Integrated Resource Plan for Manufactured
Home Power Outages in Arizona
Summary
The summer of 2023 was the hottest on record in the Phoenix, Arizona, metro area.
Temperatures stayed over 110 degrees for 54 straight days; the average daily
temperature was 102.7 F (36.1 C) in July, and the average daily temperature was 98.8
F (37.1 C) in August. On a hot summer weekend in July, an unexpected power outage
occurred at a mobile home community in Mesa, Arizona, and some residents lost power
for nearly 24 hours (Partlow et al., 2023).
Luckily, there was some communication between the housing management staff and the
residents through the neighborhood Facebook group. Even though SRP supplies
electricity for all the residents at the mobile home park year-round, the residents living in
the newer homes paid the park management team for electricity. Therefore, the
responsibility to restore power for the residents is divided between the park owner,
landlord, and/or manager to restore power for those specific houses. The utility
company handles electricity for the older section of the mobile homes, and any
additional updates were sent to them separately. Due to park management's inability to
get a high-voltage electrician to visit the site on a Sunday, hundreds of residents aged
55+ experienced extreme heat conditions until the next day. Including some who use
wheelchairs and cannot drive themselves and residents who cannot use their
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine. Several of these community
members went to the emergency room with heat-related illnesses or injuries from falling
in the dark. Others left to stay with family or friends nearby, and then a handful stayed at
their homes and spent the night in sweltering conditions (Partlow et al., 2023). Due to
the length of time of the outage, any food or medication in the freezers or refrigerators
spoiled.

Executive Summary
From 2012 to 2015, Arizona had approximately 100 heat-related deaths annually. In
2022, Arizona had 671 deaths, almost seven times greater than a decade earlier
(Executive Order 23-16). Data from the Maricopa County Public Health Department
over various years reported that even though 91% of mobile home residents have air
conditioning units, these residents are twice as likely to suffer from heat-related deaths
in trailers. Among indoor deaths with AC present, 29% were not functioning, 32% were
not on because there was no electricity, and 24% were not in use, often because
residents self-shut-off due to the cost of electricity (Maricopa et al. Department, 2019).
Based on the 2023 Executive Order on Extreme Heat Planning and Preparedness,
functioning air conditioning can become a matter of life and death during excessive
heat.
This research aims to collect emergency preparedness data around Arizona to zero in
on gaps in heat adoption decision-making and promote structural governance to enforce
synchronized deployment of services specifically for residents living in mobile and
manufactured housing communities (MMHC). We built upon the Greater Phoenix Heat
Action Planning Guide (2019), which emphasized the following strategic themes to
integrate urban heat solutions: advocate and educate, improve comfort/ability to cope,
improve safety, and build capacity. Our ASU Knowledge Exchange of Resilience (KER)
team is engaging through those same strategies in light of the particular circumstances
faced by manufactured home residents on how we can bring all actors involved towards
solutions: from park managers, park owners, homeowners, stakeholders, AAMHO
board members, electric companies /entities, universities, community centers or city, to

county and state officials. ASU KER's second strategy for building community resilience
involves collecting and sharing data, analytics, models, and visualizations that structure
and organize conversations around responses and solutions (A Knowledge Exchange
Playbook to Build Resilience, 2021).
Mobile homes in Maricopa County comprise 5.2% of the total housing stock; 686 mobile
home parks throughout the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. A cluster located in the Mesa
area totals 92,031 mobile homes in Maricopa County (Heat et al. for Mobile Homes,
2021). This document supplies a package of heat-resilient solutions to MMHC, owners,
landlords, and residents for a power outage during and after the event. Findings include
recommendations for a collective effort in structuring a Heat Action Plan amongst city
departments, utility companies, mobile home residents, AAMHO board members, and
any other local ambassadors to prevent deaths in the event of a power outage,
specifically during extreme temperature months (May-August). We intend to start
mobilizing action to prepare and pivot toward responses to prevent heat-related deaths
followed by power outages during the summer. Highlighting the gash in communication
between park managers, owners, and landlords with the utility companies is crucial.
Consequently, the selected platform for exchanging knowledge with the residents
promptly must be addressed beforehand.

