WEBVTT 00:00:07.929 --> 00:00:09.929 Centennial is a great time to look back a hundred years to the park, 00:00:11.960 --> 00:00:16.166 hundred sixty years to some of the early adventures and explorers, and 00:00:16.199 --> 00:00:20.326 it's also a good time to look forward. I think that's the benefit of Of 00:00:20.359 --> 00:00:24.956 Looking Back is to think about lessons learned and where we're headed. So 00:00:24.989 --> 00:00:31.396 I want to do that. Uh, today, with respect to geology, um, how many 00:00:31.429 --> 00:00:36.137 geologists out there? 00:00:36.170 --> 00:00:39.607 Okay, not enough. 00:00:39.640 --> 00:00:43.336 Geology is marvelous. Science study of Mother Earth. What a good planet we 00:00:43.369 --> 00:00:49.186 live on And what a worthwhile task to try and understand the processes 00:00:49.219 --> 00:00:55.126 that go on on the Earth and her history. And so we do that with various 00:00:55.159 --> 00:01:01.006 tools, the most modern tools and also rather, uh, boots on the ground sort 00:01:01.039 --> 00:01:04.897 of efforts. And I want to say that the geologic map we've been talking 00:01:04.930 --> 00:01:11.346 about mapping this session fantastic presentations, geologic map adds 00:01:11.379 --> 00:01:17.576 another dimension or two, it adds. It takes a a, uh, topographic map or D 00:01:17.609 --> 00:01:23.036 M, which is itself. We've been hearing and endeavor to produce accurate 00:01:23.069 --> 00:01:27.757 ones and beautiful ones. And it adds to it a time dimension because the 00:01:27.790 --> 00:01:31.296 rocks that air at the surface of the Earth each have their own age in 00:01:31.329 --> 00:01:36.727 history. And it also adds a depth dimensions because they layers air, 00:01:36.760 --> 00:01:40.516 horizontal and upper part of the Grand Canyon there tilted in the Grand 00:01:40.549 --> 00:01:45.087 Canyon Super Group. And they're folded, uh, wildly in the basement. So 00:01:45.120 --> 00:01:50.277 this this map here, which, by the way, uh, hon to knit all the bestselling 00:01:50.310 --> 00:01:54.277 geologic map of all time now out of print. It's a tragedy. It's out of 00:01:54.310 --> 00:01:58.467 print, but it gives us an opening for next steps in terms of mapping. So I 00:01:58.500 --> 00:02:03.997 want to kind of go back to the beginning. Uh uh, This is probably not 00:02:04.030 --> 00:02:08.946 comprehensive, but it's my perspectives on stages that we've come through 00:02:08.979 --> 00:02:12.557 in terms of geologic mapping. 00:02:12.590 --> 00:02:16.606 I've got to do scales for a minute, so I don't know if you've noticed, but 00:02:16.639 --> 00:02:20.497 if you go out and walk on the surface of the earth, there's something 00:02:20.530 --> 00:02:26.087 they're everywhere. 00:02:26.120 --> 00:02:30.647 Yeah, so? So that's your job as the geologist. You have to say what it is. 00:02:30.680 --> 00:02:35.626 And you also have to say how it got there, how its orientation is a 00:02:35.659 --> 00:02:38.867 little bit about its age, and you could do it at a variety of scales. 00:02:38.900 --> 00:02:42.976 Here's a Here's a geologic map of the United States. A beautiful thing by 00:02:43.009 --> 00:02:48.346 the U. S. G. S, uh, wanted to two and a half million. Not not ex, 00:02:48.379 --> 00:02:53.916 exceptionally detailed, but a really nice view of our whole, uh, country. 00:02:53.949 --> 00:02:57.596 And the colors represent different rock units of different ages. And you 00:02:57.629 --> 00:03:02.506 , Khun, dive into that and learn the history of the US Here's the Arizona 00:03:02.539 --> 00:03:08.737 map one to a million state map And so you can put more detail on these 00:03:08.770 --> 00:03:12.386 maps one to a million than you can in two and a half million. But you 00:03:12.419 --> 00:03:16.006 don't have the whole big picture. So this is going to be kind of a theme 00:03:16.039 --> 00:03:19.406 to trade off. Do you wantto get the whole picture, or do you want to see 00:03:19.439 --> 00:03:24.506 the detailer, your