WEBVTT

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who are the chicanos of the southwest? Historically, this question has

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several answers. One of them beginning
400 years ago when Spanish and

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Mexican colonists emigrated north from
Mexico to settle in what is now

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known as Arizona. Some of these
colonists were direct descendants of the

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spanish Conquistadors. Yet others were
descended from the unions of the

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spanish with the indians of Mexico.

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Mm Yeah,

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yeah.

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Mhm.

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Okay.

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Yeah. Mhm, mm. Yeah. Mm. Uh huh.

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Interracial and intercultural mixing
occurred in Arizona through the

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unions of the columnist with indians
who had occupied this region for

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thousands of years. Thus the mexicano
traces his Arizona and Southwestern

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origins back hundreds of years. While
others are more recent arrivals, the

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heritage of Arizona's chicano is a
group includes spanish indian and

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mexican origins.

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The church missions of Wave Abbey
founded in 16 92 to make a korean san

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Javier del back. Both founded in the
late 17 hundreds played an important

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role in spreading the spanish language
and Hispanic culture into the

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southwest.

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The missions in southern Arizona
enjoyed economic prosperity until 1751 at

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this time, the northern Pima Indians
organized an uprising which caused

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major destruction of the missions in
the Santa Cruz Valley. As a result of

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this conflict, the presidio or fort of
tubac was established along the

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Santa Cruz River. Later in 1776, the
procedure of Tubac was transferred to

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San Agustin del Toxin.

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Hispanic pioneers were constantly
being harassed by the western Apache,

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The Presidio san agustin survived to
direct frontal attacks by the Apache

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warriors. In november of 17 79. The
Tucson garrison with only 15 soldiers

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defended the fourth in a long running
battle against 350 Apache warriors.

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In May of 1782, the soldiers again
successfully defended the presidio by a

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direct attack of 600 patches. The
soldiers who are protective leather

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jackets were called Soldados de Cuero
and were successful in their

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campaigns against the apaches. Despite
a constant shortage of arms and

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ammunition with the help of friendly
pajamas, they later were able to

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subdue the arequipa and piniella
patches.

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The years between 1790 and 1821 were
prosperous and peaceful ones for the

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pioneer settlers of Southern Arizona.
Agriculture and cattle ranches along

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with mining were developed as settlers
took advantage of the absence of

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the Apache wars. The economic base in
the santa Cruz Valley was also

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developing through the land grant
system. Large cattle spreads and

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extensive farming were established
through individual families who built

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their ranches in these lands, some of
the largest cattle spreads in the

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santa Cruz Valley belonged to the
families of Ortiz, Romero, Herrera and

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Elian Gonzalez. While friction existed
between the Mexicano settlers and

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the friendly indians, a spirit of
cooperation also dominated the

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settlements. It was the need for
protection from the apaches and water

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management for irrigation, which
fostered unity among the Spaniards

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Mestizos pima and Papago settlers. The
struggle for Mexican independence

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along with increased Apache raids had
a devastating effect on the spanish

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settlements in the present day states
of Northern Sonora and Southern

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Arizona known then as the media alta.
The lack of funds for military

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protection, the missions and the
divided government struggling for power

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retarded the future expansion of
settlements in this area. The Apache took

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advantage of the weekend government
and attracted will many of the ranches

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and settlements in Northern Sonora,
including Arizona, were abandoned

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By 1828. Few residents in the Tucson
area owned more than 25 head of

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cattle. During the 1830s, petitions
for land grants from settlers dropped

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drastically at that time. The only
protected settlements were in tubac and

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Tucson Don Ignacio zuniga, commander
of the northern Sonora. Presidio's

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reported that thousands of people had
lost their lives and many fled south

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as a result of Apache attacks. By
1849, the people of the procedure of two

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back and the pueblo of Tumaco Cody had
moved to Tucson. Another incentive

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to leave the Apache ridden lands was
the discovery of gold in California,

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which induced thousands of mexicanos
and scenarios to move west. It is

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estimated that not more than 300
Mexicanos were left in Arizona by 1856,

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most of whom lived in the southern
regions of toxin and two back. But

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there were several pioneer families
that did endure the rigors of the

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harsh living conditions in Tucson

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mm hmm

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mm.

