WEBVTT 00:00:07.040 --> 00:00:09.040 Thank you, Nick. Good morning, everyone. If at any time you're unable to 00:00:11.330 --> 00:00:15.386 hear me, I want you to stand up, jump up and down, get my attention. I 00:00:15.419 --> 00:00:19.096 want to make sure we don't have any problems with hearing this morning. 00:00:19.129 --> 00:00:23.537 Eso Thank you for that introduction. First of all, I would like you to 00:00:23.570 --> 00:00:27.756 raise your hand if you have education, background and civil engineering or 00:00:27.789 --> 00:00:30.767 surveying. 00:00:30.800 --> 00:00:36.186 Okay. How many of you consider yourselves to be mount makers? Orca tog ra 00:00:36.219 --> 00:00:41.586 furs. Raise your hand. Okay. How many of you have heard of the math of 00:00:41.619 --> 00:00:46.946 sevens map? Raise your hand. And if you have, If you are familiar with 00:00:46.979 --> 00:00:52.016 that map, have you ever asked yourselves how in the heck did they do there 00:00:52.049 --> 00:00:57.107 ? In case you probably have, because this was a map made in the early 00:00:57.140 --> 00:01:00.997 nineteen hundreds, when the technologies, the instruments that were 00:01:01.030 --> 00:01:06.137 available were very, very different from today. Um, I do want to add just 00:01:06.170 --> 00:01:11.236 one thing to my introduction. Our son has two degrees in geography from 00:01:11.269 --> 00:01:15.557 Arizona State University. So thank you to what was formerly called the 00:01:15.590 --> 00:01:19.786 Department of Geography. And thank you, Professor Mike O. B. For being his 00:01:19.819 --> 00:01:27.819 advisor. So the Mathis Evans map was truly a fantastic effort. A Herculean 00:01:27.849 --> 00:01:32.766 effort to map the Grand Canyon in the early nineteen hundreds. Probably 00:01:32.799 --> 00:01:38.307 the most impressive piece of mapping activity ever at the Grand Canyon. 00:01:38.340 --> 00:01:41.747 The map was published in 00:01:41.780 --> 00:01:46.766 nineteen twenty seven. Uh, the name Mathis Evans comes from the two 00:01:46.799 --> 00:01:50.766 topography furs that created the map employed by the U. S. Geological 00:01:50.799 --> 00:01:56.036 Survey. Francoise Mathis and Richard T. Evans and Matthew Toro. We'LL talk 00:01:56.069 --> 00:02:01.561 later about the pronunciation of Mathis. Uh, 00:02:01.594 --> 00:02:06.191 most people know that as Mathis, that's the pronunciation I'm going to use 00:02:06.224 --> 00:02:10.832 today. The next top. A graphic map of the Grand Canyon, as was mentioned 00:02:10.865 --> 00:02:15.302 earlier, didn't come until the nineteen sixties, so this map was the one 00:02:15.335 --> 00:02:23.112 that was in use for quite a long, long period of time. 00:02:23.145 --> 00:02:26.781 So what does it take to be a good typographer? I've been thinking about it. 00:02:26.814 --> 00:02:31.462 This is my list. If you're good in math, love, geometry and trigonometry 00:02:31.495 --> 00:02:35.432 like to camp out seven days a week, twenty miles a day, Khun, deal with 00:02:35.465 --> 00:02:42.011 horses and mules and get along with your boss in Washington, D. C. Then 00:02:42.044 --> 00:02:46.631 you could be a great typographer. And if you happen to have really good 00:02:46.664 --> 00:02:52.302 cursive writing, you could be Francoise Mathis. I've had occasion to read 00:02:52.335 --> 00:02:58.101 about a hundred pages of letters in his cursive writing. It was really 00:02:58.134 --> 00:03:00.911 quite phenomenal. 