MSUS Culminating Experience Final Report
Paige Price
May 1, 2020
Gumantar Coffee Guide
Gumantar Community; Gumantar Vocational Education Center; GlobalResolve

Abstract
The community of Gumantar in Lombok, Indonesia, one of the poorest regions of the
island, is home to a large number of coffee farmers. Due primarily to production
quality, these farmers struggle to earning a sufficient wage. While trying to provide for
their families, the local environment often suffers. The persistent poverty has resulted
in lower education levels, health care barriers, and decreased well-being. In an effort to
empower the farmers and promote sustainable development, I have created a best
practice guide that looks at five coffee production factors. The local farmers have
specifically requested case supported, science-based information regarding these
factors. The factors include farming techniques, drying practices, coffee specific small
business skills, financial literacy, and coffee certification requirements. Access to
information regarding these topics is intended to help reduce poverty, increase
accessibility to quality education, and support local economic development,
environmental health, and community health and well-being.
The guide will be available to the community by summer 2020. It will be accessible
digitally via SolarSPELL technology, as well as in print at the Gumantar Vocational
Education Center.

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Table of Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction and Background ......................................................................................................... 2
Literature Review............................................................................................................................ 4
Project Approach and Intervention Methods .................................................................................. 6
Outcomes/Findings ......................................................................................................................... 7
Recommendations ........................................................................................................................... 8
Conclusions ..................................................................................................................................... 8
Appendices and Acknowledgements ............................................................................................ 11
References ..................................................................................................................................... 12

Introduction and Background
The village of Gumantar in Lombok, Indonesia is located in one of the poorest
regions of the island. Many of the residents are coffee farmers that produce relatively
small quantities. These farmers are constantly battling to earn a living wage off of their
crop. As a result, they are struggling to put food on the table and clothes on everyone's
back, as well as provide their families with adequate health care and education. They
do not have the time and energy to invest into sustainable practices. While many of the
older generations are resistant to change, the younger community members
understand that alterations need to be implemented to achieve the quality of life
desired (Price, personal communication BSPJ and GD, 2019). The community is
becoming increasingly open to shifting their traditional norms to improve their income
and quality of life (Idrus Syech, Lalu, & Lia, 2019), and with this movement, farmers are
also increasingly open to exploring alternative means of coffee production (Price,
personal communication BSPJ, DS, GD, and ZA, 2019).
Gumantar has underdeveloped hard and soft infrastructure. The farmers have only
the rudimentary means and knowledge needed to grow and cure the beans. This
results in a lower quality product that is only suitable to be sold in the traditional
markets rather than to the much higher paying local resort industry. Despite dedicating
their lives to coffee, currently, it can rarely provide them with a comfortable life. (Price,
personal communication, 2019)
As a result of the low incomes, farmers do not have the resources to improve other
aspects of life. They are unable to afford adequate building supplies to protect against
the next earthquake or even remove the rubble left by the last earthquake (Price,
personal communication BSPJ and ZA, 2019). Healthcare is a privilege that not all can
manage, and for some, their children do not have the option to further education past
primary school due to restricted finances (Price, personal communication MGGG, 2019).
These restrictions impact the current status of the citizens, but they also have lasting
effects that will be seen for generations to come.

