WEBVTT 00:00:09.759 --> 00:00:11.759 Uh Well, as you said, I am the collection manager and Senior Math Library 00:00:13.278 --> 00:00:16.925 International. Sorry, this is gonna be a little bit awkward for me because 00:00:16.958 --> 00:00:22.497 I have, I have a lot of notes in the computer and all right, um I am the 00:00:22.530 --> 00:00:25.355 collection manager and senior map librarian at National Geographic. And 00:00:25.388 --> 00:00:31.227 I'm here to tell you about a map. Heart of the Grand Canyon, a version of 00:00:31.260 --> 00:00:35.135 which is on display on the back wall there. We National Geographic 00:00:35.168 --> 00:00:41.027 published this map in 1928. But the idea for it came from Brad Washburn. 00:00:41.060 --> 00:00:43.515 He was 00:00:43.548 --> 00:00:47.885 the project director for it and he managed the process, the entire process 00:00:47.918 --> 00:00:53.457 from beginning to end and it's commonly said, um seven years, it's really 00:00:53.490 --> 00:00:56.815 closer to eight when you think about when he first started buying aerial 00:00:56.848 --> 00:01:00.676 photos for it, but he managed to process beginning to end. And he's really 00:01:00.709 --> 00:01:05.837 the guy that you should think about when you think about this map. Um 00:01:05.870 --> 00:01:11.316 Before I start, I wanna give you a, a quick warning. Um 00:01:11.349 --> 00:01:15.016 When National Geographic First agreed to help fund Washburn do this 00:01:15.049 --> 00:01:21.727 project, Washburn wrote a letter to the society's President and said, hey 00:01:21.760 --> 00:01:26.135 , I think you should consider doing an article in the magazine about this. 00:01:26.168 --> 00:01:31.837 And the president at the time then forwarded that note on to the, uh the 00:01:31.870 --> 00:01:36.236 magazine editor G grosvenor. And he said in effect, we both know that 00:01:36.269 --> 00:01:39.986 Washburn has a lot of crazy ideas about what should go in the magazine. 00:01:40.019 --> 00:01:43.096 But this is actually an idea that might work. If you agree, please 00:01:43.129 --> 00:01:47.117 consider it. And Groser took the idea to the Planning Council for the 00:01:47.150 --> 00:01:53.007 magazine who considered it and wrote back to say, quote, none of us felt 00:01:53.040 --> 00:01:56.717 that an article on the making of a map, even of the Grand Canyon would 00:01:56.750 --> 00:02:02.316 interest more than a handful of members. So uh as much as I appreciate 00:02:02.349 --> 00:02:06.055 your comments this morning, we have about people being rock stars. It, it 00:02:06.088 --> 00:02:11.177 was or was the considered opinion of National Geographic magazine, one of 00:02:11.210 --> 00:02:15.737 the most beloved and trusted resources and publications in the world that 00:02:15.770 --> 00:02:19.406 most of you uh in 30 minutes will look at yourselves and think that you 00:02:19.439 --> 00:02:25.335 had just better had gone to lunch. 00:02:25.368 --> 00:02:28.666 Mhm. 00:02:28.699 --> 00:02:32.335 All right. A little bit about National Geographic. 00:02:32.368 --> 00:02:35.946 We were originally founded in 1988 as an organization devoted to the 00:02:35.979 --> 00:02:41.376 increase and diffusion of geographic information. Our founders, 33 of them 00:02:41.409 --> 00:02:46.275 , a distinguished group of geographers, military men, scientists and 00:02:46.308 --> 00:02:50.156 explorers, including a couple of army officers who had played outsized 00:02:50.189 --> 00:02:53.335 roles in the exploration of the canyon and I should point out here too 00:02:53.368 --> 00:02:58.616 that the earlier version of the slide also had Grove Carl Gilbert labeled 00:02:58.649 --> 00:03:03.775 as well as um Henry Gannett. So there was a pretty big contingent of us 00:03:03.808 --> 00:03:11.808 guys, us military map makers who were godfathers of us cartography 00:03:12.258 --> 00:03:15.616 in pursuit of our mission at National Geographic. We've awarded more than 00:03:15.649 --> 00:03:20.957 13,000 grants to thousands of people, oceanographers, archaeologists, poor 00:03:20.990 --> 00:03:24.136 explorers, paleoanthropologists 00:03:24.169 --> 00:03:27.886 and mountain climbers among many others. People like Robert Pry, Jacques 00:03:27.919 --> 00:03:31.005 Cousteau and Jane Goodall. People who you might know from National 00:03:31.038 --> 00:03:38.036 Geographic magazine or from perhaps a TV special starting in the 1960 s. 00:03:38.069 --> 00:03:42.636 We may be best known for pictures, but cartography is an essential part of 00:03:42.669 --> 00:03:47.495 our history too. We published maps in the very first issue of National 00:03:47.528 --> 00:03:50.856 Geographic even before pictures made it in. And we have now created more 00:03:50.889 --> 00:03:56.969 than 7000 unique maps for the magazine, including 500 pull out supplements. 