WEBVTT 00:00:00.300 --> 00:00:04.747 And thanks everyone for being here. Paul, I knew your reputation as an 00:00:04.780 --> 00:00:11.005 administrator for many years and a musician and those were both confirmed 00:00:11.038 --> 00:00:17.236 during the two summers. I was privileged to work here with you students fa 00:00:17.269 --> 00:00:22.256 Northern Air New at Illinois University. And Ren told me about your early 00:00:22.289 --> 00:00:27.936 support for the symposium. Um Another helpful individual to me was Jane 00:00:27.969 --> 00:00:33.076 Hathaway currently in the School of Music and of course, kudos also to 00:00:33.109 --> 00:00:37.146 ring for this initiative and preparing for fruition, but especially 00:00:37.179 --> 00:00:41.467 finding special related congratulations or extinguished supposed honorees. 00:00:41.500 --> 00:00:47.606 It is an honor to participate in supposed Doctor Har. I met you last 00:00:47.639 --> 00:00:55.639 night. Congratulations. 00:00:57.048 --> 00:01:01.826 Unlike the other Latino speakers, I am not a world music specialist that 00:01:01.859 --> 00:01:05.066 and the fact that I am privileged to speak first led me to decide to 00:01:05.099 --> 00:01:10.087 generalize, to attempt to place the world music in some kind of context 00:01:10.120 --> 00:01:15.076 and to speculate about an important role that that is world music 00:01:15.109 --> 00:01:19.055 participation and pedagogy as a means of bringing together some of the 00:01:19.088 --> 00:01:24.656 disparate groups in our world today to harmonize them if you will, it 00:01:24.689 --> 00:01:28.495 appears that musical practices have been universal throughout the history 00:01:28.528 --> 00:01:34.007 of mankind, most likely all human cultures have practiced music just as 00:01:34.040 --> 00:01:39.676 all humans have have spoken, had spoken languages based on the apparent 00:01:39.709 --> 00:01:44.486 evolution of brain structure and other circumstantial evidence. It is 00:01:44.519 --> 00:01:49.727 reasonable to conclude that music could wealth, a predating planet along 00:01:49.760 --> 00:01:53.766 the way, music was probably displaced by language as the primary 00:01:53.799 --> 00:01:58.385 communication mechanism. And at that point, music shifted to secondary 00:01:58.418 --> 00:02:04.587 communication roles be that as it may, humans are hardwired for both music 00:02:04.620 --> 00:02:09.245 and language and what emerges in each culture is at least one spoken 00:02:09.278 --> 00:02:14.906 language and at least one performed type of music. This seems to happen 00:02:14.939 --> 00:02:19.786 regardless of whether or to what extent different cultures learn from each 00:02:19.819 --> 00:02:24.927 other. Anthropologists tell us that there have been many thousands of 00:02:24.960 --> 00:02:29.707 cultures and many thousands of languages. And undoubtedly there have been 00:02:29.740 --> 00:02:35.077 many thousands of types of music as well in the western hemisphere alone 00:02:35.110 --> 00:02:41.967 and relatively late cover in terms of regions of human habitation. 00:02:42.000 --> 00:02:47.427 Estimates for the total number of languages over time runs as high as 1000. 00:02:47.460 --> 00:02:52.286 There must have been a great many types of music as well today. Only a 00:02:52.319 --> 00:02:57.536 few 100 languages survive in the western hemisphere. And many of those are 00:02:57.569 --> 00:03:03.096 being capitalized, at least partially through artificial means. In other 00:03:03.129 --> 00:03:07.916 words, languages appear to have become less diverse over time. And that is 00:03:07.949 --> 00:03:14.036 likely true for music as well. Now in modern times, music seems to be 00:03:14.069 --> 00:03:18.696 moving in the direction of war or at least certain musics are being 00:03:18.729 --> 00:03:24.005 disseminated widely which results in more people having more access to 00:03:24.038 --> 00:03:28.967 more types of music than ever before. Of course, world music is part of 00:03:29.000 --> 00:03:34.406 all things in the long, long run, becoming more diverse, may end up being 00:03:34.439 --> 00:03:40.335 fortuitous for music in general and for world music in particular, 00:03:40.368 --> 00:03:44.846 working against this diversity and types of music in modern times is the 00:03:44.879 --> 00:03:50.136 domination. Some say encroachment of Western, largely American based 00:03:50.169 --> 00:03:55.876 popular music. The same is serve by the English language. If all this is 00:03:55.909 --> 00:04:01.275 true, then why is it that music's unlike languages may be becoming more, 00:04:01.308 --> 00:04:06.186 you know, more diverse. One reason is the inherently abstract nature of 00:04:06.219 --> 00:04:11.656 music. Another is the explosion and availability of technological delivery 00:04:11.689 --> 00:04:17.286 systems over the past century and a quarter related to availability is 00:04:17.319 --> 00:04:22.546 increasingly wide range of roles music plays in society today today, 00:04:22.579 --> 00:04:28.226 arguably more roles than during the pre electronic age. Undoubtedly, 00:04:28.259 --> 00:04:33.346 people today have far more exposure to music than at any time in history 00:04:33.379 --> 00:04:38.226 and the extent of that exposure continues to increase. This is true. 00:04:38.259 --> 00:04:43.887 Despite concerns about the lack of participation in music today, music is 00:04:43.920 --> 00:04:48.705 now such an important part of the larger environment from shopping to 00:04:48.738 --> 00:04:54.356 television and film sports, to homes, to bopping down the street that it 00:04:54.389 --> 00:04:59.086 is probably safe to predict that music will become even more pervasive in 00:04:59.119 --> 00:05:04.546 our society in the future. I will stick my neck out, it will become more 00:05:04.579 --> 00:05:08.817 diverse as well for the same reasons, other commodities become more 00:05:08.850 --> 00:05:14.926 diverse and, and numerous. Uh over time. In other words, it is likely that 00:05:14.959 --> 00:05:19.055 diversity of music will increase while diversity in languages which 00:05:19.088 --> 00:05:24.887 function less like the consumable than music will continue to decrease. I 00:05:24.920 --> 00:05:30.757 want to focus today on a specific subset of diversity in our world, racial 00:05:30.790 --> 00:05:35.366 and ethnic diversity, something that you know a little about and something 00:05:35.399 --> 00:05:40.776 we can probably agree is an important aspect of world music. The variable 00:05:40.809 --> 00:05:46.205 of race and ethnicity can be 00:05:46.238 --> 00:05:53.447 and often are used as proxies for other variables related to diversity so 00:05:53.480 --> 00:05:58.096 much. So that what we may say about racial and ethnic issues related to 00:05:58.129 --> 00:06:03.127 world music could be said about several other characteristics as well. 00:06:03.160 --> 00:06:07.055 Among other things, I will argue that while world music reflects some of 00:06:07.088 --> 00:06:11.336 our human diversity and like all music, it could be used to divide people 00:06:11.369 --> 00:06:17.526 , it can also help bring us together that is, it can bring harmony to our 00:06:17.559 --> 00:06:24.055 world and to us our flawed but diverse inhabitants. So let's back up and 00:06:24.088 --> 00:06:28.967 talk about where all this human diversity