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The ongoing economic and social stresses have resulted in environmental neglect.
Trash has piled up around the homes and along the fields, water full of soaps and
chemicals flows directly into the fields (Price, personal communication, 2019). These
are clear and urgent environmental matters that need to be addressed, but there are
also less obvious examples. Many of the current agricultural methods aimed at
increasing yield are having significantly negative effects on land productivity and
biodiversity. Rather than having coffee trees planted the recommended three meters
apart, they are often spaced at less than a third of this distance (Cerda et al., 2017; Price,
personal communication, 2019). This practice results in soil nutrients being depleted
and increases the risk of pests and diseases spreading (Cerda et al., 2017).
In efforts to increase income through increasing field size, slash and burn
techniques are common throughout Indonesia (Gillison, 2004). This agriculture
method results in fires that are harmful to the health of those nearby and negatively
impact the biodiversity of the region (Gillison, 2004; Price, personal communication ZA,
2019). This complex system of factors has resulted in the health and well-being of the
citizens being negatively impacted by poverty, pollution, lack of capacity, and feelings of
helplessness (Price, personal communication, 2019).
Coffee is a thread that runs throughout the community. If managed correctly, it has
the potential to drastically improve the lives of many in Gumantar. Local farmers are
aware of this and have directly asked for assistance in expanding their capacities (Price,
personal communication, 2019). Providing these farmers with education on the
complexities of quality control, information on how to produce the best possible
product, and illustrating how adopting sustainable practices can improve their health
and quality of life can inspire and allow them to better take charge of their lives and
futures. With an increase in economic power, the farmers will have greater power to
invest in themselves. They will have power to improve their living situations as well as
direct attention to the health and education of their families. The local environment
may also see improvements through reduced pollution and harmful land management
practices. Many of the most lucrative farming practices in this context can also be the
best for the environment.
There is an ongoing project led by Dr. Buyung Agusdinata through GlobalResolve at
Arizona State University that is working to create the Gumantar Vocational Education
Center (GVEC). This center will offer an array of multifaceted programs. For my
culminating experience I am producing a coffee focused best practice guide from which
the center will structure one of their programs around. Through GVEC, the written
guide will also be available, open access to the community in physical and digital form
and in Bahasa Indonesian and English. The guide will offer research-based methods for
small-scale Indonesian coffee farmers to increase their yield, quality, and profit margins
through a sustainability lens. By increasing accessibility to such information this
project will promote the community of Gumantar to invest in itself.
This guide hopes to create meaningful and lasting change by providing researched
information designed to foster ecological integrity and improving income potential.
The guide aims to ensure that all Gumantar coffee farmers feel educated and
empowered to make the best decisions they can for their coffee. The information

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provided through the guide and the changes it inspires will hopefully aid in decreasing
local poverty and inequity while simultaneously increasing opportunity, well-being,
resilience, and healthy land management practices. Further reaching impacts are likely
to be seen such as increased access to health care and education, and improved
infrastructure.
To create the guide, I have compiled knowledge from academic articles, general
research, and subject matter experts in the form of academics, NGOs, coffee buyers, and
coffee farmers from both Gumantar and other areas. I have looked at aspects of coffee
production from growing all the way to the end consumer, providing best practices,
recommendations, and resources for each major stage. The guide focuses on context
specific factors to ensure that recommendations best designed to achieve the vision
state are being provided. A variety of pros and cons are addressed, weighed, and
commented upon. Possible risks and unintended consequences are reviewed in an
effort to minimize potential negative outcomes and insure efficiency and viability over
the long term.

