Just 2 hours' drive from Phoenix on Highway 87, 18 miles north of Hayson
brings you to Strawberry and Glacier Glide, Arizona's best tobogganing
area, open weekends only Saturday and Sunday. Go to boganing today. It's a
great winter sport for all the family. Just $1.25 admission for a whole
day of fun. Children under 6 free. See you at Glacier Glide, Arizona's
newest and best toboggan area in Strawberry, Arizona, and keep tuned to
Khat for the latest Glacier Glide snow condition report.
Looking at a sports score from last night, this was kind of a surprise.
Arizona State took it on the chin for the second night in a row last
night as the Sun Devils lost to Utah 72 to 64 in a Western Athletic
Conference basketball game that was played in Salt Lake City. Utah trailed
at halftime and put on a strong pressing defense and a ball control
offense to take the lead midway through the second half and final score
once again. It was a, uh, Western Athletic Conference loss for Arizona
State last night as they lost the ball game to Utah 72 to 64 because the
homes are in a new community for adults 40 and over. No children. And it's
peaceful country, the pats all around a golf course which is now open for play. And the recreational luncheon, cocktails are as low as 18,900
or bedroom. Wasted activity.
is to organize that action. In such a way But it points itself toward a
given goal.
This organization need not necessarily be strict. This organization
By its very nature.
Needs to be flexible.
It needs to be.
Adapted To the particular need that presents itself originally.
We have talked about a single need thus far. However, we find that. There
is no single need in adult education.
Need one
Begins to Acted upon when need too arises. And then need 3 and then need 4.
Ad infinitum.
As these Needs
Begin to be acted upon.
We find a course of action.
Which begins to be relatively common.
To each of these needs.
We also find that there are certain
Methods
Of thinking through. As well as acting.
On a problem In order to derive.
They desired results.
When we combine.
The courses of action.
Which have
lent themselves. To
Successful
Problem solving techniques.
There emerges.
A common ground. On which we can work.
Hence the second answer to the question.
How does Paul Bergevin's a philosophy for adult education, strengthen your
position?
Over Bergaman.
has taken the
Past actions.
which people have taken.
And combined.
The problem solving techniques.
Into
A philosophy for adult education.
In this country
He first stressed.
The nature of our society.
Pointing out that freedom. Individual freedom. To carry out
A fulfillment of life.
Became the greatest.
responsibility we had.
Then he pointed out the need for adult education.
And in this He was able to.
Go through An idea That education is a lifetime process. That it is not
something that you Get just a little bit of. And then hope it will do for
the rest of your life.
Paul Bergaman defined.
The nature of adult education.
Under systematically organized programs.
And Mhm Random experiential learning.
In these he pointed out that adult education can be either good or it can
be bad. That adult education will be carried on.
He then proceeded to organize the goals. Of adult education.
General and specific.
And pointed out that the.
General goals. Of adult education.
Should Advanced the citizen in his social order. As well as pursuing
A limited
Type Of
Direct technical knowledge.
In the structure Of adult education. Which Paul Bergaman then proceeded to
outline.
He talked about
The necessity of all institutions.
Working
With All kinds of people.
And to involve them.
And a social And economic life Which would improve and perpetuate a better
culture.
He then attempted to put together
A program.
A program which stressed the following. That number one Educational
programs should be voluntary.
The needs of the learner must be discovered, considered, and met.
3.
The resources used. Should be appropriate.
Number 4.
Situation centered or problem centered learning. is the most meaningful to
adults.
That the programming of adult educational activities should be a
cooperative endeavor.
That person's concerned with an adult educational program. have certain
expectations about it. And then Work toward those expectations.
Stressing heavily That we are concerned with teaching people.
Subject 2 Person first.
And that we must continuously work. Toward the goal
Of keeping a program in the environment. In which it exists.
But at the same time, To remember
that we must develop The intellectual portion of a learner. To extend
horizons and to expand views.
In the final analysis, he says that
adult education should make a continuing impact on ignorance, disease,
superstition, and enslavement of mind and spirit.
Its purpose is to liberate people. To provide creative opportunities for
utilizing their talents and energies and to help them learn to play their
roles as dignified human beings and as citizens in a society in which they
can have some control of the social forces operating on them.
And to show them how to do all this with the intelligence and decorum that
befit human dignity. Taken from page 117.