forest trees kind of person and, uh, upper box? There, 00:03:24.539 --> 00:03:29.536 the Grand Canyon. I just want to highlight Georges nine quadrangles. That 00:03:29.569 --> 00:03:35.517 air shown they're in in the black boxes. Now we're coming right to the end. 00:03:35.550 --> 00:03:39.277 Really? Georges just finished these efforts of putting together the 00:03:39.310 --> 00:03:43.587 picture of those nine quadrangles that encompass what we think of now is 00:03:43.620 --> 00:03:47.057 the Grand Canyon, the entire Grand Canyon. So I'LL get back to those but 00:03:47.090 --> 00:03:51.587 those air one hundred thousand one toe one hundred thousand. 00:03:51.620 --> 00:03:55.816 A lot of times the mapping is done at much more detail than that, and you 00:03:55.849 --> 00:04:02.052 compile them at one hundred thousand. So looking back Oh, let's see. One, 00:04:02.085 --> 00:04:06.721 two, sixty two, five That's the dragon map. The blue map, Uh, hunh tune. 00:04:06.754 --> 00:04:10.571 And when Rick Billingsley maps in the Western Grand Canyon one two. Forty 00:04:10.604 --> 00:04:14.052 eight thousand. And then the Timmins and Carlstrom map over there on the 00:04:14.085 --> 00:04:17.962 right is the first one of these one to twenty four thousand maps that we 00:04:17.995 --> 00:04:22.281 have out on behind. But let's go back a little bit to the first one that I 00:04:22.314 --> 00:04:26.051 know of. And people have shown this one from the IVs expedition. Beautiful 00:04:26.084 --> 00:04:30.531 map. I got this from from Matt. Thank you. But you notice I put the rocks 00:04:30.564 --> 00:04:33.652 in the bottom so you could see them a little better. These guys did an 00:04:33.685 --> 00:04:39.082 amazing job for the time. And for that, they struggled to be out here. And 00:04:39.115 --> 00:04:42.731 they identified the different colors represent different ages of rocks. 00:04:42.764 --> 00:04:47.132 For the most part, they got it pretty good. They got, uh, tertiary and 00:04:47.165 --> 00:04:51.952 critter Nery Volcanic sand. They got the basement. They thought the, uh 00:04:51.985 --> 00:04:58.072 the, uh the Grand Canyon supergroup was celery in. But, uh hey, that's not 00:04:58.105 --> 00:05:02.582 too bad. And And they thought the rim of the canyon was, uh, Pennsylvanian 00:05:02.615 --> 00:05:06.262 instead of Permian. But But they had fossils. They look for fossils. They 00:05:06.295 --> 00:05:13.931 did a great job of figuring out basically what the rock types were. Ah, 00:05:13.964 --> 00:05:18.231 and you know the theme about thes topographic maps that we've been hearing 00:05:18.264 --> 00:05:22.721 about? I was I've been thinking about it as a as a here. These talks, we 00:05:22.754 --> 00:05:27.231 just call him basement way. We go out there because we're trying to put 00:05:27.264 --> 00:05:30.731 the rock types on these topo maps. But you can see if you look at this 00:05:30.764 --> 00:05:36.132 history how in a new set of Topol has come along, the geology takes off 00:05:36.165 --> 00:05:39.272 because you have a better way to locate yourself on the map, and you can 00:05:39.305 --> 00:05:43.712 show more detail. So this is the This is Dutton's topography pretty good 00:05:43.745 --> 00:05:48.882 that this is actually almost sixty one sixty three thousand map. It's a 00:05:48.915 --> 00:05:53.382 pretty good topography. Er, this is from the Dutton Folio. You can see the 00:05:53.415 --> 00:05:57.252 Grand Canyon looks like it should now, because Powell has been through. 