 99 ) 
Endocralin of Lim Its, Apus, and 
16:1 - 25 . 
st dies 0' 
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Color Changos in Crustaceans, es. eCia11y 
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- 3 -
in ':00" , "-'lo"o.:co Do',cl<.! "r. - 'Io""c.co ~:I ':' ',n 
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:: i 01 • , 3 ~3 0 c . 20 : 
Yon0e ~ c. ,; . (193G) On 'lIl0 i1Zltu n e ale] .)trmoa"'ilit,r 0 C'~.LtO\1 . 
II. '1:'10 e"":lG[l'-"'llit~, of tl:e unca1c'iii()cl c],-t:;o~' 1ini 1~, t' 0 
forecuc of .tIOl.laru8 . T) . If) - ,,,,l . P"'or . 0 .... 'e :,0;)" . oc . T;LH'c1o , 
Sc_'ie s :1. . vol. 120 . 
See Pru'ct and Drv':i for i.ddi-c.,oGa1 refo:rerces on alF'Co;:W at 1 
classif5.cc t.LOll . 
KEY T THE 3RY ZOA OF THE ',iOCLS HOLE R!~GI. 10 ~T LIKELY T BE ECT . 
(After )sborn). 
I.1LOSSARY 
AD.L:"''IE - Attached to substra t'..:m at the ba k and par tly free ~ 
/"iVIV- ;.RIA- Zo ecia modified to look like birds' heads, with, ov ble 
jaws. Function urJm wn. 
ALCIFIED - Infiltrated with li~e salts , givin3 fr sted vhite n ear-
ance . 
K 'j RGSTI JG - Formiq; a rust of zooe ia ~i th the a "ks of all 
attachec to a more or less broad surfa e. 
LOPHOPHORE - Ring around the nouth to whi h tentacles are atta~hed . 
OOECIill - Zooecium modified as a brood p~uch . 
OOECIOSTOiE - Tube leading from the ooecium to the aperture . 
OPERCULUN - Lip overhanging the mouth or ':)rifice. 
PEDU CL3 - Stalk of a Zooecium. 
STOL)N- Cor:nection between the zooecia of a colony or zooa ium, 
drawn out into a strand like a root stalk or trailing 
vine. 
VIBRACULA - Long more or less fle:xible zooecia modified to res ,mbl 
spines or hairs. Function unkn wn. 
ZOOECIUM- THE INDIVIDUAL CAS~ E CLOSING THE LIVING INr'IVIDUAL OR 
ZOOID . 
ZOOARIUM - THE AGGREGATE OF ZOOECIA ENCLO SING A 'iHOL'~ C'OLO}J'Y OF Z OID-;. 
Key. (This does not cover forms not freqaently four:d) 
Anus inside lophophore; lo ~hophore not retractile.Entoprocta.A. 
Anus outside 10phophore; lophophore retractile. Entopro ta . D. 
Individuals solitary, not colJnial. Lophophore oblique . 
Lo:xoso:nidae . B. 
Colonial; lophophore transverse ; Stolonate----Pecticellinictae.C. 
(Bl- 18-30 tentacle s; foot sma~l,l; 2 mm. long. --Lo:x:)soma davenporti. 
B(B2- About 8 tentacles; foot small; 1/2 mnl. l~ng.--Lo:xosoma minuta . 
Peduncle not enlarged at base near stol ~n; Pedi ellina cernua. 
Peduncle enlarged near base; stalk not perforated . Barentsia 
major. 
Peduncle enlarged near base; stalk perforated or nreolate . 
B. discreta. 
No opercula nor ooecia; Orifice circular; zooecia tubular and 
calcified; round mouthed forms .-------CYCLOSTOMATA .--E. 
Operculum present; zooecia usually calcified; and with ooocia 
and appendiculorio; lipped mouthed forms .-CHILOSTOlitT~. -F. 
Operculum of a ring of setae; never calcified; no avidulario, 
vibraculo, nor ooecio; soft chitinous wolls; zoonrio 
stolonote, en~rusting plant -like , or in fleshy lobes; 
Comb -mouths. Ctenostomoto --K 
Key t Srr~z~~ (cont1d) 2 . 
oints horny; 0 eci''1:'1 peQr-sh[\ped; lon,:; tubular r~di 0.1 pr asses 
Crisia eburnen, or othvrs. 
Zo arium lobate or branchod; adnate or fro 1 ~n incursting ase; 
tub lar, in single s0ries or contis OUS.(Tlbulipor~ or) 
rarely (Stomatopor[\.) found. 
stol note, with expansion on Stolon where tubular zo e i~ (vith 
L. terol membrar:. us area and termi al orifi e) ome 1'1'. 
Aetea Anguina. 
Not incrusting nor cal ified; zooccia I osely unitcd; o.ppc. do.ges 
pedunculate and jOintod;-------Buguln----------G. 
Incrusting; cnlcified; front vall of zooecio. depressed, mem-
branous and partly bridged by c ' l nfeous shelf; zoo cial 
borders raised.----------------Membrcniporn----H. 
No median pore, but of tun 0. smnll rounded nvicQQrium so plo. ed; 
lower margin of primary orifice with a definite noteh; or 
cells erected , with aperture guardod by 0. projection with 
nvic . on tho SidO--------------MfriozoidnO.----I. 
L~wer mnrgin of principal orifice strn ght (oc ·usiono.lly rounded), 
without notch, thou h overgrowth of second~ry m rgin mo.y 
simulo.te n notch; l~ternl m ,rgins of orifice m~y bo[\r teoth; 
Avicul~ria may be present relnted to thu orifice; zooocio. 
incrusting, not oroct .---------EschQridQe .----- ~. 
Orifice occupies nonrly ~vhole front of zooecium; no spine below 
orifice; stalk of colony with uncinate hooks; zooecia 
biserlate and in spirals -------Bugula gracilis var. 
uncinata 
One str~ng spine at outer ed~e or orifice; ovicell at angle with 
axis of biseriate, spirally ar~an3ed zooecia; beak of 
avicularium not toothed.-------BuGula turrita. 
4 spines above; ovicell in line with axis; beak toothed. 
BUGula cucullifera. 
No marginal spines except at top; ooecia small and hemispherical; 
avicularia alike and small; Zooeeia 4- 6 in number across 
eaeh branch of the fan-shaped flattened zooarium. 
Bugula flabellata . 
Other Bugulas differ from the above ones in minor points but are rare. 
Membranipora 
Front wall, inside rais ed margin, all membranous; no ooecia , 
avie . not spines; or only slender erect spinules; 
Membranipora la~roixii . 
Area of front wall, below raised margin, perforated with large 
pores; spines strong and well developed. 
Membrani~ora pilosa . 
Similar to M. pilosa , but not perforated; wea er spines; median 
ventral spine stout (others usually absent) . 
Membranipora monostachys 
Key to Bryozoa ( ont'd) 3. 
Spines feo; (2); oe i'm oresent with small s bere t avi ularium 
at forward end .--------------Membrar-ipcra unicor is. 
Spines (13 or more) be t downward over the apertu~e and flat 
in ross-section; directed strongly forward. 
,embranipora craticula. 
Spines present nly as stout tubercles; calcified lamina well-
developed half closing the area; strong t eth pro e tin 
twward center .---------------Uembranipora tenuis 
Adnate zooecia more or less distil ct; wall somewhat cylindri 1, 
thin and hyaline; no avicularia; tooecia not pr longed at 
base; us~ally forming a crust, but often ere ted i older 
colonies.--------------------Hippothoa hyalina. 
Calcified; encrustinG or folia eous; continuous crust;avi ularia 
absent; ovicell with special pore; primary orifice 
usually obscrued;------------Schizoporella sinuosa. 
Similar to the above; but avicularium pointed, on one or both 
sides of lower border of aperture; mandible pointing for-
ward and outward; Ovice11 without special pore. 
Schizoporella unicornis. 
Like the above, but avicularia rounded or spatulate, not 
pointed; small oval one on a mound on one or both sides 
of orifice; ovicel1 with depressed area with radiating 
furrows.--------- .----- ------Schizoporella biGterta. 
Like the above, but small rounded avicularium centra ly just 
below the notch; depressed area of ovioell with pores, 
regularly placed , in place of furrows.--
Schizoporella auriculata. 
Primary orifice without posterior tooth or shelf; no sub-oral 
avic., spine or mound; secondary orifice , when raised, 
never a sinus at the posterior margin; orifice large, 
elongate, widened near its posterior end; ooeoia and 
avicularia absent.~----------Lepralia pallasiana. 
Like the abeve , but orifice smaller, inner anterior oral margin 
finely toothed; lateral to oth large and double; Avicu-
laria abundant and of two sizes; Ooecium broader than 
long; a transverse membranous area above the orifice. 
Le~ralia serrata. 
Like the above , but zooecial and ooeclal pores small and 
numerous; the former rounded and often broader than long; 
projecting marginal denticles give the posterior rounded 
border the appearance of a broad sinus or notch . 