00:03:59.258 --> 00:04:01.258 Brad Washburn's long relationship with National Geographic began in 1930 00:04:03.300 --> 00:04:06.767 with a lecture he gave about mountain climbing in the Alps. He was 19 00:04:06.800 --> 00:04:10.126 years old at the time and he'd already climbed Mount Blanc and the 00:04:10.159 --> 00:04:16.406 Matterhorn as well as the subject of that night's lecture, a summit called 00:04:16.439 --> 00:04:21.125 the Green Needle in College Washburn funded his climbing expeditions with 00:04:21.158 --> 00:04:25.366 money he was earning on the lecture circuit 00:04:25.399 --> 00:04:30.555 in 1934 newly graduated from Harvard. Harvard led the first expedition to 00:04:30.588 --> 00:04:34.877 successfully climb Southeast Alaska's Mount Crillon. The next year. The 00:04:34.910 --> 00:04:40.055 geographic center team led by Washburn to study photograph and map a 5000 00:04:40.088 --> 00:04:44.406 square mile expanse of territory along the Alaska Yukon border. Washburn 00:04:44.439 --> 00:04:49.697 later conducted the first photographic flights of Mount mckinley. These 00:04:49.730 --> 00:04:52.866 expeditions were documented by articles in National Geographic magazine, 00:04:52.899 --> 00:04:57.305 each of which was photographed and written by Washburn himself. Over the 00:04:57.338 --> 00:05:00.877 years, Wash grew accustomed to working in extreme conditions. He once 00:05:00.910 --> 00:05:04.106 described the difficulty of standing atop M mckinley's South summit at 00:05:04.139 --> 00:05:09.265 more than 20,000 ft above sea level 00:05:09.298 --> 00:05:12.717 and in temperatures at 20 below zero and trying to set up and operate 00:05:12.750 --> 00:05:16.437 survey equipment. 00:05:16.470 --> 00:05:21.296 Quote, it is well nigh impossible to operate a delicate theodolite with 00:05:21.329 --> 00:05:25.197 gloves on because bare metal cannot be safely touched with gloved hands. 00:05:25.230 --> 00:05:29.507 In subzero weather, we cover the tangent screws, leveling screws and other 00:05:29.540 --> 00:05:33.245 adjustable parts with adhesive tape. I worked with my left hand in a big 00:05:33.278 --> 00:05:37.106 mitten in my right, completely bare. After three or four minutes, I would 00:05:37.139 --> 00:05:42.387 put my bare hand under my armpit to warm it up while the recorder checked 00:05:42.420 --> 00:05:47.257 his figures. And then I'd go to work again. 00:05:47.290 --> 00:05:50.187 Washburn's survey and photo work culminated in the first map of Mount 00:05:50.220 --> 00:05:54.645 mckinley published in 1960. He later directed a project funded by the 00:05:54.678 --> 00:05:58.447 geographic to make a large scale map of the region around Mount Kennedy. 00:05:58.480 --> 00:06:02.736 Canada's Mount Washburn had actually discovered Mount Kennedy 30 years 00:06:02.769 --> 00:06:06.526 earlier on his Yukon expedition 00:06:06.559 --> 00:06:09.776 and he relied heavily on aerial photography and newly obtained survey data 00:06:09.809 --> 00:06:13.726 to make the map. 00:06:13.759 --> 00:06:17.455 Not long after Washburn had completed his map on the mount. His work on 00:06:17.488 --> 00:06:21.346 the Mat Kennedy map, he and his wife Barbara came to, came to uh the Grand 00:06:21.379 --> 00:06:26.976 Canyon and they were as he put it disturbed by the fact that they could 00:06:27.009 --> 00:06:31.317 find no large scale maps of the area. The best available were updated 00:06:31.350 --> 00:06:36.317 editions of the map you just heard about from Dr Upchurch 00:06:36.350 --> 00:06:41.075 Washburn's response, typical was to make one himself a large scale map 00:06:41.108 --> 00:06:44.836 depicting the maps depicting the heart of the Grand Canyon stretching from 00:06:44.869 --> 00:06:48.336 about the south rim to a point 3.5 miles above the above the Colorado 00:06:48.369 --> 00:06:51.245 River 00:06:51.278 --> 00:06:55.796 at a scale of 1 to 4800 far greater than any previous map. It would cover 00:06:55.829 --> 00:06:59.567 84 square miles and comprise several sheets that Washburn hoped would 00:06:59.600 --> 00:07:03.967 eventually be published on a smaller scale as a single sheet to pay for it. 00:07:04.000 --> 00:07:07.236 He would use his research fund from the Boston Museum of Science where he 00:07:07.269 --> 00:07:10.846 had been the director since 1939 and he would spread the labor and 00:07:10.879 --> 00:07:15.596 expenses out. Over a number of years, Washburn was excited to try mapping 00:07:15.629 --> 00:07:20.567 the Grand Canyon. It not only represents extremely detailed exploration of 00:07:20.600 --> 00:07:23.676 some of the wildest topography on earth, but it also involves some 00:07:23.709 --> 00:07:27.387 interesting research to determine the best techniques to depict the canon 00:07:27.420 --> 00:07:31.205 in such a way that the end result will be totally accurate and precise 00:07:31.238 --> 00:07:35.026 from the scientific, excuse me, from the standpoint of the scientific user 00:07:35.059 --> 00:07:41.366 , yet beautiful, interesting and useful for the layman. And the hiker 00:07:41.399 --> 00:07:44.586 Washburn's first step naturally was to acquire black and white aerial 00:07:44.619 --> 00:07:49.166 photos of the canyon. Beginning in 1970 he arranged to have flights taken 00:07:49.199 --> 00:07:52.796 from 54,000 00:07:52.829 --> 00:07:56.776 and finally from 8500 ft an altitude low enough to capture important 00:07:56.809 --> 00:08:04.809 details such as roads, buildings, mule trails, footpaths and vegetation, 00:08:05.119 --> 00:08:08.156 it didn't take long. However, for Washburn to realize that his, his 00:08:08.189 --> 00:08:11.745 relatively meager research fund from the Washington Museum of Science was 00:08:11.778 --> 00:08:15.536 not going to support his vision. In October 1971 he submitted an 00:08:15.569 --> 00:08:20.645 application to the Geographics Committee on Research and Exploration, the 00:08:20.678 --> 00:08:25.645 cr to ask for financial support. He wrote, 