thank you paul. If when I said to matt that I agreed to do this, if I had
known that I was going to have to follow paul, heard and matter and, and
tom patterson. I think the first thing I would have said to matt was
really, I thought we were friends.
But, but I realized that my presentation, this will be the time to catch
your breath if you fall asleep, I certainly would understand. And um, I'm
going to talk and one of the things is I was sitting here thinking that I
hadn't really realized that I'm gonna be talking boundaries of Grand
Canyon National Park and talk a little bit beforehand about the creation
of the park in 1919 through legislation. But I realized there really is a
difference and I hadn't thought about between, we're talking about either
the Grand Canyon or Grand Canyon National Park and they are two different
entities. Uh, one is uh, golly what a ditch. Uh, the, the other is a great
national Park providing all kinds of access to one of the scenic wonders
of the world. So what I'm gonna be talking about in a little bit of
background is uh, the role of Representative Carl Hayden, both in the
creation of the park and um, also in the, the boundary dispute of, we're
not dispute the redoing of the boundaries in 1925,
Um, see
for those of you that aren't aware, um, if you're not arizonans Carl
Hayden, in my opinion is one of the great political figures of the 20th
century, one of the most powerful figures of the 20th century, very few
people knew who he was. If you I have seen pictures of Hayden, you
probably saw pictures of a much smaller man, not as looking as uh full of
life as this picture, but he was a great Arizonan and I'm going to talk
about his contribution to establishing the park and then rewriting the
boundaries. I apologize, I am going to be reading so again, this is the
time you might want to uh catch your breath and and
look forward to what's going to come after this.
The ongoing and persistent irony of the american west is that for all its
independence and frontier resilience and perseverance. It is the region of
the country most dependent on the federal government and its
representatives in the U. S. Congress. This is particularly true for the
newly minted state of Arizona in the first quarter of the 20th century.
And inarguably no Arizona representative had more of an impact on the
state throughout the 20th century than Carl T Hayden, actually, I learned
that Senator Hayden did not use the tea. The tea actually stands for
Trumbull, which was his father. His father was Charles trumble Hayden, one
of the three founders of this university,
Carl Hayden was elected as Arizona's first member of the House of
Representatives in 1912. As a native Arizona, he Arizona and he had a long
and abiding love affair with the state and its wild areas before the turn
of the century. As a young man, he made the first of many visits to
Northern Arizona and the Grand Canyon. There is no surprise then that his
former manager in the House, Hayden was instrumental in the eventual
passage of the 1919 legislation establishing Grand Canyon National Park.
Again, as I said, I'm I actually just gave this part of this paper a week
ago. And for those of you that are academics, you know that if you can use
something more than once, it's golden. So I apologize, but I am reusing
some of this In February 1919, legislation sponsored by Representative
Carl Hayden of Arizona passed the House of Representatives establishing
Grand Canyon National Park. In addition to representative Hayden
sponsorship of women's suffrage in the house. Also in 1919, the
establishment of Grand Canyon National Park stands as a signal legislative
achievement. The move from national monument status, the status is one of
America's premier national parks reflected a complex political ballet
involving the federal government, the the nation state of Arizona. It's
legislative delegation and numerous localities and business interests.
In 1916, Representative Hayden wrote to Willis Borg, the Secretary of the
Flagstaff Board of Trade, responding to the resolution on the
establishment of the National Park in the Grand Canyon. He wrote, I'm just
in receipt of your letter transmitting a resolution regarding the
establishment of the Grand Canyon national Park and I'm greatly interested
in this matter in changing the present National Monument to a National
Park care must be exercised. However, that the water power and mineral
resources of the Canyon are made available for use. Hayden's response
encapsulates much of the Stormont drawing that went into hammering out the
literal entrepreneurial and environmental parameters of the park, and this
is where the whole concept of boundaries comes. In. In 1916, much of the
activity resolved, revolved around continuing to explore and garner
support for the transformation into Grand Canyon National Park. However,
in January 1916, the President of Flagstaff Arizona Central Bank expressed
the less optimistic view stemming from concerns over grazing rights. The
Grand Canyon National Park may be all right, and it must be made, and if
it must be made, don't let them take away all the grazing lands of
Northern Arizona. In doing so. Again, this states that this shows again
the differences between the boundaries of the national Park and the and
the canyon itself. There was a whole lot of interest at the canyon at this
time that um we're not just involved with preserving uh again, one of the
scenic wonders of the world
over the next three years. The concerns and interests expressed dealt more
more more with developing and maintaining commercial mineral water and
grazing activities than with the establishment administration and
preservation of one of the country's scenic and recreational wonders Later
in 1917 Secretary of the Agriculture Houston underscored this when he
testified that the bill. This bill contains several features which are not
usually written into national park laws, such as authorizing development
of water power and permitting mining. As secretary of the Interior
franklin franklin Lane stated in his testimony to the Committee on public
lands in early february 1917
in the very nature of things. However, the Grand Canyon cannot, as the
section of two national forests or a national monument be properly
developed for the public benefit and it cannot be effectively administered
or adequately protected.