00:05:57.285 --> 00:06:00.998 They have the the different ages. The grand staircase that's the most 00:06:01.031 --> 00:06:06.329 Sheldon just depiction of the grand staircase as the Mesozoic Rocks are 00:06:06.362 --> 00:06:12.308 being stripped back off the blue Kaibab limestone by erosion and you see 00:06:12.341 --> 00:06:17.498 the volcanic fields a really nice map. In eighteen eighty two, he had 00:06:17.531 --> 00:06:22.248 different scales, all within that same folio. This is more or less one to 00:06:22.281 --> 00:06:26.438 two hundred fifty thousand in that same folio showing a little more detail 00:06:26.471 --> 00:06:33.459 , and so ages aren't right. But we're beginning at this point, uh, one 00:06:33.492 --> 00:06:38.829 hundred fifty years ago to know the basic rock types of fossils in them 00:06:38.862 --> 00:06:45.508 and the distribution of rock layers. Um, here's the math of seventh 00:06:45.541 --> 00:06:50.868 topographic map we've been talking about and, uh, write it as this was 00:06:50.901 --> 00:06:56.488 being produced. Along comes Levi Noble, who actually is putting geology on 00:06:56.521 --> 00:07:03.608 that new uh, Shenmu Quadrangle. Matt. And so he's so he he worked a lot on 00:07:03.641 --> 00:07:08.568 the grand came supergroup the tilted layer in the lower right and defining 00:07:08.601 --> 00:07:13.829 faults. And he also clarified quite a bit about the strategic forgetting 00:07:13.862 --> 00:07:18.539 the ages and the nomenclature. Uh, better. By about nineteen thirty five, 00:07:18.572 --> 00:07:25.089 the rock names, for the most part, had been kind of settled. Here's a map 00:07:25.122 --> 00:07:31.149 from Maxim nineteen sixty one nineteen sixty eight two versions. Geologic 00:07:31.182 --> 00:07:35.758 map of the Bright Angel Caught. He was actually had a title of 00:07:35.791 --> 00:07:39.639 collaborator at large 00:07:39.672 --> 00:07:43.558 with the park, so I don't know how he got that, but anyway, the park needs 00:07:43.591 --> 00:07:48.409 to think about. And of course, Edie McKee was a park naturalist. And as we 00:07:48.442 --> 00:07:51.949 look forward, we look back and say, OK, what's the park's role in any of 00:07:51.982 --> 00:07:57.428 this? And hopefully that will be improving and in subsequent years. But 00:07:57.461 --> 00:08:01.128 this is this an elegant geologic map. You can see the fault line fault 00:08:01.161 --> 00:08:07.334 lines along the a bright Angel fault Northeast Trending and Maxim's Rock 00:08:07.367 --> 00:08:12.144 column. Uh, from nineteen sixty one, you know, the layers in the right 00:08:12.177 --> 00:08:16.443 thickness is in the ages, and the names are pretty far along that that 00:08:16.476 --> 00:08:21.123 rock column has been reproduced again and again in different iterations 00:08:21.156 --> 00:08:27.623 for for a lot of years. And I gave a talk last week about depicting 00:08:27.656 --> 00:08:31.613 geology in terms of rock columns, and that was a very influential one 00:08:31.646 --> 00:08:35.303 cross section at the bottom. The geologists always tryingto map what's on 00:08:35.336 --> 00:08:40.894 the surface and then use the measurements that you take to interpret what 00:08:40.927 --> 00:08:44.593 is underground. And so the cross section of the bottom shows the three 00:08:44.626 --> 00:08:48.183 sets of rocks. The basement rocks at the bottom, the tilted Grand Canyon 00:08:48.216 --> 00:08:54.853 Super Group and the flat line Paleozoic rocks on top. 00:08:54.886 --> 00:09:01.284 No, Again a step forward in terms of mapping the photographic methods. Um 00:09:01.317 --> 00:09:05.734 , and we're taken advantage by by people. This is kind of interesting. I 00:09:05.767 --> 00:09:09.904 ran across this in our library. You probably have it here. But Maxine in 00:09:09.937 --> 00:09:14.423 nineteen sixty nine did what he called a preliminary geologic maps, and it 00:09:14.456 --> 00:09:19.543 has almost no new detail on it, but he was obviously starting big to do. 00:09:19.576 --> 00:09:25.923 What then was taken over by Peter Hunt Tune and George Billingsley and 00:09:25.956 --> 00:09:31.213 other collaborators. And these are the, uh this is, um what is this? This 00:09:31.246 --> 00:09:36.803 is, uh oh. Here's Maxim's map in two sheets, following on the new 00:09:36.836 --> 00:09:42.004 topography and trying to compile everything he could with not much detail 00:09:42.037 --> 00:09:48.664 in the West. But this map this way called the