WEBVTT 00:00:08.140 --> 00:00:10.140 uh just by way of introduction, I recently retired from the National Park 00:00:11.750 --> 00:00:15.607 Service. I worked at the Harpers Ferry Center, which is in harpers Ferry 00:00:15.640 --> 00:00:19.916 west Virginia, about 50 miles west of Washington D. C. And this is the 00:00:19.949 --> 00:00:25.686 National Center where all media for all national parks is created. So if 00:00:25.719 --> 00:00:29.337 you go to a park visitor center and look at the exhibits that those 00:00:29.370 --> 00:00:33.557 exhibits are designed to Harpers Ferry center, the movies are produced 00:00:33.590 --> 00:00:37.817 there. The publications are produced by the wayside exhibits. And 00:00:37.850 --> 00:00:41.807 fortunately for me, lots of maps, it's it's, I've had a career, it's like 00:00:41.840 --> 00:00:47.326 working in a candy store, uh working on various national park maps at any 00:00:47.359 --> 00:00:51.817 time. I'd be working on a couple of dozen. But apart that really has a 00:00:51.850 --> 00:00:56.467 special place in my heart is the Grand Canyon. Um There are four 00:00:56.500 --> 00:01:01.677 cartographers that work at Harpers Ferry Center. We divvy up the 417 00:01:01.710 --> 00:01:07.186 National Parks among us. And fortunately for me, Grand Canyon landed in my 00:01:07.219 --> 00:01:11.906 lap and you know, topographically and historically there's probably no 00:01:11.939 --> 00:01:15.626 better park to map. And that's what I'm gonna talk about today. Are some 00:01:15.659 --> 00:01:20.217 of the, the maps that I've made of Grand Canyon National Park through the 00:01:20.250 --> 00:01:27.837 years. Okay, so if you were to go To the park this morning, drive up to 00:01:27.870 --> 00:01:33.076 the entry entrance station, pay you $25 to get in the friendly ranger uh 00:01:33.109 --> 00:01:37.126 would give you a brochure. And this would be the map that's on that 00:01:37.159 --> 00:01:41.686 brochure. Looking at it, It looks like a pretty standard National Park 00:01:41.719 --> 00:01:46.036 Service map. Doesn't You see the entirety of the Grand Canyon from Lake 00:01:46.069 --> 00:01:52.576 Powell up in the northeast, down to Lake Mead in the southwest, all 277 00:01:52.609 --> 00:01:57.257 river miles of the park. This is what we do with most of our brochures. We 00:01:57.290 --> 00:02:02.397 create a park wide map. Uh they've been handing this thing out and the 00:02:02.430 --> 00:02:08.517 public by and large has found this map to be completely useless. Okay. You 00:02:08.550 --> 00:02:12.247 know, as you probably know, there's about six million people who visit the 00:02:12.280 --> 00:02:18.647 park every year. The majority go to the south rim. The majority spend four 00:02:18.680 --> 00:02:24.606 hours or less at the park and then leave. I mean such a pity. Okay, so you 00:02:24.639 --> 00:02:28.367 know, the park, you know, came to me saying, look, you know, we need 00:02:28.400 --> 00:02:32.536 another solution. You know, this map is just not doing the trick. What we 00:02:32.569 --> 00:02:37.957 would like to do is create a supplemental map that they're going to call a 00:02:37.990 --> 00:02:40.807 pocket guide. 00:02:40.840 --> 00:02:46.906 Oh yeah. And the idea was that this would focus on the south rim itself 00:02:46.939 --> 00:02:50.987 And be, you know, something small that can fold up into a pocket uh, and 00:02:51.020 --> 00:02:55.976 be, you know, 17" wide and cover the entirety of the south room and I said 00:02:56.009 --> 00:03:01.147 , yeah, sure. I'll take that on. Um now I want to warn you right off the 00:03:01.180 --> 00:03:07.827 bat that the solution that I came up with, if they gave out such things as 00:03:07.860 --> 00:03:12.606 cartographic licenses, mine would have been revoked by the map that I 00:03:12.639 --> 00:03:17.147 produced. Okay, so you know, I won't say anything more before we look at 00:03:17.180 --> 00:03:21.316 the map, let's just do a little photographic reconnaissance of the south 00:03:21.349 --> 00:03:25.807 rim. And when you mentioned to most people in the world, Grand Canyon, 00:03:25.840 --> 00:03:29.936 this is the image that conjures up their mind. It's a sunset at Yavapai 00:03:29.969 --> 00:03:34.547 Point. It's, it's serene, majestic, majestic, beautiful. All these 00:03:34.580 --> 00:03:39.547 adjectives that come to mind. Okay. And you're just looking at this 00:03:39.580 --> 00:03:43.297 photograph, look at the colors. I'm going to come back to these colors 00:03:43.330 --> 00:03:49.976 later in my talk. Now there's another side of the Grand Canyon that most 00:03:50.009 --> 00:03:55.337 people don't think about. This is a couple 100 yards away. You know, this 00:03:55.370 --> 00:03:59.356 is the, the parking lot at the visitor center. You know, the, the Coconino 00:03:59.389 --> 00:04:05.816 Plateau is, it's vast, it's largely flat, its forested. There's not many 00:04:05.849 --> 00:04:11.277 landmarks at the south rim. The village area which has grown organically 00:04:11.310 --> 00:04:15.636 over the years. There's a tangle of roads Getting around is very difficult. 00:04:15.669 --> 00:04:20.676 Finding parking is very difficult. Visitors have to deal with this 00:04:20.709 --> 00:04:26.267 situation here before they could get to point. There's uh, you know, also 00:04:26.300 --> 00:04:30.556 the Grand Canyon railroad that arrives at the railway station near the rim. 00:04:30.589 --> 00:04:34.827 People disgorged from the train there and get out and they have to find 00:04:34.860 --> 00:04:40.236 where the can in this in this landscape and of course, you know, most of 00:04:40.269 --> 00:04:42.947 us have been here, we know the way. But if you're a first time visitor, 00:04:42.980 --> 00:04:46.806 that's difficult. That's where my job comes in, pointing him in the 00:04:46.839 --> 00:04:53.087 direction uh, to relieve traffic congestion on the south rim. The park 00:04:53.120 --> 00:04:59.176 service now has a very nice shuttle bus service and this is working, you 00:04:59.209 --> 00:05:02.837 know, pretty pretty well. And uh, I mean there's a problem with this too 00:05:02.870 --> 00:05:07.666 is, you know, people have to acquaint themselves with the bus routes and I 00:05:07.699 --> 00:05:11.306 say this, you know, as most americans including myself, are not really 00:05:11.339 --> 00:05:15.356 that accustomed to using public transportation. So you know, bang right 00:05:15.389 --> 00:05:19.207 off the point that they have to learn about this bus system on on the 00:05:19.240 --> 00:05:25.127 south rim. And for the more energetic visitors to the south rim, there's 00:05:25.160 --> 00:05:29.937 the greenway system of bike trails that people could rent out bikes and 00:05:29.970 --> 00:05:34.746 and ride through the forest. And I will mention that there's also just a 00:05:34.779 --> 00:05:39.077 very beautiful rim trail and bikes are not allowed on that trail for very 00:05:39.110 --> 00:05:42.406 obvious reasons. 