00:03:00.944 --> 00:03:05.311 We know that the director of the U. S. Geological Survey, Charles Walcott 00:03:05.344 --> 00:03:10.092 , visited the Grand Canyon in nineteen o one. That certainly was not his 00:03:10.125 --> 00:03:14.432 first time visiting degree on Canyon, but he did visit in nineteen o one. 00:03:14.465 --> 00:03:18.311 One of the ways we know that is that he signed the hotel register at 00:03:18.344 --> 00:03:23.492 William Wallace Basses Bass Camp, located about twelve or fifteen miles 00:03:23.525 --> 00:03:28.471 west of Grand Canyon Village. It was one of the tourist camps or locations 00:03:28.504 --> 00:03:33.261 that was visited at the canyon at that period of time. He did sign in on 00:03:33.294 --> 00:03:38.802 the register in nineteen o one And maybe he had already decided that we 00:03:38.835 --> 00:03:42.332 should have a typographic map of the Grand Canyon. Maybe he decided that 00:03:42.365 --> 00:03:47.362 while he was here, we don't know. But shortly thereafter, he appointed 00:03:47.395 --> 00:03:53.251 France well. Mathis to be the typographer Teo. Create this new mail. 00:03:53.284 --> 00:03:58.392 Mathis head done. Other top a graphic work in the West had mapped three 00:03:58.425 --> 00:04:04.269 mountain ranges in nineteen o five, he wrote, 00:04:04.302 --> 00:04:10.679 having successfully wrestled with and conquered in turn three tall 00:04:10.712 --> 00:04:14.769 mountain ranges in the West. The writer next found himself commissioned 00:04:14.802 --> 00:04:19.700 with the survey of a hole in the ground. 00:04:19.733 --> 00:04:26.430 Ah, the effort began in March of nineteen oh, too, of the extent of the 00:04:26.463 --> 00:04:31.729 math of sevens. Map ran from the mouth of Marble Canyon to the mouth of 00:04:31.762 --> 00:04:37.659 Havasu Creek basically covered the footprint of what would become Grand 00:04:37.692 --> 00:04:43.570 Canyon National Park many, many years later. In nineteen nineteen, 00:04:43.603 --> 00:04:47.750 one hundred five river miles between those two locations, a total of over 00:04:47.783 --> 00:04:53.029 eleven hundred square miles in area over six hundred over seven hundred 00:04:53.062 --> 00:04:58.630 sixty of those square miles within the canyon. 00:04:58.663 --> 00:05:03.070 Now, one of the first things that the topography has had to do was to 00:05:03.103 --> 00:05:08.419 determine. Well, Where exactly is the screen canyon? Where is it located? 00:05:08.452 --> 00:05:13.820 North, south, East, West. Where is it? Latitude and longitude. And to do 00:05:13.853 --> 00:05:21.853 this task, they engaged in a activity called heliotrope ing. 00:05:22.202 --> 00:05:27.329 Of there were some known points on the map. Kendrick Peak, Bill Williams 00:05:27.362 --> 00:05:32.390 Mountain, Mount Floyd, located down south. The exact locations of those 00:05:32.423 --> 00:05:37.390 peaks were known and through triangulation. You could figure out where I 00:05:37.423 --> 00:05:41.200 point at the Grand Canyon or points of the Grand Canyon were located. But 00:05:41.233 --> 00:05:45.430 those are extremely long distances from those mountains to the canyon rim. 00:05:45.463 --> 00:05:49.120 Pretty hard to see those distances, even through a surveyor's instrument 00:05:49.153 --> 00:05:54.990 or telescope. Well, they engaged in a process called heliotrope ing, and 00:05:55.023 --> 00:05:58.519 this is a device you'LL see on the left of this box. There's a small 00:05:58.552 --> 00:06:02.779 mirror and then in the middle on the right hand under the box. Is there 00:06:02.812 --> 00:06:08.128 some sites that you can line up with a distant point? Uh, one member of 00:06:08.161 --> 00:06:13.469 the team would be in a place like Hopi Point or Comanche Point on the 00:06:13.502 --> 00:06:17.329 south rim of the canyon. They would use this mirror, and they would 00:06:17.362 --> 00:06:21.068 attempt to reflect sunlight so that it would hit one of those density 00:06:21.101 --> 00:06:25.298 takes and then another member of the team. They would have their surveying 00:06:25.331 --> 00:06:29.608 instrument there, and they know exactly how many degrees Easter west of 00:06:29.641 --> 00:06:35.039 true North. That location on the Canyon Rim Wass. And they did this for 00:06:35.072 --> 00:06:39.219 you. A number of points at the Grand Canyon and three triangulation 00:06:39.252 --> 00:06:44.089 determined exactly where on the landscape this Grand Canyon was located. 