Bless you.
Question #2.
Select 3 of the books studied in connection with this course and briefly
describe how each contributed to developing a broader concept of adult
education.
The first book chosen is. The two-year college, a social synthesis.
Authors blocker, plumber, and Richardson.
My purpose in reading this book was to determine.
If The basic philosophy.
Presented
Would allow For An adult literacy program.
Within the concept of the junior college.
They
Book itself.
While not specifically.
Delineating.
The Adult literacy program.
Did point out in many ways.
that the program was a possibility.
And that perhaps for a certain group. Within our society Who are
functionally illiterate.
It would be
A program. Which would adapt itself.
The authors pointed out the willingness of the two-year college.
To train
Those people
who were slightly
Less
Equipped To handle college level work.
Than were other Institutions of higher learning.
They also stressed. The willingness of the To your college
To adapt itself. To the various needs Of a community
With education being
The
Key to social mobility and occupational competence.
The denial of educational opportunity.
Particularly to those individuals. Of the middle class.
It is contrary
To the Philosophy
Of adult education. In a democracy
The authors then went on to point out
The various types of programs.
Which had been instituted.
In the community college.
Ranging from.
Non-credit
Courses Desired by specific individuals.
To
Company courses Courses
Designed by a particular company.
For its employees.
And then to
Courses which would give credit.
Which would be transferable.
To the student planning to complete.
4 years of academic education.
The most important of these. Having to do with adult education.
Was
That it gave the adult.
Who at the time
He quit school
did not see the necessity for further education.
An opportunity to complete.
Successfully
At least 2 years. A formal education.
The
Next most Important
Was the opportunities.
It gave an adult.
To increase his knowledge.
In his chosen field.
On a systematic basis.
And Thirdly,
It pointed out
The need For the community college.
To sponsor
Those programs Which would Definitely Better That cultural part Of a
community
Which in many American areas Is so sadly lacking.
As an example, It gave Book reviews
Forums
Art
Religion
And various forms of training.
Which would enhance
The intrinsic values. Which are placed on a society.
Another book which I read. was a series of essays. Titled American Ideas
About Adult Education 1710 1951.
Edited by.
See Hartley retin.
G R A T T A N. Published by the Bureau of Publication.
Teachers College, Columbia University, New York.
This The book completely changed my outlook.
About adult education. I had felt That adult education. Was rather new in
the field. And that the field of adult education.
was more of a pioneer.
Then
The other Major fields of study.
After having read The series of essays.
Which include
Cotton Mather
Benjamin Franklin
Claxton
Josiah Holbrook. On the lyceums
John Lowell
On lectures for moral and intellectual improvement.
Edward Everett On libraries
Peter Cooper On religious motivation.
John H. Vincent. On the Cha Chautauqua movement.
WR Harper On teaching by correspondents.
Thomas Davidson
On education for all.
And The American Society for the Extension of University Teaching.
On those unable to attend. A university
Lester Ward on the sociology of the diffusion of knowledge.
The rationale of vocational education.
As a part of a commission on national aid to vocational education.
Michael John returned to the book.
Adult education, whose responsibility.
The president's commission
Toward national organization.
An article by the American Association for Adult Education and Adult
Education Association of of the USA.
I felt then that I had a history. Of adult education. Which was far better.
Because these were articles written at the time by the people who were
involved.
Not a.
Look back But at the look At the time But it was going on
And in this I felt That the
Adult education movement.
Was one of the oldest and one of the strongest movements. In the United
States.
I also noticed there was a lack of
Good organization.
Now, by a lack of good organization, I do not mean that there was a lack
of organization. Within the framework of the specific goal. Of the
specific educational institution at the time.
But that there was a lack of a coordinated effort. And that it was left to
20th century philosophers.
To put together This Organization
In such a way as to make it meaningful.
To the people who were involved.
After listening to the discussions in the classroom.
Regarding the necessity for special training. In adult education, special
training for teachers in adult education.
I seriously doubted the. Amount of special training which would be
necessary. This, of course, I believe was due to.
My past experience in working with adult groups.
As well as
The success that I had had without special training.
I then picked up. Harry L. Miller's book. Teaching and learning and adult
education.
And It opened my eyes.
Harry Miller is associate professor of education at Hunter College at the
University of New York.