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Mhm

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mhm. Within a few years, the
population of both areas increased to 1500 or

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2000 is some of the Spanish ex
soldiers return to their fields and the

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Mexicano Gold Diggers drifted back
from California to the minds of Arizona.

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From 1821 to 1848, Arizona was part of
Mexico. However, almost half of

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the entire northern portion of Mexico
had been annexed by the United

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States. At the outcome of the war with
Mexico between the periods of 1846

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and 1848, the territory taken over in
that war became the southwestern

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United States, which included the
states of California, Nevada, Utah nuevo

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Mexico and Arizona, north of the Gila
River. In 1850 for the United States

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acquired the northern portion of
Sonora. Under the Gadsden purchase for

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$10 million. The 45,000 sq mi acquired
became Southern Arizona and a

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portion of New Mexico and officially
became part of the new Mexican

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territory.

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The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which
ended the war between the us and

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Mexico in 1848 guaranteed remaining
mexicanos the enjoyment of all rights

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of citizens, including the protection
of liberty, property and religion.

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But in spite of these guarantees the
Mexicanos were subjected to economic

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exploitation, social and political
discrimination, property, rights were

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violated and cultural heritage,
language and customs came under attack as

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lynchings of mexican has increased
protection under the law became a

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mockery in many mexican communities
During the 1850s and 1860s Arizona and

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Sonora were visited by Adventurers.
Land speculators, mining capitalists

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and filibusters whose primary purpose
was to acquire more Sonoran land.

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Many of these anglo americans believed
in manifest destiny, the idea that

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God had destined them to own and
occupy all of the land promotion to ocean.

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One of the supporters of the idea of
manifest destiny was Sylvester Maori

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maori. Like many anglo americans in
Arizona envisioned the anglo

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occupation of Sonora, void of any
mexicano population. He was quoted as

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saying the Apache indian is preparing
Sonora for a rule of a higher

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civilization than the mexican in the
past half century, the mexican

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element has disappeared from what is
now called Arizona. Before the

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devastating career of the Apache, it
is everyday retreating further south

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leaving to us when it is right for our
possessions, the territory without

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population. As a result of such
feelings, Anglo americans in southern

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Arizona assisted the Apache in
attacking sonoran pueblos by providing arms

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supplies and sanctuary through private
treaties. In 1857, Henry Crabbe, a

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private citizen from California
marched into Sonora with 100 well armed

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men and attempted a filibuster a move
to overthrow the Sonoran government

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by force, Henry crabs expedition
failed and he and his men were executed.

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This incident intensified hostilities
between the mexicano and the anglo

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americans living in Arizona. The
angles in retaliation, publicly advocated

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the expulsion of all mexicanos from
Arizona Mexicano workers, fearful of

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the anglo american retaliation, fled
across the border, abandoning Arizona

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and paralyzing the minds and the
economy. Despite continuing anglo

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mexicano conflicts, the mexicano
continued to contribute to the economic

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development of Arizona. In the 1860s
and 1870s, the Mexicano comprised

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more than 50% of Arizona's population.
Thus the impact of these people in

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Arizona occurred and continued after
annexation by the United States After

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the Gadsden purchase of 1850. For
there were many Mexicano stockman who

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operated large spreads in southern
Arizona. Among them were the oteros

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Robbins, their models, las azaleas and
the Aguirre family's. There were

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also hundreds of small homesteads
owned by mexicano settlers who lived in

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a rural life of independence and self
subsistence and were dedicated to

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farming as well as the raising of
livestock.

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Much of the american cowboy and
ranching culture of today comes from the

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hispanic Mexicano heritage. From the
mexicano cowboy came the horn saddles

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, roping techniques, branding, trail
drives, roundups and stockman

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associations, terms such as bronco,
lasso larry rodeo, corral dalliance

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chaps came from the mexicano cowboys,
spanish language.

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Mm

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Yeah, yeah.

