MSUS Culminating Experience Final Report

Andres Gonzalez
27 April 2018
Project Name: Community Values Mapping for Apache Junction
Project Clients: Joshua MacFadyen, PhD, and City of Apache Junction

1.

Abstract

The City of Apache Junction is located in an environmentally and culturally rich location on the
eastern edge of the Phoenix Metropolitan area. This suburb is expected to grow in the future with
undeveloped land zoned for development. Despite its uniqueness, the city is challenged by a
negative reputation in the region. To help improve the city’s image and promote development,
the City of Apache Junction has partnered with Arizona State University’s Project Cities
program. This Culminating Experience project is one of several initiatives working for and with
the city to help improve quality of life for city residents. The project asks: how can we measure,
identify, and promote locations of high community value in Apache Junction to attract new
residents and create more development opportunities? A PPGIS methodology was used to survey
residents about their favorite locations in Apache Junction; participants were asked to mark their
favorite locations on the map with stickers. Each sticker had a different color and corresponded
with different values. The values were: recreational, cultural, spiritual, aesthetic, and special
place values. All survey responses were transferred from physical maps to online geographic
survey website, Maptionnaire. 6 locations in Apache Junction were identified to have the highest
number of values. This information will be provided to the city of Apache Junction for more
informed decisions on future development and integration into the Positively Apache Junction
rebranding campaign. ASU’s online class HST 485 History of the Wild expanded the survey by
making it publicly available online.
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2.

Table of Contents

Abstract

1

Table of Contents

2

Introduction

3

Project Context

4

Literature Review

6

Client Deliverables Phase 1 and 2

8

Phase 3: Community Values Mapping

14

Findings of Phase 3

20

Discussion of Survey Findings

30

Future Directions

31

Conclusions

32

Appendices and Acknowledgements

34

References

36

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3.

Introduction

The macro-economic issues of higher poverty rates in an outlying suburb can be
addressed by fostering a stronger local community and promoting a better image of a green city
to drive the economy into a better future (Simona, 2015). Long-term economic issues can be
addressed through promotion of local environmental amenities, cultural ties to the land, and
differentiating the city as a destination for nature to increase tourism. The goal of this project
was to quantify the emotional connections of visitors and residents to the natural and cultural
amenities of Apache Junction (AJ). The City of Apache Junction’s aim is to improve its
reputation and attract development and growth; providing the results of this project to the city
will give them a tangible example of how local residents appreciate their city’s places. The
benefit of a participatory geographic study lies in its ability to combine locations and emotions
into quantifiable data, which then can be used for promotional marketing to improve the
reputation of the city. The city needs increased economic development into the future to improve
the wellbeing of its current and future residents. Using values from the community to promote
valuable assets will help connect outside perspectives with the experiences of the community.
The normative nature of sustainable development implies a need for empathy to guide the
decision making of the city to benefit residents’ wellbeing. There is a lack of knowledge by the
city about how the community experiences and values locations; this project quantifies these
values and makes them available for development decisions. ….
The project described in this report is a case study among a wider initiative to improve
the City of Apache Junction’s reputation in the Metropolitan Phoenix area. To meet this
challenge, this project aimed to produce a deliverable that appropriately displays the link
between the local amenities and values of the community. By surveying the local population, the
project aimed to display qualitative data like values, experiences, and history. The expectation of
this project was to have respondents identify their favorite locations in and near the city, and
corresponding each location with a specific value. These community values would then be
translated into a publicly available, interactive, online map for the community to promote itself
and improve the perception of Apache Junction. It would also serve as a tool for the city
government to learn from the citizen’s preferred locations. The connection to sustainability lies
in the process of public participation and pathways to sustainability through promotional usage
of the data. The city of AJ is will update its General Plan in 2020, and is actively incorporating
findings by ASU’s Project Cities for sustainable development into the future.
Using a Public Participation Geographic Information System (PPGIS) method of
surveying at community events, citizen’s historical experience with local amenities will offer the
City of Apache Junction an opportunity to positively promote itself and improve the city’s brand.
This is important because measuring how the local population values their nearby locations will
provide a positive reason to visit Apache Junction, which then becomes an incentive for more
people to live and visit the city (Lo and Jim, 2010). The city envisions building and
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interconnecting more nature trails (City of Apache Junction, 2016, p. 2-6), and this project gives
the government additional tools to determine locations of high value to the community. Increased
connectivity to the area’s amenities will improve the city’s brand and drive future economic
development (Willemsen and Van der Veen, 2014). Local sustainability was improved by
gathering data on citizens’ historical experiences through public participation, giving city
planners historical data to make more informed decisions, and providing the public their
responses by placing it online (Cohen, M., Wiek, A., Kay, B., and Harlow, J., 2015).
Beyond sustainability, the geographic information available to the public increased from
the updating of the online mapping website, OpenStreetMaps (OSM). After updating OSM with
previously unmarked popular trails, the open-platform map website has further detail than it did
previously before this CE Project. This website can be used by anybody and is already used by a
wide range of mapping applications. Due to this increased capacity, the city and public can
gather more data for development, promote present and future nature trails, community
connectivity, and multi-modal transportation as it undergoes sustainable development into the
future. Additionally, this CE Project will provide the city of Apache Junction with a Final Report
of this project. If they desire, they can integrate further PPGIS methods into their community
outreach. In the long-term, these improvements will help the city to improve for future
generations.

4.