came from. The best thinking 00:06:29.000 --> 00:06:33.736 today is that human species evolved first in Africa, starting about 00:06:33.769 --> 00:06:39.426 200,000 years ago. And over the next 100,000 years, groups immigrated from 00:06:39.459 --> 00:06:44.717 that continent, some developed in what we call the Middle East Europe and 00:06:44.750 --> 00:06:49.637 eventually the east coast of Asia and so forth. By the time those parts of 00:06:49.670 --> 00:06:55.217 the world became populated enough. Some of these groups by by then had 00:06:55.250 --> 00:06:59.697 been separated from other groups for many thousands of years had developed 00:06:59.730 --> 00:07:04.296 what came to be known as racial characteristics. Of course, the 00:07:04.329 --> 00:07:08.305 psychological there of the psychological of these physiological 00:07:08.338 --> 00:07:13.616 differences among groups were and remain biologically superficial as 00:07:13.649 --> 00:07:18.276 evidenced by the fact that humans and all the racial groups can reproduce 00:07:18.309 --> 00:07:23.265 with humans in any and all other groups. And today, we have additional 00:07:23.298 --> 00:07:28.156 evidence in of the superficially of alleged racial differences in the form 00:07:28.189 --> 00:07:31.786 of a molecule called DNA. 00:07:31.819 --> 00:07:35.955 In addition to physiological differences, all manner of psychological and 00:07:35.988 --> 00:07:39.906 social differences between groups also evolve during those long periods of 00:07:39.939 --> 00:07:44.645 separation differences that align more with what today we call ethnic 00:07:44.678 --> 00:07:46.656 characteristics. 00:07:46.689 --> 00:07:51.217 And of course, some of the racial and ethnic characteristics overlapped 00:07:51.250 --> 00:07:56.726 all these differences. Notwithstanding we were and remain one species 00:07:56.759 --> 00:08:00.805 albeit with racial and ethnic subgroups that evolved during the thousands 00:08:00.838 --> 00:08:06.205 of years of separation. Most educated people today understand all of this 00:08:06.238 --> 00:08:11.145 , including the series of doubts entertained about the legitimacy of race 00:08:11.178 --> 00:08:15.765 as a construct, but it bears repeating because we humans are exceeding 00:08:15.798 --> 00:08:21.726 with slow learners where racial and ethnic issues are concerned. 00:08:21.759 --> 00:08:27.106 We will return to this theme of slow learn in our quest for harmony among 00:08:27.139 --> 00:08:31.627 all this diversity and perceived diversity. It is important to take into 00:08:31.660 --> 00:08:38.145 account the substantial recent and ethical life quest 00:08:38.178 --> 00:08:42.985 that human history was far more viable than researchers believe even a 00:08:43.018 --> 00:08:49.025 generation ago, we are a tribal species and it appears that human tribes 00:08:49.058 --> 00:08:54.307 have always competed with each other for food and other resources. Much of 00:08:54.340 --> 00:09:00.265 that competition involved violence in or near most surviving prehistoric 00:09:00.298 --> 00:09:05.625 human habitation sites that have been studied by anthropologists by piles 00:09:05.658 --> 00:09:10.846 of stones that anthropologists believe will gather for throwing it enemies. 00:09:10.879 --> 00:09:15.186 And it appears that wolves may have been domesticated as dogs because 00:09:15.219 --> 00:09:20.736 they bark to alert their owners to the presence of intruders. According to 00:09:20.769 --> 00:09:27.096 one recent estimate, 25% of prehistoric adult males died of wounds 00:09:27.129 --> 00:09:32.287 inflicted by other humans. Since that estimate is based on evidence of 00:09:32.320 --> 00:09:37.167 skeletal wounds only. And since undoubtedly, some fatal wounds did not 00:09:37.200 --> 00:09:41.826 affect skeletons, the death rate from warfare and other violence must have 00:09:41.859 --> 00:09:47.047 been higher than that. Such rates of violent death are unheard of in 00:09:47.080 --> 00:09:52.917 modern times. By some estimates, the largest modern war world war two 00:09:52.950 --> 00:09:56.996 result in the death of the 10% of the population of some of the most 00:09:57.029 --> 00:10:02.755 affected countries and an estimated 2.6% of the world's population at the 00:10:02.788 --> 00:10:08.537 time. Anthropologists, historians and evolutionary biologists also make it 00:10:08.570 --> 00:10:13.657 clear that humanity has improved and measurably not only in reduced tribal 00:10:13.690 --> 00:10:19.866 warfare, but in most ways over time for primitive tribes, violence and 00:10:19.899 --> 00:10:24.566 other non cooper behavior may have been adapted to their environment and 00:10:24.599 --> 00:10:30.866 therefore necessary. But over time, it's becoming increasingly malady in 00:10:30.899 --> 00:10:34.775 modern times, most individuals and groups experience more success when 00:10:34.808 --> 00:10:41.076 they cooperated more and fight less both within and among groups. Today, 00:10:41.109 --> 00:10:44.566 we tend to think of human progress mainly in the realms of medicine and 00:10:44.599 --> 00:10:49.496 technology, but we have improved as a species and virtually everywhere. 00:10:49.529 --> 00:10:53.765 The critical realm of cooper operation being one of the most notable and 00:10:53.798 --> 00:10:57.177 likely one of the most important. 00:10:57.210 --> 00:11:01.635 There is a widespread assumption today that invading aliens from outer 00:11:01.668 --> 00:11:06.775 space would either enslave or destroy us the human inhabitants of this 00:11:06.808 --> 00:11:11.645 earth. This belief is understandable given the history of human group 00:11:11.678 --> 00:11:17.895 encounters. But some evolutionary biologists believe that any civilization 00:11:17.928 --> 00:11:22.645 can enough to reach earth or outer space would be so involved that 00:11:22.678 --> 00:11:27.407 invaders would not want to dominate or destroy us earthly. But instead 00:11:27.440 --> 00:11:32.726 would seek to cooper with given that the nearest star of the solar system 00:11:32.759 --> 00:11:39.076 is 10.5 light years away. That's 100 trillion kilometers. This is probably 00:11:39.109 --> 00:11:44.736 a safe bet, regardless the idea that evolved civilizations fight less and 00:11:44.769 --> 00:11:49.996 cooper more is also based on our history Bureau on Earth. In this case, 00:11:50.029 --> 00:11:53.836 the evolutionary improvements in relationships are run and within groups 00:11:53.869 --> 00:11:58.217 throughout history. The spread of self governance in the form of democracy 00:11:58.250 --> 00:12:03.057 , a partial democracy since the late 18th century is a notable 00:12:03.090 --> 00:12:08.586 manifestation behavior even given the shortcomings endemic to those 00:12:08.619 --> 00:12:14.557 political systems today, with the world's population increasing at a rate 00:12:14.590 --> 00:12:19.826 and total number. Well beyond anything in the past as far as we know and 00:12:19.859 --> 00:12:24.436 given the destructive power of weapons in the nuclear age, we really don't 00:12:24.469 --> 00:12:29.606 have liable choices about whether to co operate or fight. Nevertheless, 00:12:29.639 --> 00:12:33.797 the news media and even historians tend to concentrate on a conflict 00:12:33.830 --> 00:12:38.686 because it is more interesting than cooperating behavior. Despite all the 