blue map, or sometimes 00:09:48.697 --> 00:09:53.173 called the dragon map when they heard that term for this map. The dragon 00:09:53.206 --> 00:09:58.284 map. Okay. As you look at it, do you see a dragon or not? 00:09:58.317 --> 00:10:02.831 Okay. This kind of an argument between me and my wife? No, about the 00:10:02.864 --> 00:10:07.431 dragon. Okay, so I want you to think where you think is the mouth of the 00:10:07.464 --> 00:10:13.400 dragon. And, uh And what are those two things sticking up, pointing to the 00:10:13.433 --> 00:10:17.181 right. And and here's the two interpretations. I won't tell you whose is 00:10:17.214 --> 00:10:23.050 whose. But there's the two interpretations of the dragon map, so I don't 00:10:23.083 --> 00:10:27.471 know which one was yours. Do you think that the two things sticking up for 00:10:27.504 --> 00:10:32.390 the mouth, how are do you think they're the ears 00:10:32.423 --> 00:10:36.091 anyway? So that's that's a diversion, but 00:10:36.124 --> 00:10:40.461 best selling geologic map of all time. And you know, one of the successes 00:10:40.494 --> 00:10:48.494 of this map, Uh, I give to the creators of it George Peter Hunt tune, and 00:10:48.793 --> 00:10:52.500 they brought in people who wanted to work on different parts. And so the 00:10:52.533 --> 00:10:56.561 early versions, Let's see what I have. I can remember all the alterations 00:10:56.594 --> 00:11:01.091 , but this is the nineteen ninety six version that I was privileged to be 00:11:01.124 --> 00:11:04.900 co author on because we did the basement rocks and prior to that had been 00:11:04.933 --> 00:11:11.571 a different group that had, uh, had their basement lines put on there 00:11:11.604 --> 00:11:16.910 Jim Sears map. The supergroup Georges always concentrated on the street, 00:11:16.943 --> 00:11:20.880 Eager fever and everything else. Peter Hunt Tune did a fantastic job with 00:11:20.913 --> 00:11:25.831 faults. So this map represents not only the best knowledge at the time, 00:11:25.864 --> 00:11:31.140 but, uh, team effort to put together the best view of Grand Canyon geology. 00:11:31.173 --> 00:11:35.451 Then they extended their work to the West with the I like to call these 00:11:35.484 --> 00:11:39.900 the Hun tune at all brown maps because they didn't color him. And, boy, do 00:11:39.933 --> 00:11:43.311 I like that when I'm out hiking are working with students. I can see the 00:11:43.344 --> 00:11:48.770 Topal lines. But then George came along and Karen when Rick and did the 00:11:48.803 --> 00:11:52.191 maps and color for the U. S. G s o. Same scale. One to forty eight 00:11:52.224 --> 00:11:58.101 thousand. Quite good detail and covering really the Western part. So 00:11:58.134 --> 00:12:01.601 here's Georgia's effort, uh, following on from that, each one of these 00:12:01.634 --> 00:12:07.091 geologists myself included, George included, um takes advantage of all 00:12:07.124 --> 00:12:10.681 that hard work from previous workers. It's a lot of work to hike through 00:12:10.714 --> 00:12:13.691 the Grand Canyon. If you're hiking, it's a lot more work. If you're 00:12:13.724 --> 00:12:17.900 mapping, trying to look behind each rock, what's over here? There's 00:12:17.933 --> 00:12:21.880 something on the surface of the earth everywhere, and you have to go look 00:12:21.913 --> 00:12:26.250 so it's a lot of work. I've had a lot of students involved in a lot of phD 00:12:26.283 --> 00:12:30.321 students. I've been mapping in the Grand Canyon geologic mapping for 00:12:30.354 --> 00:12:35.991 thirty five years. George is like fifty five or something, so he's my my 00:12:36.024 --> 00:12:42.620 hero. But this is the Grand Canyon sheet, one of nine sheets. And if I 00:12:42.653 --> 00:12:45.321 tried to show you the detail, it's in there. We could zoom into whatever 00:12:45.354 --> 00:12:49.050 your favorite places and find out what the faults looked like in the ages 00:12:49.083 --> 00:12:54.500 of the Rocks. But this is this is the big picture, 