00:06:44.122 --> 00:06:47.279 Very interestingly, one of the first things they learned is the Grand 00:06:47.312 --> 00:06:51.118 Canyon was about three miles further north and a little bit further West, 00:06:51.151 --> 00:06:55.988 but it had been shown on previous maps. 00:06:56.021 --> 00:07:00.469 Once they have established some points at the canyon, Uh, then they would 00:07:00.502 --> 00:07:05.599 do triangulation on a smaller basis, about twenty six triangulation 00:07:05.632 --> 00:07:10.699 stations at various points around the Grand Canyon money of him on the 00:07:10.732 --> 00:07:15.378 canyon rim. Also, Summit points away from the canyon rim like Red Butte, 00:07:15.411 --> 00:07:20.829 shooting more altar, other locations. 00:07:20.862 --> 00:07:24.758 Another early task. You know, we've talked here about, well, where is the 00:07:24.791 --> 00:07:29.889 canyon? North, South, East west. But what about elevation 00:07:29.922 --> 00:07:35.128 of how high is the rim of the Grand Canyon? There was a known point of 00:07:35.161 --> 00:07:38.849 elevation, a benchmark along a railroad track down on Williams that had 00:07:38.882 --> 00:07:41.758 been previously determined. 00:07:41.791 --> 00:07:46.298 Surveyors had to run a line of levels along the railroad tracks from 00:07:46.331 --> 00:07:49.899 Williams up to the Grand Canyon. So you have someone with a surveyor's 00:07:49.932 --> 00:07:53.949 transit, or you can look through the telescope horizontally, and then 00:07:53.982 --> 00:07:59.428 another member of the team would hold a rod that's so big stick with that 00:07:59.461 --> 00:08:03.894 measurements on it, in feet intensive feet, hundreds of feet, they would 00:08:03.927 --> 00:08:07.644 have to run all the way up the railroad line from Williams and first 00:08:07.677 --> 00:08:12.414 determined a a location at the very under the railroad track. And indeed 00:08:12.447 --> 00:08:15.425 there is a benchmark or was the benchmark of thievery under the railroad 00:08:15.458 --> 00:08:19.644 track. And then I would use a similar technique to go to other points 00:08:19.677 --> 00:08:25.255 along the canyon rim, and then ultimately there were three locations where 00:08:25.288 --> 00:08:29.365 they ran lines of levels down into the canyon, calling the bright angel, 00:08:29.398 --> 00:08:34.444 the new hands and the north and south past trails. So even today you can 00:08:34.477 --> 00:08:39.605 go down along those trails. If you know where to look, you can find some 00:08:39.638 --> 00:08:43.965 of those benchmarks. Here is one of the top of the red wall very close to 00:08:43.998 --> 00:08:47.894 the bright angel trail. 00:08:47.927 --> 00:08:53.255 So I mentioned earlier the math of sevens ma'am was prepared. Just 00:08:53.288 --> 00:08:58.135 happened to cover an area that would coincide with, uh, the later Grand 00:08:58.168 --> 00:09:03.814 Canyon National Park. The U. S Geological Survey normally has a grid 00:09:03.847 --> 00:09:11.194 system for quadrangles. Now this area of the Grand Canyon didn't quite fit 00:09:11.227 --> 00:09:14.914 their conventional grid. 00:09:14.947 --> 00:09:19.174 You see in green up here the footprint of the future Grand Canyon National 00:09:19.207 --> 00:09:24.564 Park. If you used the conventional grid of fifteen minute quadrangles, you 00:09:24.597 --> 00:09:29.284 would have quadrangles located like this superimposed on the Grand Canyon. 00:09:29.317 --> 00:09:35.794 Now, now day is you will find quadrangles that have been prepared by USGS 00:09:35.827 --> 00:09:41.505 for those six quadrangles the name's air shown up there. But that didn't 00:09:41.538 --> 00:09:46.034 work exactly right for them in nineteen o two oh three, These air the 00:09:46.067 --> 00:09:51.274 locations of the four quadrangles that they prepared and created, and in 00:09:51.307 --> 00:09:56.745 fact, separate individual quadrangle maps were originally prepared for 00:09:56.778 --> 00:10:02.965 each of those four on later consolidated to create the mouth of sevens 00:10:02.998 --> 00:10:05.679 male 00:10:05.712 --> 00:10:12.299 and those began with The Bright Angel surveyed in nineteen o two o three. 