00:12:38.719 --> 00:12:43.287 negativity of hand wringing over our projects. Today, there is less 00:12:43.320 --> 00:12:47.875 warfare and more trade and other types of sharing among groups than ever 00:12:47.908 --> 00:12:52.826 before. And there are better social conditions, including less crime 00:12:52.859 --> 00:12:57.616 within and among groups as well. We have seen enormous population 00:12:57.649 --> 00:13:01.726 increases but also enormous improvements in cooperating behavior even 00:13:01.759 --> 00:13:06.467 within our own lifetime. Apparently, we have learned that cooper operation 00:13:06.500 --> 00:13:09.177 is adaptive 00:13:09.210 --> 00:13:14.645 adapted to the world in which we live. This is important because so far we 00:13:14.678 --> 00:13:19.946 lack alternative places to live. We can't very well just decide to vacate 00:13:19.979 --> 00:13:25.956 our earthly neighborhood in terms of race relations. The United States is 00:13:25.989 --> 00:13:30.775 a nation that was founded on the enlightenment principle of equality. But 00:13:30.808 --> 00:13:35.456 its original constitution legalized slavery and and denied the right to 00:13:35.489 --> 00:13:41.395 vote to those slaves, to all women and even those non slave males in 00:13:41.428 --> 00:13:44.996 recent times, much has been made of the fact that the country elected and 00:13:45.029 --> 00:13:49.196 re-elected a mixed race revue, who identified as a member of the 00:13:49.229 --> 00:13:54.436 african-american minority. And this truly is an extraordinary achievement 00:13:54.469 --> 00:13:57.996 of which Americans can take justifiable. 00:13:58.029 --> 00:14:02.076 I don't know an instance in history of a major country electing a member 00:14:02.109 --> 00:14:07.736 of it was formerly despised, repressed minorities to such a high office. 00:14:07.769 --> 00:14:13.316 President Obama's historic first election took place in November of 2008. 00:14:13.349 --> 00:14:19.525 Some 145 years after President Abraham Lincoln freed the slaves. But only 00:14:19.558 --> 00:14:26.259 42 years after my high school admitted its first African American students. 00:14:28.308 --> 00:14:30.308 I grew up on a cotton farm near Memphis, Tennessee. And I, well remember 00:14:33.099 --> 00:14:37.236 not only the racially segregated schools, but also segregated restaurants 00:14:37.269 --> 00:14:42.866 , hotels, churches, swimming pools, restaurant rooms, funeral homes, water 00:14:42.899 --> 00:14:48.826 fountain, park benches, even partition cemeteries. The racial integration 00:14:48.859 --> 00:14:54.696 of my high school began during my senior year, 1966 1967 00:14:54.729 --> 00:14:58.407 when two seniors from the town's black high school enrolled in our white 00:14:58.440 --> 00:15:04.125 school for their final year in graduation. The next school year, the 00:15:04.158 --> 00:15:08.816 Regional Army National Guard battalion deployed to Memphis in the 00:15:08.849 --> 00:15:13.467 aftermath of the assassination of the Reverend Martin Luther King Junior, 00:15:13.500 --> 00:15:19.736 a unit I later trained and served well for subsequent domestic issues. 00:15:19.769 --> 00:15:24.417 What remained of legal segregation in the United States crumbled during 00:15:24.450 --> 00:15:29.145 those years after college, I taught at a school in South Mississippi. In 00:15:29.178 --> 00:15:35.005 the second year of full integration. We have come a long, long way in a 00:15:35.038 --> 00:15:38.336 relatively short period of time. 00:15:38.369 --> 00:15:45.025 On the other hand, however much the situation has improved. Racial 00:15:45.058 --> 00:15:50.557 prejudice is still pervasive in the US and many other parts of the world 00:15:50.590 --> 00:15:55.625 today. 21st century, we still tend to stick together in our respective 00:15:55.658 --> 00:16:01.066 tribes as in birds of a feather flock together. Anthropologists tell us 00:16:01.099 --> 00:16:05.456 that such tribalism was adaptive behavior in a primitive world when tribes 00:16:05.489 --> 00:16:09.836 competed with each other for resources. 00:16:09.869 --> 00:16:14.265 But in our densely packed complex modern world, such discrimination of 00:16:14.298 --> 00:16:20.167 sameness and otherness has become counterproductive or ma adapting as a 00:16:20.200 --> 00:16:24.625 civilization, we are trying to absorb and apply these lessons. But 00:16:24.658 --> 00:16:28.427 throughout most of our known history, progress has been a vast and 00:16:28.460 --> 00:16:34.657 agonizingly slow. However, the pace has picked up in recent decades, so 00:16:34.690 --> 00:16:38.547 much so that despite the revenue of our individual lives relative to 00:16:38.580 --> 00:16:43.236 evolutionary history, the fact that all of us have personally witnessed 00:16:43.269 --> 00:16:49.226 progress on seeing so many human relationship fronts, demonstrates the 00:16:49.259 --> 00:16:54.366 increasing pace of our collective understanding. That's the good news. And 00:16:54.399 --> 00:16:58.206 I see what the world music phenomenon as an emerging and potentially 00:16:58.239 --> 00:17:02.765 integral part of this increasing positive interaction and collaboration 00:17:02.798 --> 00:17:08.877 among groups, racial eth and otherwise, indeed, that world music is 00:17:08.910 --> 00:17:12.627 already bringing us together is yet evidenced by the fact that so many of 00:17:12.660 --> 00:17:17.535 us traveled so far to participate in this s which is being hosted by a 00:17:17.568 --> 00:17:22.266 respecting respected academic institution. 00:17:22.299 --> 00:17:26.506 But questions still remain such as why aren't we we humans in a better 00:17:26.539 --> 00:17:31.696 place in terms of cooperating and non-discriminatory behavior? And how can 00:17:31.729 --> 00:17:36.825 we close the gap between where we are and where we aspire to be? Some of 00:17:36.858 --> 00:17:40.335 the answers to these questions are emerging from clues provided by 00:17:40.368 --> 00:17:45.117 evolutionary biologists clues that point to reasons for our resistance to 00:17:45.150 --> 00:17:50.006 more thorough acceptance and assimilation of different types of people. Uh 00:17:50.039 --> 00:17:55.166 Edward O Wilson, one of the world's most renowned biologists explains that 00:17:55.199 --> 00:18:01.127 humans are one of only 20 species, including certain types of insects that 00:18:01.160 --> 00:18:06.545 are eusocial organizations defined for those that cooperatively reared 00:18:06.578 --> 00:18:10.377 their young across multiple generations. 00:18:10.410 --> 00:18:17.256 There are these 20 eusocial species are hugely successful among the 8.7 00:18:17.289 --> 00:18:22.476 million species that inhabit the earth. The success is measured in terms 00:18:22.509 --> 00:18:26.897 of collective body weight in the case of insects and dominance of the 00:18:26.930 --> 00:18:31.805 planet in the base of human. Now, Wilson believes that the evolution of 00:18:31.838 --> 00:18:38.835 humans as a new social species require social exchanges that expanded from 00:18:38.868 --> 00:18:43.456 this year to a meat diet among our humanoid ancestors. About 2 million 00:18:43.489 --> 00:18:49.926 years. This in turn resulted in the evolution of a huge brain to store the 00:18:49.959 --> 00:18:55.835 knowledge necessary for survival, much of it involving cooper operation. 