WEBVTT 00:00:00.219 --> 00:00:04.665 And thanks everyone for being here. Paul, I knew your reputation as an 00:00:04.698 --> 00:00:10.927 administrator for many years and a musician and those were both confirmed 00:00:10.960 --> 00:00:17.105 during the two summers of thrill to work here with you students, faculty 00:00:17.138 --> 00:00:22.175 or a go at Illinois University. And Racine told me about your early 00:00:22.208 --> 00:00:27.855 support for the symposium. Um Another helpful individual to me was Jane 00:00:27.888 --> 00:00:32.695 Hathaway currently in the School of Music and of course, kudos also to 00:00:32.728 --> 00:00:37.085 reaching for this initiative and preparing to fruition but especially 00:00:37.118 --> 00:00:41.506 finding special r. Congratulations for extinguished supposed honorees. It 00:00:41.539 --> 00:00:48.676 is an honor to participate in supposed if Doctor Hard I met you last night. 00:00:48.709 --> 00:00:56.709 Congratulations. 00:00:56.978 --> 00:01:01.875 Unlike the other Latino speakers, I am not a world music special that and 00:01:01.908 --> 00:01:04.986 the fact that I am privileged to speak first led me to decide to 00:01:05.019 --> 00:01:10.016 generalize, to attempt to place the world music in some kind of context 00:01:10.049 --> 00:01:14.995 and to speculate about an important potential that is world music 00:01:15.028 --> 00:01:18.986 participation and pedagogy as a means of bringing together some of the 00:01:19.019 --> 00:01:24.587 disparate groups in our world today to harmonize them if you will, it 00:01:24.620 --> 00:01:28.426 appears that musical practices have been universal throughout the history 00:01:28.459 --> 00:01:33.956 of mankind. Most likely all human cultures have practiced music just as 00:01:33.989 --> 00:01:39.605 all humans have have spoken, had spoken languages based on the apparent 00:01:39.638 --> 00:01:44.436 evolution of brain structure and other circumstantial evidence. It is 00:01:44.469 --> 00:01:49.227 reasonable to conclude that music could well have predating blackness 00:01:49.260 --> 00:01:53.686 along the way, music was probably displaced by language as the primary 00:01:53.719 --> 00:01:58.337 communication mechanism. And at that point, music shifted to secondary 00:01:58.370 --> 00:02:04.507 communication roles be that as it may, humans are hardwired for both music 00:02:04.540 --> 00:02:09.166 and language and what emerges in each culture is at least one spoken 00:02:09.199 --> 00:02:14.827 language and at least one performed type of music, this seems to happen 00:02:14.860 --> 00:02:19.707 regardless of whether or to what extent different cultures learn from each 00:02:19.740 --> 00:02:24.856 other. Anthropologists tell us that there have been many thousands of 00:02:24.889 --> 00:02:29.636 cultures and many thousands of languages and undoubtedly there have been 00:02:29.669 --> 00:02:34.995 many thousands of types of music as well in the western hemisphere alone. 00:02:35.028 --> 00:02:41.896 A relatively late cover in terms of regions of human habitation. 00:02:41.929 --> 00:02:47.335 Estimates for the total number of languages over time runs as high as 1000. 00:02:47.368 --> 00:02:52.217 There must have been a great many types of music as well. Today. Only a 00:02:52.250 --> 00:02:57.457 few 100 languages survive in the western hemisphere. And many of those are 00:02:57.490 --> 00:03:03.017 being capitalized, at least partially through artificial needs. In other 00:03:03.050 --> 00:03:07.835 words, languages appear to have become less diverse over time and that is 00:03:07.868 --> 00:03:13.967 likely true for music as well. Now in modern times, music seems to be 00:03:14.000 --> 00:03:18.616 moving in the direction of Wardo or at least certain musics are being 00:03:18.649 --> 00:03:24.166 disseminated, which results in more people having more access to more 00:03:24.199 --> 00:03:29.166 types of music than ever before. Of course, world music is part of all 00:03:29.199 --> 00:03:34.327 this in the long, long run, becoming more diverse, may end up being 00:03:34.360 --> 00:03:40.305 fortuitous for music in general and for world music in particular, 00:03:40.338 --> 00:03:44.775 working against this diversity and types of music in modern times is the 00:03:44.808 --> 00:03:50.047 domination. Some say encroachment of Western largely American based 00:03:50.080 --> 00:03:55.797 popular music. The same is said about the English language. If all this is 00:03:55.830 --> 00:04:01.366 true, then why is it that music's unlike languages may be becoming more 00:04:01.399 --> 00:04:07.406 more diverse. One reason is the inherently abstract nature of music. 00:04:07.439 --> 00:04:12.237 Another is the explosion in availability of technological delivery systems 00:04:12.270 --> 00:04:17.236 over the past century and a quarter related to availability is the 00:04:17.269 --> 00:04:22.455 increasingly wide range of roles music plays in society today today, 00:04:22.488 --> 00:04:28.145 arguably more roles than during the pre electronic age. Undoubtedly, 00:04:28.178 --> 00:04:33.276 people today have far more exposure to music than at any time in history 00:04:33.309 --> 00:04:38.145 and the extent of that exposure continues to increase. This is true. 00:04:38.178 --> 00:04:43.805 Despite concerns about the lack of participation in music today, music is 00:04:43.838 --> 00:04:48.627 now such an important part of the larger environment from shopping to 00:04:48.660 --> 00:04:54.447 television, to film sports, to homes, to bopping Dale street, that it is 00:04:54.480 --> 00:04:59.046 probably safe to predict that music will become even more pervasive in our 00:04:59.079 --> 00:05:04.467 society in the future. I will stick my neck out, it will become more 00:05:04.500 --> 00:05:08.736 diverse as well for the same reasons, other commodities become more 00:05:08.769 --> 00:05:14.846 diverse and, and numerous. Uh over time. In other words, it is likely that 00:05:14.879 --> 00:05:18.976 diversity of music will increase while diversity in languages which 00:05:19.009 --> 00:05:24.817 function less like but consumable than music will continue to decrease. I 00:05:24.850 --> 00:05:30.697 want to focus today on a specific subset of diversity in our world, racial 00:05:30.730 --> 00:05:35.476 and ethnic diversity, something I do know a little about and something we 00:05:35.509 --> 00:05:40.926 can probably agree is an important aspect of world music. The variables of 00:05:40.959 --> 00:05:46.137 race and ethnicity can be 00:05:46.170 --> 00:05:53.366 and often are used as proxies for other variables related to diversity. So 00:05:53.399 --> 00:05:57.955 much. So that what we may say about racial and ethnic issues related to 00:05:57.988 --> 00:06:03.055 world music could be said about several other characteristics as well. 00:06:03.088 --> 00:06:06.995 Among other things, I will argue that while world music reflects some of 00:06:07.028 --> 00:06:11.257 our human diversity and like all music, it could be used to divide people 00:06:11.290 --> 00:06:17.447 , it can also help bring us together that is, it can bring harmony to our 00:06:17.480 --> 00:06:23.976 world and to us our flawed but diverse inhabitants. So let's back up and 00:06:24.009 --> 00:06:28.887 talk about where all this human diversity came from. The best