00:05:42.439 --> 00:05:47.707 Okay, so enough of the photo reconnaissance, let's let's look at maps. The 00:05:47.740 --> 00:05:53.736 The South Rim itself stretches for 32 road miles from Hermit's rest in the 00:05:53.769 --> 00:05:59.447 west. Always desert view in the east. So this is this is the area that the 00:05:59.480 --> 00:06:05.457 park wanted me to focus on. Okay, and most of the visitors go to this area 00:06:05.490 --> 00:06:11.746 that we call Grand Canyon village collectively. And what we see here is a 00:06:11.779 --> 00:06:15.616 data dump from open street map. I just got all the data for that area. So 00:06:15.649 --> 00:06:18.967 if you're getting an open street map map, this is what you'd be looking at. 00:06:19.000 --> 00:06:21.866 There's, there's really lots of stuff there. Look at all the houses, 00:06:21.899 --> 00:06:26.046 there's employee housing, there's 2000 permanent residents in Grand Canyon 00:06:26.079 --> 00:06:30.817 Village. That's a lot of people. That's a small city, isn't it? And it's 00:06:30.850 --> 00:06:34.726 also, you know, high school. So really the first step in mapping this area 00:06:34.759 --> 00:06:39.496 for the public is to get rid of the stuff that the public does not need to 00:06:39.529 --> 00:06:46.986 see and that that really does does help out, doesn't it? Okay, but we're 00:06:47.019 --> 00:06:52.246 not out of the woods yet. On on this. When you, when you look at this 00:06:52.279 --> 00:06:56.906 Grand Canyon village area closely, there's three nexus is of tourist 00:06:56.939 --> 00:06:59.986 activity. There's, you know, the area that the park service called the 00:07:00.019 --> 00:07:04.166 village Market Plaza and then the visitor center area. So if I'm making a 00:07:04.199 --> 00:07:08.846 map, look how tightly clustered those buildings are, how in the world 00:07:08.879 --> 00:07:13.577 would I label these things in a meaningful way for the public? And of 00:07:13.610 --> 00:07:18.056 course, I think all of you would know the answer. We need insects, don't 00:07:18.089 --> 00:07:24.007 we? Okay, well, I'm, next slide, I'm going to show you is inset madness to 00:07:24.040 --> 00:07:26.207 properly 00:07:26.240 --> 00:07:30.207 to properly mapped the entire Grand Canyon at the scale that you want to 00:07:30.240 --> 00:07:35.346 get visitors to where they want to go. You would have to make a map of the 00:07:35.379 --> 00:07:40.406 entire south rim to show that the broad overview plus have six insects, 00:07:40.439 --> 00:07:46.046 including insects of insects, Which of course is not a very good solution. 00:07:46.079 --> 00:07:53.017 So this is the quandary that I was looking at to make a map 17" wide of 00:07:53.050 --> 00:07:58.426 the South Rim. And you know, I was puzzling about how to do this. And one 00:07:58.459 --> 00:08:02.897 of my contacts at the park said tom, don't worry, we have the solution for 00:08:02.930 --> 00:08:08.827 you. He said, I just went on vacation. Uh, the place where I went, I had a 00:08:08.860 --> 00:08:13.317 wonderful map and what I would like you to do is replicate the map that 00:08:13.350 --> 00:08:19.476 this place uses. Okay, now, whenever a client suggests a solution to me, 00:08:19.509 --> 00:08:26.856 all kinds of red flags go up and I think you'll see the reason why, uh, he 00:08:26.889 --> 00:08:31.306 went to Disney World. 00:08:31.339 --> 00:08:37.417 So, um, I had to talk him off the ledge, so to speak and you know, and I, 00:08:37.450 --> 00:08:41.327 you know, quietly explained it. Okay. You know, uh, Disney world is, is 00:08:41.360 --> 00:08:45.856 fabricated, human made. The Grand Canyon is a, is a natural sort of place. 00:08:45.889 --> 00:08:50.726 Disney world is, is very concentrated. The south rim is spread over tens 00:08:50.759 --> 00:08:58.596 of miles and there's this, this problem of style. Um, you know, this is 00:08:58.629 --> 00:09:03.827 not quite in the National Park Service look that we, we'd like to project 00:09:03.860 --> 00:09:08.187 to the public. Although I have to admit looking down the lower right, I'm 00:09:08.220 --> 00:09:13.207 really fond of the North arrow that they have, you know, 00:09:13.240 --> 00:09:19.287 so um, what I did is I turned to the National Park Service graphical 00:09:19.320 --> 00:09:24.467 identity roots. These were developed by an amazing new york city based 00:09:24.500 --> 00:09:27.817 graphic designer named Massimo. Finally, you can tell he's a graphic 00:09:27.850 --> 00:09:30.417 designer, he's, you know, he's dressed in black and has a very serious 00:09:30.450 --> 00:09:37.356 expression. Uh but in 1972 he came up with the unit grid system of, of 00:09:37.389 --> 00:09:40.437 brochures for the National park system. Everything was standard. You know 00:09:40.470 --> 00:09:44.207 , we could, we could print on standard sized sheets of paper, minimize 00:09:44.240 --> 00:09:50.026 waste. We had a common identity with that black title title band. Uh it 00:09:50.059 --> 00:09:55.547 was just a phenomenally successful program that finally came up with and 00:09:55.580 --> 00:10:00.506 also, you know, he was a big believer in this more or less minimalist, 00:10:00.539 --> 00:10:04.577 give the public the information they need to know, leave the stuff out 00:10:04.610 --> 00:10:09.596 that they don't need to see. Okay, now, you know, Vignali was a, he was a 00:10:09.629 --> 00:10:15.346 designer, you know, he made product packaging, he did interior design, you 00:10:15.379 --> 00:10:18.927 know, all made furniture, all manner and stuff like that. He was not a 00:10:18.960 --> 00:10:25.707 cartographer, but he did dabble in cartography Once He made the first ever 00:10:25.740 --> 00:10:30.506 New York City Transit Map. This was in 1972 00:10:30.539 --> 00:10:33.547 And some of you will notice that, you know, this map is in the style 00:10:33.580 --> 00:10:39.707 pioneered by Harry Beck for the London underground in 1933, I believe. Um 00:10:39.740 --> 00:10:44.386 so finally came out with the first iteration in this modern style of the 00:10:44.419 --> 00:10:49.506 new york city transit map. Now, I will say that this map was quickly uh 00:10:49.539 --> 00:10:54.106 replaced the public did not take to it very well at all. It's, you know, 00:10:54.139 --> 00:10:59.677 highly diaphragmatic water areas are shown with a color that I don't 00:10:59.710 --> 00:11:03.677 normally associate with With water. You know, even in the polluted days of 00:11:03.710 --> 00:11:06.207 the 1970s. 00:11:06.240 --> 00:11:10.797 But one of the things that Vignali did, I think what's very interesting on 00:11:10.830 --> 00:11:18.106 this is he, he treated scale elastically to show all of the transit routes 00:11:18.139 --> 00:11:22.457 on Manhattan island. You could see that he widened the island to get all 00:11:22.490 --> 00:11:26.506 of those in there. And that gave me the big idea. You know, maybe I could 00:11:26.539 --> 00:11:33.927 do something like that for the south rim. Okay, hold on to your seats. I 00:11:33.960 --> 00:11:40.766 got into adobe illustrator and loaded up a proper plan, a metric base map 00:11:40.799 --> 00:11:46.797 of the south rim and then just started messing around. And this is the map 00:11:46.830 --> 00:11:54.087 that I eventually came up with. Okay, um, it's essentially a caricature of 00:11:54.120 --> 00:11:59.006 of the south rim. I'll admit that right off the bat And let me explain 00:11:59.039 --> 00:12:04.346 some of the purposeful distortions that I built into this map. The area 00:12:04.379 --> 00:12:10.047 within this yellow oval, uh, that's about 2.5 miles wide. Remember the 00:12:10.080 --> 00:12:14.256 entire south room from, you know, desert view to Hermit's rest is 32 miles 00:12:14.289 --> 00:12:20.986 , wow, I am really getting pretty radical here and what's what's more uh, 00:12:21.019 --> 00:12:26.516 within that large yellow circle. These areas, I further expanded just to 00:12:26.549 --> 00:12:32.657 air them out so I could show people what was there and labor already now. 00:12:32.690 --> 00:12:39.447 Um, I will explain a few slides from now how I conveyed this purposeful 00:12:39.480 --> 00:12:46.606 distortion to the public and you can judge whether it works. 00:12:46.639 --> 00:12:52.396 So here's the, here's the map of, of the, the base map of the south room 00:12:52.429 --> 00:12:56.557 that I created. Um, the first thing that I did is, you know, you can see 00:12:56.590 --> 00:13:03.346 all the building footprints shown in black. Now, if I was to ask you, what 00:13:03.379 --> 00:13:08.157 does the footprint of the Memorial Union buildings look like from above? 