00:18:55.868 --> 00:19:01.585 It also explains the strong urge to be part of a clan or tribe. This means 00:19:01.618 --> 00:19:05.736 that humans evolved to become adept at identifying members of their own 00:19:05.769 --> 00:19:11.295 clan as opposed to members of other clans. During that period, disability 00:19:11.328 --> 00:19:18.199 and strong urge to identify with cooper within groups was adapted. 00:19:18.390 --> 00:19:20.390 Researchers believe that while the propensity to distinguish or 00:19:21.739 --> 00:19:25.766 discriminate between members of one's own tribe and members of other 00:19:25.799 --> 00:19:31.117 tribes is so fundamental to our social and psychological structures that 00:19:31.150 --> 00:19:35.377 for practical purposes, it is innate. 00:19:35.410 --> 00:19:41.246 In other words, racial prejudice is rooted in the tools people use to 00:19:41.279 --> 00:19:47.406 quickly classify people, objects, even ideas into categories of good or 00:19:47.439 --> 00:19:52.545 bad. And these characterizations discriminations if you will happen 00:19:52.578 --> 00:19:58.117 automatically, such rapid characterization is adapted such as when we 00:19:58.150 --> 00:20:02.717 learn to assume that all mushrooms are poisonous and all lions want to eat 00:20:02.750 --> 00:20:08.156 us and so far so good. But the troubles so far come when we draw on what 00:20:08.189 --> 00:20:15.107 is likely a hard wire co the essentialist style to make those judgments, 00:20:15.140 --> 00:20:20.565 cognitive assess the style rests on two problematic assumptions. First, 00:20:20.598 --> 00:20:25.545 that everything in a given category shares common essential qualities. And 00:20:25.578 --> 00:20:29.976 second that these qualities are unchanging, immutable and therefore 00:20:30.009 --> 00:20:35.496 essential. Essentialism is problematic for a racist concern because the 00:20:35.529 --> 00:20:38.936 idea of fundamental differences has been round and debunked by scientists 00:20:38.969 --> 00:20:45.085 , even person, even people who have some sense of the problems associated 00:20:45.118 --> 00:20:49.097 with essentialism, categorize race, gender, age and other self 00:20:49.130 --> 00:20:55.335 identification characteristics in the same way, usually instantaneous and 00:20:55.368 --> 00:20:58.506 beyond the realm of house. 00:20:58.539 --> 00:21:03.196 So it isn't a matter of whether a given individual or group discriminates 00:21:03.229 --> 00:21:08.217 or categorizes. In the words of one scholar, the capacity discern us from 00:21:08.250 --> 00:21:13.456 them is fundamental to the human brain. Instead what matters is how 00:21:13.489 --> 00:21:17.847 strongly these beliefs are held and how long and how and what we do in 00:21:17.880 --> 00:21:22.825 response to it. Again, this tendency is reinforced by the strong need to 00:21:22.858 --> 00:21:28.347 identify with the group in part because there are safety in numbers. These 00:21:28.380 --> 00:21:32.075 tendencies operate even when the criteria for group membership are 00:21:32.108 --> 00:21:36.617 arbitrary when the criteria are based on relatively obvious 00:21:36.650 --> 00:21:43.976 characteristics, problems often arise and persist to say the least 00:21:44.009 --> 00:21:47.946 today. There are two major downsides to this identification behavior. One 00:21:47.979 --> 00:21:53.377 is racism, which is a way to distinguish between tribes. Another major 00:21:53.410 --> 00:21:58.305 downside is religious bigotry, which stems from the need to adhere to 00:21:58.338 --> 00:22:02.496 collective beliefs held by the tribe and to reject individuals who do not 00:22:02.529 --> 00:22:07.397 hold some of some of our beliefs. And of course, it is in the realm of 00:22:07.430 --> 00:22:12.766 beliefs, religious and otherwise that ethnicity comes in because much of 00:22:12.799 --> 00:22:16.815 what can be said about race can also be said about religion and ethnicity 00:22:16.848 --> 00:22:21.065 in the way they relate to tribal identification. Finally, although 00:22:21.098 --> 00:22:26.006 evolutionary scientists focused on antiquity in the modern era, it is, it 00:22:26.039 --> 00:22:30.666 is clear that nationalism as a mechanism and expression of tribal identity 00:22:30.699 --> 00:22:34.785 overlaps a great deal with race religion and perhaps especially with 00:22:34.818 --> 00:22:40.585 ethnicity, we have seen innumerable, negative consequences of racial and 00:22:40.618 --> 00:22:45.535 religious bigotry in the form of tribal rivalry throughout history. And of 00:22:45.568 --> 00:22:49.315 course, we have experienced manifold negative consequences of excessive 00:22:49.348 --> 00:22:55.006 nationalism. Since nation states evolved, we humans have retained our 00:22:55.039 --> 00:23:00.416 highly developed and propensity to discriminate group membership into our 00:23:00.449 --> 00:23:05.926 modern age despite being potentially maladapted. And this constitutes a 00:23:05.959 --> 00:23:11.637 serious flaw in the modern human species. We can mitigate these tendencies 00:23:11.670 --> 00:23:17.285 in ourselves and in society, but we cannot make them disappear completely 00:23:17.318 --> 00:23:22.736 and there analyze our flaw of nature. Again, though this law could be 00:23:22.769 --> 00:23:27.516 fortuitous to music in general and the world music in particular, because 00:23:27.549 --> 00:23:31.696 both can and do brain harmony to groups based on differences of various 00:23:31.729 --> 00:23:36.486 times. So long as we can use music and musical activities to help bring 00:23:36.519 --> 00:23:41.347 people together and to mitigate against our inherent flaws. We should be 00:23:41.380 --> 00:23:45.315 in business for the foreseeable future. 00:23:45.348 --> 00:23:51.736 Today, in the most democratic countries and um social structure based on 00:23:51.769 --> 00:23:57.916 race is no longer codified by law and it's typically illegal. However, 00:23:57.949 --> 00:24:02.897 traditions and unwritten exacerbated by our fundamental propensity for 00:24:02.930 --> 00:24:08.137 discrimination still result in stratification and discrimination by race, 00:24:08.170 --> 00:24:12.976 ethnicity, religion, nationality. And at this point, we should probably 00:24:13.009 --> 00:24:17.315 consider gender and gender identity, social class, age and other 00:24:17.348 --> 00:24:21.877 characteristics on which to discriminate for or and of course, these 00:24:21.910 --> 00:24:26.456 traits tend to overlap with each other and are frequently used as proxies 00:24:26.489 --> 00:24:31.236 for other traits with discrimination based on one trait sometimes used as 00:24:31.269 --> 00:24:35.666 a big league to cover or obscure discrimination based on one or more other 00:24:35.699 --> 00:24:37.696 traits. 