Background
The U.S. The Department of Homeland Security (D.H.S.) launched Ready.gov in
February 2003 as a national public service campaign designed to educate and
empower Americans to prepare for and respond to various crises and
emergencies(Mason et al., 2023). The campaign asks the public to do four things: (1) to
stay informed about the types of emergencies that could occur and appropriate
responses, (2) to make a family emergency plan, (3) to build an emergency supply kit,
(4) to be involved in community preparedness (Mason et al., 2023). Before the public
can stay informed, a system must be strategically implemented and communicated to
ensure heat safety.
Under the Arizona Mobile Homes-Parks Residential Landlord and Tenant Act (A.R.S.
Title 33 Chapter 11), mobile home park landlords are required (among other things) to
"maintain in good and safe working order and condition all swimming pool, shower,
bathhouse, electrical, plumbing and sanitary facilities" and to "furnish outlets for electric,
water and sewer services" (Reuters, 2022). Also, in section A, there is enforcement for
the landlord to comply with the requirements of all applicable city, county, and state
codes materially affecting health and safety(Reuters, 2022). However, there currently

needs to be guidelines or accountability processes to prepare for the consequences of
power outages in Mobile Home Parks.
Phoenix, Tempe, and Mesa have different emergency responses for power outages and
specific utility service providers with their own S.O.P. for handling an emergency. Mobile
Home landlords, park owners, or managers have unique action plans for power outages
and align them with the city emergency response. Then, alert city police departments or
recovery teams also select the form of communication to send updates to their
residents. Is it feasible for community members to have access to this information
beforehand with proper recommendations on where to go if assistance with travel will
be accessible, whom to call, or what platform to use when awaiting notifications if ever
in this situation? Heat will apply more pressure for an expedited and effective response
for all actors in the event of a power outage. It is critical for the public but especially
important for mobile homeowners; consequently, this is a public health emergency and
environmental justice issue.
Heat Action Plans (H.A.P.s) (Guardaro, 2023) are policy tools public health and
emergency management agencies use to address the public health impacts of an
increasingly warming environment. Additionally, H.A.P.s could examine holistically to
measure the effect of a coordinated response and synergies with other heat policy tools
and how H.A.P.s are an important path to increase climate resilience. (Guardaro, 2023).
There is undeniable urgency to include proper steps when power outages occur; we
have tried to uncover a blueprint for what attainable actions should take place in the
event of a power outage during extreme heat.
The House Bill 2381: Mobile Home Parks Residential Landlord and Tenant Act
establishes the law governing the rental of mobile home spaces, rights, and obligations
of landlords and tenants. Additionally, the governor approved the bill on March 30, 2023,
intending to encourage landlords and tenants to maintain and improve the quality of
mobile housing.
The Energy Emergency Leadership Act (H.R. 3277), upon request of a State, local, or
tribal government or energy sector entity and in consultation with other federal
agencies, the Secretary of Energy should ensure that the Department of Energy
Organization Act is performing in coordination with relevant agencies. However, the act
has yet to be passed; it was introduced on May 24, 2023; it is a step toward supporting
Resilience and improving emergency preparedness. As we proposed in the Mobile
Home Solution Guide, the most successful heat mitigation process will happen via
collective decision-making. This briefing is an example of obtaining a package of
solutions to approach the complexities of mobile home power outages.