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Along with the cowboy came to sheep
herder and the beginning of the

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present day sheep industry in Apache
County Arizona, It was started in

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1861 by Juan Candelaria who came from
Mexico to the present day town of

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Montrose juan and his brothers were
the largest sheep owners and taxpayers

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in Apache County

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to protect their holdings during the
territorial period. The mexicanos of

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Arizona contributed to the task of
pacifying the apaches by joining. the

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Arizona Volunteers. In 18 86 the
Arizona Territorial Legislature created

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five military companies for the
purpose of subduing the Apaches. Three of

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these five companies, companies A E.
N. F. Were composed solely of

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Mexicano Volunteers who had years of
experience in fighting the Apache.

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They endured months of hardship and
were ill equipped clothes and

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malnourished despite these harsh
conditions. Companies A any were credited

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by the junk general of the territory
of Arizona with killing or capturing

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100 patches in a nine month period.

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Despite the Apache, the Mexicanos
agricultural and ranching contributions

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played an important role in the
industrial development of territorial

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Arizona

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at that time, packed trains were the
principal means of transportation and

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the Guerreros, or Mexicano freighters
were an extremely efficient and

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economical mode of transporting goods.
These freighters risk their lives

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daily to supply goods and equipment to
the pioneer towns, the minds, the

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industries and the military posts in
Arizona operations from Tucson to san

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Diego and y. Mr toxin were common. Two
of the most successful framing

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businesses in Arizona were owned by
the Aguirre brothers and esteban Ochoa.

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Later when the railroads replaced the
pack trains, they lost thousands of

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dollars in business when

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the railroads finally came to Arizona,
it was the Mexican on the chinese

00:12:43.100 --> 00:12:46.547
laborers who laid the foundation for
the construction of the southern

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pacific railroad. Since the 1880s,
Mexicano laborers have made up to 70%

00:12:52.409 --> 00:12:57.787
of the section crews and 90% of the
extra gangs crews. They worked as

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watchmen and repaired and maintained
the railroad tracks while working on

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the lines. The Mexicano laborers and
their families lived in box cars and

00:13:05.990 --> 00:13:10.947
tents and many of them settled in
Arizona. Mhm When the Southern Pacific

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Railroad completed its line to Casa
Grande in 1879, it discharged 1500

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Mexican workers. Many of these workers
remained in the phoenix area. The

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mexican miners played an important
role in the economic development of

00:13:25.009 --> 00:13:28.776
Arizona's mining industry. The santa
rita silver and compromise in western

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New Mexico and became the most
important minds in southwestern America. It

00:13:32.580 --> 00:13:35.667
was here in the 1880s that the
techniques of copper mining were first

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developed by the Mexican girls in the
same area which included the border

00:13:39.100 --> 00:13:44.486
near Arizona. These miners were
already adapted to the rough terrain and

00:13:44.519 --> 00:13:48.407
knew the practical applications of the
resources in their environment.

00:13:48.440 --> 00:13:51.967
They were familiar with the silver and
copper ores and could prepare or

00:13:52.000 --> 00:13:57.256
extract them by even the simplest of
methods. Mexicans were dispersed

00:13:57.289 --> 00:14:01.207
throughout Arizona as they worked the
mines in the regions of Patagonia to

00:14:01.240 --> 00:14:06.667
back cerro colorado, the santa rita
mountains, the santa Cruz Valley, Aro

00:14:06.700 --> 00:14:12.817
Morency globe, Miami and Clifton's.
These mining towns stood as tributes

00:14:12.850 --> 00:14:17.327
to the mexicano miners abilities and
great skills in extracting valuable

00:14:17.360 --> 00:14:22.516
ore from the earth. But in spite of
their contributions, the mexicano face

00:14:22.549 --> 00:14:26.636
constant discrimination in the mining
industry. A double wage standard

00:14:26.669 --> 00:14:31.787
persisted among the mexicano and the
anglo american miner, he was

00:14:31.820 --> 00:14:36.077
disdained by anglo organized labor
exploited by the mine owner and was

00:14:36.110 --> 00:14:39.407
labeled a foreigner and un american
because of the differences in his

00:14:39.440 --> 00:14:44.106
customs, culture, language and
religion. The mine managers, however, had

00:14:44.139 --> 00:14:48.927
to rely heavily on mexicano labor
during the early mining period. It was

00:14:48.960 --> 00:14:53.026
the extreme climate, the lack of
transportation and the Apache menace,

00:14:53.059 --> 00:14:56.907
which discouraged anglo americans from
entering the Arizona territory.