00:24:37.729 --> 00:24:41.647 To take a modern day example, there can be various 1000 even socially 00:24:41.680 --> 00:24:46.127 acceptable reasons to oppose, oppose immigration to one's country to other 00:24:46.160 --> 00:24:50.647 countries. And some of the current opposition immigration may indeed be 00:24:50.680 --> 00:24:55.397 based on legitimate concerns. But in North America and in Europe, much of 00:24:55.430 --> 00:25:00.627 it is rooted in opposition to the other. Indeed, race has been a millstone 00:25:00.660 --> 00:25:05.426 around the neck of the United States since colonial times. Two centuries 00:25:05.459 --> 00:25:10.647 later, during the first century nationwide, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Herman 00:25:10.680 --> 00:25:15.166 Melville wrote passionately and greatly about racial issues in the United 00:25:15.199 --> 00:25:20.656 States and the country's most destructive war was fought over it. I agree 00:25:20.689 --> 00:25:24.585 with those who consider racism. The Achilles heel of the United States of 00:25:24.618 --> 00:25:30.617 America throughout our history and extending to the present as for Europe 00:25:30.650 --> 00:25:34.436 in modern times, slavery has not been permitted, but Europeans were the 00:25:34.469 --> 00:25:39.676 original slave trader between Africa and the western hemisphere. Today. On 00:25:39.709 --> 00:25:42.926 the European continent, some of the world's most modern progressive 00:25:42.959 --> 00:25:46.367 countries are experiencing considerable unrest over the issue of 00:25:46.400 --> 00:25:51.506 immigration. Much of it based on a mismatch of nationalism, ethnicity, 00:25:51.539 --> 00:25:56.285 race, religion and race, as well as economic 00:25:56.318 --> 00:26:00.926 in Europe, as in North America and many other places, groups of people who 00:26:00.959 --> 00:26:05.335 bear visible signs of differences such as skin color or attire which can 00:26:05.368 --> 00:26:10.565 signal religion, social class or both seem to draw the most opposition 00:26:10.598 --> 00:26:14.266 researchers have identified racial prejudice among doctors treating 00:26:14.299 --> 00:26:16.656 patients 00:26:16.689 --> 00:26:22.236 in hiring the judicial system and both charging and convicting suspects, 00:26:22.269 --> 00:26:26.256 legislators and responding to constituents management and department 00:26:26.289 --> 00:26:29.996 leasing and automobile renting professors who are selecting research 00:26:30.029 --> 00:26:35.717 assistants and music teachers in evaluating student performance. These 00:26:35.750 --> 00:26:39.756 studies span several decades and are overwhelmingly convincing in their 00:26:39.789 --> 00:26:46.436 totality. Similar work has been done on gender discrimination and on age 00:26:46.469 --> 00:26:50.565 now, racial and other types of prejudice can have negative consequences on 00:26:50.598 --> 00:26:55.706 many aspects of people's lives and our society at large, it can direct the 00:26:55.739 --> 00:27:00.456 fact one of the things we try to do in music education which is teach or 00:27:00.489 --> 00:27:06.186 at least foster creativity. Researchers at Tel Aviv University in Israel 00:27:06.219 --> 00:27:11.206 developed tests that estimate the extent of people's essentialist thinking 00:27:11.239 --> 00:27:15.217 defined as associating racial differences with the capabilities and 00:27:15.250 --> 00:27:20.156 personality traits. They found negative correlations between essentialist 00:27:20.189 --> 00:27:25.266 thinking and creativity and concluded that the correlations may be causal 00:27:25.299 --> 00:27:30.377 that based bias thinking may inhibit creativity. 00:27:30.410 --> 00:27:34.726 The good news is that essentialist thinking can be modified at least in 00:27:34.759 --> 00:27:39.147 the short term. The same is writing. Researchers had another sample of 00:27:39.180 --> 00:27:43.607 students read essays that describe rates as either a fundamental 00:27:43.640 --> 00:27:47.526 difference between people which is insane 00:27:47.559 --> 00:27:52.226 or as a construct. It reflected nothing more than skin differences, which 00:27:52.259 --> 00:27:54.877 is a non essential 00:27:54.910 --> 00:28:00.666 subjects who read the e non-essential essay score 32% higher on the 00:28:00.699 --> 00:28:06.686 creativity test and then did something to ramp the essentialist essay. The 00:28:06.719 --> 00:28:10.946 authors concluded that essentialism appears to exert its negative effects 00:28:10.979 --> 00:28:16.186 on creativity, not through what people think but through how they think. 00:28:16.219 --> 00:28:21.516 Now. Why is that? Well, it's because they said stereotyping and creative 00:28:21.549 --> 00:28:26.176 stagnation are rooted in a similar tendency to over rely on existing 00:28:26.209 --> 00:28:31.176 category attributes again. So it's essentially stinking may have helped 00:28:31.209 --> 00:28:35.805 early humans on the Savannah, but it can be counterproductive in today's 00:28:35.838 --> 00:28:41.506 world. Researchers have also devised high tech tests to measure 00:28:41.539 --> 00:28:46.516 individuals reaction to different types of people and situations. The test 00:28:46.549 --> 00:28:51.246 measure reaction time in milliseconds, the photographs of people of 00:28:51.279 --> 00:28:55.446 different races and different situations. Some of these tests are now 00:28:55.479 --> 00:29:00.486 available free of charge on the internet. Like most people in the US have 00:29:00.519 --> 00:29:06.785 taken it. I exhibited a slight tendency to favor my own race. I recommend 00:29:06.818 --> 00:29:11.936 taking one if you haven't done. So these results hold pretty much across 00:29:11.969 --> 00:29:17.325 the age spectrum with individuals over 65 of A I DS testing slightly more 00:29:17.358 --> 00:29:21.637 prejudiced and those in middle age, slightly less prejudiced than people 00:29:21.670 --> 00:29:27.305 in other age, get women tested slightly less prejudice than men and 00:29:27.338 --> 00:29:31.285 holders of phd degrees exhibited less prejudice than holders of other 00:29:31.318 --> 00:29:35.676 degrees or no degrees, holders with empty degrees. Physicians show the 00:29:35.709 --> 00:29:40.785 most prejudice of all types, the degree holders, no 00:29:40.818 --> 00:29:44.416 other tests which are not available to the public to my knowledge, measure 00:29:44.449 --> 00:29:49.295 the propensity of different groups to shoot or not shoot a gun when shown 00:29:49.328 --> 00:29:54.217 photographs of young men, some black and some white holding guns in their 00:29:54.250 --> 00:30:00.825 hands and some holding wallets. This setup is intended to make a recent 00:30:00.858 --> 00:30:04.936 incident in New York when police shot and killed a young black man who was 00:30:04.969 --> 00:30:10.256 holding a wallet, not a gun that they thought on these tests, people tend 00:30:10.289 --> 00:30:13.776 to make decisions and shoot black subjects more quickly than black 00:30:13.809 --> 00:30:19.656 subjects. But regardless of the gun versus the, the researchers attributed 00:30:19.689 --> 00:30:23.637 this to the evolutionary tendency to distinguish group membership and to 00:30:23.670 --> 00:30:29.026 project situations involving non group members as dangerous. In one study 00:30:29.059 --> 00:30:33.107 , these results held true for officers from the Denver, Colorado Police 00:30:33.140 --> 00:30:38.335 Department as well as for general volunteers. However, the police officers 00:30:38.368 --> 00:30:43.996 were much more accurate in their in in general than the general volunteers 00:30:44.029 --> 00:30:48.805 in their discrimination between the gun versus violet conditions. They 00:30:48.838 --> 00:30:53.085 were also less affected by the race fair so they were quick to shoot 00:30:53.118 --> 00:30:58.835 regardless of race or the weapon, no other condition taken together. We 00:30:58.868 --> 00:31:03.117 have historical