00:12:54.533 --> 00:12:57.861 and I've kind of gone the other way now in my present emphasis. And that 00:12:57.894 --> 00:13:04.130 is, I want the big detail on a smaller. So this is Mike Timmons, phD 00:13:04.163 --> 00:13:07.991 student of mine, and I put together this Eastern Grand Canyon map one to 00:13:08.024 --> 00:13:12.111 twenty four thousand, and so that piece of paper that you get it on, it's 00:13:12.144 --> 00:13:17.250 about the same size, but you just have a lot more detail. So that's a 00:13:17.283 --> 00:13:21.601 That's kind of the effort that I've been doing. This is the Timmons and 00:13:21.634 --> 00:13:26.550 Carlstrom map and a lot of stuff on here on all geologic maps. There's a 00:13:26.583 --> 00:13:31.140 explanation of the rock units with the oldest the bottom. There's a rock 00:13:31.173 --> 00:13:36.341 column and a Time column to showyou ages and rock names. All those cross 00:13:36.374 --> 00:13:40.660 sections. You know you make slices and think what the three D geometry is 00:13:40.693 --> 00:13:46.491 of these rocks. And so it's a big effort. So that's a That's a phD student 00:13:46.524 --> 00:13:52.351 effort with a lot of support from multiple collaborators, because that's 00:13:52.384 --> 00:13:55.800 the way you get the best geology. Here's the cross section. There's a fun 00:13:55.833 --> 00:14:00.170 one because you may know the Butte fall, which is that big fault. Angled. 00:14:00.203 --> 00:14:03.446 Well, there's four of them there, but the second one from the right, the 00:14:03.479 --> 00:14:10.196 beautiful. And if you look, uh, at the bottom brown layer, you can kind of 00:14:10.229 --> 00:14:14.586 find one of those Browner's you, Khun Trace from the lower left across the 00:14:14.619 --> 00:14:18.836 fault of the upper right. You can see that the left side is down, right? I 00:14:18.869 --> 00:14:23.066 agree with that. Then if you look at the Kaibab and all the Paleozoic 00:14:23.099 --> 00:14:27.145 rocks, they're kind of projected into the air. You see that the left side 00:14:27.178 --> 00:14:32.456 is up, so you see, do you see what I'm saying? That fault the geologist 00:14:32.489 --> 00:14:36.936 really screwed up. I didn't even know which way the fault moved. No, 00:14:36.969 --> 00:14:42.925 that's not true. What's true is that that fault was a left side down fault 00:14:42.958 --> 00:14:47.035 in the pre Cambrian huge amount of displacement that allowed these basins 00:14:47.068 --> 00:14:51.596 to develop the to our group. And then later on, when the content was 00:14:51.629 --> 00:14:56.076 squeezed, that weakness, that zone a weakness got inverted and pushed up 00:14:56.109 --> 00:15:01.186 the other way. So it's called fault reactivation. It's a nice story of how 00:15:01.219 --> 00:15:06.096 a weakness in the earth can be reused again and again. If you break your 00:15:06.129 --> 00:15:11.895 arm, you might break it again at the same place later on. So I just want 00:15:11.928 --> 00:15:16.515 to touch on a couple of topical things as we map. We're interested in the 00:15:16.548 --> 00:15:22.106 history of the Earth, and we're interested in in the record everything we 00:15:22.139 --> 00:15:26.375 can learn from these rocks with the rocks of the historians were taken 00:15:26.408 --> 00:15:31.566 taken. The record, Uh, this is Powell's drawing slightly modified of the 00:15:31.599 --> 00:15:34.645 three sets of rocks, and if you look on the right from the Timmins and 00:15:34.678 --> 00:15:39.736 Carlstrom map, you can see if your eye if you get good at reading maps. 00:15:39.769 --> 00:15:44.175 You can see the three dimensions, and you can see the ages all in that 00:15:44.208 --> 00:15:47.186 colors of that map. And it won't go through it in detail because I just 00:15:47.219 --> 00:15:51.936 want to highlights some of things we've learned from thirty five years of 00:15:51.969 --> 00:15:55.446 mapping. Here's here's what I George, Here's what I want to do before I 00:15:55.479 --> 