00:14:56.940 --> 00:15:01.146
Therefore, it was essential to rely on
the mexicano labor to build and

00:15:01.179 --> 00:15:05.807
develop a mining economy. Hostilities
between Mexicano and Anglo miners

00:15:05.840 --> 00:15:11.457
continue to surface elsewhere. In May
of 1863, gold was discovered in the

00:15:11.490 --> 00:15:15.866
central mountains of Arizona. When
news of this discovery spread, the

00:15:15.899 --> 00:15:19.486
weaver district became swarm with
hundreds of prospectors from la paz

00:15:19.519 --> 00:15:25.866
California, Nevada, santa fe
Albuquerque and Sonora. The walker mining

00:15:25.899 --> 00:15:29.736
district became the anglo camp and the
weaver district was known as the

00:15:29.769 --> 00:15:35.337
Mexican camp and was often referred to
as Greece er ville. The walker

00:15:35.370 --> 00:15:38.986
weaver districts immediately started
practicing discrimination against

00:15:39.019 --> 00:15:43.187
mexicano prospectors. They were not
allowed to own property in this

00:15:43.220 --> 00:15:47.726
district and they could only work for
an anglo claim holder. This claim

00:15:47.759 --> 00:15:51.587
holder was then held financially
responsible for any depredations

00:15:51.620 --> 00:15:55.006
committed by the mexicano minor.

00:15:55.039 --> 00:15:58.927
As feelings between the angle and the
mexican has intensified robberies

00:15:58.960 --> 00:16:02.646
and murders and the districts were
quickly blamed on the mexicanos, many

00:16:02.679 --> 00:16:08.606
of whom were forced out of the area by
well armed vigilante groups

00:16:08.639 --> 00:16:12.846
as in other territories and states in
the southwest. Mexicanos in Arizona

00:16:12.879 --> 00:16:16.886
had to fight the land. Grand battle
Grants in the Arizona territory were

00:16:16.919 --> 00:16:21.547
guaranteed by the Gats and Purchase
Treaty of 1854. But controversies

00:16:21.580 --> 00:16:25.797
characterized by fraud and delay
continued to plague Mexicanos who

00:16:25.830 --> 00:16:29.886
eventually lost the majority of their
land rights. Anglo american

00:16:29.919 --> 00:16:34.057
speculators gained control of titles
and asked the government to confirm

00:16:34.090 --> 00:16:38.917
their ownership, but the surveyor
general reported in 18 87 that many of

00:16:38.950 --> 00:16:43.106
these documents were fabricated and
were presented as authentic documents

00:16:43.139 --> 00:16:47.116
to verify doubtful deeds.
Consequently, the task of searching and

00:16:47.149 --> 00:16:52.606
confirming these land grants Took
nearly 50 years.

00:16:52.639 --> 00:16:56.996
However, the Mexicano influence was
evident during the territorial period.

00:16:57.029 --> 00:17:01.557
In Arizona, these pioneers had
established communities throughout Arizona

00:17:01.590 --> 00:17:06.786
prior to the establishment of Anglo
american town sites. The first pioneer

00:17:06.819 --> 00:17:11.026
farmers and settlers in the Florence
area where mexicanos. Early land

00:17:11.059 --> 00:17:15.897
records indicate that Mexicano
families as early as the 1850s had begun

00:17:15.930 --> 00:17:19.996
ranching the floodplain areas south of
the Gila River near the vicinity of

00:17:20.029 --> 00:17:23.806
present day Florence.