and anthropological biological evidence. We have 00:31:03.150 --> 00:31:07.397 scientific evidence from experimental studies and we have our own personal 00:31:07.430 --> 00:31:12.717 experiences and observations. When we synthesize all this evidence, it 00:31:12.750 --> 00:31:16.956 appears that the human species is indeed flawed and that everyone is 00:31:16.989 --> 00:31:22.387 prejudiced against the other. Now, this pro propes is not caused by genes 00:31:22.420 --> 00:31:26.756 but by evolutionary history. So what does all this mean for music 00:31:26.789 --> 00:31:31.916 educators who want to teach world music? I think we should consider the 00:31:31.949 --> 00:31:36.436 likelihood based on the various kinds of evidence and exposure to world 00:31:36.469 --> 00:31:41.335 music and some of its content in educational settings probably help 00:31:41.368 --> 00:31:47.035 students become more accepted, less prejudiced and more into that as well 00:31:47.068 --> 00:31:51.006 as more knowledge about people and racial and ethnic groups other than 00:31:51.039 --> 00:31:55.746 their own group. And let's add different national religious age, gender 00:31:55.779 --> 00:32:01.107 and gender identity groups. The goal of increased empathy could become 00:32:01.140 --> 00:32:05.476 increasingly important because despite the obvious progress we've made in 00:32:05.509 --> 00:32:10.166 some of these areas in many parts of the world. Recent events demonstrated 00:32:10.199 --> 00:32:14.825 a need for a great deal more understanding and tolerance. One worrying 00:32:14.858 --> 00:32:19.196 contrary trend, we can believe the research on the topic is that 00:32:19.229 --> 00:32:23.756 university students in the current millennial generation are testing about 00:32:23.789 --> 00:32:29.117 40% lower in measures of empathy than their counterparts from 20 to 30 00:32:29.150 --> 00:32:34.325 years ago. One scholar speculates that this is because social media has 00:32:34.358 --> 00:32:40.256 replaced face to face encounters that we may be quote, foregoing the whole 00:32:40.289 --> 00:32:47.035 body experience of nature or a flat screen version of it unquote, findings 00:32:47.068 --> 00:32:51.016 of reduced empathy are frightening given our need locally and worldwide. 00:32:51.049 --> 00:32:55.867 For more understanding all these different types of evidence and more 00:32:55.900 --> 00:32:59.847 suggest that world music programs in schools and universities could make a 00:32:59.880 --> 00:33:05.676 real difference in participants' lives and in society at large. But wait, 00:33:05.709 --> 00:33:09.726 if we can accept the premise that world music programs could result in 00:33:09.759 --> 00:33:14.597 such changes, then let's think even bigger and hypothesize that world 00:33:14.630 --> 00:33:19.045 music could become a driver in a sea change. Move toward a significantly 00:33:19.078 --> 00:33:25.016 more harmonious, harmonious world community. Does this sound far fast? 00:33:25.049 --> 00:33:30.766 Brandy Oaks for ma? But given that many parts of the world are becoming 00:33:30.799 --> 00:33:35.575 more diverse racially and ethnically and in other ways as well, using all 00:33:35.608 --> 00:33:39.357 our available available tools used among them is becoming not just 00:33:39.390 --> 00:33:45.377 something nice to do but more and more of an inheritance. What should 00:33:45.410 --> 00:33:50.446 world music programs for schools and universities look like? Well, most of 00:33:50.479 --> 00:33:55.006 you have more experience and insights about this than I. So this morning, 00:33:55.039 --> 00:34:00.617 I'll stick to a few observations and caveats related to music education in 00:34:00.650 --> 00:34:06.045 American schools, especially high music classes in these schools are 00:34:06.078 --> 00:34:11.307 elected by students because there are few if any requirements in music, 00:34:11.340 --> 00:34:16.416 this means that world music, like other music operas must compete with all 00:34:16.449 --> 00:34:21.945 other classes, both music and nonm music. It is the great dream of some 00:34:21.978 --> 00:34:25.467 American music educators to see all secondary school students in 00:34:25.500 --> 00:34:30.675 standardized music classes, music for general students and those, but at 00:34:30.708 --> 00:34:35.986 only one time in American history, did that occur on a widespread basis? 00:34:36.019 --> 00:34:40.456 And that was in the late 19 twenties to the 19 thirties. When required 00:34:40.489 --> 00:34:45.385 secondary school classes and music appreciation were required. These 00:34:45.418 --> 00:34:50.236 classes utilize radio broadcasts and sets of commercial recordings 00:34:50.269 --> 00:34:55.115 produced by photograph companies. Those general appreciation classes were 00:34:55.148 --> 00:34:59.486 not popular enough to be sustained. So they disappeared during the World 00:34:59.519 --> 00:35:04.885 war two. Meanwhile, elective classes in the form of performing ensembles 00:35:04.918 --> 00:35:09.057 expanded during the same period and since have not only survived but 00:35:09.090 --> 00:35:13.747 flourished. The curriculum model of music in American high schools today 00:35:13.780 --> 00:35:19.925 is still elective and consists mainly of performing ensembles. Why, what 00:35:19.958 --> 00:35:24.856 those kids like universities offer performing ensembles for the same 00:35:24.889 --> 00:35:29.675 reason? Popularity and to prepare free teacher to lead ensembles in the 00:35:29.708 --> 00:35:36.026 school, jazz education in high schools through the existing band programs 00:35:36.059 --> 00:35:40.517 and world music programs will probably need to do something similar to 00:35:40.550 --> 00:35:44.436 flourish. In this environment, world music will have to appeal to students 00:35:44.469 --> 00:35:48.416 and accommodate them in large enough classes to render the programs 00:35:48.449 --> 00:35:53.247 efficient. Tombo size groups are not efficient terms, future time and 00:35:53.280 --> 00:35:55.767 space utilization. 00:35:55.800 --> 00:36:00.445 But the most important important factor of popularity. The main reason we 00:36:00.478 --> 00:36:04.945 have music in secondary schools is the popularity of students, parents and 00:36:04.978 --> 00:36:09.816 the publics. This may not be true or as true in countries with more 00:36:09.849 --> 00:36:15.256 centralized education systems and less local control. 