Lepralia pertusa . 
Like the above, but zooecial pores few and large; zooecial 
opening quardrungular and usually Widest posteriorly. 
Lepralia americana. 
Posterior margin of orifice has overhanging pointed bump , or 
mucro, without Qvicularium; no avicularia; ovicells 
present; zooecia smQl~ and slightly convex; flat with 
age ~--------------------- ----Mucronella peachii. 
(- -
( 6 
( 
( 
- ( 
.. \ 
(;:n -
.. 
\ 
Key to Brylzoa (cont'd) 
Avic"laria absent 0:., ... 12rge ar..d not on a rcstr1.'m; oste ior 
torder of primary orifice wi promiLe t toot - like or 
she1f - li:'e project~oL; orif~ e r ur.. ed ost , riorly , 
~ith small usually ~oi .ted toot. or r..one; vi ularium 
jus"G behind orifice . ----------St:li ttia D )ri1'er8. . 
Like the above, but orifice straightpr in post3rior m ruin; 
tooth broader; ';it..."1o It avicula:r-i"m ,i lSt ehind crifice; 
v'ith or without laree pointed avi ulari"lnl ia a diti '1 
to smaller ones ------------ - - -Smittia trispir.osa. . 
! Kl - In brow~ gelatinous 
r.a te; orifi ce 
as operculum; 
crust armed with horny SpillCS; r:ot st~lo-
2- lip:,ed , with one lip mv\rable 9.E<1 I) .tinJ 
o~ Fucus and As ophyllum. - - - -
Flustrella hispida~ 
'K~ - In yellowish gelatinous crust without spines; no Ii s; orifi. 
G losed by invagination of tentacle sheatl; zooarium not 
impregnated with earthy matter; without papilla; ('In 
crabs , mytilus , and big scallops . - -Alcyonidium P1ytili .. ~_ 
Other Alcyonidia have spines and earthy motter , but are 1101 
commor ... . 
StoloLate; not gelatinous; zooecia with flattened area more 
membranous than the rest of the wall , covorlnr; most of 
the ventral side; Zooecia clust(~rcd in ,)811"'8 t ... odes 
of the sto l on; 4 stron~ spines at the top of zooecium. 
HippuraiR armata . 
Like the above , but wi thout spines on l'innotheres . 
Hippuraria elongato . 
Stolonate ; not Gela ti nous; no flattened ventral arcH; creeping 
or rising i n p l ant - lik e tufts; not imprecnoted; Zooecia 
Larrow at base next stolon; expanded tentacles form 
circle; gizzard present ; zooecia clusterod in double 
spir al r ows on er ect br anc;"ling stem--Amathia dinhotoma . 
Like the above , but zooar i um croepin3 with erect shoots; 
zooecia i rregularly disposod and occasionally clustorod; 
basal por t of zooecia wi t}.lout pro j ections; 
Bower bankia ~racilis . 
Like the above ex c ep t for tho ,')resence of pointe or dividod 
Drocess nca r t he base of zooecium on outer side . 
Bovl/Crbankia eracil is var . 
caudata . 
Key t o f r eshwa t or Bryozoa is no t included here . 
Most c onunon ones are underlined . 
Laboratory directions for study of Bry~ ~~a 
study the forms submi tted , for the f llo'/;ing feat res; - ( I'ot 11 t "bo 
found) 
:) Habit of the Zo arium or col ny ase . 
2) A Typical zooeci ~ , as to rifi e shape , s ines, ~ores, 
character of cover , etc . 
3) Presence , position, and type of Avic"laria, and Vibra ula, 
Ovicells or Ooecia . 
4) Polypide orgars; - te tacles , loph phoro , diaphragm, oeso-
phagus , stomach, intestine, funiculus , retra tor muscles, 
Cilia , brown bocty , intertentacular organ. 
5) Regenerating zooids . 
6) Look for developing embryos in ovicells . 
Morning study:-
I . Study and compare as outlined in Drew, Bugula flabellata 
and B. turrita . Note the method of retracti on of tentacles 
and time the rhythm for various individuals . Note evidences 
of gemmation or a sexual mul tiplication . ote di l ferel es in 
number of rows of zooecia , and sp ines, and position of avi u-
loria , in the two species . Note the mode of activity of 
avicularia . Note the SWimr1ing Larvae--Cyphonautes--of Bugula 
flabellata in finger bowl , or B. turrita, if available . 
II . Compare also with Flustrella sp . Note the different habit 
and mode of attachment . 
Afternoon study;-
I. Study the Zooari a and"Zooecia of Membr aniporo sp ., La ralia 
sp., Schizoporella sp., and Crisia sp ., Note ovicells where 
found. 
II . On the slides pr ovided study and search for Burentsia sp ., 
an Entoproct. Bowerbankia may also be pres 0nt , and young 
colonies of other forms studied ab0ve . 
~III. If time permi ts look at the permanent slides for Loxosoma 
sp., the onl y solitary type of Bryozoan. Statoblasts of 
Cristatella sp., arc also shown. 
N. B. Students wishing credit will complete the study of tw o forms, 
for organs, as outlined above and to~osr~*hlcal and ~. 
Earat1~e study of the zooee1a of any 4 o~ers. 
Characteristics of the two classes f Bryoz Q om ored 
and ontrasted. 
A.--Entoprocta or Phylum-Calyssozoa or mptozoa. 
I. Individual consists of 0. calyx 0 head ~ith vis era e.closed 
+ a contractile stalk . Tentacles not retractilo into the 
coelom. 
II. Lo )h~phore circular with one row f tentacles . Both mouth 
and anus inside the vestibtlc. 
III . Tentacles may roll inward and be covered by on pistome or 
flap growing from the base. 
IV. No coelomic cavity, as viscera fill whole hBad, or jelly 
fills it. Tentacles not pulled into it. 
V. U- shaped digestive tube • oesophagus + stomnch + cilintod 
intestine. 
VI . P aired gonads open to the vestibule. Unisexual or hormapru:'o-
ditic. Lox~soma SPa have gonads function first as ovaries 
then as testes . Fertilization is external. 
VII . Paired kidney tubes with flame cells, open into tho rectum or 
into vestibule . 
VIII. Nervous system = ganglion between the mouth and anus + 
radiating nerves . 
IX . No blood vessels nor blood fluid . 
X. Periodically lose calyx and its contents , and new calyx 
develops from regenerating bud on tho stalk . Powers of 
regeneration are very great . 
XI. No special sense organs yet found . 
XII. Found in both fresh and salt water . 
3 families with 20 species. 
( 1 ) 
( 2 ) 
( 3) 
Loxosomidae;-Solitary with young buds attached . 
Lophophore oblique. Marine . 
pedicellinidae±- colonial . Marine . Stalked forms 
from a sto onlike stem. 
Urnatellidae ;-Colonial . Freshwater on sides of 
stones . 
Characteristics of Tw Classes of Bryozoa 
C mpared and Contrasted. 
B--Ect procta. 
I. Zooecium stalked or sessile. Tentacles retrn tile, talk 
not retractile. 
II. Lophophore circular or C-shaped. Anus outside tho vestibllo. 
III . No epistome, but some have an per ulum or comb-like mom-
braneus cover. 
IV . Coelom present. Viscera end tentacles may be dra~ il by 
retractor muscle. Coeloms may intercoITlI :uni ate in colonial 
forms. 
V. U-shaped digestive tube with caecum off thu stomach. 
Funiculus holds gut to bottom of zooecium. 
VI . Hermaphrodite. Testes usunlly on the funiculus. Ovaries 
oither there or on side wall peritoneum. May fertiliz~ in 
coelom or in ovary of fresh water species. Develop to 
larvae in Ooecia or in coelom. 
VII . No kidneys yet demonstrated . Some hold intortentaculnr 
organ is one . Some say sperm and ova get out through it. 
Gut is probctbly excretory. "Brown bodies" may be n moans 
of ex cretion. 
VIII. Nervous system as in entoprocts, where demonstrated. Some 
have none yet found. 
IX. No blood vessels; but blood fluid fills coelom. 
X. Periodically produce brown bodies which are eithor extruded 
or retained. From the rest of the body wall a bud develops 
as if from a s e ttling larva. New caecum is relctted to 
brown body, digests it, passes it out the anus. II/by be 
excretory device. Regenerating p owers arc great . Statoblasts 
or internal buds in freshvlator fortas. settle and pass winter 
and regenerate in :' sp:d.;pg. 
XI. No special sense organs yet found. 
XII. Beth fresh and salt water forms . 2 orders:- or 3, according 
to Borg. 
( 1) 
( 2 ) 
( 3) 
GKmOlaemata; Marine forms with O- shaped lophophore . 
P ylactolaemata; Fresh-wator forms. C-shaped 
lophophore. 
Stenolaemata.- Cyclostomata, Crisia and such forms. 
Marino. Round mouthed forms. 