00:10:12.332 --> 00:10:16.689 Mathis is the principal photographer, published in nineteen o six as a 00:10:16.722 --> 00:10:21.740 Bright Angel Quadrangle. This New Quadrangle, published in nineteen o 00:10:21.773 --> 00:10:25.880 seven. Both Mathis and Evans were involved in surveying that in nineteen o 00:10:25.913 --> 00:10:31.039 two oh three, The Sonoma Quadrangle, published in nineteen o eight. 00:10:31.072 --> 00:10:35.679 Richard Evans was the topography for and up at the top. I'm showing the 00:10:35.712 --> 00:10:40.260 amount of field time that was required for each of these Of the entire map 00:10:40.293 --> 00:10:44.929 was a total of thirty eight months of field work. It was not until 00:10:44.962 --> 00:10:50.490 nineteen twenty one that they did some work on soup. I and there was a 00:10:50.523 --> 00:10:55.289 quadrangle published, um, 00:10:55.322 --> 00:11:01.760 in on nineteen twenty one and then a larger soup I that was published in 00:11:01.793 --> 00:11:07.260 nineteen twenty three. But even then, you did not quite cover all of the 00:11:07.293 --> 00:11:11.319 footprint of Grand Canyon National Park. So then there was some additional 00:11:11.352 --> 00:11:15.720 fieldwork in nineteen twenty three to cover the rest of the park. Finally 00:11:15.753 --> 00:11:23.753 , it was all completed, and here are examples of each of those individual 00:11:23.873 --> 00:11:30.399 quadrangle maps that were published. First was the bright Angel Vishnu 00:11:30.432 --> 00:11:36.899 Sonoma on the nineteen twenty three soup I and they were consolidated to 00:11:36.932 --> 00:11:41.059 publish the math of sevens Me up in nineteen twenty seven as a two piece 00:11:41.092 --> 00:11:46.730 of map east half in west half. Couple of unusual things about this map. It 00:11:46.763 --> 00:11:49.880 was pregnant, did a scale of one to forty eight thousand. That's 00:11:49.913 --> 00:11:55.100 unconventional, and it was published with fifty foot contour intervals. 00:11:55.133 --> 00:12:00.949 That was also a bit unusual. Uh, but Mathis made the case for doing that, 00:12:00.982 --> 00:12:06.855 uh, to bring out some highlights in the map run. So is unusual from that 00:12:06.888 --> 00:12:11.755 standpoint as well. That map served us until the mid nineteen sixties, 00:12:11.788 --> 00:12:16.574 when there were other has mentioned earlier maps that were produced based 00:12:16.607 --> 00:12:21.064 on photograph a tree. I want to say a little bit more about triangulation 00:12:21.097 --> 00:12:25.465 stations. There were several of these on the rim. 00:12:25.498 --> 00:12:30.015 Here is an example. If they had wood locally available that have poles 00:12:30.048 --> 00:12:35.245 about twelve feet long created tripod wrap a white sheet around it, Uh, 00:12:35.278 --> 00:12:39.345 you wanted to be able to see this from many, many miles away, maybe even 00:12:39.378 --> 00:12:45.144 from across the canyon. So there are a couple of examples. Uh, if you were 00:12:45.177 --> 00:12:48.924 in the lower elevations where there wasn't locally available, would you 00:12:48.957 --> 00:12:53.625 would build a can And this is not hiking Karen like you'd find along the 00:12:53.658 --> 00:12:58.875 trail. This is Ah, hiking can that I cannot quite reach the top. When I 00:12:58.908 --> 00:13:05.485 stand next to it, they're quite large. I had a really understand 00:13:05.518 --> 00:13:10.024 experience last summer. I went out to a location where one of these 00:13:10.057 --> 00:13:14.774 triangular relation stations have been set up in nineteen o three. This is 00:13:14.807 --> 00:13:20.914 what I found. The wood on the bailing wire is still there. And down in the 00:13:20.947 --> 00:13:25.835 middle you can see the benchmark that was originally established, 00:13:25.868 --> 00:13:29.794 many places around the canyon where you could find their benchmarks. This 00:13:29.827 --> 00:13:36.135 was Cape final in the North Rim, the nineteen or three date. 00:13:36.168 --> 00:13:40.245 But you're probably still wondering. How do they create all those counter 00:13:40.278 --> 00:13:45.995 intervals? How do you get from something that looks like this when you see 00:13:46.028 --> 00:13:54.028 it from the rim and create a map that looks like this 00:13:54.467 --> 00:13:59.205 plain table surveying was the method that was used. 00:13:59.238 --> 00:14:03.845 If we zoom in here on the plain table, it's about two feet by three feet 00:14:03.878 --> 00:14:08.294 in the air size with a sheet of paper on it. There's a telescope 00:14:08.327 --> 00:14:14.255 surveyor's instrument, and then there is a brass ruler down on the paper. 