00:15:59.606 retire and get those. Uh, you know most the mapping is done, so we just 00:15:59.639 --> 00:16:05.769 have to pull together the upper granite gorge as spread. ILCs. PhD Middle 00:16:05.802 --> 00:16:10.688 Granite Gorge. That's several students, the lava damn work from Ryan Crow 00:16:10.721 --> 00:16:14.529 and the first thing I did was the Lower Granite Gorge, and it's still not 00:16:14.562 --> 00:16:18.078 published yet, so that's terrible, but that those are going to get done at 00:16:18.111 --> 00:16:23.639 one twenty four thousand. And so here's Here's a an example of a geologist 00:16:23.672 --> 00:16:27.859 out there, uh, trying to put lines on the map, which rocks air where the 00:16:27.892 --> 00:16:31.499 red on the map on the right, the red stuff for the pigment ice. If in case 00:16:31.532 --> 00:16:34.879 you're wondering, so you do some sky mapping where you sit there and 00:16:34.912 --> 00:16:38.978 sketch just like maths and Evans. But then you go put your nose on the 00:16:39.011 --> 00:16:43.279 rocks and identify it and take it back to the laboratory and date it and 00:16:43.312 --> 00:16:47.808 study it in various, which weighs so these air. These will be one to 00:16:47.841 --> 00:16:51.359 twenty four thousand detailed maps, but I'm just showing him in cartoon 00:16:51.392 --> 00:16:56.438 form and sometimes geologist like When I started, I didn't care at all 00:16:56.471 --> 00:17:01.168 about any rocks except the basement rocks so we would blast down the river 00:17:01.201 --> 00:17:04.518 till we got to the pre Cambrian. I just didn't care about any of those 00:17:04.551 --> 00:17:07.849 other things and how the canyon got there. Who cares? You know, I was 00:17:07.882 --> 00:17:12.889 interested in that one, said Iraq. So you could make a map that just shows 00:17:12.922 --> 00:17:16.639 what you think the basement is doing. And that's what this is for the 00:17:16.672 --> 00:17:20.609 Lower Gorge. And there it is for the upper gorge, with folds and foley 00:17:20.642 --> 00:17:24.549 ations and sheer zones, and the record of how the North American continent 00:17:24.582 --> 00:17:29.278 was first assembled almost two billion years ago. So that's a story in 00:17:29.311 --> 00:17:33.218 that rock layers. Or when Mike Timmins came along, I said, Okay, I'm 00:17:33.251 --> 00:17:36.508 pretty much done with the basement Tiptoe haven't published yet, but let's 00:17:36.541 --> 00:17:41.278 do the the super group so we said, OK, let's peel everything off, get rid 00:17:41.311 --> 00:17:46.589 of that ugly basement and just show a map of the Grand Canyon supergroup. 00:17:46.622 --> 00:17:51.349 Oh, this has the basement in it, too. But the supergroup is green and dark 00:17:51.382 --> 00:17:56.538 purple. And Powell, of course, saw the UN car group along the river the 00:17:56.571 --> 00:18:02.109 green color there. But there's no record that I know of that he saw the to 00:18:02.142 --> 00:18:06.168 our group. It was until Walcott came along, where he I went back in there 00:18:06.201 --> 00:18:10.207 and he thought he was going to find a Burgess shale kind of record in the 00:18:10.240 --> 00:18:14.428 wall in the to our group, which didn't come out. But he did find these 00:18:14.461 --> 00:18:20.098 millimeter size microfossils that he called Chu Arias. So we have a rich 00:18:20.131 --> 00:18:26.767 record of Walcott paleontological work in Eastern drinking. So thinking 00:18:26.800 --> 00:18:32.227 forward about these maps, I'm just you know what happens when you come at 00:18:32.260 --> 00:18:35.878 a time in your career when things were changing, We we heard about that 00:18:35.911 --> 00:18:41.707 from from Tom and you want to adapt and you wantto pull it in together and 00:18:41.740 --> 00:18:47.497 so visualizations that we're gonna be able to do, uh, increasingly is a 00:18:47.530 --> 00:18:50.747 chat or challenge, though, because not only is the topography challenge, 00:18:50.780 --> 00:18:55.197 but all these