Literature Review
Traditional livelihoods obtained through small-scale farming are becoming
increasingly insecure (Ulrich et al., 2012). The Global South is particularly affected in
this regard due to climate change, global market integration, and the shift away from
subsistence farming (Schmook et al., 2013). Many of the coffee farming practices
commonly adopted in hopes of increasing income, well-being, and quality of life are in
fact doing the exact opposite (Cerda et al., 2017; Gillison, 2004). One such example of
this is the use of slash and burn agriculture which often results in clearing the forest
and increasing agricultural land commonly seen in Indonesia (Gillison, 2004). These
fires have been known to grow so large that they turn the sky red, ground planes, and
leave citizens trapped, gasping for air all around the scattered island country (Paddock,
Suhartono, & Ifansasti, 2019). A less dramatic example can be seen in the planting
distances often implemented. Farmers are knowingly or unknowingly planting their
coffee trees significantly too close together (Cerda et al., 2017). The hope in doing so is
that they will produce a larger yield, unfortunately research shows that close proximity
decreases the plant’s production due to depleted nutrients and increases the risk of
pests and diseases spreading (Cerda et al., 2017). Misguided practices further lock
small-scale farming communities in a losing cycle of trying to make ends meet.
To best support a sustainable livelihood, Indonesian coffee farmers must have a
comprehensive understanding of the market and best practices at every stage of the
process. These stages include growing, drying, and selling, and each comes with its own
list of concerns.
During the growing stage of coffee production there are many factors that can affect
the viable yield and its quality. Already discussed was the impact planting distance can
have (Cerda et al., 2017). Along with this, the concept of soil nutrients and pest/disease
impact was introduced. One such plant disease that commonly affects coffee
production is coffee rust. Coffee rust epidemics can destroy yields, but specific crop
management through means of different combinations of shade, coffee tree density,
fertilization and pruning can drastically reduce the prevalence of outbreaks (Avelino,
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Willocquet, & Savary, 2004). Crop management techniques can also be used to
preserve and promote soil nutrients (Beer, 1988). Beer discusses the effects of
different shade trees, such as Erythrina poeppigiana, and how their different litterfall
contributes to annual nutrients return (Beer, 1988).
Coffee bean drying is the stage of the production process which holds the greatest
potential for quality influence. The environment in which the beans are dried is of
significant importance. Air temperature, airflow, moisture, and even the surface on
which the beans are dried all affect the drying outcome (Berbert et al., 1994). One
common problem that can occur during the drying process is the development of
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a type of mold (Bucheli et al., 2000). OTA can form when the
mixture of drying components (air temperature, airflow, moisture, and drying surface)
are out of sync (Bucheli et al., 2000). OTA also has a positive correlation with coffee
fruit that falls spontaneously and the time it stays on the ground until being harvested
(Paulino De Moraes & Luchese, 2003). Abdullah et al. reviews prototypes of
greenhouse effect solar dryers designed to foster the ideal drying environment and
reduce the prevalence of OTA tested on coffee in Indonesia (2001). Their findings were
promising and highlight potential solutions for the Indonesian coffee context (Abdullah
et al., 2001).
After growing and drying the beans, farmers must sell them. This is when the
monetary value will be determined, so it is important that farmers understand the
commodity market, exporting and its effect on the community, and how to fetch a fair
price. These topics are discussed in depth throughout Nevins and Peluso’s book Taking
Southeast Asia to Market (2018). An article by Neilson gets even more specific and
discusses how the global private regulation of ethical and environmental standards is
impacting the value chain structures and institutions in smallholder coffee systems in
Indonesia (2008). To effectively produce coffee from growth to market, farmers must
have a network in which they can connect (Wijaya, Glasbergen, & Mawardi, 2017). To
promote sustainable coffee production and sales the Mediated Partnership Model,
which focuses on local level derived, bottom-up networking, can be applied (Wijaya,
Glasbergen, & Mawardi, 2017). The article by Wijaya, Glasbergen, and Mawardi looks at
the Mediated Partnership Model in action throughout Indonesia (2017).
Having a clear and concise, easy to access guide addressing each of these areas that
farmers can refer back to will serve as an important link between scientific research
and science in practice. The difficulties associated with access to proven knowledge are
further compounded by the rural setting of Gumantar. Knowledge exchange and
knowledge mobilization are critical components for sustainable action and as such,
efforts should be made to connect knowledge production (academia and government),
knowledge mediation (knowledge networks, actors, relational dimension, and
contextual dimension), and knowledge-based action (instrumental, symbolic, and
conceptual) (Nguyen, Young, & Cooke, 2017). Simply having digital access to
information has been shown to promote learning, as seen in Mitra and Rana’s Hole in
the Wall experiment (2001).
Targeting current unsustainable practices within the coffee production chain that
present less resistance to change or were included in the community’s direct request