Ge~leral Accounts . 
Chadwick , H. C., 1900 . iiemoir Liverpool Marine Biol . Ont'1. . #3 
ECHL U .. 
-------------- 1914 . Memoir Lj.verpool :larine Biol. Omt1 . #22 
Echi .oderm larvae . 
-------------- 1933 . Memoir Liverpool :-arine Biol . mm. #25 
Asterias . 
Gemmill , J . F., 1914 . The Development and Certain Points i. the 
Adult Structure of the Starfish, Asteri s 
rubens L. Phil . Trans . Roy . Soc . Lo don . 
B. vol . 205 . 
Special Studies 
Clark, H. L., 
Cole , 
Field . 
Fuj iwara, T. 
1902 . 
1913 . 
1913 . 
1892 . 
1935 . 
Gemmill , Jas . F ., 1912 . 
Hagashi , R. 
Hopkins , A. E., 
Irving, L., 
Kindred , J ." E. 
Kille , F . R. 
1935. 
1926. 
192{l; . 
1926 . 
1924 . 
1935 . 
Jennings , H. S., 1907 . 
MacArthur , J . W., 1924 . 
Echinoderms of the Woods Hole R gion . Bull . 
U. S . Fish . Comm . 1902, p . 506 . C. 5483 . 
printed 1904 . 
Experiments on Coordination and HiGhting 
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Di~ection of locomotion in the Starfish, 
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Larva of Asterias v11garis~ Quart . Jour . 
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Locomotor function of the Lantorn in 
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Stars . I . Anatomy of Henricia sanguinolenta 
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Hokkaido Imp. Univ . Series VI . Zool . 4 
( 1) : 1 - 26 . 
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Ciliary Currents in the Starfish, J . E. Z. 
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1926 . 
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Behavior of the Starfish Asterius forreri . 
Univ . Cal . Pub . Zool . vol . 14 . " 
Experimen tal study and a physiological 
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- 2 -
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---------- ---- --
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J . E. Z. vol . 46 
1927 . Lcicomotion and rightin0 movoments in 
Echinoderms , os '~ecially in Echin rachnius. 
Am. J . Psychol . 39 : 16 7- 186 . 
1929 . Determination of the skeloton forming 
macerial at the timo of tho first c)eavagc 
in the eggs of Eohinus and l)aracontrotus. 
~ . Roux' Arch . Entwick, Organ . 155: 380~395 . 
Romanes , G. J ., 1885 . Jellyfish, Starfish and Sea Urchins . London 
International Scienco Suries . 
Stier , Tt J _, 1933 ~ Diurnal Changes in Activities and Geotropism 
in Thyone briareus . BioI . Bull . 64 (3) : 
326 - 331 . 
Tennant , D. H. and Hoague 1906 . Studies on tho devolopment of tho 
starfish egg . J . E. Z. vol . 3 . 
Tennant , D ~ H .• , C. V. Taylor and D. M. \,lhi ttaker , 1929 . An investi-
gation on orc;anization in a sea urchin 
ogg . Pub . #391, Carnegie Ins t . Wa she 26 . 
Van del' Heyde , H. C. 1922 . On the Physiology of digostion, respira-
tion and excretion in Echinoderms, Helder , 
C.. de Boor , J r. Hall and . 593 . 9,0 V. 28 in 
M. B ~ L. Li br ary . . 
KEY TO THE ECHI.ODER' S OF VOODS HOLE . 
I. Radii more or less elongated to form 3 5-rayed star. Rody and 
arms not distin tly marked off from each other, •• STARFISH 
(1) Small red star with feet in tw rows; pedicellariae 
wanting; body bright re., p role lave der, or yell w, 
above, yellowish belo'v; dis small, arms 1 ng and 
cylindrical, •••• HE T::tICIA SA '1UINOLENTA . 
(2) Arms 5, blunt, stout and ylindrical; 4 rows of feet 
per ray; spines few and oarse; madreporite bright 
orange; color very variable, greenish bla k, most 
commonly; 30 fathoms to shore, •• AST:RIAS FORBE I. 
II. Rays much elongated into slender cylindrical arms, sharply 
set off from central disc; 2 rows of ambulacral appendages 
lack suckers; no anus; madreporite on oral surface in an 
inter-radius; 2 slits at base of each arm int genital 
bursae; no cilia on external surface; no pedicellariaej 
spines usually from sides of arms, • • BRITTLE OR SERPENT STAR . 
(1) Oral papillae present; arms with distinct and 
regular superficial plates; lateral spines on 
arms small and close to the surface; disc granulated; 
arm plates regular and distinct; lateral plates 
bear spines which lie close to surface; 4 bursal 
slits in each inter-radius; brachial sp ines short 
and smooth; disc pentagonal; green or brownish; 
spines short , no scales, •• OPHIODERMA BREVISPINA. 
(2) Oral papillae present; plates regular and distinct; 
lateral arm plates with short solid spines which 
stand out from the surface of the arm, rather stout 
and conspicuous; disc covered with scales be dring 
granules or small spines; arms longer than in preceding; 
color very variable ; both scales and s~ines Daisy 
Brittle Star, ••• OPBIQPHOLIS A~EA A. 
(3) Disc small; without spines but covered by scales; 
arms slender; 6 oral papillae in each corner of the 
mouth, outer two very wide; 2 scales to each tentacle; 
color gray or yellowish; radial shl~lds whitish; 
arms 2-4 cm. long; soales but ~ spines , • • • • • 
AMPHIPOLIS SQUAMATA. 
III. Test rigid; with movable spines. Subgl~bular, •• SEA URCHINS . 
(1) Circular outline and peristomial gills; spines solid 
and rather large; ambulacral a:ceas narrow; aboral, 
ambulacral feet without suckers; subglobular; inter-
rays naked at aboral end; color reddish brown to 
purple; common here. Purple urchin, ••••••• 
ARBACIA PUNCTULATA. 
-~ , -
OF 'voeD HOLE . 
(2) Circ~lar o~tli~e; test rigid; sDi~es olid; eri_ r oct 
i'l.:.th r.:ar~y .lates.: ;Ij( 'e than 3 pairs f ores i1 
a!"1·-t:.la~ra- pla:'es (4 - 1J~ : spines sl€>. 'er a, d fluted; 
t'.lbc::,c~ps !:ot a'l f Sq,11C' si.ze; r Owe col r ~reel:; 
fo ~:1ci ."lorth of here, Grdor! :'?rchi _, • 
STROl GYLOCE"ITRCl'l'US I'ROSB:._,H:g!:. IS . 
IV . Test rigid; flatten ed to a disc; ants marginal; spines sh rt 
and fir.e , Sar:d Dollars , ••••• ECliDt'\R . .\ HNI TS P.,RI .. 
V. Test redu ed t o hooks or wanting_ Body soft ald mu vular, 
SEA CUCUMBERS . 
( 1 ) Ambulacral feet present; 10 bran~hes ral 
feet scatterd thickly ~ver the body; col 
brown to black purple; large and opaque • 
THYONE BRIAREUS . 
tentacles; 
r dull 
• • 
(2) No ambulacral feet; 10-13 pinnate tentacles; ~ne 
pol ian vesicle; calcareous bodies in the form of 
anchors with s errate arms and perforated plates; 
partly transparent, •••••• LEPTOSYNAPTA SP . 
(a) Tentacles 12, with 5--7 pairs of side 
branches; 10--30 cm. long; 5-10 broad; 
color whitish; common in sand, •••• 
LEPTOSYNAP 'L'A INHAERENS. 
(b) As above, but 2--3 pairs side branches on 
tentacles; 10 cm. or less long; color rosy 
'!:~_9; usually unaer s :~.::,L~~' . . . LEPTOSYNAPTA 
HOSEOLA . 
ECHINODER !ATA 
Direc tions for La bora tory fork 
;)irec ions in Drew r s - !anua 1 \'1i 11 be very useful in supph:menting the 
fnll'J"i/ing d irections. • B. .'lark here a tlined is for 3 days. Use 
.,!~,tc~~l[".l to best a(~vantage. 
I . ::;;-tc::lal st::-'1..('~a~\.s . I'entify the f61lov/ing:-oral and aboral sur-
fa c c3 , no' Jc'l. "'_n~s ~ marl.reporic plate, ambulacral grooves, tube 
feet, tlr.":1.i:_~ 1 e:-c -spo t , dermal branchiae, spines, pedicellariao. 
!I . RG~av~or of the Animal . 
,e thod of locomotion 
1). Do the tube feet act as levers for swing or as r pes for 
pulling the body forvlard? study the starfish as it pro-
ceeds over sand. Watch the movement of the tube feet as 
a starfish travels in a larBo crystallizing dish filled 
with sea viator. Especially noto the mevements in 
climbing a vertical plane (side of dish) . 
2) Does each tube foot act independently or is thero a uni-
fied impulse? Is there an intermeqiate method of action? 
