TheBulletinof HistoricalResearclt
in Mu"sicE,ducation
Its Authors,Reviewers,andEditorialCommitteeMembers
for the First Twentv Years
JERET. HUMPHREYS
aspects
of the
Severalscholarshaveexaminedvariousdemographic
m u s i c e d u c a t i o nr e s e a r c he n t e r p r i s eF. o r e x a m p l e ,S t e v e nK . H e d d e n
at conventionsof the
paperspresented
reportedthat the numberof research
(MENC) increased
from a meanof
Music EducatorsNationalConference
from 1986-90.He
almostsixty from 1980-84to a meanof eighty-seven
also reportedthat few paperspresentedat MENC nationalconvention
hadtwo or moreauthorsuntil 1990,whenapproximately
research
sessions
thirty-fourpercentof the papershad morethanone author.Similarly,coauthoredarticlesin the Journal of Researchin Music Education(JRMD
increasedfrom twenty-sixpercentof the total in the late 1970sto thirty-six
percentby 1990. Finally, Heddenfound that the majority of MENC
researchpaperauthorspresentedonly one time at that venuebetween
1970-90,and only approximatelytwenty-fourpercentof JRME authors
publishedmore than once in twelveJRME volumesfrom the late 1970s
confirmedthatfindingwhentheynoted
through1990.Brittin andStandley
percentandeighty-onepercentof authorswhosearticles
that seventy-eight
appearedin theJRME and the Bulletinof the Councilfor Researchin Mrcic
contributions,
Education(CRME) from 1983-92madeonly single-article
respectively.l
l s t e v e n K . H e d d e n ," R e s e a r c hS e s s i o n sa t M E N C C o n f e r e n c e s :1 9 1 0 - 1 9 9 0 , "T h e
Quarterll,Journal of Music Teachingand Leaming 3 (Spring 1992):80, 84; StevenK. Hedden,
"Music
EducationRcsearch:A DozenConventionsand a Dozen "/RME Volumes," l"/reBullctin
of Ilistorical Researchin Music Edu<:ationl-5 (Septcmber1993): 19. 27', an<lRrrth V. Brittin

t71

t72

Jenr T. Hur'.rpHREvs

Fenraleauthorsof researchpaperspresentedat MENC national
hit a recordhigh of almostfifty-twopercentof totalauthorsin
conventions
1980,the first year TheBulletin of Historical Researchin Music Education
"hashoveredaround"forty percent,
cameout. Sincethen,theMENC figure
which is the samepercentage
as femaleJRME authorsfrom the late 1970s
throughthe 1980s.Similarly,femaleswrotethirty-sixpercentof doctoral
dissertations
on the historyof music educationproducedin the United
Statesduringthe 1980s.However,femalesconstituted
only twenty-eight
percentof JRME editorialcommitteemembersfrom 1983-92.2
The authorsof a studyon the JRME editorialcommitteeconcluded
that thejoumal had achievedadequategeographical
during its
representation
journal's
(1983-92),
decades.
first four
However,in the
the
fourth decade
EasternandWesterndivisionswereunder-represented
andthe Southemand
Southwesterndivisionswere over-represented
on the JRME editorial
committeewhencomparedto thosedivisions'respective
nationalpopulation
percentages.3
The purposeof this study was to examineselectedcharacteristics
of
the authors,reviewers,andeditorialcommitteemembersof TheBulletinof
HistoricalResearchin MusicEducationduring its first twenty years(1980were:(a) thenumberof articlesandreviews;(b)
99).Thosecharacteristics
the most prolific authorsand reviewersand the longevityof committee
(c) the percentage
rnembers,
of multiple-author
articles;(c) the sexof the
"Rescarchcrs
a n d J a y n eM . S t a n d l e y ,
i n M u s i c E d u c a t i o M T h e r a pA
y :n a l y s i so f P u b l i c a t i o n s ,
and
Citations,
Retrievabilityof Work," Journal of Reseurchin llusic Educariort45 (Spring
1997):150.
2 l - l e d d e n" R
, e s e l r c hS e s s i o n s ,8" 2 ; H e d d e n ," l v l u s i cE d u c a t i o nR e s c a r c h , 2
" 2 ; J c r eT .
"Doctoral
l l u m p h r e y s ,D a v i d l v l . B e s s ,a n d M a r t i n J . B e r g e e ,
D i s s e r t a t i o nosn t h e H i s t o r yo f
Music Educationand Music Therapy," The Quarterls,Journal of Music Teachingund barning 7
(1996/97): 120; and JereT. Humphreysand SandraL. Stauffcr,"An Analysis of the Editorial
Conrntittecof lhe Journolof Rcseurchin Music Educotion,1953-1992,"
Journal of Researchin
M u s i c E d u c a t r o n( [ o r t h c o n r i n g )F. e m a l ea u t h o r sw e r e i n v o l v e d i n t h i r t y p e r c e n to f J R M E
articlesfrom 1953-94;sec John Grashcl,"Women as Researchcrs:
Publicationsin the Journal
of Researchin h[usic Educutiort, 1953-94," The Bulletin of Historical Reseurchin Music
E d u c a t i o n2 0 l S e p t c n r b e1r9 9 8 ) :1 8 .
3Humphrcvs
and St:ruller.