00:17:23.839 --> 00:17:27.707
The earliest known farming Pioneer who
formally recorded a claim was

00:17:27.740 --> 00:17:34.806
Steven Ramirez. The claim for 160
acres was filed on March two,

00:17:34.839 --> 00:17:40.157
In 1868, 8, other Mexican families
filed claims to their farming land. One

00:17:40.190 --> 00:17:44.056
of them Raphael science originally
owned the same quarter section of the

00:17:44.089 --> 00:17:49.437
land that became known as the
federally patented Florence town site. By

00:17:49.470 --> 00:17:53.256
1870, the Mexicano population
comprised nearly half of the Florence

00:17:53.289 --> 00:17:58.076
population. Many of these settlers
were laborers, businessmen and farmers

00:17:58.109 --> 00:18:01.826
and were responsible for the planning
and construction of the 1st Catholic

00:18:01.859 --> 00:18:08.086
Church in Central Arizona. In 1868 and
1870, the Mexicano provided the

00:18:08.119 --> 00:18:11.597
labor for the construction of the
first three major canals and the

00:18:11.630 --> 00:18:16.226
Montezuma Canal in Florence. These
canals provided a dependable irrigation

00:18:16.259 --> 00:18:20.677
supply and became a major factor in
the development of agriculture. In and

00:18:20.710 --> 00:18:25.877
around Florence. The town of suffered
was officially settled in 1874 by a

00:18:25.910 --> 00:18:29.857
small group of Anglo American farmers,
but prior to their arrival, the

00:18:29.890 --> 00:18:32.897
first settlers in the Graham County
portion of the Hill, a valley were

00:18:32.930 --> 00:18:37.256
Mexicanos. These farmers started a
small settlement known as El pueblo

00:18:37.289 --> 00:18:42.417
Viejo or san Jose. Also living in
Graham County was a well known pioneer.

00:18:42.450 --> 00:18:46.756
Pedro mitch Elena Pedro was a popular
figure in Solomon ville and other

00:18:46.789 --> 00:18:50.726
Graham county communities. Despite
local conflicts, he was appointed and

00:18:50.759 --> 00:18:54.597
elected to various local public
offices, including Deputy clerk for the

00:18:54.630 --> 00:18:58.607
District court of Solomon Clerk of the
board of supervisors and county

00:18:58.640 --> 00:19:02.816
recorder. He also served as the
official spanish court interpreter for

00:19:02.849 --> 00:19:07.526
both the district and U. S. Courts. In
1894, he was appointed to the

00:19:07.559 --> 00:19:12.387
position of postmaster of Solomon
Mitchell Enna is the best known mexicano

00:19:12.420 --> 00:19:17.516
elected official in Graham County in
Apache County. The Mexicano pioneers

00:19:17.549 --> 00:19:23.806
settled the communities which are now
known as ST john's and around valley.

00:19:23.839 --> 00:19:28.026
The first mexicano settlers to enter
this area was the juan baca and

00:19:28.059 --> 00:19:32.147
among well Candelaria families. Later
they were followed by other mexican

00:19:32.180 --> 00:19:40.180
families.

00:19:47.539 --> 00:19:55.539
Mhm, mm hmm, mm hmm.

00:19:56.539 --> 00:20:01.016
In the late 1870s, Anglo settlers
arrived in southern near the Mexicano

00:20:01.049 --> 00:20:05.016
communities of control San Juan and by
Arredondo hostilities in these

00:20:05.049 --> 00:20:08.207
areas between these two groups
increased as anglo settlers encroached on

00:20:08.240 --> 00:20:12.177
the land and water rights of the
mexicano pioneers. They also established

00:20:12.210 --> 00:20:16.776
segregated schools. The Mexicano
pioneers in Apache County face constant

00:20:16.809 --> 00:20:20.306
harassment from texas, cowboys who had
no qualms about riding into the

00:20:20.339 --> 00:20:25.740
mexicano communities to intimidate the
residents and to shoot up the town.

00:20:25.740 --> 00:20:29.266
There was a more peaceful situation in
Yuma County where Francisco and

00:20:29.299 --> 00:20:33.776
Dolores Contreras decided to settle.
They were the first mexicana family.