Project Context

Apache Junction is a small city of 39,954 in the Phoenix Metropolitan area on the eastern
edge of the metro region in Pinal County. Incorporated in 1978, the city has always been on the
periphery of the urban area and is mostly known for winter-time seasonal residents and westernthemed businesses (Apache Junction Public Library, 2017). Bordering the Tonto National Forest,
the city has proximity to environmental amenities and historic sites, like the Apache Trail and
Lost Dutchman State Park. Geographically positioned as a suburb to Phoenix, Apache Junction
has undeveloped land within its city limits with plans to develop it. The city is positioned to
grow in population into the future.
The city is also known in the Valley for having a negative reputation. Apache Junction
has long-term challenges of poverty, educational attainment, and homelessness that is above
average for the rest of the region. In 2015, 24% of people were in poverty, in 2016, only 13.1%
of adults older than 25 years had a bachelor’s degree or higher, the median household income
was $35,671, and 15.9% of people under 65 years had a disability. In comparison, neighboring
Mesa, AZ had a poverty rate of 16.5%, 24.9% of adults older than 25 held a bachelor’s degree or
higher, median household income was $48,809, and 7.7% of people under 65 years had a
disability (US Census Bureau, 2017). These statistics and realities have translated into the
negative perception of the city. As an example, the city council passed an anti-camping
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ordinance in May 2017 that criminalizes anyone sleeping with bedding materials on public
property (ACLU Arizona, 2017). Essentially, this ordinance targets homeless individuals from
sleeping on public property. From the perspective of people living outside of AJ, hearing about a
homelessness ordinance is an example of information that further ingrains the negative
reputation of the city. The city’s crime rates of the past also contributed to the current negative
reputation. In Apache Junction in 2003, the theft rate was 1235 per 100,000 residents. In 2016,
the theft rate had improved to 597 per 100,000 residents. In comparison, Mesa, AZ had a theft
rate of 3,997 per 100,000 residents in 2003. In 2016, Mesa’s theft rate was 1,757 per 100,000
residents (City Data, 2018). Apache Junction’s crime rate has been trending downward, and is
now just below the state average. This shows how stereotypes created from the past are held by
outsiders into the future, even after realities have improved.
To combat negative messaging reaching the wider public, the city needs to make a
concerted effort to highlight positive aspects that counter the prevailing feelings about the city.
The city is already well known for its proximity to natural trails and historical sites. To visit the
many trails and campgrounds in Tonto National Forest, most visitors from the Phoenix
Metropolitan Area have to drive through Apache Junction. The many RV’s and mobile homes in
the city is a representation of how people are already willing to travel long-distances to visit
nearby natural amenities. The natural amenities that lay just outside the city allows many
regional visitors to simply drive through the city and avoid spending any money or time in
Apache Junction, especially with Mesa, AZ being a much larger neighbor. Along with attracting
tourists, the city would like to become a regional destination for new residents, and new
development opportunities. The city’s population varies with the seasonal temperatures, it swells
in the Winter months from seasonal residents and decreases during the Summer. The city’s
population is projected to grow substantially in the coming decades, from 55,100 in 2015 to
125,400 in 2050 (Maricopa Association of Governments, 2016). A large portion of the land in
Apache Junction is undeveloped, with most of it planned for future development south of the US
60 freeway. There is an urgent need for sustainability to be included in its long-term
development and urban planning strategy. Decisions made in the upcoming years will long term
consequences and determine the environmental, social, and economic wellbeing of current and
future residents. The city recognizes this, indicated by its participation with Project Cities at
ASU.
There is a pathway to a better future for the city and its residents and visitors; AJ just
needs some help to plan its development in a better way, especially in light of limited resources
among city planners. An example of limited resources is Apache Junction’s lack of access to the
Valley Metro public transportation network, which ends several miles away from AJ’s
boundaries in Mesa, AZ. Absence of public transit will continue to hamper socioeconomic
statistics into the future. Furthermore, the city relies on sales tax for revenue and is vulnerable to
increases in online shopping, they do not have property tax (City of Apache Junction, 2018).
Funding further investments to improve the wellbeing of residents and sustainability of the city
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becomes more challenging with decreased revenues, until tax laws change. The city needs new
ways to promote itself, enhance the community, and protect its natural amenities. ASU has
recently begun a program called Project Cities, which aims to partner ASU students with local
cities to work on projects related to sustainability. Apache Junction, AZ is the first city to join
the program; as of Spring 2018, they have projects ongoing and classes working with the city
through the Project Cities program. One of those projects, Positively Apache Junction, has the
goal of improving the city’s image and increasing tourism to the city (Apache Junction – City
Description, 2017).
The rebranding strategy of Positively AJ aims to change the traditional narrative that led
to an image problem. This CE Project helped move the city’s messaging toward leveraging its
uniqueness in the region. By focusing on the community experience and their most valued
locations, AJ has a new model to not only promote itself but begin to establish its own identity
into the future. In practice, this means: more urban in-fill of undeveloped lands with public
amenities, such as parks and libraries, integrating the many biking and equestrian trails that
intersect the city into a multi-modal transportation network, identifying key locations of civic
activity, and increasing targeted investment toward further social infrastructure. Investing in
infrastructure that facilitates social interaction, and brings together residents and visitors, will
leave lasting positive impacts on the community as it grows. Ideally, the future new
developments of the city will be planned and zoned to include lessons learned from Project
Cities case studies. This will help improve the city’s reputation into the future, therefore
attracting more population growth and economic activity. Incorporating the information from
this CE project, and other sustainability case studies, into the city’s General Plan in 2020 will
improve the wellbeing of current and future residents.

5.