3) Does any 
1 
madreporicj\-
particular ray seem to go forward and determino 
this? Make threo trials in the fol-
lov/ing manner. Pick up the starfish 
by tho disc with the thumb and first 
pla te, \ I:: 
2~,o -7~ 
3H 4 
finger or with all four fingers so 
tha t the tac tile stimuli vlill bo 
equally distributed along the fivo 
radii. Using tho scheme of notation 
shown in the marginal sketch, rocord 
the arm or arms which are anterior 
during progress forward. Each table 
may give a report of the results 
which may be incorporated into the 
class report which will be placod 
on the blackboard. 
4), Malee whatever comparative observations upon the move-
ment of Arbacia and Ophioderma (called ()phiura in Dren) 
you sec fit, when these forms become available in the 
Laboratory. 
B. Righting reactions. 
Do starfish use a particular arm in turning ovor after 
being placed on the aboral surface? By this is meant 
the arm or arms Which first become attached to the 
sub-stra tum. Make tV/O trials and rocord results as in 
A. Make c ompari sons with a ther type s of Echinoderma ta 
by watching the righting of ophioderma and Echinarach-
nius. Place the la t ter in sand and make observa tions 
during the days used in study of Echinoderms . 
c. Method of respiration. 
1). Tie a string around one arm of a starfish and suspend 
it for a few moments . Put a slide under the tip of an arm 
and gather on a slide a drop of coelomic fluid which vlill 
drip from it. Examine it with a hif,h power for details 
of cellular structures . 
-2-
Echinoderm8. ta. Laboratory directi ns continued. 
2). In the laboratory are starfish which were injected 
vith carmine solution 12 hours previously. Carmine 
suspen~ions nere injected directly into the co lomic 
cavity . n these experimental animals repeat the 
examination described above. ~hat is the function 
of the amoebocytes? What is the function of the 
dormal branchiae? 
1 s t d o. Y P . L • 
D. fethod of surface protection. 
1) . Draw a camel's hair brush lightly over the surfac 
of a starfish. Does it catch on this surfac ? 
2). Remove a pedicellaria from the circlet at the bas 
of a spine and examine under the microscope. D 
the same with a pedicellaria from the region between 
the spines" 
It is sugr;ested that students mal{e the experimental studies and 
microscopic studies of the pedicellariae and coelomic fluid t&-
gether with 'what drawines of external anatomy may seem fit and 
worth while. Notes upon these studies should be included in the 
report at the end of the time allotted. 
1st Day P.M. 
1. Asterias. Make a dissection of the "injected starfish". 
~loVl direc tions in Drew . In removing the body wall 
from the disc lift it very carefully in order t~ see 
the very short intestine which leads to the aboral 
opening, the anus. I:Jha tever record s of the internal 
ana t omy of the s tarfi sh you car e to mal{e in the form 
of draWings or diagrams are in order. 
2. Students Ylho do not wish to repeat a dissection of a 
formalin specimen of Asterias may dissect a living 
specimen, make a study of the cross-section of the arm 
o'f a young star from a slide prepara tion, or make a 
comparative study of the brittle star , ophioderma 
brevispina. 
- 3 -
~'1 j Day, A. ' . & P . ,! . 
1 . Arbacia and stronr;tlOcentrotus . 1a.{e "[ha tev r studies 
of behavior and e:,~ erna l struct .res of th living 
Arbaciu seem important to you . st dy the dry test . 
The dissection of livin~ or preserved StronGylocentro-
tus n:a hE: made on material furnished . A dried 
Aristotle 1 s L<"tntern "Jill also be available. Record 
m"..y include a General analysis of the internal ana tomy 
of i,rbacia ':lith brief notes on !)hysiology f parts 
':lith special reference to Aristotle 's Lnntern. In 
the study of this complicated structure , both the 
dried ane the fresh or formalin - preserved lantern 
in Josition in the body should be used. 
3rd Day, A. M., & P . M. 
~atch some of the activities of living Thyone. Record. 
Repeat for Leptosyna pta. 
Study the external characteristics. 
Dissect Thyone and study its internal anatomy '.7ith 
special referenc e to homologies uith other Echinoderms. 
Note vestigial character of the skeleton . 
Study Blood cells- Amoebocytes on Mesentery . 
Homoeytes in ~ . V. S . - open the animal along right side 
ins tead of ventral body wall . 
Ma~e what further studies of behavior you are interested 
in, upon animals of the groups other than Asterias and 
report them . 
I.,eave Botryll':s colo .. ies in :'ingcr 0\'1 fer n fo h01..r 0 ov r 
n::'['1" . Plenty:)f tac9010s ,;::..11 be fou~:d en he ot tem of the tl-
tu: ner. Developir'..g co. o .. ies of .. 0trylll~s .1 y be f'01.:r. or: gl s 
slides that ho."e been s uspo~ eC it. .l _:~ Eel l' ~ n" for 0v-.:ral \ edc • 
SqUGcze the frosh AI'1orou('5u:!". colonies H~ L'c h Tad -
poles :Jill be found on 1:10 ""otto;n 01 h0 !.,o 8viimrnin 
at the s'l'..rfnce. Pick o:.:.t the ~·.nl.L~ino or.es ,t:d trr:I1'10r .... Iith D. littlv 
sea ','vater to the botto ,_ of·:\ yrac',tse di S.l . SO,10 'ii '.1 set on th 
gl:1sS and undergo !neta'!lorpi"los-!.s. Chan 0 the 'Jate::' d,l _y. )lly a 
fev drops arc ne essJry ct ~lrst or otherwise the larva wil· att: eh 
to the sides and ~ence will bo invisible . After uttaclmc.t loro wntlr 
may b0 added. 
Clcnvage stages and larvnG of Mol2iu~~ an e 30curl)d il th 
follovlinc; vwy: Re love the test nnd , un00r a disscvtin~ ni 1'0,) 0 0, 
tho ovary anrl its du t C2n be identifiod by t}lO ' eg,;S 'Ni thin . 1'ho 
ovary whi ch is hollow can be opened wi th a shar ~ l~('cdl ,nd the g ~ s 
removed . Self fertilization ShOll!.d be avoided . Ho lOve the nLimal 
from the dish cont[~ininb the egGs. From another HI.im31 remove thfl 
white testis (this more or les8 encloseR the ovary) and ut it 
finely in the di sh containing the egGs 0 Thi s sho'.ld be dOl.e in a 
very small amount of water. After a little ~hile add ~ore s a water 
and wash to remove e~trn sgerm. Develo ment is rspid and tadpoles 
are formed in about 24 hours . 
As described by Berrill 1932 , 136 , the eggs of Molgula can 
be freed of their membranes by placing them in a solution consisti'..g 
of one ~art of crustacean stonach juice to fifty or a hundred parts 
of sea water . The membr anes nre diGested off in a fe'v hours with no 
hDrm to the egg , and , on removel to f r esh sea water , cnn be ferti -
lized . Fertilized eggs cannot be treated in this manner . Unfertil-
ized egcs remain viable for about 18 hours after romoval from the 
nnimal . After this treatment and fertilization the blastomeres of 
the developing embryo can bo separated by sliGht shaking or by de-
~nnting from OLe vessel to anothor . 
Perophora virid i s : The normal budding method a~d formation 
of a colony can be s t ud i ed by removing a stlOrt length from a freshly 
collected colony and tying it on a glass slide . Suspend this in a 
battery jar of seQ water which should bo changed two or t11ree times 
maily . Temperature can be kept fairly constant by immcrsinG the 
bnttery jar in runni ng sea wnter . Within 48 hours the formation of 
now stolons will begin . Th ese nev stolons may bo removed to finger 
bowls for further growth and study . 
C6~00ids , or tadpoles , can be removed from the cloacal 
chamber for study of their structure and chanGes during meto.mor-
phoE:is . 
Allee , .: . c. 
Ba n , L.J . .. • 
BIBLI GR. : HY 
studios in ~c~ no e 010 y . I . The di t1"ib~ tion 
f c O-::.1on littoral i'1\'o1" .... '- rnt( of tl .. ods 
Hole reGion . BioI . Bl~ l . XLI , 107 , 25 . ( Go od 
litera- ro list on 0 olo~y) . 
1934 Observntions , h;siologi . os s 
mus les ot 1 e YS OMO n ·_' rvu )( 
(Cionn i~t o sti ~lis) . Dull . 
Sci . (5) 20 . 1048 . 
00 1" , l·s 
i io 
B~~rill , N. J . 1932 Tho mosnic dorolo.mont of the n i d lnn gu o 
BioI . Bull . LXIII , ~81 -386 . 
" " 
01 1932 . 'l sci din n s of the Bc1"l:lUd' s . Biol • Bull. , L. 'II , '/7 • 
!f 
" " 1920 Di Gestion i n Ascidian nnd the i'1fluonce of tvtnI -
era ~;ure . Britt . Jour . . ,.' .... e r . Biol . , .:,'75 • oJ_' 
~ 
, 
" " 
11 1936 Culture Methods for "~ sc· di[;1 Colle tin.3 Nvt , 
1,Joods ~Iol e , 11 , 93 . 