00:13:08.190 --> 00:13:11.996 Does anyone really know? You know, I sure don't, but I kind of know what 00:13:12.029 --> 00:13:17.587 it looks like from the outside. So the first thing that I did was to show 00:13:17.620 --> 00:13:21.547 all of the buildings in this sort of pseudo three dimensional style, this 00:13:21.580 --> 00:13:25.116 cartoonist style and Dory is going to be talking about that. I think 00:13:25.149 --> 00:13:29.837 tomorrow is kino will probably see something similar. You know, these 00:13:29.870 --> 00:13:34.506 things. Well, they look cute, they draw attention to themselves and people 00:13:34.539 --> 00:13:40.856 could recognize them more readily than standard footprints. Now I was, I 00:13:40.889 --> 00:13:45.636 was working very closely with my colleagues at, at the park at all stages 00:13:45.669 --> 00:13:51.006 of this map design production. I showed them this, this, this base map. 00:13:51.039 --> 00:13:56.636 And much to my surprise, a lot of people did not realize that that darker 00:13:56.669 --> 00:14:02.057 beige color in the background was the canyon and that lighter green area 00:14:02.090 --> 00:14:05.146 in the four grand was the Coconino plateau. You know, you could see some 00:14:05.179 --> 00:14:08.736 some bits of cliff on on the left and the right. I thought that would be 00:14:08.769 --> 00:14:12.646 enough to keep people in. Uh It wasn't and it's always humbling to get 00:14:12.679 --> 00:14:16.026 this kind of feedback from people, it's obvious to me, you know, you know 00:14:16.059 --> 00:14:20.756 what things work because I made it, but other people are not seeing it. So 00:14:20.789 --> 00:14:25.087 I I added a little bit of topographic texture to the background. And I 00:14:25.120 --> 00:14:29.037 think that removed all doubt as to where the Grand Canyon was on on this 00:14:29.070 --> 00:14:33.407 map. Okay, 00:14:33.440 --> 00:14:38.366 next up I put a black band on it. You know, we're the Park service, we we 00:14:38.399 --> 00:14:43.917 love our black identity um bands And one of the things you'll notice on 00:14:43.950 --> 00:14:48.917 this map, the colors are very muted, The roads are white and that's 00:14:48.950 --> 00:14:53.567 because this map also had to serve as a transit map for the bus system 00:14:53.600 --> 00:14:58.427 which are color coded. And I wanted these bright colors to apply to the 00:14:58.460 --> 00:15:03.967 bus routes. So I added the bus routes inside the roads. So at this point 00:15:04.000 --> 00:15:09.986 the base map was more or less, you know complete. Now I would say this map 00:15:10.019 --> 00:15:14.797 now is more or less picture and really to bring you know, meaning to maps 00:15:14.830 --> 00:15:19.346 , you need to put labels on the map and I have a couple of labels that I 00:15:19.379 --> 00:15:23.207 added to it. 00:15:23.240 --> 00:15:27.866 My original idea was that the map would have probably half as many labels 00:15:27.899 --> 00:15:32.087 on there, especially on the, on the periphery going out to hermit's rest 00:15:32.120 --> 00:15:37.197 uh, desert view. The park staff reviewing this of which there was probably 00:15:37.230 --> 00:15:40.697 well over 100 people had different ideas about that. Everyone had their 00:15:40.730 --> 00:15:45.776 own agenda. And so you know, over time, over months I would get emails and 00:15:45.809 --> 00:15:48.707 I would kind of cringe. It's like tom had this and this and that and so 00:15:48.740 --> 00:15:52.996 forth. It was quite the challenge. Um, I tried to build in visual 00:15:53.029 --> 00:15:56.177 hierarchies with, with the labels so you can see the most important things 00:15:56.210 --> 00:16:00.606 , you know, in the forefront, boulder coming coming out. I also used all 00:16:00.639 --> 00:16:05.087 the symbols. I clustered them in areas to give more weight to the areas 00:16:05.120 --> 00:16:09.197 where visitors would be going. So they could, you know, focus on those 00:16:09.230 --> 00:16:16.217 areas first. Now you're probably thinking, okay, You know, he crafted 00:16:16.250 --> 00:16:19.516 himself, you know, a pretty nice map here, but it's completely distorted. 00:16:19.549 --> 00:16:23.386 People are gonna get confused by this saying, how do you convey to the 00:16:23.419 --> 00:16:28.547 public that this map is not to scale? It's grossly not the scale. The 00:16:28.580 --> 00:16:33.506 first thing I did is I put these, these red scale arrows up at the top. 00:16:33.539 --> 00:16:36.337 You know, it's kind of says, okay, this is, you know, so many miles from 00:16:36.370 --> 00:16:41.417 here to here. The park had this at the visitor center desk. They were 00:16:41.450 --> 00:16:45.697 showing this to the public, no one noticed it. Okay. You know, this was a 00:16:45.730 --> 00:16:50.996 cartographic fail. Um, it's like, uh, this is the problem. So my my next 00:16:51.029 --> 00:16:54.567 solution was to, you know, put an oval there. Okay, just kind of okay 00:16:54.600 --> 00:16:58.356 there it is. This, you know, map not to scale, you know, this this area is 00:16:58.389 --> 00:17:03.657 enlarge and this was my working version of the map for a couple of months 00:17:03.690 --> 00:17:08.607 thing took a long time to to make. And uh I thought this was working out 00:17:08.640 --> 00:17:12.736 fairly well and about a week before it was published, I had an epiphany 00:17:12.769 --> 00:17:18.986 instead of using just a an oval like that with a drop shadow, I decided to 00:17:19.019 --> 00:17:24.207 make that oval into a magnified lens itself kind of a device askew 00:17:24.240 --> 00:17:29.526 morphing device to say, okay, this area is being in March. And look I I 00:17:29.559 --> 00:17:35.536 also put the red scale bars back into, You know, in in uh studying 00:17:35.569 --> 00:17:38.207 cartography. One of the things that's drilled into our head is that 00:17:38.240 --> 00:17:43.097 redundancy is evil on a map that you don't do it. Uh throughout my, you 00:17:43.130 --> 00:17:47.867 know, 40 year career in cartography, I've learned to cherish redundancy. 00:17:47.900 --> 00:17:52.127 People read maps and learn in different ways and if you could come at it 00:17:52.160 --> 00:17:58.006 and with different approaches and people get it so much the better. So 00:17:58.039 --> 00:18:03.836 here's the map. But wait, there's more let's slide it down. Um of course 00:18:03.869 --> 00:18:06.286 this is the national parks if they want to put all kinds of stuff on these 00:18:06.319 --> 00:18:12.217 things, you know, whitespace is evil must it must be filled. Let's let's 00:18:12.250 --> 00:18:16.306 look at some of the other stuff that's on the map, you know, distance 00:18:16.339 --> 00:18:21.607 charts for for walkers, bikers and road distances. So you can refer to 00:18:21.640 --> 00:18:27.056 these charts and see how far things are. Um pictograph symbols, these all 00:18:27.089 --> 00:18:30.756 these symbols representing all the various services that you'll find at 00:18:30.789 --> 00:18:35.707 the national at the National Park. A typical National Park Service map 00:18:35.740 --> 00:18:41.756 Probably has four or 5.6 of these symbols on different symbols on it. The 00:18:41.789 --> 00:18:47.016 South Rim Pocket Map has the record with 21. It's a it's a contest. 