00:08:25.678 --> 00:08:28.895 although I cannot recollect that the National Geographic has ever been 00:08:28.928 --> 00:08:32.206 involved in this sort of joint undertaking before I thought I would 00:08:32.239 --> 00:08:35.496 suggest it to you partly because it is the sort of thing that you would 00:08:35.529 --> 00:08:39.196 probably like, partly because the geographic has the resources and the 00:08:39.229 --> 00:08:42.725 inclination to do this thing well and partly because you have a 00:08:42.758 --> 00:08:45.716 magnificent organization for distributing a map like this. After it has 00:08:45.749 --> 00:08:48.186 been published, 00:08:48.219 --> 00:08:52.616 Washburn was optimistic that if the map were properly done, it could be an 00:08:52.649 --> 00:08:55.576 exciting addition to world cartography and represent one of the world's 00:08:55.609 --> 00:09:00.096 most magnificent cartographic challenges. 00:09:00.129 --> 00:09:03.657 By this time, Washburn was well known around the geographic for what he 00:09:03.690 --> 00:09:07.157 could bring to a project. Although it was hard to see how he might be 00:09:07.190 --> 00:09:11.287 turned down. The CRE nevertheless, nevertheless requested outside opinions 00:09:11.320 --> 00:09:15.875 on his application to assess the scientific importance and the viability 00:09:15.908 --> 00:09:19.167 of it. 00:09:19.200 --> 00:09:23.037 Our chief carto, our chief cartographer at the time, William Peel was 00:09:23.070 --> 00:09:27.907 among those who offered his support. He wrote it is astonishing but true 00:09:27.940 --> 00:09:30.746 that what is perhaps our most spectacular natural feature has never been 00:09:30.779 --> 00:09:34.576 mapped in the way it deserves. Washburn's project appears to be the answer 00:09:34.609 --> 00:09:39.706 to this need. Such a map would not only carry great public appeal but also 00:09:39.739 --> 00:09:42.816 serve a variety of scientific needs. I therefore recommend that the 00:09:42.849 --> 00:09:45.566 committee approve the application 00:09:45.599 --> 00:09:49.167 and they did giving him $30,000 in the first of several grants that would 00:09:49.200 --> 00:09:53.407 be used for this project. 00:09:53.440 --> 00:09:57.456 And here's where I apologize to the people who have RGB or I'm sorry, red 00:09:57.489 --> 00:10:00.326 green color blindness. I'm sitting on the plane last night reviewing this 00:10:00.359 --> 00:10:05.706 and I just suddenly the red and the green jumped out at me and I went 00:10:05.739 --> 00:10:10.385 sorry. There's three maps like this that have red spots on a green 00:10:10.418 --> 00:10:15.106 background to achieve the kind of accuracy he sought Washburn first had to 00:10:15.139 --> 00:10:18.557 establish adequate ground control. In other words, he had to determine the 00:10:18.590 --> 00:10:21.505 precise position and elevation of every part of the canyon that was going 00:10:21.538 --> 00:10:25.557 to appear on the map without this framework, the canyon as map would be 00:10:25.590 --> 00:10:29.255 neither precisely fixed to the earth's surface nor accurately sized and 00:10:29.288 --> 00:10:33.407 shaped. There were existing survey marks in and around the canyon, but 00:10:33.440 --> 00:10:37.496 Washburn felt that most of them were inadequate, too old, too far away, 00:10:37.529 --> 00:10:41.446 too hard to get to. There were however, a few that he thought were 00:10:41.479 --> 00:10:45.157 acceptable, seen here on the map. And these became the basis for his own 00:10:45.190 --> 00:10:49.086 new control network. 00:10:49.119 --> 00:10:53.856 In early 1971 Washburn, Barbara and a team of friends and volunteers began 00:10:53.889 --> 00:10:57.976 to establish survey stations and measure the canyon erecting. A station 00:10:58.009 --> 00:11:01.816 was a small engineering project in and of itself, Washburn first drilled a 00:11:01.849 --> 00:11:06.717 hole in the rock, then fix a survey target equipment was set up leveled 00:11:06.750 --> 00:11:10.895 and calibrated. A white cloth was laid down to make the station visible in 00:11:10.928 --> 00:11:15.547 low altitude photography and a plastic sphere which in another life had 00:11:15.580 --> 00:11:18.846 been the in of a national geographic globe would have spray painted bright 00:11:18.879 --> 00:11:23.326 orange in order to make it visible 00:11:23.359 --> 00:11:26.356 from each station. Washburn. And his team used a theodolite to measure 00:11:26.389 --> 00:11:31.657 horizontal and vertical angles and lasers to measure distances. The data 00:11:31.690 --> 00:11:34.736 they collected allowed Washburn to calculate each station's precise 00:11:34.769 --> 00:11:41.356 coordinates as well as its elevation and distance from other stations. 00:11:41.389 --> 00:11:47.846 Each station was cited repeatedly perhaps a dozen or more times and excuse 00:11:47.879 --> 00:11:52.297 me, multiple locations in order to reduce air and ensure accuracy. And I 00:11:52.330 --> 00:11:55.375 don't know how well you can see it if the resolution is very good. But the 00:11:55.408 --> 00:11:59.616 sheet on the right is a data sheet that they collected or filled out while 00:11:59.649 --> 00:12:04.866 surveying. I think it's from Hopi measuring distances from Hopi Hopi point 00:12:04.899 --> 00:12:09.836 to the survey station called middle and about halfway down the sheet. A 00:12:09.869 --> 00:12:13.186 little more than half way down the sheet. You see that he has measure the 00:12:13.219 --> 00:12:18.765 distance seven times to a 1000 to 1/1000 of a place and then take the 00:12:18.798 --> 00:12:24.736 average 00:12:24.769 --> 00:12:28.057 washburn. And his team ultimately surveyed from 92 stations located in the 00:12:28.090 --> 00:12:31.395 heart of the canyon. The stations are potted on this map and listed in 00:12:31.428 --> 00:12:35.917 tabular form on the right accompanied by their elevations and coordinates. 