BJ1'ri11 , N. J . nnd A. Cohen 1936 TIegenel':.ti'")r. in CILvalina lopodl.-
formis . J . E.xn . Biol ., l~-S , ,35:' . 
Bradway , N. 1936 The oy'~)0ri: lCntcl al t ,~r o.tion 0 tho r . to of 'aot~ -
morphosis in the tunic ote , Clnv v lin~ huntsmani 
(Van Name ) J . Ex~ . Zool ., 72, 213 . 
Deviney , E . M. 1934 The b eh~v:i.or of isol :. ted ') i e c ,)s of asc idlon 
(Perophora viridis) stolon ['IS cOl:tp[;rcd with 
ordin~ry buddi ng . J our . Eli shn :U t:. hel .... 'c 3. . 
Soc ., 49 , 185 . 
George, W. C. 1926 The h istology of the blood of Perophora viridi . • 
Jour . Morph . and }hysiol . , 41 , 311 . 
Gr'o.ve , C. 1920 Amor oucium pellucidum, form c ons tol1 n tum . I . 
The activities o.nd I' ;a ctions of the tcdpollJ l :n'v L" 
Journ . Exp . Zoal . 30 , 339 . 
Grove , C. cmd H. ~lo odbridL~o 1924 Botryllus Schloss eri (P a ll "\s ) . 
Gr r. ve , C. 
He cht , S . 
Herdm[1n , 1!J • A. 
Herdman, 1~1 . A. 
Ferdman , W. A. 
1934 
1918 
1891 
1904 
1899 
The b ehavior and Morphology of the freo swimming 
l arva . J . Morph . [1 nd Phys J.o l ., 39 , 207 . 
The Botryllus Type of Ascidi[1n La rva . Pap . 
Tortug['.s Lab . C" rnegi e Instn . '.'lc shinGton , 28 , 1 ';.3 . 
The physio l ogy of Ascidlan 
Blood system. Amor . Journ . 
o.tra Lesueur . III . 
ol hy s • 15 , 157 . 
A revised cl a ssifica ti on of tho Tunj.cntL . Jour . 
Linne •. n Soc., XXIII , 558 . 
Fishes , ASidlcns , etc . Cambr id ';o N[1 t . Hi st . 
Ser ., VII , 3 - 112 . 
I . Ascidia , Liver poo l Mar . Biol . Com . , Dobb 
& Co ., Lond on . 
hOSS , '1 . J . 
Hurley , J . S . 
1935 
o 
-.... -
LiGht !'6C,C tio .s 
Dolichogloss s . 
cn h tore eptors of 
Biol . Bull ., 69 , 3 . 
1920 II . Dedifferenti'1tio ~ [~nd resor tion in 
?eropho!'~ . Q . rt . J.our . icros . So., 
65 , 643 
Rittor , "f . E . nnd R . h . Forsyth . .,s .~d :1:"ns of the littor~l ZOt e of 
Scm . ·~l if., Tniv . [\lif . ?r .ss ., le) , 48 • 
Shr mlich, E. V. 1930 Observ[';tions s'r Ie b;.ttor.1.ont d oe r hez 
~ po ng"e 1 , J . W. 
les 8.scidies . BUll . In'titut Oco~n . 
f 8 sc . 5_8 . 
1893 Die Enteropne stCG des ~olfos von onpol- - -
FnuD., nnd Florn G'lf 1 ~lplus , 18 . 
Su~nor, F . E. , Osburn, R . nnd L. • Cole . 1911 1 Biol08i nl ~urvc 
Vn n Nnme , ;/ . G. 190~ 
V;-.n :;:Jetme , w. G. 1912 
VCln amo , VI . G. 1921 
of the wClte rs of \"Iood:] Halo .. Ld vicinity 
Bull . Bur . Fishories, ,)1. (Drcd3i g) 
The ,',.scidinns of the B0rmud~\ Isl t'. ds . 'rrnns . 
Conn . 1 cnd . .:'.rts o; nd S i . , 11 , 3t:. 
Sir.1.ple nscidinns of the const of No,oJ Englcnd 
Proc . Bast . Soc . "t . lUst . , 34 . 
Asc i dirms of the :los t Indies . Bull . Am . Mus . 
Nc. t . His t., 44: 283 . 
Vorri~_ l , A. E . and S . L. Smith ;L871 - 72 The invortebrato ,.niM'11s of 
VineY Cl r d Sound :.nd r:djClcent w::ters . Rep . 
Yc.l"1Clguchi , Z. 
N. S . Fi sh COnl."'1 . 
1931 Sone notes on tho phys1010gy of styel ~ 
cl~v, Hcrdmr:n . Sci . rtep . Tohoku Univ ., 
6 , 597 . 
~clage , Y . ot E . HerouClrd 1898 Tr ~ it e de Zoologie Concret e . 
T . VIII ., Los Procordcs . Schleicher 
FIl Or r)s , Pnris . 
A key to the Protochordates of the 100ds Hole Region 
Enteropneusta (Hemichordata) 
~orm-like; slender elongated body d:vided into light ellou 
conical proboscis) or~nge red colla:~ v'i th whi te ring posteriorly, 
orange red tr'J.ii:.: sf'.8.Cling to greenis_l ~ellor. ")osteriorly . B lrrows 
marked ~y castings on fairly c: p~n snl~ : 3tS. Char cteristic 
odor r· ·?:1er:b:"~r:-: ~ "'lG.;.ue. Livey, .''' ... {·8 n,,-~; ~ll';o 
],oJ ; :':':r:e-.-L. '.:~~~~~.X~:"·:"le_v~~~ . 
Tunicata (U:r-o::.:lcrdl ':,,7, ) 
Simple ail.} comp 01 .. ·::J} snc -like c,ylindrical '.Jod;{ (in most) inclo:.> d 
in a t 3S t of csl 1:.:10:' e. Siphons, large bra nC'lial chumb0l', ond~)­
st ~le . ioios"!::ly atc3ched . Tadpole larva, Sea "quil't • 
I . Min'.lte, trunk and long tail, trunspnrent, animal can 
move about v; ithin the voll.:trlinons tunic, tail t\'/~.stod 90 
de~roes, no peribr311chial cavi~y . Pelagic , at como dis-
tance from con -cinents . Tall about t'wice s lonG as trunk . 
A T..cnd_iculal~ia longicando . 
II . Ascidians or soa squirts. 8D.0 - flha· 0 d:o G os silo, com})ound, 
colony fl8.t anc inc!'usti;:1g~ digostlvl; trnct bohind branchlul 
sac... Chalky whit e or yello'wish. On stonur. , shells, otc . 
Thin test contu5,ns calcareous spiculo M stellate with rays 
Gcut') OT' broken" 
Dlrj,'mlDum cc. .1didum. 
Spi:ml ~ s sprwrical with rCS'Uriaoct knclbc . 
Didemnum albidum 
Mas 8i vc colonios often oflarge size . !'hroe di vis io n8 of 
zooid and post -abdomen contains 60nads and heart . Coloni08 
very large , often in ferm of thick vertical plates . Common 
gelatinous tunic . Zooids arranc;ed in stellato clustors, 
branchial sac and intestine orange . 
Am~roucium stella~um 
Colonies thick, fleshy, 'Often lobed: nmoot;r. surface. 
Orange or red zooids show tr.rough tunic . On piles, rocks, 
Ameroucium constellatum 
Celonies large, numeroussm811 narrO"YJ1obos, larger at 
uppe~ end ) densely incrusted with sand , closely packed 
toge.~hc r. On s8ndy bottoms. 
Amaroucium uellucidum 
Colonial ascidinn , transparent Jcunic, compo.ct body, zooids 
separate but; connected by stolons, dieestive tract beside 
branchial sac ~ few rows of stigmata, zooids small . Green. 
On piles , rocks, seaweed . 
Perophora virid is 
Semi-transparent tunic ~ elongate body ~hich tapers townrd 
anterior end , a t tached by larger postQrior end, yellowish, 
small orange or red'spots (ocelli) around margins of 
orifice. On stones , piles, buoys, water tank of M. B. 
Laboratory . Very contractile . Simple . Buds often present. 
Giona intostinalis 
Sessile colonies, compound~ thin und incrunt:;tng or thick 
and flo shy, zooioo in round or elongate systems about the 
common cloacal o"')o ning , peripherul oral opuning3 . Trans-
parent t e st, gelatinous , penetr ated by branching vossols 
end ing in bulbs . Zooids brown purplish black or combinutionr; 
of t'1.oso. Bright colors around openings . On seawood, pl1efJ~ 
etc. 
Botryllus schloss er i 
III . 
- 2 -
Tunic hard ro'ugh a:1d \'Jrinklcd , bro\'mis 1 or yellowish. 