00:18:47.049 --> 00:18:52.707 Whoever has the most symbols wins and they win by a long shot on this. 00:18:52.740 --> 00:18:57.157 Then there's the the the bus information here. Now, one of the things I 00:18:57.190 --> 00:19:02.147 wanna show to you is that if you look at the map above most of the bus 00:19:02.180 --> 00:19:06.927 routes run east west, don't they look at the charts? How what's the 00:19:06.960 --> 00:19:11.367 orientation on those? Yeah, kind of vertically? North south. Right. So 00:19:11.400 --> 00:19:16.536 there's a there's a there's a real geographic disconnect between the two. 00:19:16.569 --> 00:19:20.996 I had originally designed the charts so that they were horizontal in 00:19:21.029 --> 00:19:25.367 format. But the park overruled me on that on that. And we have these to 00:19:25.400 --> 00:19:28.907 deal with right now. 00:19:28.940 --> 00:19:33.357 And the North arrow, the typical uh National Park Service, North arrow 00:19:33.390 --> 00:19:37.887 just has the label north because east and west is so important. I decided 00:19:37.920 --> 00:19:42.796 that I need to label uh those direct cardinal directions as well. And also 00:19:42.829 --> 00:19:46.597 , I mean with six million people visiting the park, I don't know if people 00:19:46.630 --> 00:19:50.306 necessarily, you know, if they just see north would know which way east or 00:19:50.339 --> 00:19:53.957 west was in relationship to north. I know it's, you know, you have to 00:19:53.990 --> 00:20:00.316 really account for everything. Okay, The, as I mentioned, uh the map is 17 00:20:00.349 --> 00:20:05.516 inches wide. It has eight panels when you fold it in half. Um, the map 00:20:05.549 --> 00:20:09.316 itself, the important, the heart of the, of the south road appears in the 00:20:09.349 --> 00:20:17.286 , in the top four panels. My wife was a hand model there. This map was A 00:20:17.319 --> 00:20:22.937 draft of it I created in the winter of 2015, 00:20:22.970 --> 00:20:28.347 The park printed up a small print run of 300,000 copies to test to test it 00:20:28.380 --> 00:20:33.586 , doing user testing. Uh, it's very difficult to the National Park Service 00:20:33.619 --> 00:20:36.867 , you have to get Office of Management and budget approval. It can take 10 00:20:36.900 --> 00:20:42.276 minutes to do. They basically relied on on the bus drivers and the staff 00:20:42.309 --> 00:20:46.326 at the visitor center For feedback they were getting from visitors. After 00:20:46.359 --> 00:20:50.536 that, that initial print run of 300,000, they came back to me, I made a 00:20:50.569 --> 00:20:56.127 few tweaks to the map and then they started printing it with print runs of 00:20:56.160 --> 00:21:01.306 3.5 million every year. And and that, you know, that that really gives you 00:21:01.339 --> 00:21:05.457 pause. I mean you have to scrutinize every label. You don't want a 00:21:05.490 --> 00:21:10.816 misspelled word when you have 3.5 million being printed. So that's the, 00:21:10.849 --> 00:21:15.177 the pocket map. It's, it's still in use today, although I hear rumors that 00:21:15.210 --> 00:21:18.766 they may be swapping it out for something else, but that's not my concern 00:21:18.799 --> 00:21:26.107 anymore. So let's move on to the second map. So having dealt with the six 00:21:26.140 --> 00:21:29.107 million visitors who are congregated on the south rim. They wanted a 00:21:29.140 --> 00:21:33.746 second map and this, this one showing hiking below the rims for the more 00:21:33.779 --> 00:21:39.217 adventurous visitors to the Grand Canyon. Here's a typical view down in 00:21:39.250 --> 00:21:43.967 the canyon. This is the south kaibab Trail up near the top. Um, you know, 00:21:44.000 --> 00:21:46.526 you know, obviously this is a completely different experience than what 00:21:46.559 --> 00:21:50.427 visitors on the rim would have. Um, you know, for one thing, it's, you 00:21:50.460 --> 00:21:53.367 know, there's, there's a potential danger. You know, you, you know, you 00:21:53.400 --> 00:21:57.677 walk down into the canyon, it's, it's very seductive. It's, it's beautiful. 00:21:57.710 --> 00:22:00.627 It's an easy trail going down. But of course the problem is you have to 00:22:00.660 --> 00:22:06.897 get back up and the parts of his just just very concerned with that and 00:22:06.930 --> 00:22:10.586 people die there and we'll be hearing more about death in the Grand Canyon 00:22:10.619 --> 00:22:14.296 tomorrow with ken fields talk in all the morbid details that you want to 00:22:14.329 --> 00:22:19.927 hear. So, um, making a hiking map. Um, I thought it was very important to 00:22:19.960 --> 00:22:26.637 , you know, show topography, uh, properly um, on it. And I, in this case I 00:22:26.670 --> 00:22:32.056 turned to bread and barbara washburn, inseparable couple from the boston 00:22:32.089 --> 00:22:35.776 Museum of Science, you're gonna be hearing a lot about this map including 00:22:35.809 --> 00:22:40.506 later this morning, Michael fries talk So I won't really get into this at 00:22:40.539 --> 00:22:44.806 all. I'll just say this, this is just one of the most amazing mapping 00:22:44.839 --> 00:22:49.597 efforts ever done. It was it was it was a family affair with with friends 00:22:49.630 --> 00:22:54.877 at first and then other organizations got started and they ended up with, 00:22:54.910 --> 00:22:58.677 you know, the heart of the Grand Canyon map. It was a seven year effort. 00:22:58.710 --> 00:23:03.516 As you know, Brett watched washburn noted, you know, mapping the Grand 00:23:03.549 --> 00:23:07.576 Canyon the inverted topography of the Grand Canyon. The challenge was like 00:23:07.609 --> 00:23:13.296 mapping a map, A mountain upside down. It's not your traditional map. Uh 00:23:13.329 --> 00:23:19.556 He turned to swisstopo in Switzerland for their their rock depiction 00:23:19.589 --> 00:23:24.397 skills to show the various cliff bands. And I really liked this technique 00:23:24.430 --> 00:23:28.877 and I wanted to replicate it digitally. I used a technique called texture 00:23:28.910 --> 00:23:32.816 shading which was developed by a fellow named Leland Brown. He's a rocket 00:23:32.849 --> 00:23:39.556 scientist literally from southern California, big hiker and he discovered 00:23:39.589 --> 00:23:45.187 a way to manipulate digital elevation models such as we see here, darker 00:23:45.220 --> 00:23:49.526 is lower, lighter is higher in this representation. And what texture 00:23:49.559 --> 00:23:56.006 shading does is it detects abrupt changes in elevation on a digital 00:23:56.039 --> 00:24:00.137 elevation model and amplifies those differences and with increased 00:24:00.170 --> 00:24:07.637 contrast. So if uh you know, another uh person implemented in software 00:24:07.670 --> 00:24:11.697 called natural scene designer. And we have some really nice um slider bars 00:24:11.730 --> 00:24:15.627 for for doing this. There's advanced mathematics behind all of this. But 00:24:15.660 --> 00:24:19.016 if you slide the bottom slider over a little bit, you can see how the 00:24:19.049 --> 00:24:23.947 contrast is increased. Okay, you can see the ledge iness of Grand Canyon a 00:24:23.980 --> 00:24:27.717 little bit better. And if you slide that that second from the bottom 00:24:27.750 --> 00:24:33.607 slider all the way over, look what happens, it's an awful mess. Right, 00:24:33.640 --> 00:24:37.107 Okay. You're probably not too impressed by what I'm showing you right now. 00:24:37.140 --> 00:24:42.296 Watch what happens now. Here's the here's the central part of the Grand 00:24:42.329 --> 00:24:47.496 Canyon. The visitor center would be at the bottom center phantom Ranch, 00:24:47.529 --> 00:24:52.647 kind of the targets that called I think many of you recognize this. This 00:24:52.680 --> 00:24:57.607 scene. This is shown with shade relief generated from a 10 m DM, the 00:24:57.640 --> 00:25:01.957 highest resolution DM. Now, publicly available for the Grand Canyon. It's 00:25:01.990 --> 00:25:06.786 a pretty good shade relief. When you say, let's combine that with texture 00:25:06.819 --> 00:25:13.447 shape. Okay, so this is uh 60% shade relief, 10 40% texture shading with 00:25:13.480 --> 00:25:17.207 normal blending mode in adobe Photoshop. And all of a sudden you start 00:25:17.240 --> 00:25:25.240 seeing the levels of the canyon much much better. Now let's add those that 00:25:25.759 --> 00:25:32.107 really noisy texture on top of it. And this is also a Photoshop with soft 00:25:32.140 --> 00:25:36.736 light blending mode. And you can see the rock textures there. But wait, 00:25:36.769 --> 00:25:43.187 it's getting kind of noisy, isn't it? So what I did is I took the DM 00:25:43.220 --> 00:25:49.187 created a