What then in 1917 happened was the first of the bills established trying
to establish a national park uh occurred and I'll just read very briefly
from the beginning in the wonderful language that these kinds of bills
were, were made, be it enacted that the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled that
there is hereby reserved and withdrawn from settlement occupancy or
disposal under the laws of the United States and dedicated and set apart
as a public park for the enjoyment of the people under the name of the
Grand Canyon national Park. The tract of land in the state of Arizona,
particularly described by an indicated within meets and bounds as follows
, to wit and I still don't know what a meat is, but And what follows, to
wit in the legislation is 131 lines of text delineating the boundaries of
the park as established by legislation. And this obviously was before
G. I. S. And digital mapping. They actually had to lay out all of the
townships and sections and etcetera that formed the boundaries and the and
the construct that was the national Park.
It is an enduring feature feature of National park legislation that the
bulk of the legislative bill itself will deal with setting the boundaries
of the park and it is the delineation and description of these actual
boundary statements that incur much of the discussion and controversy.
Prior to the passage of the enabling legislation In early 1917,
Representative Hayden issued a statement which would today be called
likely called a press release on the creation of Grand Canyon National
Park. And he wrote in response to a general demand that the national park
be created at the Grand Canyon in Arizona honorable carol Hayden has
introduced in the house a carefully prepared bill, the enactment of which
will accomplish the purpose The area for this purpose. The area of the
present monument is 1260 sq mi, but the proposed park will contain only
996 square miles so that 264 sections of land that are now withdrawn from
all forms of entry. It will be made available for grazing and other uses.
It is the intention of the bill that nothing but the scenic portions of
the canyon with sufficient area back from the rim to permit the
construction of roads shall be included within the national park. Second
Section two of the bill provides that the national park shall be
administered by the Secretary of the Interior in accordance with the
National Park Service's Act, which became a law last year again, as I
think, as you know, one of the things that really changed in. Um, and why
the legislation started in 1917 was in 1916, the National Park Service was
created and that that ended up giving a administrative home for the park
and for all the national parks. Um, The Hayden bill fully protects the
interests of those who have heretofore acquired property rights within the
proposed park provision is made for the development of water power under
existing laws and the Secretary of the Interior is authorized to permit
mining whenever consistent with the primary purposes of the park. It is
believed that by the establishment of a national park at the Grand Canyon
, the way will be paid for securing appropriations from Congress for the
construction of roads and trails, which will make the canyon more
accessible to visitors.
Over 100,000 tourists visited the Canyon in 1915, a little fewer than what
was it? three million or however many million, but an even larger number
are certain to come each year, particularly good roads are constructed. So
that automobile lists, I guess that's drivers, you can drive along the rim
and view the greatest natural wonders in the world. Let me see if this
works here.
There's a biography and I just see where I, I show this because again, I I
for many years was an archivist. And this is me actually doing the
research for this and I realized it's somewhat gratuitous to show this,
but I had such a good time. And uh, and as as dr hurt mentioned, if you
have a chance to look at our 100 years of grand, our digital repository
between A. S. U. Library, Northern Arizona University Special Collections
Library and Grand Canyon. His uh library. We will, I encourage you because
we have wonderful materials, photographs and correspondence and and
everything that I'm I'm reading to you and talking to you about came from
and is digitized in our collection.
Getting back to reading here in the statement that I just read, Hayden
hits all the areas and issues that particularly for the, for the appeal to
arizonans that particularly appeal to arizonans and prestige themes and
issues they continue to this day. Water power, road building and tourism
to Arizona Were hallmarks of Hayden's 50 plus years in Congress.
And now I'm gonna talk about, Let's see if I have, let's see what we got
here.
Ah now I'm going to talk about for those of you that are canyon buffs. Um
, this is one of the, the early, incredible figures of Arizona and Grand
Canyon W. W. Bass. Um, However, the bill in 1917 was tabled because 1917,
uh, and 1917 saw the emergence of W. W. Bass, the longtime Grand Canyon
entrepreneur. As the main protagonist of the Grand Canyon Bill is written.
He almost single handedly led the somewhat 10uous campaign to have at
least part of the Grand Canyon declared in Arizona State Park. Think on
that for a minute, if the Grand Canyon were also an Arizona state park
that we are, we're closing all of the rest areas. I can imagine what we
would do if we had a state park. It was an error at the Grand Canyon Bass
almost single handedly led the simultaneous campaign. Okay, in July of
1917, bass wrote to Hayden from Los Angeles outlining his thoughts on a
state park at the Canyon, regarding your letter in relation to the
national park at Grand Canyon. I find that there is considerable objection
to the tying up of the entire region so that there will be no chance in
the future of segregating any portion of it For the people of Arizona,
there's a strong feeling that a certain portion not now occupied or
utilized in any manner should be set apart for this class of visitors as a
state park where provision could be made for all of their wants, it would
seem as though our citizens should have some consideration before this
matchless wonder is entirely placed under federal control. There's a
movement afoot a movement on foot at the present time to give us this
consideration. The enclosed clipping clipping will suggest to your mind
something of the nature of this petition,
nope, I didn't include a thing.