00:12:35.950 --> 00:12:39.076 Many of these stations were impractical or impossible to reach by foot. 00:12:39.109 --> 00:12:44.657 So most of the transportation was done by helicopter 00:12:44.690 --> 00:12:48.446 washburn. And his team also walked the canyon's major trails. Bright Angel 00:12:48.479 --> 00:12:52.686 North and South Kaibab Clear Creek, Hermit Tono in order to pop their 00:12:52.719 --> 00:12:56.547 locations and record their precise lengths. Even in a low altitude 00:12:56.580 --> 00:12:59.846 photography, long segments of these trails were invisible because they 00:12:59.879 --> 00:13:05.356 were obscured by shadows and trees tucked under a rock face which you may 00:13:05.389 --> 00:13:09.956 have noticed on Tom's presentation. There was a picture of a person what 00:13:09.989 --> 00:13:13.395 hiking down a hill, hiking down the trail and he was com completely 00:13:13.428 --> 00:13:17.015 underneath a rock face 00:13:17.048 --> 00:13:21.875 or they were just too faint due to bear train or low use. Washburn, farmed 00:13:21.908 --> 00:13:23.946 out 00:13:23.979 --> 00:13:26.667 some of the field, checking to friends and volunteers, but he and Barber 00:13:26.700 --> 00:13:31.086 did plenty on their own. In a letter to Cr Chairman Leonard Carmichael 00:13:31.119 --> 00:13:35.076 Washburn once wrote, working with a measuring wheel over miles and miles 00:13:35.109 --> 00:13:38.177 of rocket terrain can involve mistakes, particularly when you're hot and 00:13:38.210 --> 00:13:41.436 tired. So everything of the sort that we have completed has been done at 00:13:41.469 --> 00:13:48.336 least twice in the Bright Angel Trail we've now covered 3.5 times. 00:13:48.369 --> 00:13:51.275 It's reasonable at this point to infer that Washburn was fairly detailed, 00:13:51.308 --> 00:13:55.706 obsessed, but he was neither unpleasant nor impractical. He once told a 00:13:55.739 --> 00:13:59.486 volunteer who was field checking a trail with a surveyor's wheel. If you 00:13:59.519 --> 00:14:03.297 make a bad mistake, never back up as the wheel won't reverse, just stop 00:14:03.330 --> 00:14:06.797 and cuss a bit or a reasonable amount, then go back to where you made your 00:14:06.830 --> 00:14:14.830 last reliable measurement, start to wheel zero and just start over. 00:14:15.469 --> 00:14:18.976 Sorry, I meant to point out this is also a sheet he used while, while, um 00:14:19.009 --> 00:14:22.706 , measuring Bright Angel. And you can see, I, I hope you can see that what 00:14:22.739 --> 00:14:26.667 he does is he sets the wheel of zero, starts walking a couple of 100 yards 00:14:26.700 --> 00:14:30.765 , maybe to some kind of a notable point, a landmark, maybe a curve in the 00:14:30.798 --> 00:14:34.446 trail or the beginning of a tunnel, taking the measurement and then 00:14:34.479 --> 00:14:37.846 starting it again at zero and starting over so that every segment is short 00:14:37.879 --> 00:14:41.467 enough to redo if he needs to. And the whole thing doesn't get spoiled if 00:14:41.500 --> 00:14:45.996 halfway down five miles in, he realizes he's made a mistake. This is uh 00:14:46.029 --> 00:14:53.787 for Bright Angel. This is page one of 17. 00:14:53.820 --> 00:14:58.967 Here's a summary of Washburn's fieldwork between 1971 and 1975. He and his 00:14:59.000 --> 00:15:01.826 team made more than 00:15:01.859 --> 00:15:07.417 712 helicopter landings and spent 144 days in the field. It wasn't unusual 00:15:07.450 --> 00:15:10.677 for them to work in the summer when Washburn reported that they were 00:15:10.710 --> 00:15:13.486 exposed to 00:15:13.519 --> 00:15:18.547 an unrelenting sun and temperatures that at times crept up to 120. 00:15:18.580 --> 00:15:23.917 He didn't report that I could see anybody having to jump up and down. 00:15:23.950 --> 00:15:27.157 When Washburn had aerial photos and survey data collected, he sent them to 00:15:27.190 --> 00:15:31.807 Lockwood mapping in Buffalo, New York. Lockwood managed the mechanical 00:15:31.840 --> 00:15:35.366 process known as photogrammetry of turning the aerial photos into a series 00:15:35.399 --> 00:15:39.576 of large scale poster sized manuscripts depicting contour lines, trails 00:15:39.609 --> 00:15:43.686 and drainage. 00:15:43.719 --> 00:15:50.025 This is part of manuscript sheet number eight. 00:15:50.058 --> 00:15:55.236 It's not a scan, it's a photo. Thank you Matt. And it shows I think you 00:15:55.269 --> 00:15:59.037 can get a sense of the detail and the precision. You can sort of 00:15:59.070 --> 00:16:04.226 understand why photogrammetry, why Washburn was so enamored of using 00:16:04.259 --> 00:16:12.206 photogrammetry for cartography. 