slope mask from that and eliminated the rock texture from flat 00:25:49.220 --> 00:25:54.967 areas and areas of gentle slope and we have something that looks like this. 00:25:55.000 --> 00:25:58.617 This is getting pretty, pretty close to, you know what the swiss were 00:25:58.650 --> 00:26:03.467 drawing by hand with their their rock text drink. You can see the cliff 00:26:03.500 --> 00:26:08.107 bands very well, the talus slopes and you can see the areas that are flat. 00:26:08.140 --> 00:26:13.367 Let's go back to the original shade relief back to that product. So, I 00:26:13.400 --> 00:26:18.086 think that was an improvement. Now. Uh, you know, this is this map is for 00:26:18.119 --> 00:26:21.177 the public, we don't want to leave it grayscale, so it needs to be 00:26:21.210 --> 00:26:25.697 colorized and these are the colors that I came up with, you know, I'll 00:26:25.730 --> 00:26:30.046 just say that the colors are just one of those intangible aspects of map 00:26:30.079 --> 00:26:34.347 design. You know, people glance at a map and you want them to relate to 00:26:34.380 --> 00:26:38.536 the colors to be attracted to it instantly. You know, I think of colors as 00:26:38.569 --> 00:26:41.407 the pheromones of map designers, just like, it's like dating. You know, 00:26:41.440 --> 00:26:45.536 it's like, yeah, the instant, like, er, and you want to get that, I'm not 00:26:45.569 --> 00:26:48.207 going to talk much about the colors here except for notice the colorado 00:26:48.240 --> 00:26:53.976 River. It's a nice, pretty blue. Yeah. If I had shown the colorado River 00:26:54.009 --> 00:26:56.526 with this, you know, natural water color, you would not see it on the map 00:26:56.559 --> 00:27:01.207 because it basically blends in with the land. So, so, um, 00:27:01.240 --> 00:27:06.097 I had to make allowances here. Here's the labels that I put on the map, 00:27:06.130 --> 00:27:10.347 note how the trails are highlighted. Yellow at the visitors center. Is 00:27:10.380 --> 00:27:12.986 that the rangers often just get a highlight our out and show you where to 00:27:13.019 --> 00:27:18.506 go. I saved them the trouble and just highlighted it myself. 00:27:18.539 --> 00:27:24.627 And here here's the hiking back compared to washburn's hardly Grand Canyon. 00:27:24.660 --> 00:27:28.617 You know, one of the things you'll notice is that, you know, my map is a 00:27:28.650 --> 00:27:33.836 lot lighter and that's because legibility is of paramount importance to 00:27:33.869 --> 00:27:37.417 the National Park service. We want people to be able to read the labels. 00:27:37.450 --> 00:27:41.107 Uh, some of us like myself are retired getting a little bit older. Our 00:27:41.140 --> 00:27:45.026 eyes aren't as you know, sharp as they once were. We want all the labels 00:27:45.059 --> 00:27:49.736 to be readable frankly. If I had turned in a map like washburn's, my 00:27:49.769 --> 00:27:52.597 bosses would have called me into the private conference room for a 00:27:52.630 --> 00:27:55.806 conversation. 00:27:55.839 --> 00:28:01.576 But on the other hand, it's, it's gorgeous. Here's the hiking map in its 00:28:01.609 --> 00:28:06.826 entirety, you know, so it shows the three main trails into the, into the 00:28:06.859 --> 00:28:10.917 canyon in the upper left. You'll notice that there's some distant charts 00:28:10.950 --> 00:28:18.006 up there. You know, it's green, yellow and red. We're using the stoplight 00:28:18.039 --> 00:28:21.627 colors to kind of warn people that okay, green, this is a place where you 00:28:21.660 --> 00:28:25.347 can hike down to pretty safely on on a day hike. Yellow start using 00:28:25.380 --> 00:28:32.707 caution red, be really, really careful and only experts should go. Okay. 00:28:32.740 --> 00:28:38.897 So two maps down. So map for hikers, a map for visitors up on the rim on 00:28:38.930 --> 00:28:44.647 the south rim, there's still the park brochure and we decided we would 00:28:44.680 --> 00:28:49.536 redo that from scratch. And I'll tell you about how we handle that If we 00:28:49.569 --> 00:28:53.756 went back to 1982, 00:28:53.789 --> 00:28:57.107 this is the map that you would receive when you entered the park. And 00:28:57.140 --> 00:29:00.806 looking at this, this looks like a classic National Park Service map 00:29:00.839 --> 00:29:04.556 doesn't, it's pretty nice. It's got a great scale shaded relief. My 00:29:04.589 --> 00:29:08.316 predecessor Bill von Almond airbrushed that. Unfortunately, it's just kind 00:29:08.349 --> 00:29:12.957 of printed in a kind of a dingy gray. Look at the colors on the map. Um 00:29:12.990 --> 00:29:16.786 They kind of dominate all else. You see the park shape. You see, you know 00:29:16.819 --> 00:29:21.707 , surrounding you know, reservations and federal lands and and so forth. 00:29:21.740 --> 00:29:27.677 The this the colors that you saw on the map you see on this map don't 00:29:27.710 --> 00:29:32.016 really emphasize what visitors see when they go to the Grand Canyon. Think 00:29:32.049 --> 00:29:37.397 about that first slide of java by point at at sunset. This has no 00:29:37.430 --> 00:29:42.976 relationship to that at all. And that really bothered my next cartographic 00:29:43.009 --> 00:29:48.526 hero, a fellow named Hal Shelton. He was a trained fine artist from 00:29:48.559 --> 00:29:52.607 southern California through happenstance. He found himself working for the 00:29:52.640 --> 00:29:58.367 U. S. Geological Survey as a cartographer and he revolted against the use 00:29:58.400 --> 00:30:03.707 of administrative land colors and hips metric tents calling them arbitrary 00:30:03.740 --> 00:30:09.897 what he advocated instead is the use of natural colors on on maps such as 00:30:09.930 --> 00:30:13.006 you know what he would paint and that painting that we see on the left. 00:30:13.039 --> 00:30:18.957 His brother was a geologist and a pilot and pal would often fly around the 00:30:18.990 --> 00:30:23.306 western us with him and you know he would look at the colors on the ground. 00:30:23.339 --> 00:30:27.296 His brother published geology, illustrated some of you might know that 00:30:27.329 --> 00:30:32.687 that wonderful book. Anyway, what hal came up with was a way of natural 00:30:32.720 --> 00:30:37.076 color mapping. We see that in the lower right. And what's extraordinary 00:30:37.109 --> 00:30:42.576 about this technique Is that he did this in the 1950s and 1960s. This is 00:30:42.609 --> 00:30:48.667 before the advent of satellites and satellite derived land cover. So I 00:30:48.700 --> 00:30:54.447 mean this was really kind of a huge leap and visualization of what the 00:30:54.480 --> 00:31:00.766 earth would look like from above and I wanted to emulate this. So this is 00:31:00.799 --> 00:31:04.947 the initial mock up. I did this with Melinda Schmidt the designer harvest 00:31:04.980 --> 00:31:09.377 very center. You know this is really rough. You know how we saw the whole 00:31:09.410 --> 00:31:13.836 side of the brochure looking and um what I want to focus on right now is 00:31:13.869 --> 00:31:19.467 this central section of the canyon and show you how I developed a map with 00:31:19.500 --> 00:31:25.236 natural colors similar to hell shelters um style. Right now we see a 00:31:25.269 --> 00:31:28.957 grayscale map. It's shade relief and texture shading combined. Been there 00:31:28.990 --> 00:31:34.947 done that already. The Grand canyon is largely an arid environment. So the 00:31:34.980 --> 00:31:39.286 first step is I just made it kind of beige, made it look a little bit 00:31:39.319 --> 00:31:44.796 drier. But you know as most of us know the Grand Canyon is more than Aaron 00:31:44.829 --> 00:31:48.836 lands. You know five of the seven life zones in North America are found in 00:31:48.869 --> 00:31:54.566 Grand Canyon National Park. Yes. Can you hear me having problems? Is that 00:31:54.599 --> 00:32:02.256 better? Okay I'll project