Tnr BuusrtN oF HrsroRtcALRESEARCH
rNMusrc Eoucartox

173

a u t h o r sr, e v i e w e r sa, n d c o m m i t t e em e m b e r sa; n d ( d ) t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l
representation
of theauthors,
reviewers,
andcommittee
members.
To facilitateanalysisof changes
over time,I divideclthetwenty-year
periodinto four five-yearperiods:periodone (nineissues).
Volumesl__5
( J u l y 1 9 8 0 - J u l y1 9 8 4 ) p; e r i o dr w o ( t e ni s s u e s )v,o l u m e s6 - 1 0 ( J a n u a r y
1 9 8 5 - J u l y1 9 8 9 ;P e r i o dr h r e e ( e l e v e ni s s u e s )v,o l u m e sI I - 1 5 ( J a n u a r y
1 9 9 0 - M a y 1 9 9 4 ) ,a n d P e r i o d F o u r ( f i f t e e n i s s u e s ) v, o l u m e s l 6 - 2 0
(September1994-May I 999).
TheBulletinis publishedat The universityof Kansas,anda number
graduatestudentsfrom that univer.sity
haveservedas associate
editors,
editoriaa
l s s i s t a n t sa,n d t h e I i k e .T h e s ei n d i v i d u a l .asn d t h e i r r e s p e c r i v e
positionswere not partof thi.sstudy.similarly,itemsthatappeared
in the
journalotherthanarticlesandreviews-sucha.sreprintsfromjournals
and
b o o k s , n e w s o f e v e n t s ,a n d e d i t o r i a l s - w e r e n o t p a r t o f t h e s t u d v .
Thirteenarticlesappearedin TheBulletinduringperiodone (meanper
issue= 1.44),twenty-threein periodrwo (mean- 2.30),thirty-fourin
Periodrhree (mean- 3.09),and forty-sixin periodFour (mean= 3.o7).
The totalnumberof articlesover the forty-fiveissueswas I 16,with a mean
of 2.58 per issue.Therewere only five articleswith two authorseachand
one articlewith threeauthors.Altogether,only approximately
five percent
(N = 6) of the I l6 articleshad multipreauthors.Sevenry-seven
different
individualswrote or co-authoredBulletinarticlesfor the first forty-five
issues.
Michael L. Mark was the most prorific authorwith nine articles,
followedby SamuelD. Miller with eight,sondrawielandHowewith five,
and Johnw. Grashel,GeorgeN. Heller,and JereT. Humphreyswith four
each.Four individualswrote threearticleseach:Mark Fonder,Carolyn
Livingston,CarolPemberton,
and TereseM. volk. Nine individuals
wrote
two articleseach(seeTablel). The remainingfifty-eightindividuals
wrore
or co-authored
one articleeach.
Fifteenbook reviewsappearedin TheBulletin during period one
(meanper issue= 1.67),fourteenin periodrwo (meanper issue= 1.40),
twenty-fourin Periodrhree (meanper issue=2.17), and thirty in periocl
Four (meanper issue- 2.00),for a total of eighty-three
reviews,with a

T. HuvpnReYs
Jen-e

174

TableI
andEditorialCommitteeMembers
Authors.Reviewers,

N

Book ReviewersT N

9
MichaelMark
8
SamuelMiller
4
JohnGrashel
4
GeorgeHeller
4
SondraHowe
JereHumphreys 4
3
Mark Fonder
CarolynLivingston3
CarolPemberton 3
3
TereseVolk
2
Allen Britton
2
Fenton
Kevin
2
SharonGray
Marie McCarthy 2
2
MelvinPlatt
2
LindaPohly
2
RogerRideout
2
PaulSanders
Allen Spurgeon 2

l6
GeorgeHeller
JereHumphreys 8
4
StevenKelley
3
J.D. Pan
2
Martin Bergee
Lynn Brinckmeyer 2
Aiice-Ann Darrow 2
2
RobertFisher
2
JohnGrashel
2
RobinListon
2
WilliamMay
J. Kent McAnallY 2
2
SamuelMiller
William Richardson2
2
JamesScholten
FumikoShiraishi 2
2
Sink
Patricia
2
JackSmith
VivianVeliisquez 2

ArticleAuthors*

'Authorsof two or more articles.
tRevicwersof' two or tnorc books
tNumberol' Br.r//etrrr
issucs.