thinking 00:06:28.920 --> 00:06:33.656 today is that human species evolved first in Africa, starting about 00:06:33.689 --> 00:06:39.346 200,000 years ago and over the next 100,000 years, groups immigrated from 00:06:39.379 --> 00:06:44.637 that continent. Some ended up in what we call the Middle East Europe and 00:06:44.670 --> 00:06:49.495 eventually the east coast of Egypt and so forth. By the time those parts 00:06:49.528 --> 00:06:55.137 of the world became populated enough. Some of these groups by by then had 00:06:55.170 --> 00:06:59.137 been separated from other groups. For many thousands of years had 00:06:59.170 --> 00:07:04.226 developed what came to be known as racial characteristics. Of course, the 00:07:04.259 --> 00:07:08.736 psychological, the of the psychological of the physiological differences 00:07:08.769 --> 00:07:14.265 among the groups were and remain biologically superficial, as evidenced by 00:07:14.298 --> 00:07:18.986 the fact that humans and all the racial groups can reproduce with humans 00:07:19.019 --> 00:07:24.406 in any and all other groups. And today, we have additional evidence in of 00:07:24.439 --> 00:07:28.947 the superficiality of alleged racial differences in the form of a molecule 00:07:28.980 --> 00:07:31.697 called DNA. 00:07:31.730 --> 00:07:35.856 In addition to physiological differences, all manner of psychological and 00:07:35.889 --> 00:07:39.726 social differences between groups also evolved during those long periods 00:07:39.759 --> 00:07:44.596 of separation differences that align more with what today we call ethnic 00:07:44.629 --> 00:07:48.596 characteristics. And of course, some of the racial and ethnic 00:07:48.629 --> 00:07:53.955 characteristics overlap. All these differences. Notwithstanding we were 00:07:53.988 --> 00:07:59.245 and remain one species albeit with racial and ethnic subgroups that 00:07:59.278 --> 00:08:03.296 evolved during the thousands of years of separation. 00:08:03.329 --> 00:08:08.437 Most educated people today understand all of this including the serious 00:08:08.470 --> 00:08:13.137 doubts entertained about the legitimacy of race as a construct, but it 00:08:13.170 --> 00:08:17.656 bears repeating because we humans are exceeding with slow words where 00:08:17.689 --> 00:08:21.555 racial and ethnic issues are concerned. 00:08:21.588 --> 00:08:27.036 We will return to this theme of slow learn in our quest for harmony among 00:08:27.069 --> 00:08:31.546 all this diversity and perceived diversity. It is important to take into 00:08:31.579 --> 00:08:38.066 account the substantial recent an anthropological quest 00:08:38.099 --> 00:08:42.895 that human history was far more quiet than researchers believe human 00:08:42.928 --> 00:08:49.086 generation. We are a tribal species and it appears that human tribes have 00:08:49.119 --> 00:08:54.446 always competed with each other for food and other resources. Much of that 00:08:54.479 --> 00:09:00.547 competition involved violence in or near most surviving prehistoric human 00:09:00.580 --> 00:09:05.625 habitation sites that have been studied by anthropologists by piles of 00:09:05.658 --> 00:09:11.086 stone that anthropologists believe will gather for throwing it in. And it 00:09:11.119 --> 00:09:15.706 appears that wolves may have been domesticated as dogs because they bark 00:09:15.739 --> 00:09:20.895 to alert their owners to the presence of intruders. According to one 00:09:20.928 --> 00:09:27.496 recent estimate, 25% of prehistoric adult males died of wounds inflicted 00:09:27.529 --> 00:09:32.866 by other humans. Since that estimate is based on evidence of skeletal 00:09:32.899 --> 00:09:37.706 wounds only. And since undoubtedly, some fatal wounds did not affect 00:09:37.739 --> 00:09:42.157 skeletons. The death rate from warfare and other virus must have been 00:09:42.190 --> 00:09:47.417 higher than that. Such races and violent death are unheard of in modern 00:09:47.450 --> 00:09:53.677 times. By some estimates, the largest modern war World War two result in 00:09:53.710 --> 00:09:57.356 the death of the 10% of the population of some of the most affected 00:09:57.389 --> 00:10:04.826 countries and an estimated 2.6% of the world's population at the time. And 00:10:04.859 --> 00:10:09.775 upon historians and evolutionary biologists also make it clear that 00:10:09.808 --> 00:10:14.775 humanity has improved and measurably not only in reduced tribal warfare, 00:10:14.808 --> 00:10:20.346 but in most ways, over time for primitive tribes, violence and other non 00:10:20.379 --> 00:10:24.907 cooper behavior may have been adapted to their environment and therefore 00:10:24.940 --> 00:10:31.186 necessary. But over time, it's becoming increasingly maladapted. In modern 00:10:31.219 --> 00:10:34.807 times, most individuals and groups experience more success when they 00:10:34.840 --> 00:10:41.177 co-operate more and fight less both within and among groups. Today, we 00:10:41.210 --> 00:10:44.496 tend to think of human progress mainly in the realms of medicine and 00:10:44.529 --> 00:10:48.385 technology that we have improved as a species in virtually every, 00:10:48.418 --> 00:10:52.755 everywhere. The critical realm of cooper operation being one of the most 00:10:52.788 --> 00:10:57.106 notable and likely one of the most important. 00:10:57.139 --> 00:11:01.566 There is a widespread assumption today that invading aliens from outer 00:11:01.599 --> 00:11:06.706 space would either enslave or destroy us the human inhabitants of this 00:11:06.739 --> 00:11:11.566 earth. This belief is understandable given the history of human group 00:11:11.599 --> 00:11:17.836 encounters. But some evolutionary biologists believe that any civilization 00:11:17.869 --> 00:11:22.576 can enough to reach earth through outer space would be so involved that 00:11:22.609 --> 00:11:27.375 invaders would not want to dominate or destroy it earthly. But instead 00:11:27.408 --> 00:11:32.657 would seek to cooper with given that the nearest star or the solar system 00:11:32.690 --> 00:11:39.005 is 10.5 light years away. That's 100 trillion kilometers. This is probably 00:11:39.038 --> 00:11:44.677 a safe bet, regardless the idea that evolved civilizations fight less and 00:11:44.710 --> 00:11:49.927 cooper more is also based on our history Bureau on Earth. In this case, 00:11:49.960 --> 00:11:53.797 the evolutionary improvements in relationships among and within groups 00:11:53.830 --> 00:11:58.145 throughout history. The spread of self governance in the form of democracy 00:11:58.178 --> 00:12:02.986 , a partial democracy since the late 18th century is a notable 00:12:03.019 --> 00:12:08.226 manifestation, cooperating behavior even given the shortcomings in to 00:12:08.259 --> 00:12:14.066 those political systems today, with the world's population increasing at a 00:12:14.099 --> 00:12:19.566 rate and total number. Well beyond anything in the past, as far as we know 00:12:19.599 --> 00:12:24.076 and given the destructive power of weapons in the nuclear age, we really 00:12:24.109 --> 00:12:28.625 don't have viable choices about whether to co operate or fight. 