00:14:14.288 --> 00:14:19.975 The brass ruler will turn as you turn your telescope left and right, so 00:14:20.008 --> 00:14:25.274 that when you sighed in on a particular feature, you can draw a line on 00:14:25.307 --> 00:14:31.745 the paper, and you are also able to get some vertical angles. Uh, when 00:14:31.778 --> 00:14:35.845 you're siding on points in the canyon that you Khun goes through your 00:14:35.878 --> 00:14:40.995 trigonometry and calculate elevations when you have vertical angles. But 00:14:41.028 --> 00:14:47.164 let's let's just talk about moving left to right horizontally. Uh, you 00:14:47.197 --> 00:14:52.105 might be looking out into the canyon 00:14:52.138 --> 00:14:58.574 uh, such is this view of Vishnu Temple and see various features out there. 00:14:58.607 --> 00:15:04.205 And Vishnu Temple you would run. I described with your pencil on your 00:15:04.238 --> 00:15:08.924 paper on your plane table. You would start to sketch in some of the things 00:15:08.957 --> 00:15:14.605 that you saw. You would run your scribes to be note cliff faces, for 00:15:14.638 --> 00:15:19.564 example, the yellow lines that I have mark to there you begin to sketch 00:15:19.597 --> 00:15:24.794 those in. Then there would be more and more of those yellow lines, and 00:15:24.827 --> 00:15:28.794 you'd be sketching in more and more of those. And that would give you some 00:15:28.827 --> 00:15:34.705 sense of what this terrain looked like from one perspective. 00:15:34.738 --> 00:15:41.434 Then you can go around and look at that same feature Vishnu Temple, from 00:15:41.467 --> 00:15:47.265 some other point on the canyon rim again trying to pinpoint those 00:15:47.298 --> 00:15:53.455 locations where you had those yellow lines in your head. 00:15:53.488 --> 00:15:59.385 And then you might find that that that points sticking out there. Maybe it 00:15:59.418 --> 00:16:04.144 wasn't really at a it really had to move out to point a one or the one 00:16:04.177 --> 00:16:09.674 that was b had to move out to the other B. So the venue were, in essence, 00:16:09.707 --> 00:16:15.735 triangulating on all of these individual features out in the canyon. So 00:16:15.768 --> 00:16:19.774 when you were all done and when you'd also incorporated your information 00:16:19.807 --> 00:16:24.294 about vertical angles to determine elevation, you'd be able to create 00:16:24.327 --> 00:16:29.424 something that looked like that. 00:16:29.457 --> 00:16:35.424 Um, of course, from a single point, or even from a couple of points on the 00:16:35.457 --> 00:16:40.274 canyon rim, you might. You probably would not be able to see everything 00:16:40.307 --> 00:16:44.375 within the Grand Canyon. There are temples, buttes, there's ridges, 00:16:44.408 --> 00:16:50.725 there's hillsides. In fact, Nicholas Bach has uninterested in presentation 00:16:50.758 --> 00:16:55.985 where he takes a historic photographed like this and then shows what is 00:16:56.018 --> 00:16:59.625 really the view shed. What is the part of the landscape you can really see 00:16:59.658 --> 00:17:05.435 ? So, yes, the topography topography has had to go to many, many locations 00:17:05.468 --> 00:17:11.915 on the Canyon Rim in order to capture everything. But Mathis wrote that in 00:17:11.948 --> 00:17:19.104 the east part of the canyon, um, let's say up river from, uh on Car Delta 00:17:19.137 --> 00:17:25.665 , where the canyon is very broad and very wide. They were able to map all 00:17:25.698 --> 00:17:30.415 of that part of the canyon without ever setting foot within the can. They 00:17:30.448 --> 00:17:34.755 were for any point within the canyon. They could always find at least a 00:17:34.788 --> 00:17:39.524 couple of places from which they could do their plane table surveying. Not 00:17:39.557 --> 00:17:42.995 true, further downstream. Or you have the inner gorge where it's very 00:17:43.028 --> 00:17:46.925 deeply incised into the canyon. 