An emergency power outage plan is in place for the City of Phoenix. In a reported
electrical power outage, a power company or repair crew must arrive at the location to
survey the damage to establish an estimated repair time. The utility company operation
center receives a notification of the time of repair. Then, the supervisor in each center is
the point of contact for the deployment services, which entails a direct ring-down line to
both A.P.S. and S.R.P. operation centers.
The undeveloped resources to fully support these vulnerable communities cause more
complexities depending on whether the utility entity is the primary point of contact or if it
is the park management team. Soils et al. (2023) explain that mobile home residents
are highly vulnerable to heat due to their housing conditions, resulting in elevated
exposure and low heat resilience. The high density of mobile home parks, lack of
vegetation, poor construction of dwellings, socio-demographic features, and not being
eligible for utility and financial assistance are disproportionately affected by heat (Mobile
et al., 2023). According to the AAMHO - Community Partner Report, many older mobile
homes need better insulation. Some owners tend to have lower incomes or are senior
citizens on fixed incomes, all factors that make mobile homeowners more vulnerable to
heat than people living in any other type of housing.
At the Annual Summer Preparedness Meeting hosted by the Arizona Corporation
Commission in 2022, A.P.S., T.E.P., UNS, S.R.P., and AEPCO presented their
deliverables, and all companies stated they handled the demand in 2022. However, the
future beyond this summer is due to various factors such as supply chain issues,
railroad delays in the solar industry, which extends the delivery of projects for
developers, wildfires threatening critical transmission, and drought conditions.
The agency of community and local knowledge, including residents of parks in K.E.R.'s
work since 2018 (Phillips, Guardaro, 2022; Solís et al., 2022; Phillips et al., 2019;
Varfalameyeva et al., 2021; Sailor et al., 2022; Varfalameyeva, 2020; Solís et al., 2021).
Charley et al. (2023) YouthMappers collaborative research could also assist electrical
companies and local officials. They are innovatively working together to migrate
neighborhoods to the closest shelter or cooling centers during a power outage. The
mapping exercises developed tangible data from mobile home residents and local
leaders to participate in problem-solving conversations (Charley et al., 2023). There is
sufficient evidence to use it for a Heat Action Plan (H.A.P.), to combine the data with
National Weather Service forecasts, heat-health data from heat-related emergency
department visits, information on cooling center use, utility infrastructure and police/fire
department calls (Guardaro, 2023).
The efforts of K.E.R. and AAMHO advocating for mobile home park residents can
impact future adaptation or remediation within local development and become a model

for resiliency planning. This briefing is adding to our resiliency planning framework for
mobile home park residents and the response efficiency during home power outages.

Key Findings
The key findings presented in this document are based on a comprehensive series of
community consultations conducted since 2018, including the latest "listening session,"
reflecting a deep understanding of Master-Metered Mobile Home Communities (MMHC)
cultivated through ongoing engagement with diverse community stakeholders. During
this session, participants delved into discussions aimed at crucial information for
improving utility assistance to master-meter mobile homes, emphasizing the need to
extend support effectively. Topics ranged from awareness, application, and approval
rates for assistance programs to exploring submetering companies' involvement and
considering utility assistance for rent payments for mobile home (MH) residents. The
session addressed reaching individuals in need, understanding the role of out-of-state
LLCs in owning mobile home parks, and disparities in rent and profit distribution,
drawing inspiration from the City of Phoenix's approach. Financially, there was a focus
on expanding LIHEAP eligibility and outreach, with suggestions ranging from funding for
rent, utilities, lot, and services to $100/mo for rent assistance. Innovative ideas such as
Minisplits, solar communities, and park-wide heat managers were explored as
participants envisioned ideal solutions with widespread awareness, streamlined
resource access, and automatic utility assistance. The importance of recognizing heat
as a health hazard by FEMA and involving ACC and AAMHO in discussions was
highlighted, aiming to foster a community mindset and eliminate stigmas surrounding
mobile homes for proper recognition and support.
Based on our background literature review and in light of consultations with community
residents and AAMHO, park residents generally know who the park manager is and
how to contact them during the work week. However, residents do not always know how
to contact the park manager during the weekend or after hours.
● If security is present in the park, the residents could contact him to reach
out to the manager.
● Sometimes, the park manager is the same person as the owner,
especially in smaller parks, but only sometimes in larger parks.
● The park manager is responsible for dealing with emergencies and
communicating essential information.
1) When any power outage lasting longer than two (2) hours happens in a mobile
home park during extreme heat, managers/owners should communicate via

email/cell phones or working corded landlines to inform residents/caretakers of
how long the outage may last and of where to go to cooling centers in or nearby
the park so residents can be safe.
2) If a mobile home park has outsourced some of the management of power supply
either to park owners/managers or a third party, such entities should have the
resources readily available to get power restored at their end or to repair
electrical lines/poles, at their end to get power fixed quickly.
● The entity doing the outsourcing services should provide the same level of
emergency services as the local power company. Outsourcing should not mean
residents go without power longer than if they were being serviced directly by the
power company.
3) Unfortunately, many shelters and evacuation centers do not permit pets, so
identifying and communicating which facilities do will be beneficial- to avoid the
displacement of owners.