00:12:28.658 --> 00:12:32.456 Nevertheless, the news media and even historians tend to concentrate on a 00:12:32.489 --> 00:12:38.366 conflict because it is more interesting than cooperating behavior. Despite 00:12:38.399 --> 00:12:43.206 all the negativity of hand wringing our overall project, there is less 00:12:43.239 --> 00:12:47.787 warfare and more trade and other types of sharing among groups than ever 00:12:47.820 --> 00:12:52.726 before. And there are better social conditions, including less crime 00:12:52.759 --> 00:12:57.547 within and among groups as well. We have seen enormous population 00:12:57.580 --> 00:13:01.657 increases but also enormous improvements in cooperating behavior even 00:13:01.690 --> 00:13:06.706 within our own life. Apparently, we have learned that cooper operation is 00:13:06.739 --> 00:13:12.826 adaptive behavior adapting to the world in which we live. This is 00:13:12.859 --> 00:13:18.206 important because so far we lack alternative places to live. We can't very 00:13:18.239 --> 00:13:23.467 well just decide to vacate our earthly neighborhood in terms of race 00:13:23.500 --> 00:13:27.417 relations. The United States is a nation that was founded on the 00:13:27.450 --> 00:13:32.196 enlightenment principles of equality, but its original constitution 00:13:32.229 --> 00:13:37.407 legalized slavery and, and denied the right to vote to those slaves, to 00:13:37.440 --> 00:13:42.765 all women and even those non slave males in recent times, much has been 00:13:42.798 --> 00:13:46.505 made of the fact that the country elected and re-elected a mixed race 00:13:46.538 --> 00:13:51.907 rather to identify it as a member of the african-american minority. And 00:13:51.940 --> 00:13:55.826 this truly is an extraordinary achievement of which Americans can take 00:13:55.859 --> 00:14:00.236 justifiable problems. I don't know an instance in history of a major 00:14:00.269 --> 00:14:05.116 country electing a member of it was formerly despised, repressed 00:14:05.149 --> 00:14:09.566 minorities to such a high office. President Obama's historic first 00:14:09.599 --> 00:14:16.287 election took place in November of 2008. Some 145 years after President 00:14:16.320 --> 00:14:22.217 Abraham Lincoln freed the slaves but only 42 years after my high school 00:14:22.250 --> 00:14:28.255 admitted its first African American students. 00:14:28.288 --> 00:14:32.547 Thank you will bow and cotton for near Memphis, Tennessee. And I, well 00:14:32.580 --> 00:14:37.157 remember not only the racially segregated schools but also segregated 00:14:37.190 --> 00:14:42.086 restaurants, hotels, churches, swimming pools, restaurant rooms, funeral 00:14:42.119 --> 00:14:48.125 homes, water fountain, park benches, even partition cemeteries. The racial 00:14:48.158 --> 00:14:54.625 integration of my high school began during my senior year, 1966 1967 00:14:54.658 --> 00:14:58.356 when two seniors from the town's black high school enrolled in our white 00:14:58.389 --> 00:15:04.057 school for their final year in graduation. The next school year, the 00:15:04.090 --> 00:15:08.366 regional Army National Guard battalion deployed to Memphis in the 00:15:08.399 --> 00:15:13.446 aftermath of the assassination of the Reverend Martin Luther King Junior, 00:15:13.479 --> 00:15:19.667 a unit I later trained and served with for subsequent domestic issues. 00:15:19.700 --> 00:15:24.336 What remains of legal segregation in the United States crumbled during 00:15:24.369 --> 00:15:29.125 those years after college, I taught at a school in South Mississippi in 00:15:29.158 --> 00:15:34.936 the second year of full integration. We have come a long, long way in a 00:15:34.969 --> 00:15:38.255 relatively short period of time. 00:15:38.288 --> 00:15:44.946 On the other hand, however much the situation has improved, racial 00:15:44.979 --> 00:15:50.486 prejudice is still pervasive in the US and many other parts of the world. 00:15:50.519 --> 00:15:55.557 Today. 21st century, we still tend to stick together in our respective 00:15:55.590 --> 00:16:00.956 tribes as in birds of a feather flock together. Anthropologists tell us 00:16:00.989 --> 00:16:05.375 that such tribalism was adaptive behavior in a primitive world when tribes 00:16:05.408 --> 00:16:09.765 competed with each other for resources. 00:16:09.798 --> 00:16:14.186 But in our densely packed complex modern world, such discrimination of 00:16:14.219 --> 00:16:20.116 Saneness and otherness has become counterproductive or ma adapting as a 00:16:20.149 --> 00:16:24.557 civilization, we're trying to absorb and apply these lessons. But 00:16:24.590 --> 00:16:28.356 throughout most of our known history, progress has been at best and 00:16:28.389 --> 00:16:34.576 agonizingly slow. However, the pace has picked up in recent decades, so 00:16:34.609 --> 00:16:38.456 much so that despite the revenue of our individual life relative to 00:16:38.489 --> 00:16:43.167 evolutionary history, the fact that all of us have personally witnessed 00:16:43.200 --> 00:16:49.145 progress on some so many human relationship fronts. Demonstrates the 00:16:49.178 --> 00:16:54.275 increasing pace of our collective understanding. That's the good news. And 00:16:54.308 --> 00:16:58.826 I see w the world music phenomenon as an emerging and potentially integral 00:16:58.859 --> 00:17:03.015 part of this increasing positive interaction and collaboration among 00:17:03.048 --> 00:17:09.206 groups, racial and other words, indeed, that world music is already 00:17:09.239 --> 00:17:12.647 bringing us together is yet evidenced by the fact that so many of us 00:17:12.680 --> 00:17:17.446 traveled so far to participate in this IPO which is being hosted by a 00:17:17.479 --> 00:17:24.425 respecting respected academic institution. But questions still remain such 00:17:24.458 --> 00:17:28.314 as why aren't we humans in a better place in terms of cooperating and 00:17:28.347 --> 00:17:33.486 non-discriminatory behavior? And how can we close the gap between where we 00:17:33.519 --> 00:17:38.295 are and where we aspire to be? Some of the answers to these questions are 00:17:38.328 --> 00:17:43.256 emerging from clues provided by evolutionary biologists, clues that point 00:17:43.289 --> 00:17:47.236 to reasons for our resistance to more thorough acceptance and assimilation 00:17:47.269 --> 00:17:52.256 of different types of people. Uh Edward O Wilson, one of the world's most 00:17:52.289 --> 00:17:58.045 renowned biologists explains that humans are one of only 20 species, 00:17:58.078 --> 00:18:04.446 including certain types of insects that are eusocial organizations defined 00:18:04.479 --> 00:18:09.959 to those that cooperatively reared their young across multiple generations. 00:18:10.328 --> 00:18:12.328 There are these 20 new social species are hugely successful among the 8.7 00:18:17.170 --> 00:18:22.406 million species that inhabit the earth. The success is measured in terms 00:18:22.439 --> 00:18:26.825 of collective body weight, in the case of insects and dominance of the 00:18:26.858 --> 00:18:31.726 planet in the face of human. Now, Wilson believes that the evolution of 00:18:31.759 --> 00:18:38.795 humans as a new social species require social exchanges that expanded with 00:18:38.828 --> 00:18:42.805 the shift to a meat eating diet among our humanoid ancestors. About 2 00:18:42.838 --> 00:18:49.295 million years. This in turn resulted in the evolution of a huge brain to 00:18:49.328 --> 00:18:54.246 store the knowledge necessary for survival, much of it involving cooper 00:18:54.279 --> 00:19:00.887 operation. It also explains the strong urge to be part of a clan or tribe. 