Irregulai"'ly ovate, adhering by ono cnd or by ventr' 1 
surface, small gral11 11ar turbocules on an\.'! .o.bout papillae 
of the openings . Often in grou_ s . Si nri e . a piles , 
stones , etc~ Very con~on~ 
, .' .. St~·01U~tJ. t~ 
S::..mpJ..e~ SiC:_l r..r to StyeJ.a but onJ..:: O:le gl nod on right 
side o J ::nk or bri;ht rod~ sl::.ooth~ cGpr0~sed dor.:e - shop00 
'i:~th GX])1:.tlJ.i0 11 margin . On stones, shells . 
Dondrodoa cornoa 
Sinple . Globose body , tough tunic wi tb. rough surface 
fibrous or incrusto~, tubes arise near tOGether Dud oro 
divergent and retractile . 6 branchial felds , stigHto 
curved . On piles , stones, soouoed . Very COlDon. 
Molgula n1!lnhattonsis 
SiMple ~ Body rounded, apertures flush wi th surfoco , 
dons ely and evenlJ cooted with course sand adhering tibhtly. 
Apertures inconspicuous Ylhen closed . In sand . 
Mol~uln arenato 
Simple . Body Globose, compressed, cevered with mud or 
dirt , siphons not contiguous and long and divorging. Gonads 
inverted U- shaped . On snnd and gravel in deeper water. 
Molgu1a c o~~lanotu 
Simple . Branchial sac Without folas but vVIth numerous 
conoca1 internally extending projections around which wiud 
the long spiral stigmata . One gonad on left side . Body 
globose, unattached, tunic with fibrous hairs to which 
clings the sand or mud in which th e animal lives . Looks 
like a ball of mud or sand o Tubes small and close together. 
~ostrichobranchus Eilularis. 
The salps . Pelagic, transparent , alternation of generations, 
cylindrical , large oral opening at one end . Swim by 
causing current of water . Conspicuous muscle bands . 
Respiratory partition in body cavity . 
Several species ar e given by Pratt, A Manua l of the 
Common Invertebrate Animals, as occlJTing in tho Atlantic 
Ocee.n off the coast of Ne1.N England . Since theso pe lagic 
anima13 are not encount0red on tho field trips , tho 
diagnostic chara cters are not given here . 
Lopto cardia (C eph~lochJrdata ) 
Do not oc-cur thi s far nor-tho 
Laboratory St~dy of the Protcchordata 
1J:I:r~e r..atu:'e of the records and the n l.. bel" aLd kind 01 drawings 
c< stru ture are left to the discretio oJ.. the nt ~de .. t . Cert i. 
ones e.re suc..;ested L. Dre~ls Inverte rate :001 bY, \'Jhi ch may be 
:. ol.10\'t6 ri or anplifie or others subs ti t tcc'or tll 1. • 
. TotB - All re('.ords are due a t twelve 0 I vl.()\;k. _.oons of the 
5~(;0~6 -di.y . These will be returned early tl::a~ f~Grr:.o . • Th& 
.,.. ar:.'1I'Cs of the second afternoon r.eed not be t:.l.r~:e H:' . 
I.s+: day . A. L 
(a) St~dy the external stru ture of a living Dolichoglospus 
.~ em~ch0rda ), following the directions in Drew, pa~e 233 . Devote 
u-:).)u·::; one - half hour to this work . In some of the ar.imal Q the 
.. ')sterior region of the trunk may have been broken o1'f. 
(b) The remainder of the morning period should bo s. cnt in 
th-3 study of the sim.ple ascidian, Molgula (Uro horda) . • ire .tions 
fo~ study are give. in Drew , pa~e 234. 
If time permi ts , endeavor to record the number of pul sations 
0;:' the heart between reversals. Compare the results wJ.th those 
of othe r members of the class . Change the temperature ald note the 
effect upon the rate of pulsation . ffuere does tho pulsation begin? 
:>tudy the network of finer blood vessels and the circulation of 
t} e blood . If possible get some blood on a slide and examine the 
cells . Feed carmine to show the action of the endostyle and the 
passag e of particles to the oesoDhae;us . 
Note - If the structure of Molgula has been studied elsewhere, 
the time may be spent in examinins the functional activities of the 
animal as indicated above and in Drew . Or a study may be made of 
Ciona . This transparerlt , simple ascidian is highly contractile and 
heDeeis not suitable for dissection . However , be<}ause of its trans-
parancy, it poss esses cer tain advantaces over Molgula . Styela 
may also be substituted for Molgula . 
Isb day . P. M. 
(a ) Secure 5 or more liV ing tadpoles of Amaroucium, place in 
& few drops of sea water in a syracuse dish, cover , and save for tho 
next day . This should be done early in the afternoon . 
(b) Study Perophora viridis (Urochorda ), following the direc -
ti011S Given in Drew , page 238 . In this colonial ascidian tho green-
ish, transparent zooids ( which resemble small Molgulas) are connec-
ted by a stolon . Deta i ls of heart action , relation of heart pulsa-
tion in members of a colony , and circulation in pharynx and stol~n 
may be followed . ALS O pay special attention to the phenomonon of' 
budding . Compare the structuro of a zooid with that of MOlfiUla 
(or ciona ). 
DemoEstratior:s - Bidemnum, St ~ela , stai .ed small An111ioxus, 
Apper:dicularia , Salpa, Florida tunicate, Boltenia • 
2r:d day . A • . • .. 
study isolated indi,""~duals of Amaro T (Uro 11 rda) . These 
may be secured by cuttir:g the common gelati. us t'niv verticcl to 
the surface or by squeezing a s 1all !:- iece i a dish of sea wa ter . 
Follow the directions given in rew, pa~e 240 . Illude with this 
a st dy of the living, tailed larva (tad,ole) and also of sev ral 
st2.0es of metamorphosis . Stained larvae will be 0 dcmonstrati 11 . 
'-,-'he larvae placed in the syracuse d ish the day efore sho lld 8::0 
early chanGes durinG metamorphosis . Later sta 'a s !Ji ',1 be dis-
~ributed . 
2Ld day . P . M. 
Study young and old colonies of Botyrllus . The colonies of 
this transparent, composite, incrustinc; hordato ma bo found on 
'.-.;harf pil , s, stones , etc . Glas!:) slides iml"1orsed in tho Eol pond 
several weeks previously will contain youne coloni es 1~i h may bo 
more easily studiee. Follow the directions given in DreVl, page 239 . 
Examine the dishes contdining tho Botr~11u8 material for 
the tailed larvae. If prosent , compare wi~ those of Amarou ium. 
: I " I \,1 i . 1 , 
COM ro~i1'~ he.e. k l..; ~t O~ r", ve Yi<!~'r -\ e 
A r. i W\ ~ l \ To v.. "'- do b't -r "'" V «. v-1 c.. V" .... + e.. 
C 1 Q. S ~ . ..... .- W\ eo yo .I l'f 3 7 . 
f 
CHECK LIST OF INVEtITEBRATE ANIMALS 
Commonly or occasionally found by the 
Invertebrate Zoology Classes 
at the 
MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY 
Woods Hole, Mass. 
Forms marked (*) are most oommon1y found or are 
conspicuous for other reasons. Where a name used in 
Pratt's "Manual of the Common Invertebrate Animals" 
(revised edition) differs from the name used In the 
check list, the name used in Pratt follows the 
check-list name, and is enclosed in parentheses. 
Woods Hole, Mass. 
1936 
..... 
..., 
PHYLU10I PROTOZOA 
( not iI sted) 
PHYLUW PORIFERA 
·Class calcarea 
-1-
*Leucosolenia botryoides 
*~ycon ~l.atum 
Class lJemOspongla 
*Chalina arbuscula 
Cliona celata 
""1:1alcondria oanicea 
*MIcroclona orolii'el"a 
Suberltes c~~ 
PHYLUM vu~NTERAT A 
Class Hydrozoa 
Abietinarla abL~ 
.... tsougalnvl11ia 
B.carolinensis 
D.a~ercll~aris 
*Cal!ll2.anu ar a 
G_. calceolitera 
Clava leptostY~!l 
Glytla 
I 
11 
..1 I ;z. .3 
~~.!ed~W~ar~d~s~I~-------------+--+-~~-t---r~t--jj--t==jt=:J Q.·--1cmnstoni ~ 
(C.bIcophora) 
Corrll1t..1s a aass1 z1 
(Gemmaria gemmosa) 
E c t op leur a 0 chI'.a.C..!tll. 