00:36:15.289 --> 00:36:19.747 However, regardless of the power structure, I don't know of a country with 00:36:19.780 --> 00:36:24.445 substantial widespread music programs in high schools for general students 00:36:24.478 --> 00:36:29.365 that is required of all students countries with distributed systems like 00:36:29.398 --> 00:36:34.896 the US and the lesser in Canada, Germany and Australia. For example, if 00:36:34.929 --> 00:36:38.095 the music program and secondary schools were not popular, they would 00:36:38.128 --> 00:36:43.767 largely disappear. Most university music programs prepare students to work 00:36:43.800 --> 00:36:48.376 in these popular public school programs. In many universities, music 00:36:48.409 --> 00:36:53.217 education is the only music major and even large university music schools 00:36:53.250 --> 00:36:56.845 with doctoral program to prepare a professor to teach in smaller and 00:36:56.878 --> 00:37:00.756 mid-sized universities, most of which are in the business of preparing 00:37:00.789 --> 00:37:05.896 teachers. Thus, one could make the case that the edifice curricular music 00:37:05.929 --> 00:37:10.695 education in the United States rests on a foundation of popular support 00:37:10.728 --> 00:37:15.816 for public school music programs. If I can be granted, one wish about the 00:37:15.849 --> 00:37:19.566 music education profession in this country would be for leaders and would 00:37:19.599 --> 00:37:24.356 be leaders come to understand the popularity of the one essential feature 00:37:24.389 --> 00:37:29.155 of music education. It is for this reason, the hypothetical compulsory 00:37:29.188 --> 00:37:33.155 general music programs, no matter how well intentioned or how well thought 00:37:33.188 --> 00:37:38.586 out in terms of philosophy content poli is unlikely to replace popular 00:37:38.619 --> 00:37:41.296 elective offerings 00:37:41.329 --> 00:37:45.077 until such time as curriculum is dictated completed by some higher 00:37:45.110 --> 00:37:49.686 authority. It is astounding to me that the national standards for music 00:37:49.719 --> 00:37:55.206 education make no mention whatsoever of students enjoying or even 00:37:55.239 --> 00:37:59.606 appreciating their music classes or activities. Not to mention the music 00:37:59.639 --> 00:38:02.077 itself. 00:38:02.110 --> 00:38:05.686 This is probably because the proponents sense that learning is the 00:38:05.719 --> 00:38:10.456 affective domain would not be measurable in what were even over 20 years 00:38:10.489 --> 00:38:15.876 ago, the increasing the test oriented industrialized school. 00:38:15.909 --> 00:38:20.686 But so far the testing movement is largely bypassed music and this is the 00:38:20.719 --> 00:38:25.247 mixed lesson. But let's double down on doing the things we've always done 00:38:25.280 --> 00:38:29.405 well, including providing opportunities for kids to enjoy music and music 00:38:29.438 --> 00:38:34.405 classes, gain skills and knowledge and grow in ways that research tells 00:38:34.438 --> 00:38:39.436 parent value in them social skills of this. All this means that to be 00:38:39.469 --> 00:38:43.807 successful in the public school environment, world music offerings will 00:38:43.840 --> 00:38:48.727 have to entice students and their parents to elect these classes 00:38:48.760 --> 00:38:52.675 realistically, this probably means largely offering larger performance 00:38:52.708 --> 00:38:57.316 based classes, world music and the ways it is taught can be very enjoyable 00:38:57.349 --> 00:39:02.365 and can enhance skill knowledge and certainly social skills at both the 00:39:02.398 --> 00:39:07.155 individual and group levels. Already, we have enough world music 00:39:07.188 --> 00:39:11.126 activities in secondary schools and universities to allow us to conduct 00:39:11.159 --> 00:39:16.445 research studies on the results. Possible areas of research and world 00:39:16.478 --> 00:39:20.356 music might include experimental studies to determine whether and in which 00:39:20.389 --> 00:39:24.856 ways subjects exposed to certain kinds of world music would become more 00:39:24.889 --> 00:39:29.456 accepting of those of respective cultures or at least less prejudice 00:39:29.489 --> 00:39:35.827 against them. Once I prejudice studies mentioned early different forms of 00:39:35.860 --> 00:39:40.365 exposure to the to could be performance experiences and learn information 00:39:40.398 --> 00:39:45.385 about the respective cultures that produce the musics. After all, the 00:39:45.418 --> 00:39:49.686 reading, the story is a fact, certainly performing a couple of reading, 00:39:49.719 --> 00:39:54.546 discussing listening and watching videos about world musics, cultures 00:39:54.579 --> 00:39:59.945 would increase understanding and empathy. Someday society will get smart 00:39:59.978 --> 00:40:04.126 and to the extent possible let high school and university students learn 00:40:04.159 --> 00:40:08.905 what they want to learn and how they want to learn from that point on 00:40:08.938 --> 00:40:14.095 ideologies about music and music education. Notwithstanding 00:40:14.128 --> 00:40:18.776 students will like what they value and want and when our and and when our 00:40:18.809 --> 00:40:23.467 and and and when our already popular secondary school music programs will 00:40:23.500 --> 00:40:28.967 flourish even more world music program based my performance, but including 00:40:29.000 --> 00:40:32.845 other features can become part of that package of offerings on a 00:40:32.878 --> 00:40:37.635 widespread basis. I can't think of a better way to bring about genuine 00:40:37.668 --> 00:40:41.557 positive mixing among groups and peoples than through exposure to 00:40:41.590 --> 00:40:47.017 different kinds of music. After all, we, as we contemplate the potential 00:40:47.050 --> 00:40:51.787 positive effects of world music instruction and participation, we could 00:40:51.820 --> 00:40:55.365 recall that music is already done more than its share in very different 00:40:55.398 --> 00:41:00.467 groups together, modern popular music. Through out the synthesis of music 00:41:00.500 --> 00:41:04.017 produced by different groups in the Appalachian mountains and cotton 00:41:04.050 --> 00:41:08.517 growing regions of the American South has become arguably the most 00:41:08.550 --> 00:41:13.606 important music in the world today. Ultimately, it was the juxtaposition 00:41:13.639 --> 00:41:18.767 of these groups and their with both American European and African roots 00:41:18.800 --> 00:41:23.756 that grew into the music and worldwide appeal within India, major social 00:41:23.789 --> 00:41:28.017 economic and technical forces made modern popular music possible, but they 00:41:28.050 --> 00:41:32.626 did not in and of themselves actually produce it 00:41:32.659 --> 00:41:36.635 instead, it was produced by people from different groups. And it was the 00:41:36.668 --> 00:41:40.365 juxtaposition of these different cultural groups, especially the different 00:41:40.398 --> 00:41:42.845 races 00:41:42.878 --> 00:41:46.557 that resulted in the creation of these important new styles of popular 00:41:46.590 --> 00:41:52.166 music. Much popular music arises from the disenfranchised left side of the 00:41:52.199 --> 00:41:57.026 political spectrum. It was not only a major point of that is enhance 00:41:57.059 --> 00:42:00.717 contact between the African American and European American people in the 00:42:00.750 --> 00:42:05.967 United States. But it has since also cross generational and geographical 00:42:06.000 --> 00:42:11.756 lines. We can work to help world music take its place among other popular 00:42:11.789 --> 00:42:16.416 music and educational and other settings. Keeping in mind that performing 00:42:16.449 --> 00:42:21.615 , teaching, listening to and studying world music could very well make 00:42:21.648 --> 00:42:26.905 people more empathetic with each other. Biologist Wilson argues, quote, it 00:42:26.938 --> 00:42:31.467 is within the power of humanities and the serious creative arts to within 00:42:31.500 --> 00:42:36.276 them to express our existence in ways that began in this at last to 00:42:36.309 --> 00:42:42.405 realize the dreams of the enlightenment unquote. I think world music can 00:42:42.438 --> 00:42:46.936 and already does serve as a vehicle for bringing different groups together 00:42:46.969 --> 00:42:51.756 and closer to each other. And by closer, I mean, it can facilitate better 00:42:51.789 --> 00:42:58.686 understanding, empathy and acceptance while reducing fears about the other. 