00:19:00.920 --> 00:19:05.246 This means that humans evolve to become adapt at identifying members of 00:19:05.279 --> 00:19:10.545 their own clan as opposed to members of other clans during that period, 00:19:10.578 --> 00:19:16.085 disability and strong urge to identify with and cooper within groups was 00:19:16.118 --> 00:19:18.276 adapted. 00:19:18.309 --> 00:19:21.627 Researchers believe that while the propensity to distinguish or 00:19:21.660 --> 00:19:25.686 discriminate between members of one's own tribe and members of other 00:19:25.719 --> 00:19:31.035 tribes is so fundamental to our social and psychological structures that 00:19:31.068 --> 00:19:35.295 for practical purposes, it is innate 00:19:35.328 --> 00:19:41.206 in other words, racial prejudice is rooted in the tools people use to 00:19:41.239 --> 00:19:47.325 quickly classify people, objects, even ideas into categories of good or 00:19:47.358 --> 00:19:52.467 bad. And these characterizations discriminations if you will happen 00:19:52.500 --> 00:19:54.486 automatically, 00:19:54.519 --> 00:19:58.936 such rapid characterization is adaptive. Such as when we learn to assume 00:19:58.969 --> 00:20:04.825 that all mushrooms are poisonous and all lions want to eat us and so far 00:20:04.858 --> 00:20:08.805 so good. But the troublesome part i whom we draw on what it's likely that 00:20:08.838 --> 00:20:15.026 cars and wire having the essentialist style to make those judgments, 00:20:15.059 --> 00:20:20.736 cognitive assess of the style wrestle too problematic assumptions for that. 00:20:20.769 --> 00:20:25.476 Everything in a given category shares common essential qualities. And 00:20:25.509 --> 00:20:29.897 second, that these qualities are unchanging, immutable and therefore 00:20:29.930 --> 00:20:35.416 essential, essentialism is problematic for race is concerned because the 00:20:35.449 --> 00:20:38.867 idea of fundamental differences has been round and debunked by scientists 00:20:38.900 --> 00:20:45.006 , even person, even people who have some sense of the problems associated 00:20:45.039 --> 00:20:49.016 with essentialism, categorize race, gender, age and other self 00:20:49.049 --> 00:20:55.266 identification characteristics in the same ways, usually instantaneous and 00:20:55.299 --> 00:20:58.436 beyond the realm of cons. 00:20:58.469 --> 00:21:03.127 So it isn't a matter of whether a given individual or group discriminates 00:21:03.160 --> 00:21:08.147 or categorizes. In the words of one scholar, the capacity to learn us from 00:21:08.180 --> 00:21:13.357 them is fundamental to the human brain. Instead what matters is how 00:21:13.390 --> 00:21:17.785 strongly these beliefs are held and how long and how and what we do in 00:21:17.818 --> 00:21:22.756 response to it. Again, this tendency is reinforced by the strong need to 00:21:22.789 --> 00:21:27.926 identify with the group. In part because there are safety in numbers. 00:21:27.959 --> 00:21:32.006 These tendencies operate even when the criteria for group membership are 00:21:32.039 --> 00:21:36.545 arbitrary when the criteria are based on relatively obvious 00:21:36.578 --> 00:21:43.906 characteristics, problems often arise and persist to say the least 00:21:43.939 --> 00:21:47.877 today. There are two major downsides to this identification behavior. One 00:21:47.910 --> 00:21:53.295 is racism, which is a way to distinguish between tribes. Another major 00:21:53.328 --> 00:21:58.236 downside is religious bigotry, which stems from the need to adhere to 00:21:58.269 --> 00:22:02.496 collective beliefs held by the tribe and to reject individuals who do not 00:22:02.529 --> 00:22:07.946 hold some some beliefs. And of course, it is in the realm of beliefs, 00:22:07.979 --> 00:22:13.035 religious and otherwise that ethnicity comes in because much of what can 00:22:13.068 --> 00:22:16.926 be said about race can also be said about religion and ethnicity in the 00:22:16.959 --> 00:22:21.847 way they relate to tribal identification. Finally, although evolutionary 00:22:21.880 --> 00:22:26.766 scientists focused on antiquity in the modern era, it is, it is clear that 00:22:26.799 --> 00:22:31.295 nationalism as a mechanism and expression of tribal identity overlaps a 00:22:31.328 --> 00:22:36.736 great deal with race religion and perhaps especially with ethnicity, we 00:22:36.769 --> 00:22:41.006 have seen innumerable, negative consequences of racial and religious 00:22:41.039 --> 00:22:45.815 bigotry in the form of tribal rivalry throughout history. And of course, 00:22:45.848 --> 00:22:49.236 we have experienced manifold negative consequences of excessive 00:22:49.269 --> 00:22:54.887 nationalism. Since nation states evolved, we humans have retained our 00:22:54.920 --> 00:23:00.147 highly developed and propensity to discriminate group membership into our 00:23:00.180 --> 00:23:05.847 modern age despite being potentially maladapted. And this constitutes a 00:23:05.880 --> 00:23:11.575 serious flaw in the modern human species. We can mitigate these tendencies 00:23:11.608 --> 00:23:17.217 in ourselves and in society, but we cannot make them disappear completely 00:23:17.250 --> 00:23:22.666 and there analyze our flawed nature. Again, though, this law could be 00:23:22.699 --> 00:23:26.897 fortuitous, the music in general and the world music in particular, 00:23:26.930 --> 00:23:31.285 because both can and do bring harmony to groups based on differences of 00:23:31.318 --> 00:23:36.176 various times. So long as we can use music and musical activities to help 00:23:36.209 --> 00:23:40.736 bring people together and to mitigate against our inherent flaws, we 00:23:40.769 --> 00:23:45.246 should be in business for the foreseeable future. 00:23:45.279 --> 00:23:51.666 Today, in the most democratic countries, um, social structure based on 00:23:51.699 --> 00:23:57.847 race is no longer codified by law and it's typically illegal. However, 00:23:57.880 --> 00:24:02.847 traditions and unwritten exacerbated by our fundamental propensity for 00:24:02.880 --> 00:24:08.055 discrimination still result in stratification and discrimination by race, 00:24:08.088 --> 00:24:12.916 ethnicity, religion, nationality. And at this point, we should probably 00:24:12.949 --> 00:24:17.196 consider gender and gender identity, social class A I Ds and other 00:24:17.229 --> 00:24:21.785 characteristics on which to discriminate for good or, and of course, these 00:24:21.818 --> 00:24:26.367 traits tend to overlap with each other and are frequently used as proxies 00:24:26.400 --> 00:24:31.236 for other traits with discrimination based on one trait sometimes used as 00:24:31.269 --> 00:24:35.607 a big league to cover or obscure discrimination based on one or more other 00:24:35.640 --> 00:24:37.627 traits. 