Literature Review

Landscape values mapping has beginnings in forestry frameworks. Rolston and Coufal
(1991) argue that the traditional forest values should expand to include other elements, like
humanity. Specifically, the PPGIS framework of that measures 13 different values originated in
this article. The article mentions values like scientific, spiritual, and natural history. These values
are mostly experienced through the human lens, which was a departure from traditional forestry.
In 2004, McIntyre et. al. combined survey methods with the environmental values framework.
The article was an example of PPGIS, people would take photos and mark their favorite areas of
the Dog River area along with their feelings about the location. After they recorded their
experience, a survey was administered to gather data on the visitor’s values. Tyrvainen,
Makinen, and Schippperjin (2007) conducted a PPGIS study in an urban environment in
Helsinki, Finland. They mailed surveys to respondents to comment on their positive or negative
qualities of urban green areas. They found that the highest ranked values were of naturalness,
which implies urban residents highly value accessible beautiful greenspace in the city.
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Beyond just gathering environmental values, Zhu et. al. (2010) used statistical analysis to
find trends in the data. The authors’ density mapping showed clusters along the river, implying
that high valued areas in the community generated the most environmental value and visitation.
Maptionnaire is survey software used to capture and organize geographic data from respondents.
As a case study for Maptionnaire, Helsinki, Finland successfully used the mapping website for
their own stakeholder engagement. Helsinki’s City Planning Department adopted a 10-year
master plan to guide development that focused on sustainable neighborhoods, ecological
solutions, and increasing quality of life for a growing city. 4,700 respondents voluntarily marked
more than 33,000 improvement ideas on the city’s map. The successful usage of a tool like
Maptionnaire is reliant on community feedback (maptionnaire.com). Results showed a
geographically wide distribution of public participation data that is useful for city planners.
Public input on their past experiences, current perceptions, and future desires is a powerful tool
that can guide planners to develop the city more sustainably. It is a useful way to combat the topdown approach to city management and is relatively fast to gather data from a large number of
the population (yleiskaava.maptionnaire.com).
Public Participation GIS has been used in the past to establish an environmental history
of a defined area and local population (MacFadyen, 2016). Like this CE project, a cultural values
study has been done before in Prince Edward Island, Canada (Novaczek et. al., 2011). PPGIS is
useful to understand qualitative data in a defined area. One of the drawbacks of this method is
representativeness; the demographics of participants tend to be different than the general
population of an area. Online surveys often skew toward individuals who have internet and
technology access, free time, and who are engaged with the local environment. Individuals do
not even need to physically be in the area, seasonal residents and locals can complete the survey
questions on the internet (Munro et. al., 2017). Apache Junction has seasonal visitors that come
for the Tonto National Forest, yet they have to combat a negative reputation in the Phoenix area.
The local culture of walking through trails can show people outside the community the benefits
of living in Apache Junction and importance of nearby protected areas (Levin, Lechner, and
Brown, 2017).
The City of Apache Junction aims to attract new residents, tourists, and create
development opportunities. Due to the city’s location among naturally and culturally rich
amenities, the city government understands that protecting and expanding access to these
amenities positively impacts residents. Overall, this is in-line with sustainable development. The
negative reputation facing the city is a problem that challenges that stated goal. This challenge
hinders the economic growth of the city, which then hinders the city’s future potential to improve
the socioeconomic statistics, and overall health and wellbeing, stated in the Introduction. To
counter the prevailing reputation, the city has already partnered with ASU’s Project Cities and its
rebranding of Positively Apache Junction. From a governmental and institutional level, the
partnership with ASU and Positively AJ is the subscribed sustainability solution. This CE Project
shifts from the grand institutional sustainability perspective to individual values.
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If a city has a negative reputation from people living outside the city, then the best way to
counter this is with perspectives of local residents. The key is public participation. Solutions are
more sustainable when those being impacted by the change are directly engaged and participate
in that process. How can a city quantify qualitative information like values and make those
values tangible enough to be transferable to the wider public in a rebranding initiative? A PPGIS
methodology can integrate individual engagement and package their values as locations on a
map. Public participation is necessary to make the values credible, and the GIS is necessary to
locate these values on a map. To promote positive aspects of a city, it is necessary to learn from
local residents to find the most valued places in the community. People experience their
community in locations, and those locations have feelings attached to them. For example, during
the engagement process in Phase 3 of this CE Project, many residents referred to Superstition
Mountain as ‘my mountain’. Learning, quantifying, organizing, and promoting a community’s
values is an antidote to a negative reputation. Public Participation GIS does most of this, it is
then up to the City of Apache Junction to promote the most valued locations of its residents.
Thanks to Project Cities, this is likely to occur. The result of this project is a better narrative to
promote the city. This project, using PPGIS, provides a pathway to sustainability.

6.

Client Deliverables Phase 1 and 2

This project was initiated through a combination of my personal interest in Geographic
Information Systems (GIS) and a connection with an ASU professor named Joshua MacFadyen.
He would be teaching an online history class that provided deliverables to the city of Apache
Junction, through ASU’s Project Cities program, during the same semester of this project. He
became my main client and acted as a point of communication for me to contact city officials at
AJ. The project was separated into 3 distinct phases, each phase leading into the next. Phase 1
was general improvements to OpenStreetMap information in and round Apache Junction. Phase
2 was combining historical aerial photographs of Apache Junction into single images for use by
the HST 485 class. Phase 3 was a community values survey, and main focus of the project.
Phase 3 had the greatest impact on sustainability, so is the majority of this Final Report starting
at Heading 7.
Below are the descriptions and results of Phase 1 and Phase 2 of this CE Project.

Phase 1: OpenStreetMaps (OSM) Improvements
Phase 1 was necessary because Phase 3 would benefit from a more up to date basemap
for the online version of the community values survey. Maptionnaire, the website used to
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facilitate the online version of the survey, uses OSM as a basemap. OSM is a crowd sourced,
publicly available, completely free website where users can voluntarily update the map of the
world. It is integrated into many mapping applications, similar to the well-known Google Maps.
There was a noticeable lack of local hiking, biking, equestrian, and mixed use trails in and
around Apache Junction identified on OSM prior to this project. Satellite imagery of the area is
somewhat useful to identify trails, but many trails blend in with the surroundings and are difficult
to identify from aerial photographs.

Fig 1. STRAVA Heatmap showing area around Apache Junction, AZ.
According Fig 1, the brighter colors indicate an area with higher traffic. People use
wearable technology as they hike, bike, run, etc. This is useful because people are known to walk
off of a declared path and establish trails on their own. With this map, OSM was updated with
trails that were previously unmarked. Below is a simple example of the improvements that were
made to OSM. These improvement are mostly to unmarked trails visible from aerial photographs
but not yet marked on the OSM website.

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Fig 2. Trails shown along Junction St, between Arroyo Rd and Goldfield Rd. Apache Junction,
AZ. This was not marked in OSM but still visible and identified through STRAVA.

Fig 3. The black lines are the actual lines created and added to OSM. A blue flag is a visual aide
during the creation process.

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Fig 4. Example of a final update made on OSM. The blue line running left to right, which
identifies a previously unmarked trail, is an update made during Phase 1 of the project. This is
the same aerial location as Figures 2 and 3. OpenStreetMap.

Fig 5. A representation of all trail updates made on OSM during project. It is difficult to show all
updates on OSM because they are only visible when zoomed in closely, like Fig 3. This
representation on Google Maps is to display total updates completed.

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With more trails added, the online version of the survey would have more information
available to respondents. One of the Maptionnaire base layers is OpenStreetMaps. The online
survey on Maptionnaire directly benefitted from the OSM updates by displaying more trails to
residents. Outside of the scope of this project, OSM is open to the public. These trail updates to
the area can be used by locals and integrated into other GIS applications that use OSM as its
basemap.

Phase 2: Creation of Historical Basemaps
ASU’s HST 485 class needed historical images of Apache Junction to perform a project
that documented the change and expansion of the city over time. As a deliverable to the main
client, Professor Joshua MacFadyen, this CE project combined 4 separate historical aerial images
into a more useable combined single image for 1985 and 2004. The class used these combined
images to study the historical development of the city and identify places that are mentioned in
historical texts, like scrap books. This class project was performed by the class for the city of AJ
and outside the scope of this CE project. by….
Work was performed using Esri ArcMap 10.5 software. Eight individual aerial images of
AJ were provided in the .tif file format, 4 images from 1985 and 4 from 2004. Each individual
aerial image was georeferenced, and given GPS coordinates to use in GIS software. Once given
coordinates, the images were combined using the Mosaic tool in ArcMap. This tool combines
multiple raster files, image files with colored pixels, into a single .tif file as a colored image. This
work process was done for both the 1985 images and 2004 images. A total of 8 aerial images
were georeferenced, and 2 combined images were delivered to the client as deliverables.