thank you. So I I wanted to show um forested 00:32:02.289 --> 00:32:08.526 areas. So I added a forest texture to the high plateaus. Getting this 00:32:08.559 --> 00:32:13.776 involved going into the shop creating a forest canopy of texture. You know 00:32:13.809 --> 00:32:17.897 graphically kind of looks like a bacterium. But when applied to the map it 00:32:17.930 --> 00:32:23.536 kind of looks like forest. I hope I initially was using the USGS National 00:32:23.569 --> 00:32:29.957 Land Cover Dataset which shows percent forest canopy to apply that texture 00:32:29.990 --> 00:32:35.026 to the the plateaus. But look look how ragged that distribution is. You 00:32:35.059 --> 00:32:40.046 can see some big fire burns and it's it's kind of messy. So what I did 00:32:40.079 --> 00:32:44.907 instead is I used that same distribution. I got a grayscale digital 00:32:44.940 --> 00:32:50.607 elevation model and I used this to apply that that that green forest 00:32:50.640 --> 00:32:54.566 texture to the high high plateaus. Um And I think it just works more 00:32:54.599 --> 00:32:59.207 successfully. I mean these these grayscale DM almost look sensuous and I 00:32:59.240 --> 00:33:03.296 just wanted a you know a general indication of where there was more 00:33:03.329 --> 00:33:07.586 biomass. You know in the on the plateaus you know you'll notice it with 00:33:07.619 --> 00:33:11.137 the DM The higher you go, the lighter it is, that means more green would 00:33:11.170 --> 00:33:16.467 have um fall onto the final map. So here's the here's the map with the 00:33:16.500 --> 00:33:20.917 forest textures added. Now usually when designing a map, there's there's 00:33:20.950 --> 00:33:26.046 one element that's the crux of the design and that's the next one I'm 00:33:26.079 --> 00:33:29.107 going to show you. 00:33:29.140 --> 00:33:35.236 It's the I wanted the canyon really to pop out. So I got into Photoshop 00:33:35.269 --> 00:33:38.707 and just tinted it, you know this, you know, kind of bright glowing color 00:33:38.740 --> 00:33:45.266 . I think you have a P point again now and and I make this sound very you 00:33:45.299 --> 00:33:50.236 know, casual, you know to put that tint in. I actually had to go in and 00:33:50.269 --> 00:33:56.367 spend six hours tracing the rim of the of the canyon. Notice how on on the 00:33:56.400 --> 00:34:00.316 tributary Canyons Kanab Creek and Havasu Creek, they kind of fade out. 00:34:00.349 --> 00:34:06.687 They're not as strong. So that applied that that color to the canyon. Now 00:34:06.720 --> 00:34:09.706 I think this is you know, getting a step in the right direction but it 00:34:09.739 --> 00:34:13.747 doesn't look quite as deep as it should. So in the next step I went back 00:34:13.780 --> 00:34:19.057 to that digital elevation model and use that to darken the canyon bottom, 00:34:19.090 --> 00:34:24.767 okay, etching it right into the colorado Flatow. And I think it added 00:34:24.800 --> 00:34:29.836 benefit to this is that you know it shows the the inner gorge better. And 00:34:29.869 --> 00:34:32.657 of course, you know in the inner gorge we have the pre Cambrian, you know 00:34:32.690 --> 00:34:40.307 vishnu shifts and those, those darker rocks, which is map suggest? 00:34:40.340 --> 00:34:47.077 All right, then I added some very subtle highlights and blue shadows to 00:34:47.110 --> 00:34:52.956 the highest areas. You will toggle this a couple times. It's subtle, but I 00:34:52.989 --> 00:34:55.887 think adding blue shadows to the higher area suggests that you were 00:34:55.920 --> 00:34:59.697 getting into the hut, Sony. And uh, you know, you know, climate realm up 00:34:59.730 --> 00:35:04.606 on the kaibab Black Child. 00:35:04.639 --> 00:35:12.639 And now, um, I had the Colorado River notice that the Colorado River is is 00:35:12.869 --> 00:35:16.977 multi colored. Um, you can see sun glints on it. I did this for a couple 00:35:17.010 --> 00:35:21.456 of reasons. I I wondered the river to be noticeable and having glimpse 00:35:21.489 --> 00:35:24.517 gives it a little more life and and the river courses that, you know, it's 00:35:24.550 --> 00:35:28.706 dynamic, it's it's flowing and by showing the sun glints, it suggests that 00:35:28.739 --> 00:35:36.276 dynamism, dynamism of the river. Now, one last touch to this map was 00:35:36.309 --> 00:35:41.407 adding foreground shadow and background Hayes, if you if you look at 00:35:41.440 --> 00:35:45.827 classic landscape paintings by the Hudson River school of painters or 00:35:45.860 --> 00:35:49.387 thomas Moran's grand canyon of the Yellowstone, you'll notice that the 00:35:49.420 --> 00:35:53.497 foreground is often very dark. The background is kind of hazed out a 00:35:53.530 --> 00:35:58.057 little bit and that kind of directs your eye to the center of the painting 00:35:58.090 --> 00:36:02.756 , the same thing can be done with a map. And so, you know, with that 00:36:02.789 --> 00:36:06.606 foreground shadow in the background. Hayes were now focused almost 00:36:06.639 --> 00:36:10.997 exclusively on on the camera itself, 00:36:11.030 --> 00:36:15.697 base map is complete. Can you guess what's coming next? 00:36:15.730 --> 00:36:22.997 A couple of labels and, and actually there's fewer labels on this map. 00:36:23.030 --> 00:36:25.586 This is the first cut at the labels, they were, they're showing up fairly 00:36:25.619 --> 00:36:29.756 well. Then I added halos and and drop shadows to make them pop a little 00:36:29.789 --> 00:36:35.077 bit more. one thing to notice on this map is what you don't see, you don't 00:36:35.110 --> 00:36:39.256 see roads do you? The park boundaries in there, it's very light, it's a 00:36:39.289 --> 00:36:44.637 yellow light. This map is intended to show the Grand Canyon in its its 00:36:44.670 --> 00:36:50.796 natural splendor without the imprint of humans. Now I do have some 00:36:50.829 --> 00:36:55.706 cultural reference points on there. I'm I'm very, I'm very surprised I did. 00:36:55.739 --> 00:37:00.606 I made a draft this map a year and a half ago. I thought that the park 00:37:00.639 --> 00:37:04.787 would insist on showing roads and all this other stuff. They really held 00:37:04.820 --> 00:37:11.646 off. This is the final map in the brochure. This, this incidentally was 00:37:11.679 --> 00:37:15.646 printed about three weeks ago. So in the next couple of months when you go 00:37:15.679 --> 00:37:21.307 to the park, you'll be receiving this, this map. Um My colleague, Melinda 00:37:21.340 --> 00:37:26.327 smith did the layout on this. What's interesting is by and large National 00:37:26.360 --> 00:37:32.506 Park staff. They tend to focus a lot on the text and the photographs on 00:37:32.539 --> 00:37:37.427 these brochures. The maps, they don't scrutinize nearly as carefully and 00:37:37.460 --> 00:37:43.006 it's it's probably good that they do. Um This was a very early draft and 00:37:43.039 --> 00:37:48.006 it was a major major problem that was discovered on this after one week. 00:37:48.039 --> 00:37:52.416 If you look at the little inset map down at the bottom left, you'll see a 00:37:52.449 --> 00:37:59.097 little critter sitting on it. Okay. That is a ring tailed lemur from 00:37:59.130 --> 00:38:02.186 Madagascar. 