00:20:33.809 --> 00:20:38.097
They came to live near the present
town side of huma. The Contreras with

00:20:38.130 --> 00:20:42.786
their nine Children came to the area
to farm raise cattle and to prospect

00:20:42.819 --> 00:20:48.286
for gold. In 18 69 the first catholic
church was built by the Mexicano

00:20:48.319 --> 00:20:53.097
pioneers as the town expanded these
mexicanos and their families

00:20:53.130 --> 00:20:57.957
contributed to the political and
economic development of huma. Leading the

00:20:57.990 --> 00:21:02.367
pioneers was Jose Maria Redondo. He
established the largest ranch in

00:21:02.400 --> 00:21:06.857
western Arizona with over 2500 head of
cattle and over 2000 acres of

00:21:06.890 --> 00:21:12.576
cultivated land. He also started
irrigation in the valley by building 27

00:21:12.609 --> 00:21:17.717
miles of canals for large scale
irrigation. Redondo success followed him

00:21:17.750 --> 00:21:23.026
into the political arena In 1873, he
defeated Michael Goldwater for a seat

00:21:23.059 --> 00:21:26.586
in the territorial legislature. He
served in both houses of the

00:21:26.619 --> 00:21:33.467
legislature in 1875 and 1877. He also
served as the mayor of huma and with

00:21:33.500 --> 00:21:38.506
the county board of supervisors for
seven years

00:21:38.539 --> 00:21:41.746
in central Arizona, the mexicano was
playing a major role in the

00:21:41.779 --> 00:21:45.566
settlement and development of the
phoenix area Records show that the

00:21:45.599 --> 00:21:49.056
Mexicano had arrived in the Salt River
Valley in large numbers in the late

00:21:49.089 --> 00:21:53.836
1860s and early 1870s, they were
already present when the phoenix

00:21:53.869 --> 00:21:59.316
settlement was beginning to grow. By
18 70 mexicanos comprise nearly half

00:21:59.349 --> 00:22:04.226
of the valley's 240 residents and it
was the mexicano who contributed the

00:22:04.259 --> 00:22:08.157
necessary labor and technical ability
for reclamation of the valley's

00:22:08.190 --> 00:22:13.086
lands. Records show that they re
escalated prehistoric, a hokum Indian

00:22:13.119 --> 00:22:17.486
canals forming and extending the Salt
River Valley canal, the Maricopa

00:22:17.519 --> 00:22:22.576
canal and the grand canal constructed
on the north side of the Salt River.

00:22:22.609 --> 00:22:26.766
Mexican farmers also constructed
several small canals and made a

00:22:26.799 --> 00:22:31.207
controlled and dependable supply of
water available to valley farmers.

00:22:31.240 --> 00:22:35.937
This essential water distribution
system constructed by the mexican worker

00:22:35.970 --> 00:22:42.306
was the early beginning of today's
Salt River project.

00:22:42.339 --> 00:22:46.056
Mexicano workers also cleared the
Phoenix town site and helped in the

00:22:46.089 --> 00:22:51.816
first survey directed by William A.
Hancock in 1870. they grated the

00:22:51.849 --> 00:22:56.306
roadbeds and laid the tracks for the
Maricopa and phoenix railroad. These

00:22:56.339 --> 00:23:00.457
tracks connected the city of phoenix
with the southern pacific main line

00:23:00.490 --> 00:23:04.506
at Maricopa. They also laid the tracks
for the mule drawn street cars of

00:23:04.539 --> 00:23:08.107
the phoenix street railway company,
which brought public transportation to

00:23:08.140 --> 00:23:14.157
phoenix in 18 87. In southern Arizona,
however, the mexicano dominated the

00:23:14.190 --> 00:23:19.127
social, economic and political
institutions in the pueblo of toxin. Many

00:23:19.160 --> 00:23:23.347
of these mexicano pioneer families
were very prominent, influential and

00:23:23.380 --> 00:23:29.907
wealthy. Jackson was a trading center
for Arizona Sonora and the Southwest

00:23:29.940 --> 00:23:33.627
goods and supplies needed by
civilians, miners and ranchers and the

00:23:33.660 --> 00:23:37.697
military were brought in by mexican
oh, merchants and freighters. Since

00:23:37.730 --> 00:23:41.867
most of these goods came from Mexico,
the mexicano businessman dominated

00:23:41.900 --> 00:23:47.226
the trade In the 1860s and 1870s,
relations between the Mexicano and

00:23:47.259 --> 00:23:50.526
Anglos and Saxons were cordial. There
are several reasons for this

00:23:50.559 --> 00:23:54.677
friendly relationship during this
period. Toxins population was

00:23:54.710 --> 00:24:00.707
predominantly Mexicano. The Anglo
American population was still a minority.