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for assistance in altering will help in ensuring the implementation of the provided
suggestions. Because most human behavior is goal-directed, by looking at practices
which hold potential for positive, desired change that can be altered with relatively
little upset to the current system, it can be expected to see high farmer buy-in and
better retention of the altered practices (Ajzen, 1985; Fujii, 2006). With areas in which
farmers have requested assistance, we can already see evidence of the value they place
on such areas, the assumption that there is a threat, and the belief that their altered
actions can result in a positive improvement. Based on the value-belief-norm theory of
movement support, these realizations support my assumption that providing resources
to support the desired change will be well-received (Stern et al., 1999).

Project Approach and Intervention Methods
To best aid in the development of the guide, I have analyzed the sustainability
problem and assessed the problem using criteria derived from Gibson’s principles.
Gibson’s sustainability principles have been used because they are designed to look at
social, economic, and ecological aspects of a problem to aid in better strategic decisionmaking for development (Gibson, 2010). During my assessment, I also reviewed the
problem against the Sustainable Development Goals to help me determine where to
focus my scope without compromising the integrity of the project. This sustainability
problem-solving approach has allowed me to identify the current state, the root causes
and associated outcomes, and identify opportunities for meaningful, sustainable
change.
Using my knowledge of the current state, I have targeted aspects of the coffee
production chain that I perceive as the most malleable. These aspects include areas in
which the farmers have identified a willingness or desire to change their behaviors and
areas that with minimal behavior change hold the potential for significant sustainable
change. By doing so, I expect to see a smoother transition from the old practices to the
new practices. This expectation is rooted in behavior change theory. (Ajzen, 1985;
Fujii, 2006; Stern et al., 1999)
I will be delivering my final guide through multiple mediums. The expected main
mode of access will be through two SolarSPELLs (open access, solar powered, digital
libraries accessible via a self-generated WiFi hotspot) located in the community and
managed by the Gumantar Vocational Learning Center. There will also be hard copy
versions available at the center to insure access independent of technology. By
incorporating SolarSPELL technology as the main delivery method of this guide, the
farmers will have the ability to download the guide and access it at any time. The digital
version will also allow for farmers to comment on recommendations and communicate
with one another. By using technology to increase information accessibility and
interactivity, I can expect a higher rate of use for the guide. (Linzy and Hosman, 2017;
McCreadie and Rice, 1999)
To evaluate the guide, I sent it to a panel of reviewers. This panel was comprised of
four Gumantar coffee farmers, one Lombok coffee roaster, one Hawaiian coffee farmer,
and three academic subject matter experts. Their feedback was reviewed and a sSWOT
analysis was conducted on each section of the guide. This insight has been used to
inform final revisions and next step recommendations.
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Outcomes/Findings
By assessing the sustainability problem using criteria derived from Gibson’s
principles, it was determined that maintaining ecological integrity and improving
income potential would be two of the core objectives of the guide. These objectives and
others were then overlaid upon the Sustainable Development Goals to further focus the
emphasis of my work. No poverty (SDG 1), decent work and economic growth (SDG 8),
reduced inequalities (SDG 10), and partnerships for the goals (SDG 17) were
determined to be the goals that most closely correlated with the mission.
During the construction of each guide section local farmers, subject matter experts,
and academic literature were heavily referenced. This wealth of knowledge highlighted
how truly little I know about the topic. Despite the learning curve, I was able to
produce a relevant document that compiles knowledge from across sources into one
central location.
The process resulted in a multi-sectioned guide (see appendix for guide’s table of
contents) which looks at different topics relevant to Gumantar coffee farmers. The
finalized guide has not yet been delivered to the community. Due to COVID-19, all
travel arrangements have been suspended, the SolarSPELL delivery date is unknown,
and alternative implementation plans are being considered. Despite the disruptions,
the completed guide draft was sent out to a panel of reviewers. Although the process
has been retarded due to COVID-19, the feedback received thus far indicates that the
guide is likely to be accepted and has the potential to make significant positive change.
Through the reviewing process specific strengths and weaknesses of the guide were
discussed. The section regarding drying techniques was highlighted by reviewers as
having particular potential for economic impact with minimal time required before
seeing changes. If true, this will help with livelihood concerns through increased
resource efficiency. The small business skill section was another section viewed as
potentially being highly socially and economically impactful. This section is expected
to stimulate livelihood opportunities, increase community well-being, and promote
intragenerational development though local business empowerment. Other sections
were met with more critique. The material on farming practices was viewed as having
beneficial, Lombok specific information regarding land management and ecosystem
integrity, but concerns were raised that the brief glimpse at such issues may be
insufficient to accurately predict latent cascading effects, whether social, economic, or
environmental.
While the impact of this project is still greatly unknown, the current state has
already been notably altered in at least one way; partnership (SDG 17). I have been
virtually meeting with members of the community on a regular or semi-regular basis.
This includes farmers, wives, government officials, and more. During many of these
meetings I have also included past and current GlobalResolve participants. This
integrated communication has significantly strengthened the relationship between the
Gumantar community and Arizona State University entities such as GlobalResolve. It
has improved the dialog and reinforced trust between the entities. The partnership will
be beneficial for all parties moving forward, as GlobalResolve intends to continue
working with the community.