00:16:12.239 --> 00:16:16.145 This map shows the extent of the original 17 manuscript sheets described 00:16:16.178 --> 00:16:21.037 by Lockwood. The total coverage is 164 miles square miles about twice what 00:16:21.070 --> 00:16:24.917 Washburn had originally envisioned. You may also notice that the sheets 00:16:24.950 --> 00:16:28.047 are numbered out of sequence 00:16:28.080 --> 00:16:32.525 numbers one through nine represent the original map as conceived or at 00:16:32.558 --> 00:16:38.895 least as originally funded by c the other. The next 10 through 17 00:16:38.928 --> 00:16:45.196 represent, represent, represent additions made to the map subsequent to 00:16:45.229 --> 00:16:48.316 the initial grant and which required a couple of additional grants from 00:16:48.349 --> 00:16:54.037 the Geographic and Boston Museum. 00:16:54.070 --> 00:16:56.755 It probably won't surprise you to know that Washburn was not at all 00:16:56.788 --> 00:17:01.686 bashful about asking for things and he was really quick to go back to the 00:17:01.719 --> 00:17:04.746 geographic and say, you know what we really, really, really, really need 00:17:04.779 --> 00:17:10.795 to do this, add this add that get color aerial photos. They almost always 00:17:10.828 --> 00:17:17.107 indulged him in 1974 with the fieldwork and photogrammetry winding down 00:17:17.140 --> 00:17:21.526 Washburn and the geographic turned their attention to phase two, 00:17:21.559 --> 00:17:25.266 designing a single sheet map for publication. By now, the magazine's 00:17:25.299 --> 00:17:28.147 leadership had agreed to publish the map as a supplement of the magazine. 00:17:28.180 --> 00:17:31.446 And that left Washburn to figure out what it was going to look like. From 00:17:31.479 --> 00:17:34.436 the beginning. He'd been eager to employ the same techniques pioneered by 00:17:34.469 --> 00:17:38.647 Swiss cartographers as he'd used on the mckinley and Mount Kennedy maps. 00:17:38.680 --> 00:17:41.097 If you look closely at the Mount Kennedy map, you can see a number of 00:17:41.130 --> 00:17:45.035 graphic elements that when used in combination give the map a realistic 00:17:45.068 --> 00:17:49.726 three dimensional quality that's consistent with the so called Swiss style. 00:17:49.759 --> 00:17:54.295 These elements are shadows created by an oblique light source, also known 00:17:54.328 --> 00:18:00.666 initiated relief natural colors which in this case is uh kind of a blue, a 00:18:00.699 --> 00:18:07.325 very subtle blue gray tint has remarks for exposed rock and blue hasher 00:18:07.358 --> 00:18:12.196 marks for ice falls and crevasses in the glaciers and snow fields and 00:18:12.229 --> 00:18:16.535 contour lines rendered in blue to represent or to suggest the snow and the 00:18:16.568 --> 00:18:21.897 snow and glacier covered alpine landscape. These elements are extremely 00:18:21.930 --> 00:18:25.996 labor intensive to produce or they were 40 years ago, but they make for a 00:18:26.029 --> 00:18:32.746 , a very natural looking and and striking resource. Uh map 00:18:32.779 --> 00:18:36.426 Washburn was from the very beginning, extremely keen to work with a man 00:18:36.459 --> 00:18:41.347 named Paul Whitwer, a cartographic relief artist from Swiss Topo had 00:18:41.380 --> 00:18:45.285 worked with Washburn on the mount mckinley map and Washburn regarded him 00:18:45.318 --> 00:18:48.506 enthusiastically as the number one acknowledged man in the world at 00:18:48.539 --> 00:18:55.347 painting colored relief starting in 1974 and con continuing well in 1976 00:18:55.380 --> 00:18:59.946 Washburn Witz and his colleagues at Swiss Topo and the geographic's own 00:18:59.979 --> 00:19:05.467 card, staff debated and tested and prototyped the most appropriate method 00:19:05.500 --> 00:19:09.545 of representing the canyon, the colors, the quality of the light and the 00:19:09.578 --> 00:19:13.847 shadows, the spare rugged terrain, the layer geology, the diverse 00:19:13.880 --> 00:19:20.016 vegetation, the wandering feel in Washburn's words of the canyon's creeks. 00:19:20.049 --> 00:19:22.825 Washburn was passionate about making a map that was both scientifically 00:19:22.858 --> 00:19:26.647 precise and conveyed the essence and character of the canyon. And while he 00:19:26.680 --> 00:19:29.887 was tireless in his efforts to communicate that vision, he could also be 00:19:29.920 --> 00:19:34.256 rather eloquent as he told New York Times writer and author John Noble 00:19:34.289 --> 00:19:38.545 Wilford. If you have this kind of accuracy in all detail, the overall 00:19:38.578 --> 00:19:42.285 feeling of the country will be correct, great precision and detail, always 00:19:42.318 --> 00:19:48.367 yields extraordinary accuracy in the sense of the whole. 00:19:48.400 --> 00:19:54.656 These are four of about 20 prototypes that wiser and Swiss Topo did 00:19:54.689 --> 00:20:01.706 sometime in 1975 and 1976. Most of them, almost all of them are not well 00:20:01.739 --> 00:20:06.266 documented in the way that Swisstopo gave them to me in particular, they 00:20:06.299 --> 00:20:11.206 are mostly undated. So, although we have tons of correspondence in the 00:20:11.239 --> 00:20:15.986 archives and there's really a lot of it going back and forth between 00:20:16.019 --> 00:20:20.766 Washington and Washburn and Switzerland and back and forth in circles 00:20:20.799 --> 00:20:24.676 about how should we do this? What's the palette look going to look like? 00:20:24.709 --> 00:20:29.406 How do we depict the geology without making it look like a geologic map? 00:20:29.439 --> 00:20:32.107 How are the shadows coming out? What are we doing about this? What are we 00:20:32.140 --> 00:20:34.847 doing about that? This is the wrong direction. This is the right direction. 