00:17:46.958 --> 00:17:51.765 I would've finished up with a handful of different anecdotes related to 00:17:51.798 --> 00:17:58.624 the making of the map I had mentioned. Bass Camp located out fifteen miles 00:17:58.657 --> 00:18:03.794 Western Grand Canyon Village. William Wallace passes wife Ada Bass kept a 00:18:03.827 --> 00:18:08.765 really good diary. She has an account of one night. There was a knock on 00:18:08.798 --> 00:18:15.466 the door. Uh, and I'll back up here and tell you why there was a knock on 00:18:15.499 --> 00:18:19.355 the door in the middle of the night. One of the U. S. Geological Survey 00:18:19.388 --> 00:18:23.075 teams had gone down the bass trail there on the north side of the river. 00:18:23.108 --> 00:18:27.565 Surveying they had run out of provisions or getting low, they sent one of 00:18:27.598 --> 00:18:35.045 their crew back to basking to try to fetch more provisions. The man's name 00:18:35.078 --> 00:18:40.055 was Walker. Uh, he got to the north bank of the river, kneading the cross 00:18:40.088 --> 00:18:43.755 to the South Bank and Mr Bass. His boat was on the South Bank. He was on 00:18:43.788 --> 00:18:47.976 the North Bank. That was a problem. He took off his clothes, put them on 00:18:48.009 --> 00:18:52.015 top of his head and swam across the river. Walker made it across the river 00:18:52.048 --> 00:18:56.545 , but his clothes did not 00:18:56.578 --> 00:18:59.615 This was early April. 00:18:59.648 --> 00:19:03.946 It was cold outside. He walked a couple miles up the trail to a place 00:19:03.979 --> 00:19:08.236 called Rock Camp, where he found an old blanket and he found a burrow. He 00:19:08.269 --> 00:19:11.926 wrapped himself in the blanket, climbed on the burro and made it out the 00:19:11.959 --> 00:19:16.386 bass camp and knocked on his door in the middle of the night. I don't have 00:19:16.419 --> 00:19:22.025 photos of the burrow, our mule that was named Brigham or Mr Walker, but 00:19:22.058 --> 00:19:28.055 they probably looks something like this. 00:19:28.088 --> 00:19:33.886 Uh, unreliable boats were not the only reason that Mathis decided to 00:19:33.919 --> 00:19:38.666 purchase a steel about. There were two fellows who drowned attempting to 00:19:38.699 --> 00:19:44.825 cross the river in a wooden boat in I believe it was nineteen o three. Ah 00:19:44.858 --> 00:19:51.436 Mathis promptly ordered a two piece deal vote sixty eight pounds apiece, 00:19:51.469 --> 00:19:55.696 purchased for twenty eight dollars plus shipping that his crews used for 00:19:55.729 --> 00:20:01.515 surveying. There's also a really interesting story about one of the Rodman 00:20:01.548 --> 00:20:06.545 er in the crew was named George W. Parkins. 00:20:06.578 --> 00:20:11.801 This inscription existed along the river for decades and decades and 00:20:11.834 --> 00:20:18.630 decades. No one knowing who this guy George W. Parkins wass. 00:20:18.663 --> 00:20:23.400 I could give you a twenty minute story of how I researched this and sleuth 00:20:23.433 --> 00:20:28.571 it out and finally determined for sure that George W. Parkins was a member 00:20:28.604 --> 00:20:34.460 of the surveying team that map to the canyon, working on the Cinema 00:20:34.493 --> 00:20:39.581 Quadrangle and around nineteen o five again, there's entries in the Bass 00:20:39.614 --> 00:20:44.611 Camp Hotel register documenting the people that were involved Richard T. 00:20:44.644 --> 00:20:52.150 Evans, for example. And then finally, there's the story of 00:20:52.183 --> 00:20:57.551 uh, doing the line of levels down the new hands trail on a very hot summer 00:20:57.584 --> 00:21:03.501 day. I believe it was nineteen. Oh. Oh, I'm