And in his book he presents basically the difference.
Between the child's learning and the adult's learning.
He points up these differences.
In such a way That a person
Cannot help but View them In a different light
He talks about special perspectives of the adult. Perspectives that a
child does not have. Crucial learning conditions.
And in this he talks about the 6 conditions for learning as well as the
cognitive approach.
Small groups. In the classrooms, small groups and residents, the informal
discussion. The adult learner who learns.
Primarily through the use of programming.
Lecture series, workshops.
Mass media And then he talks of the evaluating.
In his last chapter measuring the effectiveness of the method.
Now in measuring the effectiveness of the method. I think in essence he
He hits
Many
Of the target areas.
But I think he misses some of them very drastically.
He talks about defining objectives and gathering evidence of behavior
change.
Um, He talks about Applying principles, measuring interests, testing the
ability to make rational judgment, measuring beliefs and attitudes.
But I do not believe that you can really Judge the effectiveness. of any
particular method. Or of any particular model. Or of any particular
philosophy of adult education. Until after you have been able to observe
the behavioral change which takes place. Not over a short period of time
but over a sustained period of time.
He talks about this, but only briefly. He still has in mind the measuring
of Adult education on a on an immediate basis. And this I feel is
something which we can do, but I think the only significant behavioral
change. Which we can see is that behavioral change which is lasting.
And
All in all, I was very excited with Harry Miller's book. It gave an
insight into those things which
I didn't know.
Question number 3. What do you consider as the major trends in adult
education education? Which may realize culmination in the next two decades.
The first of the trends in adult education which I see. There's probably
one.
Which is not really
Thought of as a trend.
It is a trend in the thinking of the people themselves.
Regarding education.
Following the. Formal educational experiences.
Mm.
This trend is a trend.
Toward
Education
From the cradle to the grave.
The past experiences of students. With educational. Media
I gradually becoming. Better and better.
As new techniques and methodologies
are being used
In the high schools, grammar schools and colleges.
Which makes learning.
More of a challenge. And a boar
As the younger generation comes up. They cease to think of. Education as
being something distasteful.
I remember
Grammar school, high school, and college experiences.
With a favorable.
Memory It is this favorable memory.
Which creates the climate.
For the trend of education from the cradle to the grave.
The Second major trend. I see
which tends to
Have
A an impact.
On the total educational picture.
Of adults Is the
Differentiated Methodology and curriculum.
Adults do not basically
Have the same purposes. And going to school.
As do the Younger children
With the younger children, it is a learning of a culture.
As a person becomes an adult.
His primary purpose. Is improvement. And betterment of a culture. It is
this improvement and betterment.
Of a culture
Which creates The difference in methodology.
The difference in the
Amount of Creative thinking.
And then the cognitive learning practices. Of adults.
I feel in the next two decades.
We will have the necessary staffing.
To handle effectively.
The adult Education program.
By staffing I mean teachers who are trained specifically in the field of
adult education. To work with adults.
In the programs Where the need arises.
At a particular time.
The 3rd area. I see. Which may Possibly not
Culminate, but we'll definitely make. Giants strides toward the
culmination of is the recognition by
The various institutions.
For a coordination of effort. Toward a common goal.
This common goal being the Development
Of a total individual.
Within each of the curriculum patterns.
Set out by the institutions.
I see giant strides being made toward this.
I believe it was initiated.
By Various companies.
It was then taken up by the military. And now is being expanded. By many,
many institutions.
And this is the total development. Of the Man
Through the use of or through education.
As an example,
In the military service.
Any course which is taken. By military personnel.
Will be paid for. On the basis of The grade which is made If a person
receives an aid. Total tuition is paid. A B 3 quarter tuition, a C half
tuition, a D quarter tuition, and an F no tuition.
This is an incentive plan. This incentive plan however is not used by many
of the Organizations of private enterprise.
It is the incentive is to have your tuition totally paid by working for
the company.
And Many of the companies are offering programs for the development. Of
cultural interests. Within the company itself. When these curriculums are
not specifically designed To enhance the output. Of the company itself. As
an example,
At One institution. In Phoenix A reading program is offered to employees.
At another institution, a literature program is being offered to employees.
One institution. Will pay for any college course. Taken at the junior
college or at the university.