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Recommendations
The guide provides recommendations to farmers over a breadth of coffee
production topics. Due to time restraints and partner requests, it was decided to
review an array of topics at light to medium depth, however, the guide is intended to be
a living document and could benefit from being reviewed, revised, and expanded upon
in the future. Impact assessments should be conducted in yearly intervals after the
guide is provided to the community. Each section of the existing guide could be
explored in greater depth, and additional sections should be added. Depending on the
reaction and interest of the farming community, the nutrients cycle and other aspects of
hard science could be explored at greater depth. More complex business skills may also
be desired by the community.
The guide would also benefit from a section on equity through gender, class, and
disability inclusion. Issues of gender equality could be addressed through a partnership
or consultation with Juniatun, the founder of Alamanda Coffee Roasting, a cooperative
of single mothers from a neighboring community. She has seen wonderful success in
reducing gender barriers and empowering local women over the past several years and
is hopeful to spread her model to other communities in Lombok.
Guides for other local agricultural products such as cacao, banana, avocado, cashew,
or clove could also be of benefit to the community. My coffee guide, and the process I
used to produce it, can be employed as a template to aid the development of such future
guides. The University of Mataram implemented a program training the village how to
transform raw cashews into a snack food, but a knowledge gap still exists regarding the
best farming practices for the nuts.
For the farmers, a list of resources, organizations, and potential partners has been
included within the guide. This list is intended to provide a starting point to
independently gather information that they may want. In an effort to ensure the guide
is a living document, each digital section has a commenting option enabled so the
farmers can remotely discuss their experiences and support each other. Remarks for
these boards should be used in the future to inform edits and expansions.
My project holds great potential for future student expansion. It is expected that
GlobalResolve will continue their work developing GVEC, and thus fostering room for
this project, and others related to it, to grow. Following up on the process and
recommendations could lead to continuous improvements for coffee farmers and other
agriculture sectors in Indonesia. To add in this process, a next step write-up has been
produced and provided to GlobalResolve outlining these and other observations and
recommendations.