00:38:02.219 --> 00:38:09.586 Um Let's fix it. There's a ring tailed cat. 00:38:09.619 --> 00:38:14.267 Can you imagine printing 3.5 million copies with a lemur on it? There's a 00:38:14.300 --> 00:38:20.836 reason why we take our time and and and and get these things. Right, okay. 00:38:20.869 --> 00:38:22.887 Um 00:38:22.920 --> 00:38:28.526 Oh and I'll add one more thing. There's aversive to this this map and 00:38:28.559 --> 00:38:32.816 includes more interpretive information including a splendid geologic 00:38:32.849 --> 00:38:37.956 column which carla Carlstrom contributed to. And we'll be hearing more 00:38:37.989 --> 00:38:43.816 about that hopefully later in the conference. So um very quickly and I'll 00:38:43.849 --> 00:38:50.657 finish this thing up. How we doing for time. Okay. Um this is a map that I 00:38:50.690 --> 00:38:57.126 created in The year 2000. Um it's it's a panoramic map of the of the Grand 00:38:57.159 --> 00:39:03.206 Canyon and my inspiration for this was Heinrich Moran. He he's an Austrian 00:39:03.239 --> 00:39:09.856 was an Austrian. Now, obviously and in his career he painted over 500 ski 00:39:09.889 --> 00:39:14.747 area Panoramas and um panoramas of other places. Ocean bottom maps, you 00:39:14.780 --> 00:39:18.816 know, including four panoramas of national parks, you know here we're 00:39:18.849 --> 00:39:24.686 looking at Yosemite. He also painted Yellowstone Denali and north cascades. 00:39:24.719 --> 00:39:29.947 Uh you know, these are, you know, one m wide posters that he created. 00:39:29.980 --> 00:39:34.617 They're they're absolutely lovely and wonderful. Incidentally, we um we 00:39:34.650 --> 00:39:40.126 digitally remastered all of his artwork recently. They're up online. I 00:39:40.159 --> 00:39:43.046 have a U. R. L. At the end of my talk, go there, download these things. 00:39:43.079 --> 00:39:45.727 They're absolutely beautiful there in the public domain. You can print 00:39:45.760 --> 00:39:52.526 them out in all their uh colorful um glory. Um Anyway, Baran was a master 00:39:52.559 --> 00:39:56.916 of painting panoramas, you can see him, he's wearing his favorite vest, 00:39:56.949 --> 00:40:02.577 he's a he was a flamboyant character and his artwork was also flamboyant 00:40:02.610 --> 00:40:07.267 and he inspired me to create a panorama of the national um Grand Canyon 00:40:07.300 --> 00:40:12.376 National Park. Now I'm not nearly as flamboyant as Baran nor are my maps. 00:40:12.409 --> 00:40:18.776 And then this was intended to work as a get around map for the south rim. 00:40:18.809 --> 00:40:23.427 Yeah. One of the things, one of the important things that I borrowed from 00:40:23.460 --> 00:40:30.166 Baran was how to portray the foreground and the background in the in the 00:40:30.199 --> 00:40:34.356 panorama. If you're flying over landscaping an airplane like I was 00:40:34.389 --> 00:40:38.997 yesterday afternoon, you're by the window, you look out the window and you 00:40:39.030 --> 00:40:42.597 look toward the horizon, you see the horizon line and the sky. Okay? 00:40:42.630 --> 00:40:47.807 Everything is in profile. If you turn your eyes down and look down, 00:40:47.840 --> 00:40:52.146 everything is plan a metric, it's more map life. That's very hard to get 00:40:52.179 --> 00:40:58.206 in a three D oblique view generated by computer software. So uh looking at 00:40:58.239 --> 00:41:01.586 this map of the Grand Canyon, you'll notice that the foreground is fairly 00:41:01.619 --> 00:41:07.017 map like and in the background you could see the profile of the north rim 00:41:07.050 --> 00:41:12.336 fairly well, I achieved this with the software called terrain bender by 00:41:12.369 --> 00:41:17.747 Bernhardt Yeni then of Oregon state University now of Monash university 00:41:17.780 --> 00:41:23.186 and Melbourne Australia with terrain bender. What you could do is load a 00:41:23.219 --> 00:41:28.267 digital elevation model and warping. This is kind of a common theme in a 00:41:28.300 --> 00:41:32.756 lot of my mapping is distorting and warping things. Um but with terrain 00:41:32.789 --> 00:41:38.046 bender you could add curvature to A. D. M. And when you look at it from 00:41:38.079 --> 00:41:43.526 the front it forces the foreground into more of a planet metric view and 00:41:43.559 --> 00:41:48.936 the background looks more as if it's in program and this is the final map 00:41:48.969 --> 00:41:52.736 that resulted Again this was in the year 2000. You know I thought that 00:41:52.769 --> 00:42:00.769 this was kind of a wild solution for the Grand Canyon uh map to my Utter 00:42:00.800 --> 00:42:04.936 amazement, they actually used this for 15 years. Uh it really had a really 00:42:04.969 --> 00:42:08.796 really had a long range run and this is in a park that likes the swap out 00:42:08.829 --> 00:42:13.427 maps very regularly. So I was quite pleased that that it lasted as long as 00:42:13.460 --> 00:42:21.037 it did. Well I will I'll conclude right now making a few statements When I 00:42:21.070 --> 00:42:25.856 when I began my career in cartography just about 40 years ago, you know I 00:42:25.889 --> 00:42:31.186 looked at you know people like Moran and Washburn Vignali Shelton with you 00:42:31.219 --> 00:42:35.767 know you know amazement, you know they were the pillar of cartographic 00:42:35.800 --> 00:42:43.537 excellence. They were the people I aspired to emulate and thankfully you 00:42:43.570 --> 00:42:46.367 know during the course of my career something really wonderful happened. 00:42:46.400 --> 00:42:51.117 It was the digital revolution. We have now marvelous you know cartography 00:42:51.150 --> 00:42:56.157 and G. I. S. Tools, you know, gobs of fantastic geospatial data available 00:42:56.190 --> 00:43:01.967 uh fantastic graphical software at our disposal. And I'll say that you 00:43:02.000 --> 00:43:05.436 know, most of us, you know with a little bit of perseverance and these 00:43:05.469 --> 00:43:10.776 wonderful tools and these wonderful data can now achieve what these former 00:43:10.809 --> 00:43:16.066 masters of the manual era created. And it's it's just a wonderful thing I 00:43:16.099 --> 00:43:20.447 think nowadays is is the best time ever to be a cartographer. You know, 00:43:20.480 --> 00:43:25.586 given what we can do. You know adobe had this this tagline some years ago. 00:43:25.619 --> 00:43:29.506 You know if if you can dream it you can do it. And that's quite literally 00:43:29.539 --> 00:43:34.227 the case with cartography nowadays. And I'll say it's more appropriate 00:43:34.260 --> 00:43:38.497 than ever when you're mapping a place like Grand Canyon National Park. So 00:43:38.530 --> 00:43:42.927 I will end on that note and open the floor to any questions you have. Mm 00:43:42.960 --> 00:43:49.967 hmm. Mhm mm hmm. 00:43:50.000 --> 00:43:58.000 Does anybody have, 00:44:06.869 --> 00:44:10.157 Did I break it? Gosh, 00:44:10.190 --> 00:44:14.856 who's up there is the question. 00:44:14.889 --> 00:44:19.956 We'll take that Gentleman 1st. That handsome gentleman Peter Corvette 00:44:19.989 --> 00:44:26.256 and 00:44:26.289 --> 00:44:30.856 peter I'm gonna throw this to you ha 00:44:30.889 --> 00:44:35.597 it still works and how it works. Tom I wonder if there's a record of the 00:44:35.630 --> 00:44:41.986 National Park Service maps going back to the 1919 forward that you that 00:44:42.019 --> 00:44:49.427 somewhere in some collection my my office has him going back to 00:44:49.460 --> 00:44:55.836 around World War Two. So we, you know at Harpers Ferry center, we have all 00:44:55.869 --> 00:45:00.796 those maps and brochures going back to that time. Um I would say that the 00:45:00.829 --> 00:45:04.227 Library of Congress, geography map division would be the place to go to 00:45:04.260 --> 00:45:08.057 find everything else. 00:45:08.090 --> 00:45:12.956 Probably not. 00:45:12.989 --> 00:45:17.896 So it looks to me like in your maps that you pretty much understand this 00:45:17.929 --> 00:45:23.856 or whatever, but how aware are cartographers in general with the 00:45:23.889 --> 00:45:30.856 colorblind males in the US? Well, you're you're talking to one right now. 00:45:30.889 --> 00:45:37.666 Mhm. I'm a sufferer of Torino pia. No, um I've slightly red green color 00:45:37.699 --> 00:45:45.267 blindness. So I'm usually if I can see the colors fairly well. Most people 00:45:45.300 --> 00:45:50.916 with red, green color blindness can kind of see him. Um What I try to do 00:45:50.949 --> 00:45:55.787 is when I'm using reds and greens is to have a value difference uh between 00:45:55.820 --> 00:46:00.896 the reds and the greens so you can differentiate them um that way. But 00:46:00.929 --> 00:46:07.296 yeah, it is, it is a concern. And unfortunately not all cartographers take 00:46:07.329 --> 00:46:11.646 that into account. I can think of some some major map publishers who just 00:46:11.679 --> 00:46:16.046 blow it off. You know, 00:46:16.079 --> 00:46:21.336 two questions. 