00:24:00.740 --> 00:24:05.437
The first anglo american arrivals
married mexicana women, many of whom

00:24:05.470 --> 00:24:10.157
belonged to the most elite and
wealthy. Mexicano families in Tucson, the

00:24:10.190 --> 00:24:14.756
best known of the prominent mexican.
As a Texan was Estevan ochoa what was

00:24:14.789 --> 00:24:18.877
called the king of the freighting
business in Arizona. He was admired

00:24:18.910 --> 00:24:22.306
throughout the territory for his
initiative and improvements and for the

00:24:22.339 --> 00:24:26.947
efforts he would bring to the
community Rachel was a supporter of public

00:24:26.980 --> 00:24:31.836
education and was instrumental in
writing and passing the 1871 legislative

00:24:31.869 --> 00:24:36.367
build to fund public schools in
Arizona, he served as chairman of the

00:24:36.400 --> 00:24:40.236
educational committee and donated the
land and money and supervised the

00:24:40.269 --> 00:24:44.417
construction of the first modern
school in Arizona esta. Monaco's

00:24:44.450 --> 00:24:48.476
political aspirations led him to
become president of the Tucson School

00:24:48.509 --> 00:24:54.276
board and representative to the
territorial legislature in 18 68 18 71 and

00:24:54.309 --> 00:25:02.309
18 77. Ochoa also became the last
elected mexicano mayor of Toxin in 18 75.

00:25:03.039 --> 00:25:05.039
Another notable mexicano pioneer in the Tucson area was Mariano Samaniego

00:25:07.319 --> 00:25:12.006
who achieved prominence as a
freighter, cattle rancher and public official.

00:25:12.039 --> 00:25:15.187
He was appointed pima county assessor
and served on the Tucson City

00:25:15.220 --> 00:25:19.516
council. Mariano Samaniego was a
founding member of the University Board

00:25:19.549 --> 00:25:25.486
of Regions and also served on the
territorial legislature in 1877,

00:25:25.519 --> 00:25:27.806
In 1895,

00:25:27.839 --> 00:25:31.746
Carlos Ignacio Velasco was a lawyer
Superior Court judge and state

00:25:31.779 --> 00:25:36.447
legislator in the state of Sonora
Mexico Carlos established in front

00:25:36.480 --> 00:25:40.197
terrace. So a weekly spanish
newspapers circulated throughout Arizona and

00:25:40.230 --> 00:25:45.117
Sonora Carlos Velasco was also the
creator and founder of the Alleanza is

00:25:45.150 --> 00:25:50.197
panamericana. His reputation as a
defender of the mexicanos rights became

00:25:50.230 --> 00:25:52.207
legendary

00:25:52.240 --> 00:25:56.066
By the 1880s. The harmony that had
existed between the Mexicanos and the

00:25:56.099 --> 00:26:01.776
Anglos had begun to erode On March 20,
the chariots of fire rolled into

00:26:01.809 --> 00:26:06.097
toxin. The arrival of the first
railroad became the turning point for the

00:26:06.130 --> 00:26:10.697
old pueblo and the mexicano community.
The Southern pacific railroad

00:26:10.730 --> 00:26:14.927
brought an influx of anglo americans
and started an era of rapid growth

00:26:14.960 --> 00:26:20.097
and change in the toxin community. A
couple of years earlier, Mexicanos

00:26:20.130 --> 00:26:25.657
made up nearly 70% of toxins
population, but by 1881, only one year after

00:26:25.690 --> 00:26:31.207
the arrival of the railroad, the
population had declined to 43%.

00:26:31.240 --> 00:26:34.726
The railroad brought many wealthy
anglo american entrepreneurs who came to

00:26:34.759 --> 00:26:39.107
invest in agriculture, retailing,
mining and ranching. Local mexicano

00:26:39.140 --> 00:26:43.256
merchants soon last out because they
could not compete. The railroad also

00:26:43.289 --> 00:26:47.526
brought in more anglo women. As
intermarriages declined, the mexican elite

00:26:47.559 --> 00:26:52.536
gradually were excluded from anglo
social events. As the business district

00:26:52.569 --> 00:26:56.197
expanded, the mexican families were
bought out or forced out of the

00:26:56.230 --> 00:26:59.647
expansion of the business district
forced the mexicans to move south.