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Fig 6. Aerial image of Apache Junction taken in 1985. Combined 4 separate images into 1 single
image. Work performed on ArcMap 10.5 software. Original aerial image files provided by
ASU’s Geospatial Hub.

Fig 7. Aerial image of Apache Junction taken in 2004. Combined 4 separate images into 1 single
image. Work performed on ArcMap 10.5 software. Original aerial image files provided by
ASU’s Geospatial Hub.

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With the creation of these maps, HST 485 was able to complete their projects and provide
additional deliverables to the City of Apache Junction. Their projects, and the base images this
CE project created, are part of the greater overall deliverables provided to the city as Project
Cities and Positively Apache Junction. The class studied the place history of the city. This was
related to this CE project because the class is compiling a history going back to sources from the
1960’s, and this CE project is compiling locational values from residents in the present.

7. Phase 3: Community Values Mapping
Methodology: Why Public Participation GIS (PPGIS)?
The City of Apache Junction aims to attract new residents, tourists, and create
development opportunities. Due to the city’s location among naturally and culturally rich
amenities, the city government understands that protecting and expanding access to these
amenities positively impacts residents. Overall, this is in-line with sustainable development. The
negative reputation facing the city is a problem that challenges that stated goal. This challenge
hinders the economic growth of the city, which then hinders the city’s future potential to improve
the socioeconomic statistics, and overall health and wellbeing, stated in the Introduction. To
counter the prevailing reputation, the city has already partnered with ASU’s Project Cities and its
rebranding of Positively Apache Junction. From a governmental and institutional level, the
partnership with ASU and Positively AJ is the subscribed sustainability solution. This CE Project
shifts from the grand institutional sustainability perspective to individual values.
If a city has a negative reputation from people living outside the city, then a strong way to
counter this is with favorite places of local residents. Places that are highly valued by residents
will offer a clear vision into the community by those living in AJ without outside stereotypes.
The key is public participation. Solutions are more sustainable when those being impacted by the
change are directly engaged and participate in that process. How can a city quantify qualitative
information like values, and make those values tangible enough to be transferable to the wider
public in a rebranding initiative? A PPGIS methodology can integrate individual engagement and
package their values as locations on a map. Public participation is necessary to make the values
credible, and the GIS is necessary to locate these values on a map. To promote positive aspects
of a city, it is necessary to learn from local residents to find the most valued places in the
community. People experience their community in locations, and those locations have feelings
attached to them. For example, during the engagement process in Phase 3 of this CE Project,
many residents referred to Superstition Mountain as ‘my mountain’. Learning, quantifying,
organizing, and promoting a community’s values is an antidote to a negative reputation. Public
Participation GIS does most of this, it is then up to the City of Apache Junction to promote the
most valued locations of its residents. Thanks to Project Cities, this is likely to occur. The result
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of this project is a better narrative to promote the city. This project, using PPGIS, provides a
pathway to sustainability.

Survey Implementation
The culmination of this project revolved around the community values survey. It was during
this time many residents, volunteers, government officials, and visitors of Apache Junction were
met. Essentially, Phase 3 was a two week dive into the community of Apache Junction. 3
community mapping survey sessions were performed at 2 different events. All data gathering
sessions were nearly identical except for the location, with similar materials and survey period of
4 hours. This CE Project was generously provided space at the City of Apache Junction’s booth
to conduct the survey. The first event was at the Lost Dutchman Marathon Health and Fitness
Exposition, held at the Apache Junction Multi-Generational Center on Saturday, February 17th
2018. This event was both a time to sign up for the marathon happening that weekend and for
vendors and organizations to set up booths and talk to people. The second event was at the Lost
Dutchman Days Rodeo on February 23rd and 24th. This event is much larger; it attracts thousands
visitors. There is a large carnival area, a rodeo arena with elevated seating, and booths for selling
items and food. All three survey sessions were 4 hours long.

Fig 8. Map of Apache Junction used to conduct Phase 3 Community Values Survey. Yellow
border is AJ city limits.
A 48in by 36in map of Apache Junction and surrounding area was placed on a foam
board for stability. The survey administrator stood with stickers and engaged with anyone who
would walk by. The administrator initiated the conversation with a simple, “Hi, would you like
to participate in a sticker survey? You get to mark your favorite places in Apache Junction on the
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map.” From there, the interaction might end with the individual not participating. Once someone
was interested, the administrator engaged with them to participate and establish a connection.
During this process, the administrator raised a clipboard with simple color-coded instructions.
There were 5 different colors of sticker, with each color signifying a different value. The values
were recreational, spiritual, cultural, aesthetic, and special place value. Special Place was
included for people to indicate locations that had meaning to them personally. This was the
source of many stories, like the sites of weddings and other favorite memories. These values
were chosen to keep the survey simple and leave enough space for self-expression. Almost
always, survey respondents would express themselves by telling speaking about their favorite
locations.

Definition of Survey Values
These definitions were only provided to survey respondents if requested. Otherwise,
residents were informed about the color coding for stickers and left to contribute to the map as
they pleased. Strict definitions were mostly avoided to maintain that participant’s own values and
feelings came through in the data, and were not otherwise influenced by the methodology. In
practice, respondents were influenced by the group they were at the event with. Definitions
below also are imbedded into online format of the survey.
Recreational Value- Yellow
A place where you like to go to enjoy yourself. Outdoors, indoors, wherever you go to
enjoy nature, the city, and people.
Aesthetic Value- Green
A place that is beautiful. It can be good for pictures or stunning to experience in-person.
This can be natural or man-made.
Cultural Value- Red
A place that is important to understanding local experience and holds local activities.
This can be anything: outdoor, indoor, natural, man-made, temporary, or permanent.
Spiritual Value- Blue
A place that is a source of mental, emotional, and inner peace or strength. This can be
serene, religious, peaceful, personal, or for a group. This can also be subjective.
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Special Place Value- Gray
A place that is meaningful to you for whatever reason you like. You may have a fond
memory or history with this place. If the other 4 values are not adequate, then chose this point.

Synopsis of Survey Sessions
Survey Session 1
The first event was at the Lost Dutchman Marathon Health and Fitness Exposition, held
at the Apache Junction Multi-Generational Center on Saturday, February 17th (2018). This was
the first the survey session of the project, so it was a kind of training session on how to best
administer the survey. The administrator stayed with the booth, and actively spoke to any of the
city employees or other booth volunteers who were also stationed around me. Most of the
stickers placed that day was from city volunteers. This is mostly due to people signing up to
participate in the marathon that weekend, most were from out of town and did not have any
knowledge of the community to place values on the map. When speaking to them, they were
excited to run and discover AJ during their stay. Survey performed from 8:30am to 12:30pm.