Editorial Committee
N*
Members
45
MichaelMark
45
JamesScholten
45
BruceWilson
42
Samuellv,iller
35
JohnGrashel
CarolPemberton 3l
JereHumphreys 30
24
Melvin Plan
23
SondraHowe
23
Livingston
Carolyn
20
Marie McCarthy
ReginaldBuckner l8
17
TereseVolk
l0
JoanLester

ri-:*l:.,_

, .r'

asi

;;i-il"ti.'#;

tNMustc Eoucenow
Tttt Buutrnr,toF IlrsroRrcALRESEARCH

175

m e a no f 1 . 8 4r e v i e w sp e r i s s u e .A l t o g e t h e rf,o r t y d i f f e r e n ti n d i v i d u a l s
wrote reviewsfor the first forty-five issues.Bulletin editor GeorgeN.
Heller was the most prolific reviewerwith sixteen,followedby JereT.
H u m p h r e y sw i t h e i g h t ,S t e v e nN . K e l l e y w i t h f o u r , a n d J . D . P a r rw i t h
t h r e e .F i f t e e ni n d i v i d u a l sw r o t e t w o r e v i e w se a c h ( s e eT a b l e l ) . T h e
wroteonerevieweach.
remaining
twenty-one
reviewers
Of the 206 articlesand reviewsto date (jointly written works are
Hellerwrotetwenty,
countedmultipletimesfor thisportionof theanalysis),
followedby Humphreyswith trvelve,SamuelD. Miller with ten,Michael
L . M a r k w i t h n i n e ,J o h nW . G r a s h eal n dS o n d r aW i e l a n dH o w e w i t h s i x
each,andKelleywith five.Thesesevenindividualswrotealmostone-third
of all articlesand reviews.The remainingtwo-thirdswereby ninety-seven
people,sixty-ninepercentof whom (N = 67) contributed
onework each.
Heller has servedas editor of The Bulletin continuouslysincehe
f o u n d e di t i n 1 9 8 0 .S i m i l a r l y ,M a r k , J a m e sW . S c h o l t e na, n d B r u c eD .
W i l s o n h a v e s e r v e do n T h e B u l l e t i n ' s e d i t o r i a lc o m m i t t e es i n c et h e
beginning,or forty-five issues.To date,they are followed in longevityby
Miller with forty-two issues,Grashel with thirty-five, and Carol A.
Pembertonwith thirty-one.In addition to Heller, fourteendifferent
individualshaveservedon theeditorialcommitteefor periodsrangingfrom
ten to forty-fiveissues(seeTable l).
Men wroteall thirteenarticlesin PeriodOne,but womenwroteor copercentof PeriodTwo articlesandfifty-sixpercentof
authoredtwenty-eight
PeriodThreearticles,beforewomen'scontributionsfell to thirty-seven
thirty-six
percentin PeriodFour.Altogether,womenwrote or co-authored
percentof Bulletin articles.The percentage
of femalereviewersrangedfrom
seventeen
in PeriodThreeto twenty-ninein PeriodTwo, with twenty-seven
percentoverall.Femalemembership
on theeditorialcommitteerangedfrom
nine percentin PeriodTwo to forty-twopercentin PeriodFour,or thirty
percentoverall(seeTable2).
differentarticleauthorshailedfrom all
TheBulletin'J seventy-seven
: rgentina,
s i x d i v i s i o n so f t h e M E N C , p l u s s e v e nf o r e i g n c o u n t r i e sA
Mexico.
The
Eastern
Australia,Bahrain,Canada,Germany,Japan,and
Divisionledall otherdivisionswith thirty-fourarticleauthors(thirtypercent

JsneT. Hut'.tPHneYs

176

Table2
SexRatios(Maleto Female)of Authors,
NumberandPercentage
Reviewers,
and EditorialCommitteeMembersby Five-YearPeriod

ArticleAuthors

Reviewers

Comnittee
Members*

flVo(m:fl
)
PeriodIssuesN ( m : f l V o ( m : f \ N ( m : f l V o ( m : f N(m::::::::::::::::
One