*Eudendrium 
.t;.AlQum 
E.carneum 
E.ramosum 
Eut~ma mira 
lTO uonemus muroac 
naJ.eCl.Um.haleclnum 
.... ny:ara~nla echinata 
l'em<2Qf!J, s ache1. ' , 
O.commlssuralls 
~·Aeniculata 
o .J~Jcuspldat.-!l 
*Pennaria tiarella 
Physalia pela~lca 
P~cIOCO:r:TIle 
P.carnea 
..1 
I 
I 
I 
1 
P~.~f~U~l~.~~u~r~aynl~S __ ~ ______ ~-; __ i-__ t--1__ rr .-t~-r~+--;--I 
*Schizotricha ~~nell.a. - I Ia \ \ 
*Sertularla pumlla , ~ v :t ..3 l ~ ~ ~ 
Thularla arRentea _ ~ J ~ 
{~u~ularla i 
T.crocea 
Class Scyphozoa \ 
Aurelia. All'l"1 t:A 
Cyanea capll1ata 
lJac~ ometra a\U.n.O..u.e.c11"'I"h" 
r- , 
. 
\. 
., I, I I I IJ i ~ 
°il11 t I ~ ~ d 1 j!' .~. 
:tJ c.J • - . ~-..s: ~ "'"1 
-:.- >- .~ ...... ~ ~ ~i'- ' J 
" ~ ..... () ~ . -A .... 
-2 ":':: 0"" I \. ~ ~ ... ' . 
PHYLUl4 COELENTERATA (Cont' d) J I '!:i I ~ I ~ ...( d t..: '2: ~ 1C;Jl::!a~s~s~1~n~th~0~z:Qo:!a:::;::::;:::==::::"J-::~~~:::'~~ - ~ . 
AA~l~CY~O~n~igum~!!.o~ar!!!.n~'A:!-"' __ -t-~-... -,-I. ' - 7. -_ 1- "> . *~stran&ia danae , ~ ~ ~ ~ 
*Kdwardsia 1 -
E. elep:anB I 
~.J.~~__ I, 
~E~l~o~a~c~t~i~B_~pro~d~u~o~t~a~ ____ -r __ 1-__ t--; __ -t __ J I _Ha!.ca~~r.inacea t--:- ~ I-it'yetrl~_~~1anthu8 _ If '4 . ~ . of . I 'i,. 1 
*sae;artl-a-----
S.leuoQJ..ena'-__ -_. _1-3 
S.luciae S.mod'~e~8~~'a-------r 
PHYLUM C1'ENOPHORA 
*l!nemlopsls leidYi 
PHYLtl'fr PLA'l'YHELMINTHES 
Class Turbeliarla 
Sub-olass Acoela 
*Polychoerus oaudatuB _ --
Order""l'r 0 iiOlda - -- ... ! <.J. *~ellollra candida. __ +--1......:.'-+ __ + __ +-,-1-;.-1' I- I-l-
Procerodes wheatland1 
~nooe idium pellucidum 
Order Polycladida 
-+-+- .j---t-- .. 
EUBtylo cbu s ell Wi CUld.l.>l-S +-__ +---4_-+-_+-~_-+_ 
Planocera 
hln,@ITTila--
-t-
-!'-' 
-r-: 
r--- -
P.nebulosa 1 .- -'---f- - r- - ~--
st lochus zebra ---..- - . r-
PHYLUM NEMERTEA -+--l-+-t-+--t-t--t--t~1 
Order Paleonemertea 
Cephalothri:x spiral is -f---I- ~t-
Order .leteronemerte~ , , ;3 L.--' ~ L..-:_ L ~ , *Cerebra~u~ l~~g'~n'k~CA~"Q~ __ +-__ r--~ ~ ~~ I . ~-+'--T-j *L1n~~~1color I r--
I 
- -1_ =1- ~ 13'1 :z.. ~bl-r 
L.ruber ;:.:.........------11--- - - I! --1- 1 
• so01a11s '. 
*M1crura _ .leldyl 1'-.- if. : ~ ! Ip . 1 '!> t-~H 
Order Haplonemertea I 
Amph1porus -0ohraceus _ _ I I I I , . 1_ _ 'I 
*Tetras ema -----T.CiiIi"dTCium---------I--- t--- - - ._ - t--- i--
;;r:..-----i-- ,--- . ~ - --- -r--1 '~. vert!!.!. cul um 
PHYLUM NEMATHEr:M~rJIT.:;;';;:;l1;;"lE=S~-
(not listed) 
PHYLUM TROCHELMINTHES 
(not Bsted) 
PHYLUM ANNELIDA 
Class Chaetopoda 
Sub-class Polychaeta 
Ampharete setos~ 
--
f-- f~-, *Amphitr1te~ _______ _ 
- A.brunnea~ ___________ +-~~-I~_~ A. ornata -
i---
-
I 
*AraoerIa op~a~l.·~ln~a--------~-4---+-: I '"L. ~ I--
.... A!.en..!c<?~ __ - ---+--+--4--_l_ 
A.cr1stata 
A.marina 1 --
~ 
I 
:3 , (p f , S c: I 
I 
-3-
PHYL 
C!aa 
Sub 
UM ANNELIDA ~eont'd~ 
a ChAetopoda 
-claae Polychaeta 
J:rICri. orna.!!.-
* Autolytua 8n Chaetopterua Eergamenti~A~a 
C'rrratu!ua lll'"nl1 " 
Ia~~nldea gould1 
Cl en~llJi, tl2~CDoIata 
lo~atra ~UDr~.a 
llodecacer..1..a cora 111 
nj2plobraMhua "an",;1nAl1. 
8 
E.annulata 
* 
~lst~ 
Gl.J'.cera 
G.amerlcana 
G .• l:>lbrar;~w 
Ha;:mo~h..Q.e lm'Q.rllita 
---~droldes hexa~nus 
aonlce vlrldls -----
_ !,2.12Jonotus sgu8iiiat~----
~aea rubra 
um rlnere a _ ~ --
L. hebes 
L.ten~ 
"!!110fitle urceo.!aTa 
Marp_~8a !'8IQVl 
llf!PhthY8 
N.bucera 
N.lnclaa 
* Nerela 
- N.llmbata 
tillaglCa 
ens 
Nlcolea a1m12lex 
RInoe .rdgrI12el3 
Womastus I!JL 
Parasabella mlcroQhthalmla 
PhyllQaoce catenula 
tilla I!a rna a 
~~ere1s megalo~s 
Podarke obscura 
-Pollclrru8 eX1~s 
--~olIdora sIl-P seudoQotamll ~a ..Q.cul~fera 
* 
Sabellar1a vulgar1s 
Scolol2Ios -
S.l'raIl1.18 
S.robustus 
~tosa 
* 
* 
Sp1rorb1s sJ2lrorbls_ 
~la1s 
-S.le1d!1 
S.12 lcta 
WIls SD 
Terebel1ldes SD 
'.CbQl!l:tl~1I c11l~1nn!1.t IA 
'J.'.ravls1a forbed 
Trophonia arrlnls 
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PHYLUM ANNELIDA (con t ' d) 
Class Chaetopoda • 
Sub-class 011gochaeta 
Encbytraeus alb1dua 
L::.um=;;::.lb::.;lr:..;1;:-c::,;1::.:1::.:1::.;u:::.:s~a:<g""1""1",,1,,,,s'--_...;I_ '_~._ 
Class Gephyrea I 
*Phascolosoma gould1 ,3 1 I ___ ~ 
PHYLUM ARTHROPO DA 
elas s Crustacea 
Order C1rr1ped1a 
*ll!lAWa - -- -- '--;--rr . B,balanQ~JI. "b b . ' "_~ . ~ b ... ~I..+--1 
B. eburneua .tJ I 1ot".3 ~ It S -~-r--
*Chthamalus fra~~ S 5 4- S" L~ -t.:::..;)..-f-_ 
Lepas I 
Xu anotHer J +_f--4I-+-+-~I--
L,fasc1cular1s I I 
Order Amph1poda .- - 1"-
Aeg1nell! longlc_o.rnts I... J.j. -L ~ -f--
Allorchestes l1ttora11s --f-- ~ 
Ampe11sca macrocephala I "" -z. 1---
AmDh1thoe SD. I \ " ~ lr-~ __ l ~ 
Autonoe sp. 
*gaprella acutHrOriS - 1 3 5" I r--y-. -1--
ar1noAammarus mucronat1 s I I l I 
ChelUra tenebrans ."----1--'- -f- -- f--
*Corophium cylindricum -::- ~_L5_ . , - :::( I"f:. ~ -
*Gammarus sp. 3'5" I 6 .)- (, ..f.., _ I. ~ 
'\.Haus torlus arenar1us J Z- S -'0- -- I - -:~ ""'; r-- f-
' .... OrchesUa platens1s - I / . '" _ Po -"3 - ';- :3 f---
Stenothoe m1nuta 
*Talorchest1a 10nglcorn1 
Unc101a 1rrorata 
Order Isopoda 
Ch1r1dotea caeca \ 
Cyathura car1nata I 
Edotea tr1loba I 
Z-
"I 
E:::r=..71~ch2Q o:.::n:.:.e::,;ll::.;" 1::.;la=-.::1:...:;--1..:...:".L:...:.1:=...:1- 0:.:r..:m::::l1:..::s+_~-4 ___ 3 t-_._ :l 4-.=..L t-'3H _-+-__ -+ 
*Idothea I 
I. ba1 t1ca .3 .3 4- "IJ... 
I.meta111ca ;t 
I.phosphorea 
*Jaera marina 
.~Jassa marmorata ) 
r;ep€ochella sp. 