00:24:37.660 --> 00:24:41.575 To take a modern day example, there can be various, valid, even socially 00:24:41.608 --> 00:24:45.906 acceptable reasons to oppose, oppose immigration to one's country from 00:24:45.939 --> 00:24:49.956 other countries. And some of the current opposition to immigration may 00:24:49.989 --> 00:24:54.535 indeed be based on legitimate concerns. But in North America and in Europe 00:24:54.568 --> 00:24:59.857 , much of it is rooted in opposition to the other. Indeed, race has been a 00:24:59.890 --> 00:25:04.835 millstone around the neck of the United States since colonial times, two 00:25:04.868 --> 00:25:09.347 centuries later, during the first century nationwide, Ralph Waldo Emerson 00:25:09.380 --> 00:25:14.585 , Herman Melville wrote passionately and bravely about racial issues in 00:25:14.618 --> 00:25:20.026 the United States and the country's most destructive war was fought over. 00:25:20.059 --> 00:25:24.065 I agree with those who consider racism. The Achilles heel of the United 00:25:24.098 --> 00:25:29.426 States of America throughout our history and extending to the present as 00:25:29.459 --> 00:25:34.117 for Europe in modern times, slavery has not been permitted, but Europeans 00:25:34.150 --> 00:25:38.627 were the original slave trader between Africa and the western hemisphere. 00:25:38.660 --> 00:25:42.276 Today. On the European continent, some of the world's most modern 00:25:42.309 --> 00:25:46.065 progressive countries are experiencing considerable unrest over the issue 00:25:46.098 --> 00:25:51.436 of immigration. Much of it based on a mismatch of nationalism, ethnicity, 00:25:51.469 --> 00:25:56.236 race, religion and race, as well as economic 00:25:56.269 --> 00:26:00.857 in Europe as in North America and many other places, groups of people who 00:26:00.890 --> 00:26:05.256 bear visible signs of differences such as skin color or attire, which can 00:26:05.289 --> 00:26:10.426 signal religion, social class or both seem to draw the most opposition 00:26:10.459 --> 00:26:14.196 researchers have identified racial prejudice among doctors treated 00:26:14.229 --> 00:26:16.565 patients 00:26:16.598 --> 00:26:22.166 in hiring the judicial system and both charging and convicting suspects, 00:26:22.199 --> 00:26:26.156 legislators and responding to constituents management and the department 00:26:26.189 --> 00:26:29.936 of leasing and automobile renting professors are selecting research 00:26:29.969 --> 00:26:35.666 assistants and music teachers in evaluating student performance. These 00:26:35.699 --> 00:26:39.696 studies span several decades and are overwhelmingly convincing in their 00:26:39.729 --> 00:26:46.367 totality. Similar work has been done on gender discrimination and on age 00:26:46.400 --> 00:26:50.416 now, racial and other types of prejudice can't have negative consequences 00:26:50.449 --> 00:26:55.637 on many aspects of people's lives and society at large. It indirectly the 00:26:55.670 --> 00:27:00.387 fact one of the things we try to do in music education which is teach or 00:27:00.420 --> 00:27:06.045 at least foster creativity. Researchers at Tel Aviv University in Israel 00:27:06.078 --> 00:27:11.107 developed tests that estimate the extent of people's essentialist thinking 00:27:11.140 --> 00:27:15.147 defined as associating racial differences with the abilities and 00:27:15.180 --> 00:27:20.075 personality traits. They found negative correlations between essentialist 00:27:20.108 --> 00:27:25.186 thinking and creativity and concluded that the correlations may be causal 00:27:25.219 --> 00:27:30.315 that based bias thinking may inhibit creativity. 00:27:30.348 --> 00:27:34.647 The good news is that essentialist thinking can be modified at least in 00:27:34.680 --> 00:27:39.097 the short term. The same is ring. Researchers had another sample of 00:27:39.130 --> 00:27:43.535 students who read essays that describe races as either a fundamental 00:27:43.568 --> 00:27:47.446 difference between people which is in 00:27:47.479 --> 00:27:52.156 or as a construct. It reflected nothing more than skin differences, which 00:27:52.189 --> 00:27:54.805 is a non essential 00:27:54.838 --> 00:28:00.597 subjects who read the non-essential essay score 32% higher on the 00:28:00.630 --> 00:28:06.597 creativity test and then did substitute r the Essentialist essay. The 00:28:06.630 --> 00:28:10.867 authors concluded that essentialism appears to exert its negative effects 00:28:10.900 --> 00:28:16.117 on creativity, not through what people think but through how they think. 00:28:16.150 --> 00:28:21.446 Now. Why is that? Well, it's because they said stereotyping and creative 00:28:21.479 --> 00:28:26.107 stagnation are rooted in a similar tendency to over rely on existing 00:28:26.140 --> 00:28:31.367 category attributes. Again, such essential stinking may have helped early 00:28:31.400 --> 00:28:37.256 humans on the Savannah, but it can be counterproductive in today's world. 00:28:37.289 --> 00:28:42.127 Researchers have also devised high tech tests to measure individuals 00:28:42.160 --> 00:28:46.967 reaction to different types of people and situations. The test measures 00:28:47.000 --> 00:28:51.647 the reaction time in milliseconds, the photographs of people of different 00:28:51.680 --> 00:28:56.226 races and different situations. Some of these tests are now available free 00:28:56.259 --> 00:29:02.166 of charge on the internet. Like most people in the US who have taken it, I 00:29:02.199 --> 00:29:07.426 exhibited a slight tendency to favor my own race. I recommend taking one 00:29:07.459 --> 00:29:12.285 if you haven't done. So these results hold pretty much across the age 00:29:12.318 --> 00:29:17.387 spectrum with individuals over 65 of A I DS testing slightly more 00:29:17.420 --> 00:29:21.686 prejudiced and those in middle age, slightly less prejudiced than people 00:29:21.719 --> 00:29:27.357 in other age get women tested slightly less prejudice than men. And 00:29:27.390 --> 00:29:31.315 holders of phd degrees exhibited less prejudice than holders of other 00:29:31.348 --> 00:29:36.026 degrees or no degrees. Holders of the MD degrees positions show the most 00:29:36.059 --> 00:29:40.835 pre of all types, the degree holders, no 00:29:40.868 --> 00:29:43.946 other tests which are not available to the public, to my knowledge, 00:29:43.979 --> 00:29:48.676 measure the propensity of different groups to shoot or not shoot a gun 00:29:48.709 --> 00:29:53.467 when shown photographs of young men, some black and some white holding 00:29:53.500 --> 00:29:59.706 guns in their hands and some holding wallets. This setup is intended to 00:29:59.739 --> 00:30:04.006 commit a recent incident in New York when police shot and killed a young 00:30:04.039 --> 00:30:09.186 black man who was holding a wallet, not a gun that they thought on these 00:30:09.219 --> 00:30:12.847 tests, people tend to make decisions and shoot at black subjects more 00:30:12.880 --> 00:30:18.516 quickly than black subjects. But regardless of the gun versus the, the 00:30:18.549 --> 00:30:22.315 researchers attributed this to the evolutionary tendency to distinguish 00:30:22.348 --> 00:30:26.676 group membership and to project situations involving non group members as 00:30:26.709 --> 00:30:31.686 dangerous. In one study, these results held true for officers from the 00:30:31.719 --> 00:30:36.805 Denver, Colorado Police Department as well as for general volunteers. 