9

l3:0

100:00

I l:04

73:27

5:l

8 2 l: 8

Two

l0

l8:7

72:28

l 0:04 I l:29

6:1

92:08

Three

II

l5: l9

44:56

2 0:M

83:17

l:3

72:28

Four

15

32:18

64:36

2?:01 76:25

l:4

64:36

Total

45

78:M

64:36

63:19

77:23

76:24

'Perccntagcs
basedon numberof issuesserved(roundedto the nearestinteger)

Tur Buup:tnt or Hnromctt Resuncu nt Mustc EDucrtrtoN

177

o f t h e t o t a l n u m b e ro f A m e r i c a n a u t h o r s ) f, o l l o w e d c l o s e l y b y t h e
Southwe.st
Divisionwith thirty-twoauthors(twenty-eight
percent),
andthe
NorthCentralDivisionwith twenty-eight
authors(twenty-five
percent).
The
N o r t h w e sD
t i v i s i o np r o d u c e do n l y o n e a r t i c l ea u t h o r( a n d o n e a r t i c l e ) .
Whencomparedto 1990UnitedStatesregionalpopulation
percentages,
the
WesternDivisionwassignificantlyunder-represented
in the productionof
a r t i c l e s ,w h i l e t h e S o u t h w e s t e r D
n i v i s i o n w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l yo v e r r e p r e s e n t eA
d .l l o t h e rd i v i s i o n sp r o d u c e da r t i c l e sp r o p o r t i o n a t eo t h e i r
p o p u l a t i o np e r c e n t a g ewsi t h i n s t a t i s t i c alli m i t s .F o r e i g na r t i c l ea u t h o r s
contributed
approximately
sevenpercentof thetotal(seeTable3).
The Southwestern
Divisionled stronglyin theproduction
of reviewers
with sixty-four(seventy-seven
percentof thetotal).Comparedto population
figures,theSouthwestern
Divisionwassignificantly
over-represented,
and
theWesternDivisionproducedreviewsproportionate
to its population.The
Eastern,North Central,and Southerndivisionsweresignificantlyunderrepresented,
but the Northwestdivisionproducedonly one review.There
wereno foreignreviewers(seeTable3).
Editorial committeemembershipcame from only four of the six
MENC divisions.The North CentralDivisionled all otherdivisionswith
thirty-sevenpercentof The Bulletin's "issue-terms"
served(the sum of
committeememberstimes the numberof issueseachserved).followed
closelyby the EasternDivision with thirty-fourpercent.Four of the six
divisionsproducededitorialcommitteemembersproportionate
to their
populationpercentages
within statisticallimits, but the Northwestand
Southerndivisions providedno committeemembers.There were no
foreigncommitteemembers(seeTable 3).
Hedden identified a trend toward more and more researchpapers
p r e s e n t e da t n a t i o n a lM E N C c o n v e n t i o n so v e r t i m e , a f i n d i n g t h a t
corresponds
with a significantlyincreasingnumberof Bulletinarticlesover
the four time periods(X2 - 20.58,df = 3, p < .001).Frequently,papers
presented
at nationalMENC conventionslaterappearin the JRME, as well
as otherjournals.4
aHcdden,"RcscarchSessions,"80: and Hedden,"Music EducationRcserrch."29.

178

JeneT. HuvpHReys
Table3
ArticleAuthors,ReviewAuthors,andCommitteeMembers
in Numberand Percentage
by GeographicalRegion
Artrcle
Authors

Division

N

Eastern

34

30

North Central 2 8

25

VoI

Review
Authors
N
1
L

l

l

l

Southern

14

t2

4

Western

4

Foreign

9

Totalf

t2?

28a
{

a

1
L

5

-

0

100

83

b

'77c
1

Vot

Vo

139

34

2l

0

0

4

l

&
8

N

150 37

e
-

5b

Northwest

Southwestern 32

Vot

Comminee
Members' Populationl

0

0

0

89
3

0

c

72

t4

7

l5

0
100

498 r00

100

'Nuntber
o f r n t l i v r d u a lpse r d i v i s i o nt i m e st h e n u m b e ro f j o u r n a li s s u c sp u b l r s h e twj h i l e
o n t h c e d i t o r i a cl o m n r i t t c c .
tPercentage
ol the nationaltotal basedon 1990censusrjata.SeeMark T. Mxttson.A//a.t
o f t h e 1 9 9 0C e n s l s( N e w Y o r k : M a c m i l l a n ,1 9 9 0 ) ,l 2 - 1 3 .
asignificanrlydilfcrent from rhe respecrivedivision popularion
percenrage[p <.05 (df