And there are
No stipulations. Within this institution which provide that a student must
take such and such an hour.
Or such and such a series. Of courses or such and such a subject.
I do not feel in the next two decades.
that we will see a culmination.
Or a stopping. of any of the major trends in adult education.
I see that the
Trends themselves.
That I have Observed, listened to in class.
And have
Read in the report new trends in adult education from Elsinore to Montreal
And the editor in this particular book was ASM Helly. Published by UNESCO.
Copyright date
1962.
I see by these trends. That none of them will reach total culmination.
Each one will continue to grow and to expand.
Until we have a field of people.
Throughout the nation
Throughout nations.
And throughout the world
who are striving
For individual.
Excellence
They will never in reality achieve. All of this major goal. They will,
however, through the next 20 years.
Take many advancing steps.
These many advancing steps.
Will produce A better world in which to live.
Question number 4. enumerate the forces which have affected the
development of adult education in your area of special interests. This is
the junior college.
The forces which have Affected the development. Of adult education in a
junior college.
Specifically at Glendale Community College.
have been as varied as the community in which we live.
The initiating force.
was the
Generation of a two-year college.
To prepare Students for.
Advanced degrees. Then At what was known as Phoenix College.
Following this, Glendale Community College, working in close association
with the Maricopa County Junior College District.
Received a Boost through the legislature.
which permitted the
Financing Of a junior college district. And the expansion of that district
to include
5 colleges.
Glendale Community College.
And the forces which have developed it. have been Intermingled with those
5 colleges on a district level.
And looking quickly at the forces.
We could enumerate them in this way.
The farm or agricultural block.
Has Been responsible.
For instituting a program.
In biology.
And in the related science fields.
Having to do with farming. On a technical basis.
Major electronic industries.
Have Lobbied successfully.
And courses are being offered at the community college. which are designed
to train. People
Both for beginning work. At these institutions.
As well as updating.
Knowledge in their particular field.
The
Primary force remained that of giving a student. 2 years of a 4 year
degree.
The Continuing education department.
Has worked very closely.
With related fields of.
Business
In order to Update business machines practices.
Uh, Fortran computer.
Computer programming.
They have worked carefully with local athletic associations.
To promote the
Leisure time activities. Of the general population.
Much of the Work of the college in the continuing education field.
Has been by demand.
Of a general public.
To give those courses.
Which would The a betterment
To individuals. In helping them fulfill.
Personal Needs
As an example, the social science department. In the evening college is
one of the largest departments. Teaching philosophy. Ethics, history of
religion.
Etc.
Major
Contributing factors.
Have been the demand.
Of
Business and industry. To upgrade the general educational level. of their
employees.
And as that general educational level, Is obtained by their employees.
They feel they are a more satisfied. Individual working for them.
Remedial courses.
In mathematics, English. Reading
Have been instituted
For the continuing education student.
who did not have an opportunity. To attend An institution of higher
learning. When he was younger
The institution or the
Beginning of these courses.
have not always been without problems.
One of the problem areas which did arise. was whether police science
Could be Taught
And whether it should be taught at the junior college level. Or at the
community college level.
The People who had a desire to maintain strictly an academic function of
the community college. opposed this almost as bitterly as they opposed the
Beginning of
Voluntary ROTC training. In the final analysis, however,
The people responsible.
For teaching
These adults in the police academies.
Came to the college and taught these specialized courses.
As we
Look at the community college today. We find it is a
Combination of Two fields of thought.
And that these two fields of thought Can work well together.
One is that the community college. Should serve The needs of the total
community.
The other is that the community college.
Should maintain an extremely high level of academic excellence. In all
fields
It does not appear on the surface.
That these two
Ideas would have a great deal of conflict.
But by the very nature of the courses. And seminars which are offered. At
the community college. The levels of background education. And academic
experience. are so varied
That they must by necessity
Be accepted
Both on a high level of academic excellence and on a low level of academic
excellence.
The differentiation being
That with one group You are looking toward. Further education toward an
academic degree. With the second group, you are looking only for further
education as a means. Of self Improvement
The junior college, I feel. Is beginning to fulfill.
The needs of the community. Gradually It will expand its services. As the
needs of the community are recognized. And as it expands its services, it
will become more and more of the community college it was designed to be
when the legislature passed the bills creating it.