layers of different rock types are challenge. And then this 00:18:55.230 --> 00:18:59.658 is the thing that's really challenged. Zoom ability. Now Google Earth 00:18:59.691 --> 00:19:04.148 weakened. Zoom in and we can see more and more detail a Z zoom in. Well, 00:19:04.181 --> 00:19:08.578 that's the future geologic mapping. But we have to have every one of those 00:19:08.611 --> 00:19:16.257 scales well understood for that scale. You can't show everything on on the 00:19:16.290 --> 00:19:20.318 the big regional maps. Er and so here's that you see the little red box 00:19:20.351 --> 00:19:23.408 there. So this is already the one twelve thousand detail, one to twenty 00:19:23.441 --> 00:19:27.527 four thousand detail, and then that map showing the rock types along the 00:19:27.560 --> 00:19:31.717 river in more detail. So I don't know how we're going to quite get there, 00:19:31.750 --> 00:19:37.527 but we will. And then these beautiful maps, these that we saw, how they're 00:19:37.560 --> 00:19:42.348 presented, we can use him for Earth, science, education, science, literacy 00:19:42.381 --> 00:19:48.797 and actual, uh, important discussions about park Resource is So this is 00:19:48.830 --> 00:19:53.737 from Laurie crosses talk that she's giving those we take. Take that. A 00:19:53.770 --> 00:19:59.368 bleak view. We put faults on there and we say, Okay, where did the water 00:19:59.401 --> 00:20:03.388 moved? Where does water move from? The north room snowpack, intothe 00:20:03.421 --> 00:20:09.671 springs and across the canyon. So we can begin to convey to, uh, park 00:20:09.704 --> 00:20:15.111 officials and resource people a little bit about how the geology affects 00:20:15.144 --> 00:20:19.631 water resource is, and hence the and water quality, and hence the future 00:20:19.664 --> 00:20:22.502 for park development. 00:20:22.535 --> 00:20:27.641 So this is the park now that's Ah, Park now goes from Lake Powell, Toe 00:20:27.674 --> 00:20:32.611 Lake Mead and George has a map of it one hundred thousand, which a lot of 00:20:32.644 --> 00:20:35.661 which it would take quite a bit of enlargement because we've done in 00:20:35.694 --> 00:20:41.232 detail. But we have this chore now of portraying that and educating the 00:20:41.265 --> 00:20:45.802 public that's increasingly sort of resistant tto understanding concepts of 00:20:45.835 --> 00:20:51.332 time and and science. And so geology is a way to hook people in the Grand 00:20:51.365 --> 00:20:58.052 Canyon way to hook people in. And, uh, I wantto implore all of us to do 00:20:58.085 --> 00:21:03.272 what we can tow. Add science literacy to this thinking of the mapping 00:21:03.305 --> 00:21:08.812 mapping conference. So one hundred sixty years geologic mapping geology 00:21:08.845 --> 00:21:13.232 has been in the forefront of Grand Canyon science for one hundred sixty 00:21:13.265 --> 00:21:18.592 years. New geologic mapping often follows. These developments in 00:21:18.625 --> 00:21:23.082 technology is like topographic maps and now, with digital media it's 00:21:23.115 --> 00:21:29.012 goingto be the same. Well, it goes hand in glove with science questions. 00:21:29.045 --> 00:21:34.131 The ages of the rocks, the layers, the new dating, uh, and how to manage 00:21:34.164 --> 00:21:38.082 Resource is. And here's what I want to see near future mapping. I want to 00:21:38.115 --> 00:21:41.961 get those one to twelve to one. Twenty four thousand maps finished that we 00:21:41.994 --> 00:21:46.972 have the mapping done from this hard student work and get the fault man at 00:21:47.005 --> 00:21:50.722 work Networks mapped better because that's the water pathways we think in 00:21:50.755 --> 00:21:56.621 large part, Um and then howto have tio display them. You know, there's no 00:21:56.654 --> 00:22:02.861 geologic map at the Yavapai Geology Museum and also the Grand Canyon. Uh 00:22:02.894 --> 00:22:08.119 uh, GCC Grand Canyon Conservancy doesn't sell geologic maps anymore. 