00:20:34.880 --> 00:20:39.597 I'm really discouraged right now. Now, I'm feeling great. 00:20:39.630 --> 00:20:43.627 I don't have any way really to attach any of these to any of the 00:20:43.660 --> 00:20:46.867 correspondence. So I don't know what anybody thought about the thing on 00:20:46.900 --> 00:20:50.097 the left. Uh Other than I can suggest that the pa palette wasn't the color 00:20:50.130 --> 00:20:53.847 palette wasn't correct. Um But the rest of them, I mean, the one on the 00:20:53.880 --> 00:21:01.496 right is, is to my eye, almost fully formed prototype that depicts every 00:21:01.529 --> 00:21:05.526 element of the process and that apparently was not sufficient. So I don't 00:21:05.559 --> 00:21:09.236 know what the problem was 00:21:09.269 --> 00:21:12.785 in any event for reasons that are not particularly clear. Washburn 00:21:12.818 --> 00:21:16.555 eventually gave the job of painting the shaded relief to a guy named T 00:21:16.588 --> 00:21:18.946 Tote 00:21:18.979 --> 00:21:22.055 Thor was a staff photographer had, who had joined National Geographic in 00:21:22.088 --> 00:21:26.597 1964. He'd been working in Washington on his own relief samples just as 00:21:26.630 --> 00:21:32.075 Whits had done from Switzerland and Washburn was apparently happy enough 00:21:32.108 --> 00:21:35.117 with what Por had been working on that. He just, he gave up on having whit 00:21:35.150 --> 00:21:38.617 do it. 00:21:38.650 --> 00:21:43.897 Sorry, I've just lost my, lost the mouse, which means I can't get to my 00:21:43.930 --> 00:21:51.930 own notes. 00:21:57.699 --> 00:22:00.035 Yeah. 00:22:00.068 --> 00:22:04.456 Oh, there is, there is, 00:22:04.489 --> 00:22:08.006 Tabor was well suited to the job. He'd been trained by Swiss Topo and, and 00:22:08.039 --> 00:22:12.266 had actually done the shaded relief later on the Mount Kennedy map. A 00:22:12.299 --> 00:22:15.676 decade earlier. He also had the benefit of not being in Switzerland, which 00:22:15.709 --> 00:22:17.887 made communicating with Washburn and the rest of the geographic 00:22:17.920 --> 00:22:22.065 cartographic staff a lot easier 00:22:22.098 --> 00:22:25.627 using color aerial photos photos that Washburn had convinced the 00:22:25.660 --> 00:22:30.325 geographic to pay for as his guide. Tabor started working in earnest in 00:22:30.358 --> 00:22:36.835 1976 11 months. And more than 1000 hours later, he completed the shaded R 00:22:36.868 --> 00:22:41.276 play that now serves as the map maps Visual Hall. Here's how we describe 00:22:41.309 --> 00:22:45.486 the process. Years later, the heart of the Grand Canyon was the largest 00:22:45.519 --> 00:22:48.936 and most time consuming relief that I painted during my 22 years on staff 00:22:48.969 --> 00:22:52.467 at National Geographic, I'd like to think of this work as my relief thesis 00:22:52.500 --> 00:22:56.016 because it incorporated all that I had learned about relief shading up to 00:22:56.049 --> 00:22:59.717 that point, 00:22:59.750 --> 00:23:02.976 especially vexing problem for Washburn. The Swiss and the geographics 00:23:03.009 --> 00:23:06.397 cartographers was how to use contour lines and color shaded relief to 00:23:06.430 --> 00:23:10.107 depict the canyon's vertical or near vertical terrain. The problem with 00:23:10.140 --> 00:23:13.436 using contour lines to depict vertical terrain is that the lines 00:23:13.469 --> 00:23:16.736 necessarily begin to bunch up and cluster into thick concentrated bands 00:23:16.769 --> 00:23:20.397 that obscure the character of the landscape rather than elucidate. It. As 00:23:20.430 --> 00:23:24.676 you can see in these USG SS maps, contour lines leave very little room for 00:23:24.709 --> 00:23:29.575 any other graphic element naming color. When they start to cluster up into 00:23:29.608 --> 00:23:33.565 these bands. They also do very little to illustrate the complex topography 00:23:33.598 --> 00:23:37.766 of the terrain other than suggesting that it's that it's vertical and 00:23:37.799 --> 00:23:44.779 that's, that's only if you know how to be contour lines in the first place. 00:23:45.328 --> 00:23:47.328 The solution to the problem was to complement the contour lines with cliff 00:23:48.670 --> 00:23:53.295 drawings used to represent the cliffs. 00:23:53.328 --> 00:23:56.016 Here's a four panel sequence that shows exactly how the cliffs were 00:23:56.049 --> 00:23:58.206 integrated 00:23:58.239 --> 00:24:02.335 panel. One on the left is the contour lines. The original contour line lay 00:24:02.368 --> 00:24:07.246 with segments removed where the topography was a vertical or near vertical 00:24:07.279 --> 00:24:09.916 and where the lines would have started to bunch up and concentrate into 00:24:09.949 --> 00:24:15.335 the thick bands. Panel two shows the clip drawings which were intended to 00:24:15.368 --> 00:24:19.766 slot into those areas where the contour lines had been removed. Panel 00:24:19.799 --> 00:24:25.117 three shows the combination of the two and panel four shows contours cliff 00:24:25.150 --> 00:24:29.367 Ures and T bo shaded relief. And you can see that the drawings are 00:24:29.400 --> 00:24:34.246 suggestive of the actual rock formations, especially once they've been 00:24:34.279 --> 00:24:38.656 paired with the shaded relief, they also permit color to show through and 00:24:38.689 --> 00:24:44.325 this meant to washburn that the map ultimately could show, could combine 00:24:44.358 --> 00:24:48.276 the mathematical precision of the contour lines as well as the artistry of 00:24:48.309 --> 00:24:53.006 the shaded relief. 