Conclusions
By applying a sustainability problem-solving approach to the issues facing Gumantar
coffee farmers, I was able to identify the economic, environmental, and social barriers
impeding the prosperity of the community, the root causes to barriers, and their associated

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impacts on farmers. This approach also allowed me to identify opportunities for meaningful,
sustainable change.
Relevant academic literature was reviewed, and local farmers and subject matter experts
were consulted at depth regarding each section of the guide. The more information and
knowledge I absorbed, the more I understood that I knew very little about the complexity of
coffee production. This was a handicap that I was able to work through by compiling a
strong working knowledge of the topic to produce a quality document.
Continuous communication between the many different partners and stakeholders was a
crucial part of successfully completing this project. Multiple meetings were held weekly
between myself and different project actors. I found the most important aspect of reliable
communication and project participation was buy-in. Those who felt they had a significant
stake or role in the success of this endeavor were much more communicative than those that
inherently cared less. This held true for both the American and the Indonesian contributors.
Overall, I found no significant difference in communication frequency or quality between my
international versus state-side contacts. While I feared that the largest communication barrier
would be language, that was not the case. Technology has minimized the language barrier to
a nearly unnoticeable degree. Instead, COVID-19 proved to be the largest and most
disruptive communication barrier.
Due to obstacles imposed by Covid-19 and the complex nature of the project, many of the
project outcomes are yet unknown. It is hoped that access to this guide will reduce poverty
and inequalities, promote economic growth, and ultimately foster a happier, healthier, more
resilient community. Feedback from the review panel indicates that they believe the guide
will, indeed, support these goals. The sections covering drying techniques and small
business skills were highlighted by reviewers as having a particularly high likelihood for
positive impact. While these assertions are speculative, one result is already clear. This
project has strengthened the partnership and trust between the village of Gumantar and
GlobalResolve.
Moving forward, the relationship can be leveraged. The students of GlobalResolve
should continue to cultivate open communication with the villagers. This will ensure greater
success for future revisions and additions to this guide as well as any related projects being
implemented through the Gumantar Vocational Education Center. Recommendations on
potential guide additions and future projects have been provided to GlobalResolve for
continuing the work that has been started”.
I faced significant challenges undertaking this project, from escalating communication
barriers to knowing very little about coffee, having never drunk a single cup. Through the
course of a few months, I was able to create and execute research and communication plans,
drastically expand my knowledge, and produce a sustainability document that has the

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potential to prompt meaningful and lasting change. Through this process I have been able to
highlight my project management skills, my understanding of complex issues, and my ability
to construct sustainable solutions for such issues. Most importantly, I am proud of the fact
that the work has the potential to raise the Gumantar coffee farmers standard of living, and
help them take a more systemic and sustainable approach to coffee farming.”

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Appendices and Acknowledgements

Table of Contents
Farming ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
Plant Distancing ........................................................................................................................................ 2
Managing Shade ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Pruning Practices....................................................................................................................................... 5
Managing Soil Nutrition ............................................................................................................................ 6
Establishing and Managing Shade............................................................................................................. 8
Disease and Pest Management ............................................................................................................... 10
Drying .......................................................................................................................................................... 13
Benefits of Raised Beds ........................................................................................................................... 14
Benefits of Raised, Rotating Beds ........................................................................................................... 15
Building Plans .......................................................................................................................................... 16
Practices for the Prevention of OTA........................................................................................................ 18
Business Skills ............................................................................................................................................. 21
Creating a Business Plan ......................................................................................................................... 22
Production Cost.............................................................................................................................. 24
Profit and Lost Statement .............................................................................................................. 25
Cash Flow Projection ...................................................................................................................... 26
Managing Loans ...................................................................................................................................... 28
Coffee Certifications ................................................................................................................................... 30
Organic ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
Fair Trade ................................................................................................................................................ 32
Rainforest Alliance .................................................................................................................................. 33
Smithsonian Bird Friendly ....................................................................................................................... 34
Utz ........................................................................................................................................................... 35
4 C Common Code................................................................................................................................... 36
Halal ........................................................................................................................................................ 37
Additional Information .............................................................................................................................. 38
Online Resources..................................................................................................................................... 39
Relevant Organizations ........................................................................................................................... 40
Potential Local Partners .......................................................................................................................... 41
Citations ...................................................................................................................................................... 42

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Agribusiness Management Review, 20(5), 689-708.

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