Um bass was fighting a losing battle however, on February 15, the day
after Arizona Statehood five years earlier And again, this is today is two
days after the 100th anniversary of the creation of the Canyon. And let's
see 100 years um, 50 that's it. Uh 14 days and um six years from the
creation of the state of Arizona as a state. Um
okay, Bass was fighting a losing battle. However, on February 15, Senate
Bill 3 90 was referred to the Senate with its hearing occurring on March
21st in the Senate Committee on public land. Speaking for the committee,
Senator Henry Myers of Montana concluded the demand for the creation of
this park has been insistent for many years since 181886, when first
introduced by Senator Benjamin Harrison and in the bill, due regard has
been given to the rights of the citizens of Arizona and of the individual
property owners within the park boundaries. The rights of Coconino County
to collect tolls over Bright Angel Trail had been specifically recognized
one of my real interest initially was the whole controversy over Bright
Angel Trail is a toll road. Um, the committee, however, is inclined to
view to the view toll roads should not exist within a national park and
therefore an amendment is suggested for the acquisition of the trail and
question which as many know did not occur for a decade. It is eminently
fitting and proper that this magnificent gorge should now take its place
as a link in the national park chain, which also already includes most of
much of the nation's wonderful and extraordinarily distinctive features.
I'm gonna leap ahead a little bit and say that on the same day that
President Wilson signed Senate 3 90. Secretary of the Interior Lane wrote
to the Secretary of Treasury in view of the fact by that, by the
president's signature today, Senate Bill 3 90 has become a law. I enclose
an estimate in the sum of $7500
to meet the expense of administration and protection of the park covering
the final quarter of the present fiscal year. This estimate has my full
approval ah Probably some in Congress which they only had to give $7500
per quarter, but that's a whole nother issue. Thus, with the outstretched
hand of the federal bureaucracy, the legislative quest to establish Grand
Canyon National Park is both confirmed and initially funded Carl Hayden
along with his colleagues in the Senate inhabitants and entrepreneurs at
the Grand Canyon and Arizona politicians and citizens of all stripes
struggled and struggled and succeed in their quest to create a national
park and one of the truly natural wonders of the entire world. So by now
you're wondering When will he ever talk about the park boundary
legislation in 1926.
That would be now. Um, this actually is the map. The 1917 map that was
used was the first map used for setting up the boundaries for the park. Uh
, for the initial legislation
in the 19 twenties. Much of what was occurring at the park involved the
santa fe railroad, the concessions such as the Harvey Company Road
building and the Bright Angel Trail controversy. However, the issues that
drove the new boundaries revolved around grazing, among other things, land
swaps and access. The first correspondence in the Hayden papers dealing
with the boundary issues occurs in April 1925. This first from the manager
of babbitt Brothers trading company deals with grazing. My dear carl,
we're enclosing a map showing the present boundaries of the Grand Canyon
national Park. We have no idea as to just who is instrumental in
suggesting this added area, but from the stockman's interest, we certainly
object to the incorporating of the upper and lower basin of the Grand
Canyon within present park boundaries.
And uh, one of the interesting things that we'll show in in, in, in two
more excerpts is that, I'm not really sure no one's really sure what,
where all this came from. Two to actually redo the boundaries. Okay, boy,
I only have one minute left. So I'm gonna just quickly read a letter from
the director. Excuse me, the Superintendent of Grand Canyon. And uh and
I'm going to show you a couple other maps.
This is one of the maps in 1920 26. This is another dear. This is from the
Superintendent to Stephen Mather. Dear. Mr Mather. There are attached here
to two copies each of the following maps. Blueprints showing alignment of
desert View road section of soup, I quadrangle showing proposed changes. A
special map issued by the coordinating committee which you can see
commission upon which additional eliminations and additions are shown. The
desert view road location through the google in property was agreed upon
at the conference on the ground between Mr bugle and and others Mr bugle
agreed to this location. This is just to show that a lot of what was going
on was not related to. Um the actual a press release that was given out um
the Department of Interior indicated that the purposes of the transfer are
to facilitate the administration and the National Park and continue
contiguous National Forest lands required for the adequate development of
the park road system are added and lands not needed for park purposes. A
return to National Forest status. No lands in the National Forest now
utilized for grading are added to the National Park. The committee has
been advised that local interests most concerned are in favor of the
changes. Well, yes and no, but yeah, but nevertheless, the changes were
made and in uh february of of 1927 again, for some reason, all these were
done in february chapter 1 97 and act to revise the boundary of the Grand
Canyon National Park in the state of Arizona was put into public law. Um,
and it looks like my time is up. Yeah, Thank you.