00:26:59.680 --> 00:27:05.306
Anglo americans prefer to move north
away from the mexican families.

00:27:05.339 --> 00:27:09.677
In the 1890s, a major depression
affected the economy of Arizona jobs were

00:27:09.710 --> 00:27:13.157
scarce and competition between the two
groups created hostilities. The

00:27:13.190 --> 00:27:17.367
Mexicanos were the last hired in the
first fired Racial tension in Tucson

00:27:17.400 --> 00:27:21.197
increased when a nativist movement was
started in Tucson. In the 1890s,

00:27:21.230 --> 00:27:24.217
Anglo Americans blamed the Mexicanos
for the unemployment and the

00:27:24.250 --> 00:27:29.117
depression of 1894 in Tucson. The
Nativists formed the American Protection

00:27:29.150 --> 00:27:31.407
Association.

00:27:31.440 --> 00:27:35.447
Nativism personified the idea that
United States citizens who were not

00:27:35.480 --> 00:27:40.576
protestant and whose ancestry was not
northern or Western european should

00:27:40.609 --> 00:27:45.927
be denied influencing US culture
policies and society in order to counter

00:27:45.960 --> 00:27:51.076
discrimination practices. The mexicano
community leaders in toxin organize

00:27:51.109 --> 00:27:55.167
the Alleanza is panamericana. The
purpose of this organization was to

00:27:55.200 --> 00:27:59.367
ensure political representation and
economic influence in a town that was

00:27:59.400 --> 00:28:04.316
rapidly changing by incoming anglo
americans de Lanza provided life

00:28:04.349 --> 00:28:08.486
insurance, social and cultural
activities and organized youth chapters

00:28:08.519 --> 00:28:12.996
through its political front, the
Mexicano Democratic Party, the Alleanza

00:28:13.029 --> 00:28:17.677
successfully elected to mexicanos to
public office Mariano Samaniego as a

00:28:17.710 --> 00:28:21.427
member of the Pima county board of
supervisors and Navarre Pacheco is

00:28:21.460 --> 00:28:25.256
county sheriff. Alleanza lodges were
quickly established throughout the

00:28:25.289 --> 00:28:29.796
Arizona territory in such places as
phoenix jerome congress, Tempe nogales

00:28:29.829 --> 00:28:35.957
, Yuma, Clifton's Marenzi and Metcalf.
By the end of the 1880s, the

00:28:35.990 --> 00:28:39.447
Mexicanos have left their mark on
territorial Arizona. They had survived

00:28:39.480 --> 00:28:43.647
the rigors of the frontier, including
Apache warfare as freighters. They

00:28:43.680 --> 00:28:47.197
were the lifeline necessary for the
development of Arizona's industries.

00:28:47.230 --> 00:28:51.056
They laid the foundation of economic
development in mining, agriculture

00:28:51.089 --> 00:28:54.046
and the sheep and cattle industries.
They were the backbone for the

00:28:54.079 --> 00:28:57.486
construction of the railroads,
reclamation and irrigation projects for

00:28:57.519 --> 00:29:01.687
farming. They, the mexicanos built the
towns and roads so vital to

00:29:01.720 --> 00:29:06.177
Arizona's territory. However, the
mexican population in general did not

00:29:06.210 --> 00:29:10.367
receive the economic rewards of their
sweat and labor By the 1900s, the

00:29:10.400 --> 00:29:16.207
Anglo American became the dominant
population in Arizona.

00:29:16.240 --> 00:29:24.240
Yeah.

00:29:26.039 --> 00:29:29.207
Mhm

00:29:29.240 --> 00:29:35.207
Right.

00:29:35.240 --> 00:29:41.207
Oh yeah, yeah, mm hmm.

00:29:41.240 --> 00:29:48.607
Yeah. Uh huh. Mhm mm

00:29:48.640 --> 00:29:56.640
Right. Yeah,

00:29:59.539 --> 00:30:02.107
Yeah.

00:30:02.140 --> 00:30:10.140
Mhm.

00:30:12.940 --> 00:30:14.940
Yeah.