00:30:36.838 --> 00:30:42.246 However, the police officers were much more accurate in their in in 00:30:42.279 --> 00:30:45.726 general than the general volunteers in their discrimination between the 00:30:45.759 --> 00:30:50.746 gun versus private condition. They were also less affected by the race 00:30:50.779 --> 00:30:55.555 fair. So they were put to shoot regardless of race or the weapon, no 00:30:55.588 --> 00:31:02.085 weapon condition taken together. We have historical and anthropological 00:31:02.118 --> 00:31:06.506 evidence. We have scientific evidence from experimental studies and we 00:31:06.539 --> 00:31:11.467 have our own personal experiences and observations. When we synthesize all 00:31:11.500 --> 00:31:16.446 these efforts, it appears that the human species is indeed flawed and that 00:31:16.479 --> 00:31:21.127 everyone is prejudiced against the other. Now, this pro propensity is not 00:31:21.160 --> 00:31:26.347 caused by genes but by evolutionary history. So what does all this mean 00:31:26.380 --> 00:31:31.006 for music educators who want to teach world of music? I think we should 00:31:31.039 --> 00:31:35.486 consider the likelihood based on the various kinds of evidence and 00:31:35.519 --> 00:31:40.627 exposure to world music and some of its content in educational settings 00:31:40.660 --> 00:31:45.585 probably help students become more accepted, less prejudiced and more into 00:31:45.618 --> 00:31:50.555 that as well as more knowledge about people and racial and ethnic groups 00:31:50.588 --> 00:31:54.926 other than their own group. And let's add different national religious age 00:31:54.959 --> 00:32:00.736 , gender and gender identity groups. The goal of increased empathy to 00:32:00.769 --> 00:32:05.535 become increasingly because despite the obvious progress we've made in 00:32:05.568 --> 00:32:10.196 some of these areas in many parts of the world. Recent events demonstrated 00:32:10.229 --> 00:32:14.877 a need for a great deal more understanding and tolerance. One worrying 00:32:14.910 --> 00:32:19.236 contrary trend, we can believe the research on the topic is that 00:32:19.269 --> 00:32:23.795 university students in the current millennial generation are testing about 00:32:23.828 --> 00:32:29.156 40% lower in measures of empathy than their counterparts from 20 to 30 00:32:29.189 --> 00:32:34.387 years ago. One scholar speculates that this is because social media has 00:32:34.420 --> 00:32:40.305 replaced face to face encounters that we may be quote foregoing the whole 00:32:40.338 --> 00:32:47.176 body experience of nature or a flat screen version of unquote, findings of 00:32:47.209 --> 00:32:51.256 reduced empathy are frightening given our need locally and worldwide. For 00:32:51.289 --> 00:32:56.506 more understanding, all these different types of evidence and more suggest 00:32:56.539 --> 00:33:00.176 that world music programs in schools and universities could make a real 00:33:00.209 --> 00:33:06.176 difference in participants' lives and in society at large. But wait if we 00:33:06.209 --> 00:33:10.285 can accept that the premise that world music programs could result in such 00:33:10.318 --> 00:33:15.166 changes unless they even bigger and hypothesize that world music could 00:33:15.199 --> 00:33:19.696 become a driver in the sea change. Move toward a significantly more 00:33:19.729 --> 00:33:25.686 harmonious, harmonious world community. Does this sound far fetched Grandy 00:33:25.719 --> 00:33:31.075 Oaks for ma? But given that many parts of the world are becoming more 00:33:31.108 --> 00:33:35.706 diverse, racially and ethnically and in other ways as well, using all our 00:33:35.739 --> 00:33:39.746 available available tools, music among them is becoming not just something 00:33:39.779 --> 00:33:45.956 nice to do, but more and more of an imperative. What should world music 00:33:45.989 --> 00:33:50.847 programs in schools and universities look like? Well, most of you have 00:33:50.880 --> 00:33:55.276 more experience and insights about this than I. So this morning, I'll 00:33:55.309 --> 00:34:00.647 stick to a few observations and caveats related to music education in 00:34:00.680 --> 00:34:06.097 American schools, especially high music classes in these schools are 00:34:06.130 --> 00:34:11.354 elected by students because there are few if any requirements in music, 00:34:11.387 --> 00:34:16.465 this means that world music, like other music, opera must compete with all 00:34:16.498 --> 00:34:22.035 other classes, both music and nonm music. It is a great dream for some 00:34:22.068 --> 00:34:25.515 American music educators to see all secondary school students in 00:34:25.548 --> 00:34:30.727 standardized music classes, music for general students in other. But at 00:34:30.760 --> 00:34:36.017 only one time in American history, did that occur on a widespread basis? 00:34:36.050 --> 00:34:40.506 And that was in the late 19 twenties to the 19 thirties. When required 00:34:40.539 --> 00:34:45.476 secondary school classes and music appreciation were required. These 00:34:45.509 --> 00:34:50.735 classes utilize radio broadcast and sets of commercial recordings produced 00:34:50.768 --> 00:34:55.345 by photograph companies. Those general depreciation classes were not 00:34:55.378 --> 00:34:59.787 popular enough to be sustained. So they disappeared during the World War 00:34:59.820 --> 00:35:04.945 two. Meanwhile, elective classes in the form of performing ensemble 00:35:04.978 --> 00:35:09.115 expanded during the same period and since to not only survived but 00:35:09.148 --> 00:35:13.807 flourished. The curricular model of music in American high schools today 00:35:13.840 --> 00:35:19.675 is still elective and consists mainly of performing ensembles. Why? And 00:35:19.708 --> 00:35:24.905 that those kids like universities offer performing ensembles for the same 00:35:24.938 --> 00:35:29.736 reason. Popularity and to prepare free teacher to lead ensembles in the 00:35:29.769 --> 00:35:36.077 school, jazz education, high schools through the existing band programs 00:35:36.110 --> 00:35:40.586 and world music programs will probably need to do something similar to 00:35:40.619 --> 00:35:44.486 flourish in this environment. World music will have to appeal to students 00:35:44.519 --> 00:35:48.477 and accommodate them in large enough classes to render the programs 00:35:48.510 --> 00:35:53.796 efficient. Tombo size groups are not efficient term future time and space 00:35:53.829 --> 00:35:55.816 utilization. 00:35:55.849 --> 00:36:00.497 But the most important important factor of popularity. The main reason we 00:36:00.530 --> 00:36:04.997 have music in secondary schools is the popularity of students, parents and 00:36:05.030 --> 00:36:09.865 the public. This may not be true or as true in countries with more 00:36:09.898 --> 00:36:15.316 centralized education systems and less local control. 00:36:15.349 --> 00:36:19.807 However, regardless of the power structure, I don't know of a country with 00:36:19.840 --> 00:36:24.026 substantially widespread music programs in high schools for general 00:36:24.059 --> 00:36:28.646 students that is required of all students in countries with distributed 00:36:28.679 --> 00:36:33.436 systems like the US and to lesser extent, Canada Germany and Australia. 