Llg:rda ooeanica 
, '3 
, 
J 
\ 2. 
I 
5 .'t 
I 
L1mnor1a 11gnorum j 
Sphaeroma 9Uadr1ae~n~Lt"',a~.t~IU~-r-~--+--+-~I--+~+-+-~ 
Tana1s sp. 
Order M:rs1dacea 
I D1asty11s sp. I .. . __ ~;.. I 
*H eteromy s1 s formos.!l. ----.:-+-.-f--+--~Y-·-- --+--1--+---+ M1Chth61~81s stenolep1 __ 
Order stematopoda 
Cv..whll..Si.o~r·.J.::i~dwe·u~:ll..l..~ae~lDDw.t'J;UL. AA __ ~-I--l_+--t-+--t-t--r -- f-
Order Deoapoda 
Callianassa st:1mnAon1 
*Cal11nectes sapldus 
*CAllger 
C.borealis C;-irrorat:.::u:.-s ----t-,/-+-;-, -t--,."l,. I-:;t It 3 
-5-
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA (cont'dl 
elae s Crustacea 
Order Decapoda 
'''Csrclnldes maenss r • 
.... Cra;ro ssutemsplnosus 0 
Emerl ta tslpolda I 
Eurypanopeus depressua 
'fieterocrVt>ta v;ranlllata 
Homarus amerlcanus • 
.. ~ , 
I VLlbinla 
I.dubla .'.; 11- r W_ I 
L.emar.v.lnsta oJ I .~-:; ... 
*Neopanope teJtana IP 
Ova luee ocellatu8 
*P a gurus 
~cacuanus . / ~ 
P .longlcaruue " ~ I. /" 
P.polllcarle .c- " , /" !r 
P • pubes cens I ~- I 
.5 
Pe a nrutlca -t I i . .,' j;j/ J 
P chaetonterana I q:3 I !3 
P.cvllndrlca I 
P.eavana 
*J>lnnotheres maculatus J./ I/. J 
*Uca ::J... 
t). !lIln.aJl 
U.pup;llator 
U.p1.lgnax 
Upogebla at"rinls 
Vlrblue zosterlcol.a '1 
Class Arachnoldea 
Sub-class Xlphosura 
*Llnrulue polyphemus ;L. • 
Class pycnogonlda 
*Anoplodactylus lentus I, 1\./ 
*Pal ene empusa I 
-llTanystylum orblculare I 
PHYLm.1 MOLLUSCOIDEA 
Claes Bryozoa 
I .3 
.!J I S 
I I 
I- If .,- J 
I 
*Astsa anl<"uina I ~A~ll~cv~onli~.d~li~U'l~ms~ln~~~----------4---+--+--4-~----,~~--+-~ 
Amathla vldovlcl 
Baren sla s • 
Bicellarla clilata *·!!!B~o~w~er5b;:':a?nk~1~a~flI':=-::a:!:c'711:.n-l-::-s-:J.r. ----+-+- tt -J:--l--.q=-~~-=-+--'--I-+--.4 
*Bugula ~ ~ 
B. rIabsllata Ji... , .') . 
Hlppothoa sp. 
Hloourar as . 
"'Lsnralla so. It 
~~ryptoeula sp . ) fI ., ~ 1'110 I'\.. 
I 
· .. . .:, ~ 
... i ) -f 1 -..e I..:s! :¢ 
cs ,.,. ~ >- <I' t ::. 
-6- __ I ~~.~!Xl ~-..: i 
PHYLUM MOLLUSCOIDEA (Cont1d) ~I'-":: ~ \1'::'-
Class Bryozoa _ 1 -r 0 --.. I,d 
~embran1pora ;. () -t- \I .:l- ~ -r 1-4... !~.l~;"'~dle~~llata __ -'lSp.~. -:-__ -+:2;~ .. ~lrL~~IJC-~;.=_I-~~ \- ~ :~ I~ ~ :i 
(Electra pilosa) 1 ~. 1.s I' Po.. 
ld . tanu1s 
hi. tehuelcha • -~ .! I 
M1 ~ : A sn 
Ml1c1"onAl1A 1mmAT',.A 
Porella so. 
"~"hi "nnnT'.. La '" 
S un1cornis 
*Smittina .J 
S.oor1fera 
S,trisninosa 
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA 
Class Asteroidea 
# *Aster1as 
A. forbes1 
A vulp;ar1s 
I 
*HanT'ic1a sanlnlinolenta 
Class Oph1uro1dea 
*AmPh1phol1s sauamata 
II I 
*Oph1oderma brevispinum 
)nhiooho Lis acu ea a 
Qoh1ura sp. 
Class Echino1dea 
*Arbac1a Dunctulata 
-*Ech1narachn1us parma 
Stronllv: ocentro us roDac 
Class Holothuro1dea 
J 
I I I 
I 
ns s 
r.antosvnapta I ~~~~~/------+-.~· ·~~~~~~~~·~ L.1nhaerens 0< Q _.5 /p If ;.. II' 
L . roseola ..J 1).- 1/ If 
*Thyone Drlareus I fa 
~. I 
PKYLUM MOLLUSCA 
Cl a ~ ~. Amph1neura -
""lLnset oDleura ao1cula t a ~ 
Class Pelecypoda 
*Anomia s1molex V 
*Arca 
A.pexata 
A. ponderosa 
A .. transversa 11 
Astarte castanea 
Barnea truncata 
CAT',Hnm D1nnatulum 
Cochlodesm& leanum .'3 
Corbula contracta 
Crassinella mactracea / 
*Cnminl!'ia ta' Linoides ,. 
*Ens1s directus (P 
Genma p;emma , 
I aev1card1um morton1 (t' 
L:vons1a· hyalina J 
Macoma 
M.baltica 
M.tenta 
J 
" / 
I I :J-
I 
I a. 
I I I 
Po. I I 
I I 
UM MOLLUSCA ~conttd~ 
88 Pelecypoda 
PRY!. 
cia 
"""t.Y'S 
11..JJl t.§.r a 1 1 8 
M. so11d1seima " 
*14od-.1 o~ us 
Lt rlAmil'l8 L8 I 
M.mod101u8 ,.. 
~..!lnlUlr1a 1. 
*MYtllus edul1s I 
Nucula sp 
Ostrea ·,,1rg1n1ca -
Pandora tr1l1neata ' 
~pe-eten 1 ""'AtH ",ne J 
-7-
Petr1cola pholadlform1a ...j 
*So 1'!!!Y!L velwn &-
-.rage:Lu~~,i v1sue 
-llTeJJ,1na tenera r. 
*T:"er~~~n~ vaUa 
~Venua mer cenar1a v 
xoldiaHmatul.a 
Cla aa Gastropoda 
*Ac~~ testud1na11a I 
Aeolia s.1>. ' 
Anach1a avara ..J 
..:::: *ID.h~ alterna tum 3 
*Busy con -
B.canallculatum ~ 
B.carica 
Ca~cum pulchelrum 
*Cer i th10psis -
C~p:reen 
c....subula ta I 
CJ..tel'ebralls 
*Coryphella sp. 
1tCr~ldula 
C.conve:xa ' 
C.fornicata I.. 
C.I11ana 
" Dorls ap. 
ElY.a18 ap. 
Ep1 tOJlillm-!rn. ._ I Euple~r~ caudata 
Flabelllna bostonlena1s 
~am1nea solltarla !t 
,acuna vlnota 1) 
*Lif;torlna 
1 lrrorata 
L l1ttorea V 
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*Mo.§t",n1J> q", ; ijo- ' -. 
Phytia m.vosotis I 
*pollnlcAs ----------~~~--~~i·-~ ~ ~ I 
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ThaIs lapillus J ~+-- I 5 '-f \ 
TUrlionll1a S.R. . p- I-
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Vermetus rad1!<ul __ _ 
Class Cephalopoda I I 
LoHgo peale _ _ __ 
.PHYLUM CHORDATA I 
Sub-phylum Hemlchorda (Enterop~eusta) 1 ./ 
DoHchoglossus kowll§.Ya.lq:i L b':4-__ .... -f'" _~ 
Sub-phylum Urochorda {Tunicata I 
*Amarouc urn f-- h 
A. cons~.ellaturn ____ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~w "10 ~ __ 1.. ~--I~ 
A.pellucidum _ J-.j"l- \ I 
A.stellatum :4 
*Botryllus SChlosserl -- 3 ~ 
)ldemnumcandl9um lutar1u~ J z.. t·~ ~ -r..z; S"" r-~~~~ __ ... . +-_~ 
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M.arenata I L 
M.manhattensls - I - ~,- I 
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*p,erophora vIrIdIs I . 't - - .. (, '2- ~ ---
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