Best Practice Recommendations
Ultimately, the goal is for Arizona to implement processes to become fully equipped at
the state, city, and municipal levels with the proper guidelines to distribute the
overwhelming load of emergency preparedness, particularly for MMHC. For instance,
each actor has unique recommendations for specific duties to limit cascading failures
during power outages, as suggested below:

Park owners, landlords and park managers
Recommendations
Park owners, landlords, and park managers provide a printed copy of the Heat
Action Plan (HAP) with the option to have a virtual copy sent via email in multiple
languages, English and Spanish, for parks with families speaking diverse languages.
Hence, their residents know what to do and whom to contact in a power outage.

Heat Action Plan (HAP) BEFORE a power outage:
Step 1: MMHC park owners should keep a confidential list of year-round residents with
contact information to use only in emergencies to inform residents about power outages
and what steps to take to remain safe. This confidential list should be available to the
head of any park residents' group so they can coordinate help with transportation and
sharing information.
Step 2: Develop and distribute among residents a Power Outage Emergency Immediate
Plan for Power Outages that will include information on heat stroke to show residents
how to tell if medical help is needed and tips on preparing for an extended power
outage.
Step 3: Improve emergency preparedness and the safety of our community as extreme
heat temperatures increase.
Step 4: Arrange for welfare checks every 2-4 hours and who is responsible between
neighbor ambassadors, park landlords, or park owners. During a heat wave, the
check-in frequency should be increased significantly for those residents using durable
medical equipment.
● Collaborate with park resident groups to see who lives closest to these
vulnerable neighbors and if they have proper emergency kits with batteries and
secondary placement options if a power outage occurs.
Step 5: Prepare working freezers (powered by generators, if needed) to temporarily
store frozen food and medications that may require refrigeration.
Step 6: Determine a communication channel (i.e., Facebook, WhatsApp, Livesafe,
Discord, Whova, Telegram, Microsoft Teams, Beekeeper, Outlook, Slack) all community
members will have access to ensure proper information on updates, recovery teams'
arrival, or allow residents to disclose any accidents or medical emergencies.
Step 7: Provide residents with a list of local emergency housing/hotels. If possible,
managers should negotiate with local hotels to offer an "Emergency Rate" for residents
ahead of time and communicate this list to residents to keep on hand.
Step 8: Have a list of high-voltage electricians available for emergencies (i.e., on
weekends or after hours).
Step 9: List cooling centers near the mobile home park.

During the event of a power outage:
Step 1: Inform residents by sending a message to their cellular devices through text
message, and they receive updated information so they can know how long a power
outage may last and take appropriate action to be safe.
Step 2: Arrange for welfare checks every 2 hours.
Step 3: Emergency transportation for those who need it should be arranged and
discussed with these residents and identified on a list before any power outages.
Step 4: Allow pools to remain open if they have power for filtration 24/7 until all
residents have control. Park shower rooms that have the ability should be left
accessible 24/7.
Step 5: Provide residents access to working freezers (powered by generators, if
needed) to temporarily store frozen food and refrigerators/coolers for medications that
may require refrigeration. If this is not possible, residents should have access to ice
outside the park to save their food and meds.
Step 6: Arrange cold water supply and distribution for residents, going door to door if
needed.

After the power has been restored:
Step 1: Inform residents that power is back on and safe in home.
Step 2: Arrange for welfare checks to ensure that all residents are safe.
Step 3: Arrange an emergency transportation for the residents who need it to come
back home from temporary cooling shelter.
Step 4: Organize your emergency plan items and actions to be ready for next time.
Step 5: Reflect on what could’ve been done differently for better preperation.

Resident Recommendations
Before the event of a power outage:
Step 1: Put all emergency numbers – power company, manager’s office and after-hours
emergency numbers, caretaker, doctor, park security, neighbors, etc. – where you can
find them easily.
Step 2: Know what communication methods your park manager will use to give
important safety information to you.
Step 3: Prepare a recovery package with flashlights, bottled water, a digital instant-read
thermometer to check temps of the freezer and food, save foods that don’t require
cooking on hand. extra batteries and flashlights on hand and portable battery chargers
for electronics, especially for cell phones. Keep medical records and equipment handy,
charged, alternative battery available, and make sure neighbors and park managers are
aware you rely on it.
Step 4: Familiarize yourself with signs of heat stroke/illness and drink plenty of water.
Step 5: Designate a cool place where you can stay if the outage lasts more than a few
hours (i.e Hotels nearby, friends or family, public cooling centers).
Step 6: Plan ahead with your neighbors to check on each other in case someone needs
help. Let each other know when you are gone for an extended period of time and how to
reach you in an outage. Hire a caretaker.
Step 7: Prepare an emergency plan for your pets during a power outage; nearby pet
hotels, friends or family to care for pets, etc. since some shelters don’t take animals.
Step 8: If you don’t have a car or drive, make an emergency transportation plan. Some
areas have a 211 Transportation Hotline, e.g. Mesa’s is 1-855-345-6432. Communicate
to the park manager/landlords if they're open to assisting with transportation during a
power outage.