00:24:53.039 --> 00:24:57.617 This is a close up view of the clip drawings for Isis Temple. They were 00:24:57.650 --> 00:25:03.545 drawn by two Swift Swiss Topo staff members, Alwa Fleury and, and Rudolf D 00:25:03.578 --> 00:25:09.117 Walder who worked about eight months in, in summer in 1976 and in early 00:25:09.150 --> 00:25:15.325 1977 according to Washburn, their work was as expected, painstaking and 00:25:15.358 --> 00:25:20.196 slow. They might spend more than a day trying to depict with just the 00:25:20.229 --> 00:25:28.055 right brush strokes, too thin, too thick, too long, too short, too angled 00:25:28.088 --> 00:25:32.347 to depict just a couple centimeters of cliffs. Washburn was ultimately 00:25:32.380 --> 00:25:38.847 happy. He called their work the exacting frontier between art and science 00:25:38.880 --> 00:25:43.815 T and the Swiss labored away members of the geographic cartography staff 00:25:43.848 --> 00:25:47.516 and there were other people were hard at work on other aspects of the 00:25:47.549 --> 00:25:51.486 map's production. Research, cartographer Tom Gray worked closely with park 00:25:51.519 --> 00:25:55.555 superintendent Merle Stitt to clarify place names and compile accurate 00:25:55.588 --> 00:25:58.835 lists in the locations of campgrounds, archaeological sites, ranger 00:25:58.868 --> 00:26:02.666 stations, picnic areas and other points of interest that would be that 00:26:02.699 --> 00:26:07.217 would eventually appear on the map. The page segment here you see is from 00:26:07.250 --> 00:26:12.967 a long list of questions he sent about, about place names. Gray also 00:26:13.000 --> 00:26:17.127 worked with na Professor Harvey Butcher, whom Washburn had recognized as 00:26:17.160 --> 00:26:20.176 the number one expert on the details of the inner reaches of the Grand 00:26:20.209 --> 00:26:26.565 Canyon budget was especially useful in helping gray identify and pot 00:26:26.598 --> 00:26:30.246 reliable streams and springs which gray hoped to distinguish on the map 00:26:30.279 --> 00:26:33.887 from those that were intermittent and seasonal in the interest of public 00:26:33.920 --> 00:26:39.848 safety. Gray eventually removed the unreliable water sources from the map. 00:26:41.219 --> 00:26:43.219 In May 1978 the heart of the Grand Canyon went to press eight years after 00:26:45.029 --> 00:26:50.137 Washburn had first purchased aerial photos, two versions were printed both 00:26:50.170 --> 00:26:54.476 at a scale of 1 to 24,000 or about 2.5 inches to the mile. The maps are 00:26:54.509 --> 00:26:58.706 identical except for their coverage. 00:26:58.739 --> 00:27:05.045 The larger of the two maps ok, was, was printed approximately 34,000 times 00:27:05.078 --> 00:27:08.357 and sold for a while at the Grand Canyon and at the Boston Museum of 00:27:08.390 --> 00:27:13.545 Science, the smaller the smaller version of the map, if that's the one 00:27:13.578 --> 00:27:17.476 hanging back, there was printed, was published and distributed with the 00:27:17.509 --> 00:27:21.656 July 1978 issue of National Geographic magazine and was therefore printed 00:27:21.689 --> 00:27:25.176 10.5 million times. 00:27:25.209 --> 00:27:33.209 The print run required £1.1 million of paper and 17 tons of ink. 00:27:33.640 --> 00:27:38.946 Here's the large map, it seems to have been well received. Washburn 00:27:38.979 --> 00:27:42.217 himself reported shortly after publication that everything we had received 00:27:42.250 --> 00:27:47.795 ranges from ecstatic to highly complimentary to be fair. We also received 00:27:47.828 --> 00:27:52.456 some slightly bitter letters from mostly from staff of the US Geological 00:27:52.489 --> 00:27:54.526 Survey 00:27:54.559 --> 00:27:58.377 who were less impressed. They felt that it was inaccurate and 00:27:58.410 --> 00:28:04.565 disrespectful to Wash's predecessor's name, a Geological survey to say as 00:28:04.598 --> 00:28:09.545 the magazine did that the that the canon had never been mapped in 00:28:09.578 --> 00:28:14.575 sufficient detail for confident field views by scientists or hikers. 00:28:14.608 --> 00:28:19.936 The magazine stood firm. They said, I think rightly that Washburn's modern 00:28:19.969 --> 00:28:22.926 methods and the large scale of the original manuscript sheets from which 00:28:22.959 --> 00:28:28.026 this published map were derived were unprecedented. Despite the map's 00:28:28.059 --> 00:28:31.815 limited coverage by no stretch of the whole canyon, it offered detail and 00:28:31.848 --> 00:28:35.206 precision that had never been seen on any map or as one of the editors 00:28:35.239 --> 00:28:41.627 wrote by all counts, our map is better, more accurate, more attractive 00:28:41.660 --> 00:28:48.986 and of greater value to the layman than any US GS map of the canyon. 