00:42:58.719 --> 00:43:02.615 I think we should start promoting world music education programs. Partly 00:43:02.648 --> 00:43:07.827 on that basis, bringing research findings to bear on prejudicial behavior 00:43:07.860 --> 00:43:13.776 and into the public consciousness is a hot topic, right? Much more so than 00:43:13.809 --> 00:43:19.398 that even a year ago when, right, she asked me to prepare this address. 00:43:20.668 --> 00:43:22.668 Interest has really taken off since the police shooting of an unarmed 00:43:24.679 --> 00:43:29.006 black teenager in Missouri in August of 2014. 00:43:29.039 --> 00:43:31.997 And just two months ago, the Director of the Federal Bureau of 00:43:32.030 --> 00:43:37.577 Investigation, the FBI made comments that seem to reflect his awareness of 00:43:37.610 --> 00:43:43.517 recent research on prejudice. Yes, it has been a long wait, but it appears 00:43:43.550 --> 00:43:48.557 that finally some are using the media to open up about this issue. So I'm 00:43:48.590 --> 00:43:52.945 betting this is a tipping point much like we've had tipping points in the 00:43:52.978 --> 00:43:58.546 area in the areas of civil rights, women's issues, child abuse, gay and 00:43:58.579 --> 00:44:03.675 lesbian rights and others. We should apply the lessons to all forms of 00:44:03.708 --> 00:44:08.086 prejudice against groups of people and take advantage of the general mood 00:44:08.119 --> 00:44:11.787 to help secure a place for world music in our schools, universities and 00:44:11.820 --> 00:44:15.217 communities. 00:44:15.250 --> 00:44:20.577 Just last month, it was I witnessed at large long standing community music 00:44:20.610 --> 00:44:24.077 group in Bursa Turk while they were working with my friend, Professor 00:44:24.110 --> 00:44:30.287 Suzanne Suzanne, the player's identity characteristics were highly similar. 00:44:30.320 --> 00:44:35.807 All were males ranging in age from 50 to 85 years and apparently the 00:44:35.840 --> 00:44:40.787 single nationality and ethnicity, except that is for violence and a 00:44:40.820 --> 00:44:45.905 clarinetist both highly skilled in the Ottoman Turkish classical music 00:44:45.938 --> 00:44:50.695 style. When I remarked on their ability, Suzanne informed me that they 00:44:50.728 --> 00:44:57.146 were Roma Gypsies brought in his ringers to help the group use them. We 00:44:57.179 --> 00:45:01.686 ignore this. I salute those of you who are working in this wonderful field 00:45:01.719 --> 00:45:09.719 of world music. You deserve our support. Thank you 00:45:23.079 --> 00:45:28.356 and moderate. So anybody have any comments or questions before we take our 00:45:28.389 --> 00:45:36.389 break? 00:45:39.059 --> 00:45:43.425 Why you presented this idea, bigotry almost like an allergy and music is 00:45:43.458 --> 00:45:48.135 kind of like a prey for it. And I thought that's just a really cool idea, 00:45:48.168 --> 00:45:55.997 necessarily thought of it that way as far as at least. And, um, and the 00:45:56.030 --> 00:45:59.997 automatic response in our system. Um But these are conscious things that 00:46:00.030 --> 00:46:03.675 we can use our all. 00:46:03.708 --> 00:46:07.595 I appreciate that. Thank you. We need to get, we need to all get used to 00:46:07.628 --> 00:46:11.537 the idea that it's pretty close to the date and it's not just something 00:46:11.570 --> 00:46:16.396 that happened 200 years ago or in someone else's country, it's, it's 00:46:16.429 --> 00:46:19.756 something that we deal with all the time and, and I think it's coming 00:46:19.789 --> 00:46:23.017 consciousness like other things have come into conscious and I think now 00:46:23.050 --> 00:46:27.845 is the time. Um I also want to stress that I didn't stress enough in the, 00:46:27.878 --> 00:46:32.566 in the talk that I understand very well, that music does think this is 00:46:32.599 --> 00:46:36.845 something external to music. I mean, it's not an aesthetic kind of thing. 00:46:36.878 --> 00:46:41.646 Um, for those of us who group who said the education here, uh This is 00:46:41.679 --> 00:46:46.175 something else, but I don't really like theology. 00:46:46.208 --> 00:46:52.905 Yes. Thank you. Thank you. Yes, ma'am. 00:46:52.938 --> 00:46:58.307 A bit more about it is becoming more diverse. 00:46:58.340 --> 00:47:04.236 Uh, afraid somebody might ask, I can't prove it. And I understand that 00:47:04.269 --> 00:47:08.445 that there is yet. Uh, but I do understand that there's a, there's a 00:47:08.478 --> 00:47:12.327 feeling that it's becoming less diverse because of the dominance of the 00:47:12.360 --> 00:47:19.316 media and, and a few media companies, uh, worldwide and other music out. 00:47:19.349 --> 00:47:23.577 Um, but I also believe that, I guess what I mean, I'm not sure there's a, 00:47:23.610 --> 00:47:26.586 in the, to, there's a total, 00:47:26.619 --> 00:47:30.126 but I think more people have more access, more different times than they 00:47:30.159 --> 00:47:35.655 ever did before that you can go on Spotify, get all kinds of music, uh, 00:47:35.688 --> 00:47:40.606 that people didn't have. Um, and, you know, when I was growing up there 00:47:40.639 --> 00:47:48.186 were only in, there were only three television set, two or three networks 00:47:48.219 --> 00:47:53.756 and, and, uh, and that's all we had. And now I have, I don't know, my wife 00:47:53.789 --> 00:47:58.986 gets several 100 channels and so we have, I have access to a lot more than 00:47:59.019 --> 00:48:03.686 than, and I have access to a lot more. So, I don't know, in an absolute 00:48:03.719 --> 00:48:06.885 sense that there are more music than ever. I don't know how we would 00:48:06.918 --> 00:48:10.827 determine that. But I think for practical purposes, people have a lot more 00:48:10.860 --> 00:48:17.006 access to what extent people are diverse in their, in their, uh, 00:48:17.039 --> 00:48:22.017 preferences. I'm not sure. Uh, it seems to me that most people are fairly 00:48:22.050 --> 00:48:27.546 narrow in their preferences for music, um, including some trained 00:48:27.579 --> 00:48:31.595 musicians. Unfortunately, you know, there's a feeling that our musical 00:48:31.628 --> 00:48:38.307 training is limited as I ha, I personally like as a wife, but most people 00:48:38.340 --> 00:48:42.706 don't, I can't prove it. I just believe that more people have more access 00:48:42.739 --> 00:48:47.296 than ever. And some of them anyway, are at least aware of it. And I can 00:48:47.329 --> 00:48:50.865 tell that by this conversation 00:48:50.898 --> 00:48:56.166 and maybe we can do, maybe we can bring them if that's our job. Yes, sir. 00:48:56.199 --> 00:49:02.506 Digitalization isolates people and teaching world musics, brings them 00:49:02.539 --> 00:49:10.539 together. How does teaching world musics online come out? And that's, you 00:49:10.800 --> 00:49:15.115 , you have to answer that question. I didn't, I didn't question with all 00:49:15.148 --> 00:49:21.276 of my. No. But you, you said that, uh, 00:49:21.309 --> 00:49:30.369 looking at a screen is becoming more common than looking at a human and.