sorry. Don't remember aviso 00:21:03.534 --> 00:21:10.331 three year old four six a. M. It was ninety six degrees now. The surveying 00:21:10.364 --> 00:21:13.730 instrument that they were using for their line of levels had a bubble in 00:21:13.763 --> 00:21:19.051 it, very similar to a carpenter's level. Something like this. As the day 00:21:19.084 --> 00:21:23.630 advanced, the level bubble would grow smaller and smaller until by noon it 00:21:23.663 --> 00:21:28.011 would vanish altogether in the work had to be stopped. By that time. Also 00:21:28.044 --> 00:21:32.390 , the ground was so hot that the level man could not stand still. It is 00:21:32.423 --> 00:21:37.700 instrument being obliged to lift his feet in alternation 00:21:37.733 --> 00:21:44.551 in order that he not burned them on the hob nails of his shoes. 00:21:44.584 --> 00:21:50.490 So I do now want to close a CZ Paul Hurt mentioned earlier. We are 00:21:50.523 --> 00:21:54.361 celebrating history of the Grand Canyon right now. The centennial was a 00:21:54.394 --> 00:22:01.801 couple of days ago, Uh, Francoise Mathis kept a sort of field notes, but 00:22:01.834 --> 00:22:06.890 actually, it's much a personal diary. A zit is field notes. One of the 00:22:06.923 --> 00:22:12.621 great historic occasions at the Grand Canyon was a visit by President 00:22:12.654 --> 00:22:19.492 Theodore Roosevelt on my six nineteen o three. This is France. Love 00:22:19.525 --> 00:22:25.861 Mathis's entry. You know he has field knots for that day. 00:22:25.894 --> 00:22:30.631 Exciting day. President Roosevelt's train arrives at the Grand Canyon at 00:22:30.664 --> 00:22:35.691 nine a. M. Roosevelt rides to Rouse Point, and that's what we would now 00:22:35.724 --> 00:22:42.421 call Hopi Point in the foreign. Yun gives a brief address at eleven a. M, 00:22:42.454 --> 00:22:47.651 then starts on a fast ride. Two grand viewpoint. Now you probably know 00:22:47.684 --> 00:22:53.582 Grand viewpoint is what ten miles away from Grand Canyon Village? Uh, two 00:22:53.615 --> 00:22:59.351 grand viewpoint pants pants guiding Governor Brodie. Governor Brodie was 00:22:59.384 --> 00:23:04.042 one of his rough riders in Cuba. Governor Brody's straining his back, and 00:23:04.075 --> 00:23:09.421 it comes back home in the carriage, uh, one other. One other takes the 00:23:09.454 --> 00:23:17.141 somersault. President Lee is it's six PM but I want to go back to the 00:23:17.174 --> 00:23:23.361 address that President gave at eleven o'clock of probably one of the most 00:23:23.394 --> 00:23:30.611 meaningful speeches ever given at the Grand Canyon. You said, Leave it as 00:23:30.644 --> 00:23:36.572 it is, we cannot improve on it. The ages have been at work on it, and man 00:23:36.605 --> 00:23:42.371 can only mar it. Keep it for your children and your children's children 00:23:42.404 --> 00:23:46.711 and all who come after you as the one great site that every American 00:23:46.744 --> 00:23:54.744 should see. And I would add that every good geographer said map. 00:23:57.045 --> 00:24:05.045 My kid. 00:24:18.741 --> 00:24:21.668 I want to steal anybody else's thunder. But I was fascinated to see the 00:24:21.701 --> 00:24:25.958 hotel register at the beginning of your presentation. The name underneath 00:24:25.991 --> 00:24:30.438 the person was G. K. Gilbert. For those who don't know growth, Carl 00:24:30.471 --> 00:24:34.738 Gilbert was one of the most famous of all American geologists. He was 00:24:34.771 --> 00:24:39.119 Powells, right hand man on a survey crew through the West in eighteen 00:24:39.152 --> 00:24:43.448 seventy four eighteen seventy nine and did a tremendous amount himself. I 00:24:43.481 --> 00:24:47.069 couldn't believe the two of them signed in next to each other and that 00:24:47.102 --> 00:24:50.889 that that's an ed, adding will be happy to say that's the kind of 00:24:50.922 --> 00:24:54.849 wonderful, um, nuggets of gold that you'LL find when you're digging 00:24:54.882 --> 00:25:00.991 through the archives. Thank you. Thanks for the comment ball.