00:36:33.469 --> 00:36:37.876 For example, if the music program and secondary schools were not popular, 00:36:37.909 --> 00:36:42.885 they would largely disappear. Most university music programs prepare 00:36:42.918 --> 00:36:47.327 students to work in these popular public school programs. In many 00:36:47.360 --> 00:36:51.885 universities, music education is the only music major and even large 00:36:51.918 --> 00:36:55.787 university music schools with doctoral program to prepare a professor to 00:36:55.820 --> 00:36:59.787 teach in smaller and mid-sized universities, most of which are in the 00:36:59.820 --> 00:37:04.956 business of preparing teachers. Thus, one could make the case that the 00:37:04.989 --> 00:37:09.655 curricular music education in the United States rests on a foundation of 00:37:09.688 --> 00:37:15.115 popular support in public school music programs. If I can be granted one 00:37:15.148 --> 00:37:18.885 wish about the music education professor in this country would be for 00:37:18.918 --> 00:37:23.436 leaders and would be leaders come to understand the popularity of the one 00:37:23.469 --> 00:37:27.827 essential feature of music education. It is for this reason that 00:37:27.860 --> 00:37:31.385 hypothetical compulsory general music program, no matter how well 00:37:31.418 --> 00:37:36.217 intentioned or how well thought out in terms of philosophy content liber 00:37:36.250 --> 00:37:41.356 are unlikely to replace popular elective offerings 00:37:41.389 --> 00:37:45.135 until such time as curriculum is dictated completely by some higher 00:37:45.168 --> 00:37:49.736 authority. It is astounding to me that the national standards for music 00:37:49.769 --> 00:37:55.247 education make no mention whatsoever of students enjoying or even 00:37:55.280 --> 00:37:59.615 appreciating their music classes or activities. Not to mention the music 00:37:59.648 --> 00:38:02.126 itself. 00:38:02.159 --> 00:38:05.736 This is probably because the proponents sense that learning is the 00:38:05.769 --> 00:38:10.506 affective domain would not be measurable in what were even over 20 years 00:38:10.539 --> 00:38:15.925 ago, the increasing of test oriented industrialized school. 00:38:15.958 --> 00:38:21.077 But so far, the testing movement is largely bypassed and this is a mixed 00:38:21.110 --> 00:38:25.896 lesson. But let's double down on doing the things we've always done well, 00:38:25.929 --> 00:38:29.566 including providing opportunities for kids to enjoy music and music 00:38:29.599 --> 00:38:34.456 classes, gain skills and knowledge and grow in ways that research tells 00:38:34.489 --> 00:38:39.497 parents value to them social skills such as all this needs to be 00:38:39.530 --> 00:38:43.845 successful in the public school environment. World music offerings will 00:38:43.878 --> 00:38:48.776 have to entice students and their parents to elect these classes. 00:38:48.809 --> 00:38:52.727 Realistically, this probably means largely offering larger performance 00:38:52.760 --> 00:38:57.365 based classes, world music and the ways it is taught can be very enjoyable 00:38:57.398 --> 00:39:02.416 and can enhance skill knowledge and certainly social skills at both the 00:39:02.449 --> 00:39:07.195 individual and group levels. Already, we have enough world music 00:39:07.228 --> 00:39:11.175 activities in secondary schools and universities to allow us to conduct 00:39:11.208 --> 00:39:16.486 research studies on the results. Possible areas of research and world 00:39:16.519 --> 00:39:20.405 music might include experimental studies to determine whether and in which 00:39:20.438 --> 00:39:24.916 ways subjects exposed to certain kinds of world music would become more 00:39:24.949 --> 00:39:29.497 accepting of those of respective cultures or at least less prejudice 00:39:29.530 --> 00:39:35.885 against them. Once I prejudice studies mentioned early different forms of 00:39:35.918 --> 00:39:40.425 exposure to the to could be performance experiences and learn information 00:39:40.458 --> 00:39:45.526 about the respective cultures that produce the musics. After all. If 00:39:45.559 --> 00:39:49.727 reading a story is a affecting certainly performing a couple of reading, 00:39:49.760 --> 00:39:54.606 discussing listening and watching videos about world musics, cultures 00:39:54.639 --> 00:39:59.997 would increase understanding and empathy. Someday society will get smart 00:40:00.030 --> 00:40:04.166 and to the extent possible let high school and university students learn 00:40:04.199 --> 00:40:08.945 what they want to learn and how they want to learn from that point on 00:40:08.978 --> 00:40:14.135 ideologies about music and music education. Notwithstanding 00:40:14.168 --> 00:40:18.626 students will elect what they value and want and when our, and and when 00:40:18.659 --> 00:40:23.376 our and and and when our already popular secondary school music programs 00:40:23.409 --> 00:40:27.767 will flourish even more world music program based primarily on performance 00:40:27.800 --> 00:40:32.115 , but including other features can become part of that package of 00:40:32.148 --> 00:40:36.807 offerings on a widespread basis. I can't think of a better way to bring 00:40:36.840 --> 00:40:40.956 about genuine positive mixing among groups and peoples than through 00:40:40.989 --> 00:40:46.557 exposure to different kinds of music. After all, we, as we contemplate the 00:40:46.590 --> 00:40:51.336 potential positive effects of world music instruction and participation, 00:40:51.369 --> 00:40:55.017 we could recall that music is already done more than its share in very 00:40:55.050 --> 00:40:59.986 different groups together, modern popular music throughout the synthesis 00:41:00.019 --> 00:41:03.787 of music produced by different groups in the Appalachian mountains and 00:41:03.820 --> 00:41:08.577 cotton growing regions of the American South has become arguably the most 00:41:08.610 --> 00:41:13.635 important music in the world today. Ultimately, it was the juxtaposition 00:41:13.668 --> 00:41:18.945 of these groups and the with both American European and African roots that 00:41:18.978 --> 00:41:24.526 grew into the music worldwide of Indian, major social economic and 00:41:24.559 --> 00:41:28.876 technical forces made modern popular music possible, but they did not in 00:41:28.909 --> 00:41:32.695 and of themselves actually produce it. 00:41:32.728 --> 00:41:37.807 Instead, it was produced by people from. And it was the juxtaposition of 00:41:37.840 --> 00:41:42.885 these different cultural groups, especially the different races 00:41:42.918 --> 00:41:46.695 that resulted in the creation of these important new styles of popular 00:41:46.728 --> 00:41:52.206 music. Most popular music arises from the disenfranchised left side of the 00:41:52.239 --> 00:41:57.095 political spectrum. It was not only a major point of that is enhanced 00:41:57.128 --> 00:42:00.787 contact between the African American and European American people in the 00:42:00.820 --> 00:42:05.997 United States, but it has since also cross generational and geographical 00:42:06.030 --> 00:42:11.807 lines. We can work to help world music take its place among other popular 00:42:11.840 --> 00:42:17.135 music and educational and other settings. Keeping in mind that performed, 00:42:17.168 --> 00:42:21.666 teaching, listening to and studying world music could very well make 00:42:21.699 --> 00:42:26.956 people more empathetic with each other. Biologist Wilson argues, quote, it 00:42:26.989 --> 00:42:31.816 is within the power of humanity and serious creative arts to within them 00:42:31.849 --> 00:42:36.997 to express our existence in ways that began at last, at last, to realize 00:42:37.030 --> 00:42:42.537 the dreams of the enlightenment unquote. I think the world music can and 00:42:42.570 --> 00:42:47.115 already does serve as a vehicle for bringing different groups together and 00:42:47.148 --> 00:42:51.807 closer to each other. And by closer, I mean, it can facilitate better 00:42:51.840 --> 00:42:58.827 understanding, empathy and acceptance by reducing fears about the other. I 00:42:58.860 --> 00:43:02.905 think we should start promoting world music education programs partly on 00:43:02.938 --> 00:43:07.896 that basis, bringing research findings to bear on prejudicial behavior and 00:43:07.929 --> 00:43:14.115 into the public consciousness is a hot topic for us much more so than that. 00:43:14.148 --> 00:43:20.695 Even a year ago, when Ray Ching asked me to prepare this address, 00:43:20.728 --> 00:43:24.706 interest has really taken off since the police shooting of an unarmed 00:43:24.739 --> 00:43:29.057 black teenager in Missouri in August 2014. 