Fig 11. Sticker survey Results from February 17th 2018 at Lost Dutchman Fitness Marathon
Exposition. Total of 46 values.

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Values Gathered on Saturday, February 17th
Survey Map
1

Recreational

Cultural

Special Place

Spiritual

Aesthetic

Total= 46

13

7

13

6

7

Survey Session 2
The next weekend was the second event to administer the survey. Lost Dutchman Days
Rodeo on Friday, February 23rd 2018 was a cold, windy, and cloudy day. The wind was so strong
a trip to the store was needed to buy large black paper clips to keep the map attached to the foam
board. Otherwise, the survey map, along with the table cloth, would have blown away. Due to
poor weather, very few people attended the rodeo event during the survey session. To ensure that
some data was gathered that day, the survey administrator walked around the fair grounds to
engage volunteers working booths. Most of the survey responses came from volunteers and city
workers because attendance was low. Survey was conducted from 2pm to 6pm.

Fig 12. Sticker survey results from February 23rd 2018. Total of 35 values.

Values Gathered Friday, February 23rd
Survey Map
2

Recreational

Cultural

Special Place

Spiritual

Aesthetic

Total= 35

17

4

6

5

3

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Figure 9. A group of children participating in the survey on February 23rd.

Figure 10. A group of event volunteers participating in the survey on February 23rd.

Survey Session 3
The second day of the Lost Dutchman Days Rodeo, February 24 th 2018, was clear
weather and many thousands of people attend the day’s festivities. There was engagement from
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people walking by the map, many were curious about the project. It was the largest data set out
of any of the three days, and it was a culmination of my other two days of practice. Study was
performed from 10am to 2pm.

Fig 13. Sticker survey results from February 24th 2018. Total of 105 values.

Values Gathered Saturday, February 24th
Survey Map
3

Recreational

Cultural

Special Place

Spiritual

Aesthetic

Total= 105

32

19

27

10

17

8.

Findings of Phase 3

Survey Totals
All Surveys

Recreational

Cultural

Special Place

Spiritual

Aesthetic

Total= 186

62

30

46

21

27

According to the survey results, the most used value category was Recreational, followed
by Special Place, Cultural, Aesthetic, and Spiritual values. Survey respondents marked
recreational as 33% of all values, this indicates that people appreciate places that either provides
entertainment activities or a is a place that facilitates them. A high use of special place values
reveals that people hold locations close to their own feelings and experiences. This is a major
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opportunity to quantify the feelings of residents and help facilitate empathy between outsiders
and locals. Many people marked their own homes as a special place. From a normative
perspective, the city’s pathway to sustainability might be to connect neighborhoods with
locations with high density of values. To care about resident’s special places leads to connecting
those places to other highly valued areas for convenient transportation options. Spiritual and
aesthetic values were the least used value. This might mean the city needs to improve the
spiritual and aesthetic opportunities in AJ, or the survey respondents themselves preferred the
other values as choices to participate. Churches were often marked as spiritual.

Fig 14. Results of all 3 paper maps placed on the online version at Maptionnaire.com. Every
color has a value. Grand total of 186 values.

Density Maps and Areas of Interest
Density maps highlight areas that have a high concentration of values nearby one another.
This is signified by changing colors and enlarged spots on the map. In the maps below, red areas
are very dense, with blue areas having one or two values. These maps are useful to identify
important locations in the community. Identifying these locations was vital to the success of the
CE project.

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Fig 15. Density map of total survey results over survey area.

Fig 16. Density map of central city area. 1.) Northernmost hotspot is Apache Junction Public
Library, Multigenerational Center, and City Hall. 2.) Green hotspot in center is Flatiron Park. 3.)
Southernmost hotspot is Los Gringos Locos restaurant.

Several dense spots of values are noticeable in AJ. These are all within city limits and are
mostly from public investment. Libraries, parks, and community centers are all valued by the
community. It is noteworthy that all of these locations are close together, within 1 mile of each
other. This means the rest of the city is not within a short distance of these highly valued
amenities. In situations where a resident does not have transportation, getting to these locations
would be a challenge due to distance. The city is not connected to Valley Metro and does not
have location public transportation. Los Gringos Locos is the outlier as a restaurant, there is
more than one restaurant in AJ.

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Fig 17. Density map Northeast of Apache Junction city limits. 1.) Green hotspot to the West are
the Lost Dutchman – Superstition Mountain Museum and Elvis Presley Memorial Chapel. 2.)
Long band of values that cover Superstition Mountain from Southeast Corner of image to Lost
Dutchman State Park hotspot, North-Center of image.

These areas to the Northeast of AJ are outside of city limits. The distribution is spread out
over a wide area, Superstition Mountain is widely valued. The chapel and museum is valued in
proximity to the state park. On the ground, the transition between the museum and the state park
is seamless. It all feels like a single connected area, with nature and desert not interrupted by
development from the museum to the mountain.

Fig 18. Density map of Prospector Park area. North-central area of the city.

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The distribution of points around Prospector Park indicates the natural areas on the North
side of AJ are valued by survey respondents. The nature trails and Rodeo grounds are marked
and are nearby to Prospector Park.

6 Most Valued Locations
Below is a list and description of areas identified in Figures 16, 17, and 18 as having the
greatest number of values. The density maps were used to identify the hot spots for values, and
the below maps offer a zoomed in image with each value being visible.

Fig 19. Superstition Mountain and Lost Dutchman State Park. 40 values total. 12 Recreational. 8
Special Place. 7 Cultural. 6 Aesthetic. 7 Spiritual.

Superstition Mountain and Lost Dutchman State Park
Superstition Mountain is visible from any part of Apache Junction; Lost Dutchman State
Park is 6 miles away from downtown. It towers over the city and is a major source of local pride.
Lost Dutchman State Park opened in 1977 and is at the North Western base of the mountain. It is
a popular destination for hiking and camping. Historically, it is a key entry point to the Apache
Trail into the Superstition Mountain Range. The hike to the top of the mountain, Flat Iron trail, is
renowned as a difficult and beautiful hike that many of the locals have accomplished. All of the
values are high, but spiritual values are highest in this area compared to all of the other locations.
This shows how residents have deep feelings attached to the area and is an important fixture that
brings the community together.
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Fig 20. Apache Junction Public Library, Multigenerational Center, and City Hall. 19 values total.
9 Recreational. 2 Special Place. 5 Cultural. 2 Aesthetic. 1 Spiritual.