00:28:49.019 --> 00:28:54.117 I I was watching cartoons at this point. So 00:28:54.150 --> 00:28:58.295 in any event, the Grand Canyon is a fitting monument to Washburn's 00:28:58.328 --> 00:29:03.416 dedication, his tenacity, his exacting standards, not to mention his skill 00:29:03.449 --> 00:29:07.936 as a surveyor, a salesman, a cheerleader and a project director. It's 00:29:07.969 --> 00:29:13.887 probably top 7000 plus maps. That's probably geographic, it's probably top 00:29:13.920 --> 00:29:17.406 five in terms of 00:29:17.439 --> 00:29:25.439 and the more i more I look into it, the more I understand why. Thank you 00:29:27.848 --> 00:29:33.285 if I can. If I have, I have 11 brief postscript to it. A couple years 00:29:33.318 --> 00:29:38.916 after uh Washburn published, he published a final report um mostly about 00:29:38.949 --> 00:29:42.887 the survey and less about the cartography. And he noted that that one of 00:29:42.920 --> 00:29:48.526 the survey stations s 61 from which he derived most of the spot elevations 00:29:48.559 --> 00:29:53.857 on the map was found to have been disturbed at some point prior to his use 00:29:53.890 --> 00:29:59.156 of it. So not every but a lot of the spot elevations that appear on the 00:29:59.189 --> 00:30:03.117 smaller version of the map are off by 2 ft, 00:30:03.150 --> 00:30:07.377 subsequent editions or revisions and reprints of the larger version of the 00:30:07.410 --> 00:30:12.565 map incorporated the new values. So despite all his time in the field 00:30:12.598 --> 00:30:18.335 trying to make sure that it was within inches of correct, it was, we're 00:30:18.368 --> 00:30:24.526 still 2 ft off. 00:30:24.559 --> 00:30:28.085 Ok. Can you guys hear me? Yup. All right. So we have a few minutes for 00:30:28.118 --> 00:30:33.347 questions. Um Would anybody any questions out there? Yep. So she's gonna 00:30:33.380 --> 00:30:39.545 be running around. We got one here, one there. 00:30:39.578 --> 00:30:43.246 Having started my surveying career in 1970 I recognized one of those data 00:30:43.279 --> 00:30:47.647 sheets on measurement and I was just wondering what kind of a laser 00:30:47.680 --> 00:30:51.137 instrument was used for those distances I see was measured to a corner 00:30:51.170 --> 00:30:55.776 prism as part of those notes, there were two, they were both laser ranger 00:30:55.809 --> 00:31:01.156 products, but I couldn't tell you models or, or I think I remember reading 00:31:01.189 --> 00:31:06.295 that they had one, one was donated by a pal of Wasp Burns. And then at 00:31:06.328 --> 00:31:11.406 some point later on a second one came and I don't know if it was 00:31:11.439 --> 00:31:17.746 version 1.1 or what the difference was. It's well beyond my station in 00:31:17.779 --> 00:31:22.055 life. Um, but I, but laser Ranger was the product name. Does that, is that 00:31:22.088 --> 00:31:30.088 meaningful? 00:31:37.239 --> 00:31:41.785 Washburn? Sounds to me like someone who would have wanted to have mapped a 00:31:41.818 --> 00:31:46.397 lot more of this territory. Um What were the constraints was this his 00:31:46.430 --> 00:31:51.276 vision originally or were there constraints that from what he says, his 00:31:51.309 --> 00:31:57.206 vision was to get the most heavily touristed part and expanding beyond 00:31:57.239 --> 00:32:02.756 that was a cost that I didn't think he either. We shouldn't say he didn't 00:32:02.789 --> 00:32:06.065 care about it, but I think he had recognized that what he did and what the 00:32:06.098 --> 00:32:10.956 whole canyon represent are much, much, much different endeavors and there 00:32:10.989 --> 00:32:14.916 was the cost issue. Um, 00:32:14.949 --> 00:32:21.387 I mean, it took long enough for that little piece. So 00:32:21.420 --> 00:32:24.387 I felt 00:32:24.420 --> 00:32:28.756 ok if it will make you feel any better math has also had a problem with 00:32:28.789 --> 00:32:35.176 elevations. There was a 6 ft, er, most of the benchmarks that you'll find 00:32:35.209 --> 00:32:38.785 in the field, they placed the benchmarks first. When they did their survey 00:32:38.818 --> 00:32:44.226 , you will find that the elevation on them is 6 ft different from the 00:32:44.259 --> 00:32:52.259 elevation for that benchmark that's shown on the map 00:32:54.959 --> 00:33:02.959 2 ft 6 ft. Anybody else? Any other questions 00:33:11.338 --> 00:33:18.335 do? Um Mathis or however you pronounce his name? Do, do his benchmarks 00:33:18.368 --> 00:33:24.387 appear on Bradbury's map or on Washburn? They um there are, you can see 00:33:24.420 --> 00:33:29.857 benchmarks notated on the map. Um II I don't know 00:33:29.890 --> 00:33:35.805 which are whos, but he did mention he did mention in his, in his report 00:33:35.838 --> 00:33:39.256 that he relied on some of the measurements or some of the not the 00:33:39.289 --> 00:33:44.176 benchmarks and some of the leveling done by that crew. Um But, but he did 00:33:44.209 --> 00:33:47.166 , but I'm not sure discounted as the right word, but he felt most of the 00:33:47.199 --> 00:33:52.877 stuff that was from 19 2, 19 3. It's too old. He had more modern 00:33:52.910 --> 00:33:59.315 techniques and some of the stuff was, as you said, is too far away. Did he 00:33:59.348 --> 00:34:04.696 use some of those original points? As I think so? But I'm not sure if Hopi 00:34:04.729 --> 00:34:11.247 and Middle and the other two that he said were adequate for his use were 00:34:11.280 --> 00:34:13.836 part of 00:34:13.869 --> 00:34:19.506 II, I don't, I don't know, I I could probably give a list to Doctor 00:34:19.539 --> 00:34:27.539 Upchurch who might know if, if there's overlap there. 00:34:29.070 --> 00:34:32.269 Alright. Let's give him a round of applause.