1st one is if I showed up at Harper's Perry, could I get 00:46:21.369 --> 00:46:27.856 maps of Grand Canyon bryce Zion, what have you from the Park Service there 00:46:27.889 --> 00:46:32.387 ? Is that possible? And the second question is, who are these people that 00:46:32.420 --> 00:46:39.646 get to live in this village in the Grand Canyon. Mm hmm. Yeah. 00:46:39.679 --> 00:46:43.776 Yes. If you showed up at Harpers Ferry, we you know, we usually have about 00:46:43.809 --> 00:46:49.856 a dozen of each new printing of the maps and brochures available. But it'd 00:46:49.889 --> 00:46:54.456 probably be easier if you went to um federal office buildings in any major 00:46:54.489 --> 00:46:57.767 city. They there's usually a Department of Interior National Park Service 00:46:57.800 --> 00:47:02.117 office there where you can find these maps. So that would be a little bit 00:47:02.150 --> 00:47:08.146 easier. What was your second question? Who lives in Harpers Ferry? 00:47:08.179 --> 00:47:11.767 Oh. Um you know, I would say it's, you know, National Park Service staff 00:47:11.800 --> 00:47:18.347 and a lot of contractors and concession owners as well. And independence. 00:47:18.380 --> 00:47:20.546 Yeah. 00:47:20.579 --> 00:47:25.137 Hi. Uh that's loud. Um I was wondering about what you said about the 00:47:25.170 --> 00:47:28.657 elasticity of scale, like how you manipulated that. And then also the fact 00:47:28.690 --> 00:47:32.276 that you changed like the river blue like um because that attracts people 00:47:32.309 --> 00:47:35.456 more and if like you had it as its natural color will blend in. I was 00:47:35.489 --> 00:47:38.916 wondering if you thought that there was a trade off between like keeping 00:47:38.949 --> 00:47:42.166 things to their like natural skills and natural colors and attracting, 00:47:42.199 --> 00:47:46.097 like people like, like having people understand that map better. Do you 00:47:46.130 --> 00:47:49.477 think there's like there's like a cost to having things like more 00:47:49.510 --> 00:47:52.407 attractive at the cost of like maybe the truth of what they actually look 00:47:52.440 --> 00:47:55.586 like. Mhm. Yeah, that's a that's a really good question. And it's 00:47:55.619 --> 00:48:00.626 something that I've pondered a lot throughout my career. My natural 00:48:00.659 --> 00:48:05.727 inclination is to you to make create maps with colors that are as true to 00:48:05.760 --> 00:48:09.916 nature as possible so that someone in a park holding a map in your hands 00:48:09.949 --> 00:48:13.486 can make a connection between that map that they're holding and what they 00:48:13.519 --> 00:48:21.327 see in in the landscape around him. But sometimes you have to um alter 00:48:21.360 --> 00:48:28.356 that philosophy, a little bit of a classic example of altering it would be 00:48:28.389 --> 00:48:31.896 the the greens that you would use in a place like the Grand Canyon to 00:48:31.929 --> 00:48:35.577 represent forest. If you if you're up in an airplane or if you're looking 00:48:35.610 --> 00:48:40.026 at satellite data of the green forest, you look behind me, it's really 00:48:40.059 --> 00:48:46.896 really dark and um you know, dark green is a visually recessive color but 00:48:46.929 --> 00:48:50.336 it's at the top of the plateau is the highest areas you look in the canyon 00:48:50.369 --> 00:48:55.876 , it's reddish, right, red pops up. So what you have is a graphical 00:48:55.909 --> 00:49:01.037 inversion of the landscape going on. Um So this this is a problem 00:49:01.070 --> 00:49:05.256 throughout the interior West. So my solution in that case would be to use 00:49:05.289 --> 00:49:09.287 much lighter greens than what you would observe on the ground to represent 00:49:09.320 --> 00:49:15.336 forest and darker reds, you know, in the canyon and in the more desert 00:49:15.369 --> 00:49:20.256 lowland areas to make it work graphically as a map. And there is this, you 00:49:20.289 --> 00:49:25.787 know this this you know sort of tug tug of war between geographic reality 00:49:25.820 --> 00:49:31.936 and graphic reality that the cartographer has to remedy. 00:49:31.969 --> 00:49:36.267 I guess that's me. I I was intrigued by your your last statement about how 00:49:36.300 --> 00:49:40.467 today is the best time to be a cartographer with with the tools that are 00:49:40.500 --> 00:49:44.486 available over the course of your career. You saw this change happen. But 00:49:44.519 --> 00:49:48.387 you also must have retrained yourself for the park system must have 00:49:48.420 --> 00:49:51.907 retrained. You can can you talk for a minute about what that transition 00:49:51.940 --> 00:49:56.977 was like and and and and what the what the office was like at the time 00:49:57.010 --> 00:50:01.046 when the computers were coming and the masking tape and the markers were 00:50:01.079 --> 00:50:06.706 going away. Yeah. Yeah. Yeah. I I obviously had my my my background in the 00:50:06.739 --> 00:50:11.666 in the late part of the manual era and I have to confess that I was kind 00:50:11.699 --> 00:50:17.327 of a late comer to digital cartography. You know, not until the early 00:50:17.360 --> 00:50:21.967 nineties that I see the the whole field of digital cartography and G. I. S. 00:50:22.000 --> 00:50:27.916 Turning a corner where the tools and the data to create maps that started 00:50:27.949 --> 00:50:34.146 to rival what could be created manually. So I I kind of went into it, you 00:50:34.179 --> 00:50:39.586 know kicking and screaming a little bit but I'm so glad I did because it's 00:50:39.619 --> 00:50:43.456 just unleashed a whole new world of possibilities graphically and 00:50:43.489 --> 00:50:49.497 choreographically. Yeah. I mean at at harpers Ferry Center initially the 00:50:49.530 --> 00:50:54.327 maps were not even made in house, they were contracted out. Which is often 00:50:54.360 --> 00:50:59.057 the case with the government uh R. R. Donnelley uh cartographic systems in 00:50:59.090 --> 00:51:02.876 lancaster pennsylvania did the initial maps. Eventually the park service 00:51:02.909 --> 00:51:07.267 built up and in house staff and took over production photo mechanically in 00:51:07.300 --> 00:51:11.586 house. And then, you know with the arrival of of computers and digital 00:51:11.619 --> 00:51:17.227 data. We uh we started doing everything in the house and much quicker and 00:51:17.260 --> 00:51:21.727 better and more beautiful I would say. Yeah, it's been it's been a 00:51:21.760 --> 00:51:27.296 fantastic ride. I feel very privileged to have you have seen this major 00:51:27.329 --> 00:51:32.526 technological revolution occur you know, during the span of my my career 00:51:32.559 --> 00:51:36.197 and you know, just starting off in the manual era, you know a shaded 00:51:36.230 --> 00:51:41.736 relief. Uh what I could now create, you know in in an hour might take me a 00:51:41.769 --> 00:51:45.907 month back in the old days. People sometimes ask me, you know, do I miss 00:51:45.940 --> 00:51:53.137 you know, doing manual shaded relief. And the answer is no. It 00:51:53.170 --> 00:51:57.626 was a it was a means to an end you know. Yeah. 00:51:57.659 --> 00:52:01.947 For the last one. I just wondered when you made your first trip to the 00:52:01.980 --> 00:52:04.336 Grand Canyon? 00:52:04.369 --> 00:52:10.006 Did you come when a visitor? Yeah. I I came out there as a visitor and I 00:52:10.039 --> 00:52:15.526 spent less than four hours there. 00:52:15.559 --> 00:52:21.659 Yeah. But obviously I kept on coming back. Thank you verymuch