Multigenerational Center and Library
The Multigenerational Center is a central location for residents of Apache Junction to
come together for many different activities. It is a catalyst in a way, fostering community fabric
community through events and exercise rooms. The building is purposefully integrated with the
surrounding mountain views and desert landscape with large windows for unobstructed views.
Built in 2006, the desert-like architecture is an example of the city maturing with modern
amenities for the public that match the natural surroundings. The library was also stated as a
favorite place to go. These buildings are right next to each other, it seems there is synergy by
having them nearby and creating a richer feeling of community in a single location. Recreational
and cultural value is high here, indicating the community frequently uses the area for social
gatherings and the arts.

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Fig 21. Superstition Mountain – Lost Dutchman Museum and Elvis Presley Memorial Chapel. 17
total values. 2 Recreational. 6 Special Place. 4 Cultural. 3 Aesthetic. 2 Spiritual.

Superstition Mountain – Lost Dutchman Museum and Elvis Presley Memorial Chapel

Opened in 1990, the Superstition Mountain Museum is a cultural and historical center for
the entire region that is the Superstition Mountains. It is just outside of the Apache Junction city
boundaries. A major attraction to this location is the Elvis Presley Memorial Chapel. It is a
popular wedding venue with a beautiful view of Superstition Mountain behind it. The museum
complex hosts many events and is very busy on the weekends. The site is locally popular
because it incorporates outdoor elements into the museum, it is not a single building but a part of
the community. The higher Special Place values is notable, with the Elvis Presley Memorial
Chapel for weddings and other events.

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Fig 22. Flatiron Park. 16 total values. 4 Recreational. 7 Special Place. 2 Cultural. 3 Aesthetic. 0
Spiritual.

Flatiron Community Park

By far the newest location on this list, Flatiron Park was a favorite of many people who
participated in the survey. Opened in 2017, this park is right in the middle of the city in the
downtown area. It is mostly a green grass park that can also be used as an event space. There is a
small hill, concrete sitting area, child play sets, and water spouts that come out of the concrete
floor. Respondents stated it was a mark of progress for the city and a favorite place to go on a
regular basis. There is a noticeable lack of spiritual values in this area. Perhaps the downtown
intersection is not known for its spirituality, and the brand new park does not have enough
history to hold spiritual value like older places around AJ.

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Fig 23. Prospector Park. 14 values total. 9 Recreational. 2 Special Place. 0 Cultural. 3 Aesthetic.
0 Spiritual.

Prospector Park
Prospector Park is a location in Apache Junction that packs many uses in a single
location. There are: 4 lighted softball fields, 2 lighted sports fields, a playground, horseshoe pits,
2 volleyball courts, racquetball courts, tennis courts, basketball courts, 11 picnic ramadas, and
additional grass turf and natural desert landscape greenspace. The park is located in an
undeveloped area of the city, so the surrounding areas are desert landscape. The park is designed
to be integrated with the wider nature trail network. Trails begin, end, and go past the park. It is
also within 1 mile of the Lost Dutchman Days Rodeo grounds. Recreational values were high at
Prospector park, which indicates the respondents value this park as a place for sports and
physical activity.

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Fig 24. Los Gringos Locos Restaurant. 6 values total. 2 Recreational. 2 Special Place. 1 Cultural.
1 Aesthetic. 0 Spiritual.

Los Gringos Locos Restaurant

Los Gringos Locos was a common restaurant cited as a favorite place to socialize and eat.
This was the only business with a large cluster of values, indicating that this particular restaurant
is a local favorite. It opened in 2002 and is in the downtown area with a central location. This
site was given value by multiple respondents across different survey days, not of the same group
and therefore did not coordinate. No other individual restaurant, church, or shopping center was
mentioned as much as this restaurant. This privately owned social location holds a valuable place
in the community above other similar locations, at least within the particular group of people
who participated in the survey.

Summary

In summary, there were 6 locations identified by the community with highest number of
values. All of these locations combine account for 112 values and 60% of total values. The most
valued location, Superstition Mountain and Lost Dutchman State Park, had 40 values, which is
21% of total values from the CE Project. This area acts as a monument for the community,
always visible from any direction and visually stunning. The importance of this location was
highlighted by people referring to Superstition as “my mountain” or “our mountain”. 3 of the
highly valued locations are product of city investment. The values from the Multigenerational
Center and Public Library, Flatiron Park, and Prospector Park all add up to 49 values and 26% of
the total values from the entire project. The two locations that are privately owned, the
Superstition Mountain – Lost Dutchman Museum and Elvis Presley Memorial Chapel and Los
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Gringos Locos Restaurant, add up to 23 values and 12% of the total project’s values. Each of the
6 locations have uniqueness to them within the community, and this might explain why they
were chosen as highly valued locations. The most prominent sports facility, Prospector Park, was
highly valued for recreation. There is only one Multigenerational Center and Public Library in
AJ and the complex is highly valued for culture. Superstition Mountain is the most prominent
natural feature in the area can be seen from any point in AJ; the surveyed residents resoundingly
chose the mountain with the most values. In some cases, these highly valued locations feed off of
the other ones to increase value as cultural and natural amenities. The Superstition Museum and
Elvis Chapel are near Lost Dutchman State Park, the chapel benefits from the natural beauty of
the state park.

9. Discussion of Survey Findings
Of those that participated in the study, it is obvious that the built environment is highly
valued by the community. Out of the 6 most popular locations in Apache Junction, 5 were in the
built environment of the city. Only the Superstition Mountain itself and the neighboring Lost
Dutchman State Park had a large cluster that was primarily a natural area. Lost Dutchman State
Park arguably has built environment elements with camping spaces and infrastructure. This is
interesting because the values of the community do not reflect the prevailing feeling of why
people move to Apache Junction. Generally, people will retire there or stay seasonally for a
warmer winter. There are many choices in Arizona for this lifestyle, but many who choose AJ do
so because of the natural beauty and many nature trails. This CE project assumed that there
would be more values on desert landscape areas without development, but it is mostly bare.
There are some implications to this. Most the respondents did not prioritize undeveloped
desert land to mark on the map over other locations. Of course, there are locations marked on the
map that are nature trails. The survey results visually skew toward hotspots, and not the overall
distribution of marked values spread across undeveloped land. Politically, and from a policy
perspective, it is easier for the government to meet the needs of local residents by focusing on
locations with a higher density of values. Therefore, it would be expedient to develop over land
that is less valued and protect locations that are have high density of values. In terms of
improving the reputation of Apache Junction, the 5 of the 6 most valued locations are a
combination of public investment, historical values, and recreation. Los Gringos Locos is the
exception as a local business. Additionally, the value with the highest amount of stickers was
recreational value, with 62 out of the 186 total. With this new public participation data, the city
can market these locations and help improve the reputation of the city as a place for recreation
and unique local culture.
From a sustainability perspective, the locations that were identified provide value to the
wider community that benefit the local residents. There is a positive feedback loop between
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inherent value and perceived value. For example, the historical value of the Lost Dutchman
Mining Town brings positive economic impacts to the city as a tourist attraction. The businesses
there provide services and jobs for local residents, and the local culture is promoted through
appreciation of the history. This location is a place of social gathering, adds to the local
economy, and promotes awareness of the environment by maintaining a historical Western USA
theme that integrates with the desert. These locations provide value to the community, and are
thereby valued by the residents themselves.