During the event of a power outage:
Step 1: Depending on the temperature and updates on the time frame of the outage
decide if going to a shelter, hotel, or cooling center is necessary.
Step 2: Alert landlord or park owner about their power and if they’re leaving.
Step 3: Also contact the neighbor ambassador or undergo neighborhood check in with
the community.
Step 4. Follow your emergency plan.

After the event of a power outage:
Step 1: Inform manager or park landlord power is back on and safe in home.
Step 2: Check in on next door neighbors.
Step 3: Organize your emergency plan items to be ready for next time.
Step 4: Reflect on what could’ve been done differently for better preperation.

Ongoing Sets of Solutions
The efforts of the partnership between KER and AAMHO advocating for mobile home
park residents can impact future adaptation or remediation within local development and
become a model for resiliency planning. Therefore, the mapping exercises used by
YouthMappers at ASU's collaborative research and the agency of community and local
knowledge developed tangible data from mobile home residents and local leaders to
participate in problem-solving conversations (Charley et al., 2023). We suggest inviting
or requiring electrical companies and local officials to join these conversations and work
collectively with the Mapswipe data to migrate neighborhoods to the closest shelter or
cooling centers during a power outage.
Since cities are spatially heterogeneous, outdoor microclimate differences due to
vegetation, street orientation, and building material may have real consequences for
temperatures experienced by an individual. (Cadenasso et al. 2007; Dousset et al.
2011; Middel et al. 2014). For example, Turner et al. (2022) mentioned that all cities
have hazard plans, which are likely to include EHE framing, but fewer cities have

resilience plans, including disparity framing. Kuras et al. collected individually
experienced temperatures (IET) data during a heat wave period (July 17-20, 2013) and
a reference period (July 20-23, 2013) with Thermochron iButtons that measured the air
temperatures surrounding individuals as they performed daily duties—the study period
suggested that understanding IETs for the population at large may lead to innovative
advances in heat health intervention and mitigation strategies.
This briefing adds to their resiliency planning framework for mobile home park residents,
specifically in response to home power outages. Particularly emphasizing alignment
with decisions related to dimensions and solution sets that act upon financial and
socio-economic vulnerability and the ability to afford solutions that reduce exposure or
risk (Solis et al., 2023) in addition to their broad concept of decision-making, which
includes a household-level of resources, state-level policymakers, and a spectrum of
actors (Solis et al., 2023). Depending on electrical companies' turnaround time, the
suggested emergency plan must address all levels and include an array of actors, such
as nearby cooling centers or shelters. Above all, we continue our commitment to
knowledge exchange and developing solutions and decision-making tools to increase
the heat resilience of mobile home residents.

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Authored by:
Britnie Britton, Research Aide at the Knowledge Exchange for Resilience at Arizona
State University
Kate Varfalameyeva, MA, Research Specialist at the Knowledge Exchange for
Resilience at Arizona State University
Kathleen Noble, AAMHO Board Member, Newsletter Editor
Patricia Solís, PhD, Executive Director of the Knowledge Exchange for Resilience at
Arizona State University
Suggested Citation:
Britton, B., Varfalameyeva, K., Noble, K., Solís, P. 2023. Integrated Resource Plan
for Manufactured Home Power Outages in Arizona. Knowledge Exchange for
Resilience, Tempe: Arizona State University.
Acknowledgements:
With gratitude to our joint community and university collaborative research team.
Community partners such as Maricopa County Public Health Department, Arizona
Housing Coalition, SRP, City of Mesa, City of Phoenix, Board of AAMHO and members,
Arizona Housing Coalition, Arizona Department of Economic Security, University of
Arizona