00:22:08.152 --> 00:22:11.718 They're big, and they how do you sell him? Their hard to hard to stack in 00:22:11.751 --> 00:22:15.518 the back and keep rolled and whatever, but we need to get jolly geologic 00:22:15.551 --> 00:22:19.528 maps back out into the public. I think people love them. They're beautiful 00:22:19.561 --> 00:22:25.778 and figure out how to do that and, uh, use that away as a way to work on 00:22:25.811 --> 00:22:29.488 science literacy for this six million people a year from all over the 00:22:29.521 --> 00:22:37.521 world. So I think we have a task to do. Thanks very much. 00:22:42.571 --> 00:22:47.329 We've got a few minutes. Does anybody have any questions? Geology 00:22:47.362 --> 00:22:55.362 questions? Got a few minutes. 00:23:06.291 --> 00:23:13.359 Could you describe rocks that you have dream all the way to the base? 00:23:13.392 --> 00:23:18.869 Yeah, we can just forget the break and I'LL go. 00:23:18.902 --> 00:23:22.839 The basement rocks are almost two billion years old. They represent the 00:23:22.872 --> 00:23:26.958 formation of the convent. The Tilted Rocks Grand Canyon supergroup ranged 00:23:26.991 --> 00:23:33.139 from about one point two five billion to about seven hundred million, and 00:23:33.172 --> 00:23:37.738 they record the assembly and break up of the supercontinent of Road India 00:23:37.771 --> 00:23:42.008 from the perspective of a Place Grand Canyon area that was inside of the 00:23:42.041 --> 00:23:46.809 supercontinent. So it's a sedimentary record. The last flat lying rocks 00:23:46.842 --> 00:23:52.129 started about five twenty and go two to seventy million. So that's most of 00:23:52.162 --> 00:23:57.889 the Paleozoic, or old life period. The dinos Rocks of the dinosaurs. The 00:23:57.922 --> 00:24:01.688 Mesozoic have been stripped back off the rim of Grand Canyon and the 00:24:01.721 --> 00:24:06.627 Cenizo Act, the era we're in now. There's a few little scabs and intra 00:24:06.660 --> 00:24:09.756 using rocks of assaults and Traver teens around. So we have. We have an 00:24:09.789 --> 00:24:16.427 amazing record of the last half of Earth history, about two billion years 00:24:16.460 --> 00:24:20.796 I have a question that was like 00:24:20.829 --> 00:24:26.016 for the for the layers of the soils in the Grand Canyon? Or guess just in 00:24:26.049 --> 00:24:31.167 geology in general. Were you saying, uh, you guys have to come guess Or 00:24:31.200 --> 00:24:35.016 how does how does that work for figuring out all of what's underneath? Do 00:24:35.049 --> 00:24:39.016 you have specific tools for that? How does that work? Yeah, How do we How 00:24:39.049 --> 00:24:42.637 do we time? Rocks basically, is two ways relative ages. I'm older than you 00:24:42.670 --> 00:24:47.756 , so we know that. And, uh, and then there's absolute ages. Would like to 00:24:47.789 --> 00:24:51.957 know how many years old you are and how many years old I am for that. We 00:24:51.990 --> 00:24:56.266 use radioactive clocks, radio metric dating, and there's a variety of 00:24:56.299 --> 00:25:01.117 methods, and they test each other on duh. We're getting much more refined 00:25:01.150 --> 00:25:06.907 absolute ages or or numerical ages for rocks. Using systems like uranium 00:25:06.940 --> 00:25:12.326 lead decay in circon crystals, for instance. But the fossils that come 00:25:12.359 --> 00:25:17.726 from the relative dating huh, are the way we always start. And so the 00:25:17.759 --> 00:25:21.857 bottom sedimentary layer his older than the one on top of it, and then 00:25:21.890 --> 00:25:25.717 they get younger as you go up, and then the fossils change as life on 00:25:25.750 --> 00:25:29.786 Earth evolved through millions and millions of years. So the fossil record 00:25:29.819 --> 00:25:34.877 was the way the geologists originally set up the geologic time scale. And 00:25:34.910 --> 00:25:39.056 now the dating is getting very precise about when the fossil transitions 00:25:39.089 --> 00:25:47.089 took place. 00:25:47.200 --> 00:25:49.519 Thank you.