10. Future Directions
This Culminating Experience project is being extended by other students. Dr.
MacFadyen’s online history class is conducted an expanded survey to what this project
compeleted. Instead of performing it on a paper map with stickers, the students will be sent out
survey links on the internet and respondents completed the survey online through Maptionnnaire.
Another difference is the historical context being gathered and connected to locations. Beyond
what is being done by the online history class, there is a major gap exposed by this CE project
that will need to be addressed for future studies: better metadata. One of the difficulties of
performing the survey through paper and stickers is that the demographics of the individual is
not always clear. The community values data would be much more useful if the values could be
further separated into categories of a local resident, seasonal resident, or passing though visitor.
Separating the survey data into more categories gives depth to the data and trends would be
easier to identify. This would allow the city of AJ to better understand what kind of person
values certain amenities. This project and survey method was only administered by one person.
This report suggests adding additional sustainability agents to engage with people and help
administer the survey, it would be potentially powerful to incorporate long-form stories and
feelings attached with locations on a map beyond a predetermined value. A more ideal PPGIS
survey would gather and organize stories with specific locations.
The greatest opportunity for the next group of students lies in the usage of the data itself
for promotional purposes. In the case of this CE project, it stopped at the gathering stage and it is
up to the city to utilize it for the betterment of its residents. If a team of students is able to act on
the completed Maptionnaire data, that would be a needed expansion to the study. At the end of
this semester, the online survey and data set was expanded from HST 485’s online survey
respondents. The expanded data set revealed similar trends with density of values around 5 main
areas, excluding Los Gringos Locos Restaurant. It is likely Apache Junction will utilize any
sustainability help, since it is participating in ASU’s Project Cities Program. A sustainability
communications solution is needed to address negative stereotypes about the city. For example,
the issue of crime rate and safety in Apache Junction has improved to a point of proving the
stereotype to be incorrect. As with all stereotypes, this one is built on a misconception that does
not reflect the full experience of the community. The most highly valued locations are mostly
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open to the public. Enjoying recreation or their special place out in the open with other residents
in nature is a message that needs to be promoted. A growing community with access to nature
trails that listens to its residents is a potent positive image that should also be promoted. This CE
project, as a pilot study, has proven that the PPGIS methodology can generate useful stakeholder
data and quantify how the community feels.
There is an opportunity for the city to perform the same survey for a longer period and in
an online format, generating a much larger data set and finding other highly valued places in the
community. The city should bring these highly valued amenities to current areas of the city that
are lacking, and invest in connecting these locations with multi-modal transportation trails for
easier access. As the city develops empty land, they now have a framework of values and
amenities to include with urban growth. Future investment should prioritize characteristics of
favored sites identified by residents, like community centers and maintained grass parks. These
new locations must improve the wellbeing of the community, which will aid goal of attracting
new residents and tourism. This project would be improved by gathering a place history from
residents. It would be powerful to attach locations on the map with entire histories and
experiences. Resident stories were heard during the survey process of this CE project, but were
not written or quantified. This could be further incorporated into decision making for
development by the city. A major opportunity for improvement, and a sustainability
communications project, is the development of marketing materials from data gathered in this
project. To achieve the full potential of this CE project, marketing materials need to be created
that incorporates insight, stories, and empathy from stakeholder engagement and promoted. Web
pages, videos, travel guides, and place histories are all viable options. The promotional materials
need to convey the values of the community attached to the highly valued location.

11. Conclusions
Results of the community values mapping process clearly reveals places in the city of
Apache Junction that are valued by residents in the community. At a minimum, there are 6
locations identified in the data that provide location and values associated with that place. People
gravitated toward certain locations that showed widespread value among those in the community
that were surveyed. With these locations, the City of Apache Junction can prioritize them in a
promotional effort to improve the city’s reputation. One of the challenges facing Apache
Junction is a negative reputation, which inhibits the city’s ability to attract development and
provide better welfare to its residents. The results of this Public Participation GIS methodology
reveal that there is a pathway to sustainable development by looking at locally valued locations
and promoting them as vital locations in the community. Parks, historical sites, mountains,
museums, community centers, public investment, these are all amenities and investments that
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will attract investment and new residents when marketed properly. Coupled with the city’s other
established goals of sustainable development, like an active transportation plan and increasing
connectivity of the city’s mixed-use trials, further public investment into unique amenities is a
pathway to further public appreciation of their city. This is a pathway to sustainable
development, through data gathering and public participation.
AJ should be promoted as a city that is safe, has unique cultural and natural amenities,
and is being built for the future with sustainable planning. Project Cities is providing advice that,
if acted upon, would help transform the city into a highly desirable destination for new residents
and economic development. As the city doubles in size to 125,400 by 2050, important amenities
will need to be spread to new areas of the city. Currently, most of the natural amenities are to the
Northeast of the city, and the rest of the identified locations of high value are clustered in the
center of the city. Most new development will be built South of the US 60 freeway, and this new
development needs to incorporate sustainability lessons learned from the Project Cities
partnership. This CE project provided solutions to address the challenging negative reputation
that is negatively impacting the city’s development. Natural and cultural amenities that are
important to the community have been identified, and can be used as lessons for increasing the
wellbeing and development of Apache Junction. Increasing access to parks, community centers,
commercial centers, and conserving natural desert areas area all goals that should be promoted
within the city and promoted outside the city. The unique history, landmarks, and young age of
Apache Junction is a combination that is ripe for sustainable development. The city has to act
and plan properly to make this happen. The survey methodology can be repeated by the city to
gather more stakeholder engagement into the future.
At the conclusion of this semester, Spring 2018, the Maptionnaire data will be given to
the City of Apache Junction. Larry Kirch, Development Services Director of the Planning &
Zoning Department at Apache Junction, is the point of contact with the city and will receive the
computer files. The data from this CE Project, public participation survey sessions with paper
maps and stickers, was combined with the online surveys of HST 485 as a single data set.
Shapefiles useable in ArcMap software and Excel files will be provided, these files will then be
analyzed and used by Apache Junction’s Geospatial Lab for city purposes. Combining this
project’s findings with other findings from ASU students in HST 485 provided the city with a
more robust data set. Directly providing the data for the city quickly makes the data accessible
for decision making. In addition to providing the data to the city, the findings of this CE Project
was presented on a poster and at the Project Cities Showcase on April 25th 2018. This event was
open to the public and was be attended by members of the Apache Junction government. The
historical findings of the HST 485 course and this CE project were presented together as a
package of values and history stakeholder engagement to the city of AJ. Combined with the
online class, the survey had 1100 values marked on the map. ASU had paid for 3 moths of use of
Maptionnaire. The City of AJ is interested in using the survey website to gather more stakeholder
engagement, but a high cost to access the software is prohibitive. Finally, a Final Report
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Deliverable was provided to the main client, Professor Joshua MacFadyen, and will be sent to
the City of Apache Junction along with the historical findings of the online class. This will
directly deliver findings of the project to the city for their own use. Recommendations for urban
development to improve resident wellbeing will be provided. All recommendations and insights
were generated from the PPGIS data and public engagement.
The data presented in this Final Report can be slightly muddled when only viewed in this
static word document. The survey data is best observed within the Maptionnaire website and
ArcMap software. A powerful function of the Maptionnaire platform, and why it was chosen for
data processing of the PPGIS data, is that the viewing of the data can change on-demand. This
survey is publicly available, the link is presented in Heading #12 Appendices and
Acknowledgements. Map layers, data layers, and analytical tools can be filtered and combined
for data viewing that easily reveals trends. With that in mind, it is best that the source data and
final Maptionnaire survey materials are being provided to the city for easy access for their
purposes.