00:43:29.090 --> 00:43:32.046 And just two months ago, the Director of the Federal Bureau of 00:43:32.079 --> 00:43:37.635 Investigation, the FBI made comments that seem to reflect his awareness of 00:43:37.668 --> 00:43:43.566 recent research on prejudice. Yes, it has been a long wait, but it appears 00:43:43.599 --> 00:43:48.615 that finally some are using the media to open up about this issue. So I'm 00:43:48.648 --> 00:43:52.997 betting this is a tipping point much like we've had tipping points in the 00:43:53.030 --> 00:43:58.586 area in the areas of civil rights, women's issues, child abuse, gay and 00:43:58.619 --> 00:44:03.727 lesbian rights and others. We should apply the lessons to all forms of 00:44:03.760 --> 00:44:08.135 prejudice against groups of people and take advantage of the general mood 00:44:08.168 --> 00:44:11.836 to help secure a place for world music in our schools, universities and 00:44:11.869 --> 00:44:15.267 communities. 00:44:15.300 --> 00:44:20.635 Just last month, I was, I witnessed a large long-standing community music 00:44:20.668 --> 00:44:24.135 group in Bursa Turk while they were working with my friend, Professor 00:44:24.168 --> 00:44:30.336 Suzanne Suzanne. The player's identity characteristics were highly similar. 00:44:30.369 --> 00:44:35.816 All were males ranging in age from 50 to 85 years. And apparently there 00:44:35.849 --> 00:44:40.845 single nationality and ethnicity, except that is for a violin and a 00:44:40.878 --> 00:44:45.635 clarinetist. Both highly skilled in the ottoman era. Turkish classical 00:44:45.668 --> 00:44:50.566 music style. When I remarked on their ability, Suzanne informed me that 00:44:50.599 --> 00:44:57.186 they were Roma gypsies brought in his ringers to help the group music. We 00:44:57.219 --> 00:45:01.747 ignore this. I salute those of you who are working in this wonderful field 00:45:01.780 --> 00:45:09.780 of world music. You deserve our support. Thank you 00:45:23.110 --> 00:45:28.416 and moderate. So anybody have any comments or questions before we take our 00:45:28.449 --> 00:45:36.449 break, 00:45:38.978 --> 00:45:42.796 just like you presented this idea that bigotry almost like an allergy and 00:45:42.829 --> 00:45:46.445 music is kind of like a medicine for it. And I thought that's just a 00:45:46.478 --> 00:45:51.006 really cool idea, necessarily thought of it that way as far as this 00:45:51.039 --> 00:45:59.039 prejudice and um and a automatic response to our system. Um But these are 00:45:59.119 --> 00:46:05.307 conscious things that we can use our associate. I appreciate that. Thank 00:46:05.340 --> 00:46:09.037 you. We need to get, we need to all get used to the idea that it's pretty 00:46:09.070 --> 00:46:13.247 close to the date. You know, it's not just something that happened 200 00:46:13.280 --> 00:46:17.227 years ago or in someone else's country, it's, it's something that we deal 00:46:17.260 --> 00:46:21.236 with all the time and, and I think it's coming in consciousness like other 00:46:21.269 --> 00:46:24.956 things have come into consciousness, I think now is the time. Um, I also 00:46:24.989 --> 00:46:29.655 want to stress that I didn't stress enough in the, in the talk that I 00:46:29.688 --> 00:46:33.057 understand very well, that music does update. This is something that 00:46:33.090 --> 00:46:37.695 external with the music. I mean, it's not an aesthetic kind of thing, uh, 00:46:37.728 --> 00:46:43.195 for those of us who work in the education here. Uh, this is something else. 00:46:43.228 --> 00:46:46.227 I don't really like mythology. 00:46:46.260 --> 00:46:52.986 Yes. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Yes, ma'am. 00:46:53.019 --> 00:46:58.356 Bit more about more diverse. 00:46:58.389 --> 00:47:04.046 Uh, I was afraid somebody might ask, I can't prove it and I understand 00:47:04.079 --> 00:47:08.526 that that there is yet. Uh, but I do understand that there's a, there's a 00:47:08.559 --> 00:47:12.396 feeling that it's becoming less diverse because of the dominance of the 00:47:12.429 --> 00:47:17.546 media and, and a few media companies, uh, worldwide 00:47:17.579 --> 00:47:22.986 other music out. Um, but I also believe that, I guess what I mean, I'm not 00:47:23.019 --> 00:47:26.666 sure there's a, in the total, there's a, 00:47:26.699 --> 00:47:30.175 but I think more people have more access, more different times than they 00:47:30.208 --> 00:47:35.666 ever did before and that you can go on Spotify, get all kinds of music, uh 00:47:35.699 --> 00:47:40.517 , that people didn't have to. Um, and, you know, when I was growing up, 00:47:40.550 --> 00:47:45.695 they were only in, in, there were only three television section, two or 00:47:45.728 --> 00:47:52.626 three networks and, and, uh, and that's how we act. And now I have, I 00:47:52.659 --> 00:47:58.046 don't know, my wife get several 100 channels and so we have, I have access 00:47:58.079 --> 00:48:02.767 to a lot more things and I have access to a lot more people. So, I don't 00:48:02.800 --> 00:48:06.345 know, in an absolute sense that there are more musics than ever. I don't 00:48:06.378 --> 00:48:09.865 know how we would determine that. But I think for practical purposes, 00:48:09.898 --> 00:48:15.456 people have a lot more access to what extent people are diverse in their, 00:48:15.489 --> 00:48:20.717 in their, uh, preferences. I'm not sure. Uh, it seems to me that most 00:48:20.750 --> 00:48:26.845 people are fairly narrow in their preferences for music, um, including 00:48:26.878 --> 00:48:31.006 some trained musicians. Unfortunately, you know, there's a feeling that 00:48:31.039 --> 00:48:37.566 our musical training is limited us. I ha I personally like to why. But 00:48:37.599 --> 00:48:42.115 most people don't, I can't prove it. I just believe that more people have 00:48:42.148 --> 00:48:46.936 more access than ever. And some of them in a way are at least aware of it 00:48:46.969 --> 00:48:50.916 and I can tell that about this conversation 00:48:50.949 --> 00:48:56.217 and maybe we can do, maybe we can bring more if that's our job. Yes, sir. 00:48:56.250 --> 00:49:02.557 Digitalization isolates people and teaching world musics, brings them 00:49:02.590 --> 00:49:10.590 together. How does teaching world musics online come out? That's you, you 00:49:11.628 --> 00:49:18.195 have to answer that question. I didn't, I didn't make money. No. But you, 00:49:18.228 --> 00:49:21.316 you said that, uh, 00:49:21.349 --> 00:49:29.090 looking at a screen is becoming more common than looking at a human.