= l)1.
-

| \l

--

| \l
L)1.

b S i g n i f i c a n t ldyi f l e r c n tl ' r o r nr h e r e s p e c r i vdei v i s i o np o p u l a t i o n
p e r c e n r a g[c2 < . 0 1 ( d l
cSignificantlydrlfcrcnr l'roni the respective
cjivisionpopulationpcrcentagck, <.001 (dl'

IN Mustc Eoucntrtt't
Tnt BuumtN oF HISTIRICALRESEARCH

179

percentof Bulletin authors
Similarly,the finding that seventy-five
contributedonly one articleeachcompares
(fifty-eightof seventy-seven
p"r."nt and eighty-onepercentof authorswho made
*ith seu"nty-eight
between
to the JRME andCRME,respectively,
single-articlecontributions
1983- 92.s
The finding thatloneindividualswroteninety-fivepercentof Bulletin
papers
research
articlescompareswith Hedden'sfindingof few co-authored
p r e s e n t e da t t h e M E N C n a t i o n a l c o n v e n t i o n su n t i l 1 9 9 0 , w h e n
thirty-fourpercentof the papershad morethanoneauthor,
approximately
Bulletinarticlesin Periodone(1980Giventhattherewereno co-authored
in Period
84),andthatfour of thesix articleswith multipleauthorsappeared
in
Four ( 1994-99),the trendtowardmultiple authorsnotedby Hedden
papersmay be at work in TheBulletinon a smallscale.6
research
The first femaleauthordid not appearuntil the beginningof The
l),
Bulletin'ssecondfive-yearperiod(tenth issue,Volume 6, Number
althoughwomenauthoredreviewsand servedon the editorialcommittee
with
from the beginning.The thirty-sevenpercentfigure for Bulletin articles
of femaleauthorsof
at leastone femaleauthoris similarto the p€rcentage
during the 1980s(thirty-sixpercent),and close to
historicaldissertations
papersat the 1990
of MENC research
Hedden'sfigureon femaleauthorship
MENC postersession(forty-threepercent)and female authorsof JRME
articlesfrom the late1970sthroughthe 1980s(forty percent).For unknown
of Bulletinreviews(twentywomenauthoreda smallerpercentage
reasons,
four percent)thanarticles.T
Altogether,women servedthirty percentof The Bulletin's editorial
the
terms during the first twenty years, which is much higher than
journal's
of femaleson the JRME editorialcommitteeduringthat
percentage
on the
iirst fort-yyears(fourteenpercent).However,femalemembership

5 B r i t t i na n d S t a n d l e Y1, 5 0 .
6Hedden,"ResearchSessions,"80' 84'
T H u m p h r e y sB, e s s ,a n d B c r g e c ' 1 2 0 ; H c d d c n '
"Music EducationResearch,"22.

r80

JEneT. Hut'rpuREvs

percentduringits fourth
to twent),-eight
JRME editorialcommitteeincreased
d e c a d e( 1 9 8 3 - 9 2 ) . 8
among The Bulletin's articleauthorswas
Regionalrepresentation
populationpercentage
exceptfor
to eachdivision'srespective
proportionate
the WesternDivision,which failed to produceits shareof articles,and the
Division which producedmore than its share.Of the nine
Southwestern
foreign authorswho contributedto The Bulletin, the work of one appeared
in Period Two, threeappearedin PeriodThree and six appearedin Period
Four. The strongregionaldisparitiesin the authorshipof book reviewscan
be attributedto thefact thatmanyreviewauthorswereUniversityof Kansas
graduatestudents.
In addition,Hellerhimselfpennedfar morereviewsthan
anyoneelse.Therewereno foreignreviewers.
wasdistributedevenlyamongonly four N{ENC
Editorialmembership
divisions relativeto the respectivedivision populations(seeTable 3).
althoughthe indefinitetermsfor
Reasonsfor thisdisparityarenot apparent,
Bulletin editorialcommitteemembers.unlike thosefor the JWE editorial
reasonsfor noncommittee,may be part of the answer.Regardless,
representation
from the Southernand Northwestdivisionsshouldperhaps
be exploredfu(her. In addition,therewereno foreigncommitteemembers,
probablybecause
of TheBulletin'sstatededitorialpolicyof emphasizing
researchon Americantopics.9
Given the demographictrendsover the first twenty years,future
by womenand
Bulletin readerscan probablyexpectmore contributions
articles.
foreigners,as well as morernultipie-author
-Arizona StateUniversity

E l l u n r p h r c yasn t lS t a u l ' l e r
v tb i d .