12. Appendices and Acknowledgements
STRAVA’s Global HeatMap was used to identify trails in Apache Junction and marked in
OpenStreetMap.

Strava Global Heatmap. (n.d.). Retrieved February 3, 2018, from
https://www.strava.com/heatmap#7.00/-120.90000/38.36000/hot/all
OpenStreetMap. (n.d.). https://www.openstreetmap.org/

Maptionnaire was the website used to compile the survey results and generate density maps.
Results presented in this report are just the beginning of a larger public survey that will be given
to City of Apache Junction. Students from ASU’s HST 485 History of the Wild online class,
Spring 2018, will have added their own data from online respondents on top of the results from
this CE project.

Maptionnaire - gather local insight for smarter urban planning. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12,
2017, from https://maptionnaire.com/

Direct Link to survey and data from this CE Final Report:
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https://app.maptionnaire.com/en/analysis/4009/

ASU’s Geospatial Hub provided the 8 historical aerial images of Apache Junction to this CE
Project. During Phase 2 of the project, 2 historical images were created by consolidating 4
images each into a single image.

https://lib.asu.edu/geo

Thanks
Thank you to Larry Kirsch and the City of Apache Junction for allowing me to use the
city’s booth during the Lost Dutchman Day’s Rodeo and Lost Dutchman Marathon Fitness Expo.
They provided space and materials to conduct the survey. Thank you to Anne Reichman for
supporting the project with ASU materials to hand out to survey respondents. Thank you to
Professor Joshua MacFadyen, for not only being a client but a mentor during this CE Project.
Thank you to ASU’s Geospatial Hub in the Noble Library for aid in creating the two historical
aerial images from 1985 and 2004. Particularly, Jill Sherwood was instrumental with trouble
shooting the Mosaic tool in ArcMap to properly combine images.

Note: To keep the file size of this report smaller, many of the images in this Word
document are of low quality. If original higher quality images were added the file size of this
document would be much larger.

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13. References
City of Apache Junction, 2016. Connecting Past, Present, & Future: Trail Connectivity,
Downtown Visioning & State Land Visioning
Cohen, M., Wiek, A., Kay, B., Harlow, J., & Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of
Sustainability. (2015). Aligning Public Participation to Stakeholders’ Sustainability
Literacy—A Case Study on Sustainable Urban Development in Phoenix, Arizona.
Crime rate in Apache Junction, Arizona (AZ). (n.d.). Retrieved April 26, 2018, from
http://www.city-data.com/crime/crime-Apache-Junction-Arizona.html
Co-planning with residents, simply and effectively. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2017, from
https://maptionnaire.com/customerstories/helsinki-community-engagement/
Data Mapping and Visualization Tool — CARTO. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2017, from
https://carto.com/builder/
Historical Aerial Photography. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2017, from
https://gis.maricopa.gov/GIO/HistoricalAerial/index.html
Home. (n.d.). Retrieved November 10, 2017, from https://sustainability.asu.edu/project-cities/
Homeless in Apache Junction? Don’t unroll a sleeping bag – you’ll be committing a crime.
(2017, May 4). Retrieved November 10, 2017, from
https://www.acluaz.org/en/news/homeless-apache-junction-dont-unroll-sleeping-bagyoull-be-committing-crime
Landscape Value Methods. (n.d.). Retrieved November 10, 2017, from
http://landscapemap2.org/methodsv1.html
Landscape Values and PPGIS Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2017, from
http://landscapemap2.org/
Levin, N., Lechner, A., and Brown, G. 2017. An evaluation of crowdsourced information
for
assessing the visitation and perceived importance of protected areas. Applied
Geography 79: 115-126.
Lo, A. Y. H., & Jim, C. Y. (2010). Differential community effects on perception and use of
urban greenspaces. Cities, 27(6), 430–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2010.07.001
Lost Dutchman Days Rodeo. (2007). About. http://www.lostdutchmandays.org/about/
MacFadyen, J. D. 2016. The Fertile Crescent: Agricultural land use on Prince Edward Island,
1861-1971. Pp. Chapter 7 In: MacDonald, E., J. D. MacFadyen and I. Novaczek
eds., Time and a Place: An Environmental History of Prince Edward Island. McGillQueen's University Press.

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Map and Geospatial Hub | ASU Library. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2017, from
https://lib.asu.edu/geo/
Mapbox. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2017, from https://www.mapbox.com/
Maps at the Arizona State Archives. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2017, from
https://www.azlibrary.gov/arm/research-archives/maps-arizona-state-archives
Maptionnaire - gather local insight for smarter urban planning. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12,
2017, from https://maptionnaire.com/
Maptionnaire. (2017). The Results of the Helsinki 2050 Map Survey.
http://yleiskaava.maptionnaire.com/en/
Master and Strategic Plan Portal | Apache Junction, AZ - Official Website. (n.d.). Retrieved
November 12, 2017, from https://www.ajcity.net/701/Master-and-Strategic-Plan-Portal
McIntyre, N., Yuan, M., Payne, R.J., and J. Moore. 2004. Development of a values-based
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