Apache County 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Shining Light on Arizona Youth Arizona Criminal Justice Commission in partnership with Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Arizona Department of Health Services, Division of Behavioral Health Arizona Department of Health Services, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Arizona Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention Governor’s Office for Children, Youth and Families Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Leslie Bloom, The Partnership for Drug Free America, AZ Affiliate Allie Bones, Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence Tim Christensen, Office of Problem Gambling Janet Garcia, Valley of the Sun United Way Michelle Gayles, Valley of the Sun United Way Charles Katz, Arizona State University Elise Mickkelsen, Office of Problem Gambling Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Rick Pyper, Office of Problem Gambling Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University Additionally, the success of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Table of Contents Introduction The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention The Charts and Tables in this Report The Community Data Project The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data Data Charts: Lifetime and 30 Day ATOD Use Problem Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior Gambling Risk & Protective Factor Profiles Where Youth Obtained Alcohol School Safety Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions Data Tables Appendix Contacts for Prevention Introduction 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Apache County Summary Report This report summarizes all findings from the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) administered to 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students during spring 2010. The results for your county are presented along with comparisons to the results for the state of Arizona. The survey was designed to assess school safety, adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. All schools in Arizona are eligible to participate in the survey, Table 1. Characteristics of Participants County 2006 Number Percent County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Students by Grade 8 357 41.0 299 99.7 393 35.6 27,592 43.3 10 283 32.5 n/a n/a 409 37.0 19,489 30.6 12 231 26.5 n/a n/a 303 27.4 16,703 26.2 871 100.0 300 100.0 1,105 100.0 63,784 100.0 Male 424 49.4 153 51.9 530 48.5 30,645 49.0 Female 435 50.6 142 48.1 562 51.5 31,928 51.0 All Students Surveyed* Students by Gender Table 2. Race/Ethnicity of Participants Hispanic Student marked 'Yes' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Native American 12 70.6 33 25.6 1,207 4.9 African American 2 11.8 6 4.7 657 2.6 Asian 0 0.0 0 0.0 206 0.8 Pacific Islander 0 0.0 0 0.0 280 1.1 White 0 0.0 40 31.0 5,772 23.2 Multi-Racial Race Unmarked 2 11.8 7 5.4 1,021 4.1 1 5.9 43 33.3 15,726 63.2 Non-Hispanic Student marked 'No' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American African American Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent 231 91.3 615 66.1 2,517 6.8 1 0.4 5 0.5 2,129 5.7 1 0.4 2 0.2 1,551 4.2 0 0.0 1 0.1 372 1.0 7 2.8 267 28.7 27,180 73.2 7 2.8 30 3.2 2,539 6.8 6 2.4 11 1.2 824 2.2 Totals County 2008 Number Hispanic Students Non-Hispanic Students Total Students** County 2010 Percent Number Percent State 2010 Number Percent 17 5.7 129 11.7 24,869 39.0 253 84.3 931 84.3 37,112 58.2 300 100.0 1,105 100.0 63,784 100.0 * Grades with fewer than 20 students participating are not included in this report. However, students from grades not making the cutoff are included in All Students Surveyed. This means the number of students reported in All Students Surveyed may exceed the sum of individual grades. (All Students Surveyed will match the grade total in reports with data drawn from a single grade.) **As a small percentage of students skipped the question Are you Hispanic or Latino? (at the state level, 1,803 students, or 2.8% of the total), the sum of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic students is less than Total Students . 5 and recruitment efforts were successful in obtaining participation by schools in all of the 15 counties. Careful planning and uniform administration of the survey have resulted in survey data that are valid and representative of the students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in Arizona. Table 1 contains the characteristics of the students who completed the survey from your county and the state of Arizona. Because not every student answered all of the questions, the number of students in the gender and ethnicity/race categories often will be less than the total number of students. To better understand the diversity of Arizona’s youth population, respondents were asked separate questions about their ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) and their race (Caucasian, African-American, Native American, etc.). This method for obtaining ethnicity and race information provides more comprehensive data on youth cultural and racial self-identification, and a more nuanced understanding of Arizona’s diverse youth population. Whenever data are obtained from a sample of students instead of the entire population, it is important to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the data. One easy way to investigate the quality of the sample is to look at the basic demographic characteristics of the students who participated in the survey and compare them to what is known about the entire population of students. This will give the user of these data a basic understanding of the degree to which the sample data can be generalized to the entire population. It is important to note that even when the characteristics of the sample do not match well to the characteristics of the population this does not mean the data lose their usefulness. The data included in this report describes the level of risk and protective factors, substance use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency of those youth who participated in the survey, which can be used to inform the development of school and community-based prevention and intervention activities that may benefit both the youth who participate in the survey and those who did not. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention Prevention is a science. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention is a proven way of reducing substance abuse and its related consequences. This model is based on the simple premise that to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing and then find ways to reduce the risks. Just as medical researchers have found risk factors for heart disease such as diets high in fat, lack of exercise, and smoking, a team of researchers at the University of Washington have defined a set of risk factors for youth problem behaviors. Protective factors exert a positive influence and buffer against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviors. Protective factors identified through research include strong bonding to family, school, community and peers, and healthy beliefs and clear standards for behavior. Research on risk and protective factors has important implications for children’s academic success, positive youth development, and prevention of health and behavior problems. In order to promote academic success and positive youth development and to prevent problem behaviors, it is necessary to address the factors that predict these outcomes. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can be identified and targeted by policies, programs, and actions shown to reduce those risk factors and to promote protective factors. Risk factors are characteristics of school, community and family environments, and of students and their peer groups known to predict increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school dropout, and violent behaviors among youth. For example, children who live in communities with physical deterioration and high rates of adult crime are more likely to become involved in delinquency and drug use than children who live in organized neighborhoods. Each risk and protective factor can be linked to specific types of interventions that have been shown to be effective in either reducing risk(s) or enhancing protection(s). The steps outlined here will help your county make key decisions regarding allocation of resources, how and when to address specific needs, and which strategies are most effective and known to produce results. The chart below shows the links between the 19 risk factors and five problem behaviors. The check marks indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Community Disorganization Extreme Economic & Social Deprivation Family History of the Problem Behavior Family Conflict Family Management Problems Favorable Parent Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Early Initiation of Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Early & Persistent Antisocial Behavior Alienation & Rebelliousness Friends Who Use Drugs & Engage in Problem Behaviors Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Gang Involvement Constitutional Factors Peer / Individual Low Neighborhood Attachment School Transitions & Mobility Family Availability of Drugs & Firearms Community Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms & Crime Risk Factors Substance Abuse T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Delinquency T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Teen Pregnancy School Drop-Out Violence T T T T T T T T Source: Communities That Care (CTC) prevention model, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) 6 Charts and Tables in this Report There are seven types of charts presented in this report: 1. Lifetime and 30 day ATOD use 2. Heavy substance use and antisocial behavior 3. Gambling 4. Risk profiles 5. Protective profiles 6. Where youth acquired alcohol 7. School safety Data from the charts are also presented in Tables 4 through 12. The additional data found in Tables 13 through 15 are explained at the end of this section. Understanding the Format of the Charts There are several graphical elements common to all the charts. Understanding the format of the charts and what these elements represent is essential in interpreting the results of the 2010 AYS. • The Bars on substance use and antisocial behavior charts represent the percentage of students in that grade who reported a given behavior. The bars on the risk and protective factor charts represent the percentage of students whose answers reflect significant risk or protection in that category. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Each set of differently colored bars represents one of the last three administrations of the AYS: 2006, 2008, and 2010. By looking at the percentages over time, it is possible to identify trends in substance use and antisocial behavior. By studying the percentage of youth at risk and with protection over time, it is possible to determine whether the percentage of students at risk or with protection is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. This information is important when deciding which risk and protective factors warrant attention. • Dots and Diamonds. The dots on the charts represent the percentage of all of the youth surveyed across Arizona who reported substance use, problem behavior, elevated risk, or elevated protection. The diamonds represent national data from either the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey or the Bach Harrison Norm. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz The Bach Harrison Norm was developed by Bach Harrison L.L.C. to provide states and communities with the ability to compare their results on risk, protection, and antisocial measures with more national measures. Survey participants from eight statewide surveys and five large regional surveys across the nation were combined into a database of approximately 460,000 students. The results were 7 weighted to make the contribution of each state and region proportional to its share of the national population. Bach Harrison analysts then calculated rates for antisocial behavior and for students at risk and with protection. The results appear on the charts as BH Norm. In order to keep the Bach Harrison Norm relevant, it is updated approximately every two years as new data become available. zzzzz zzzzzzzzz A comparison to state-wide and national results provides additional information for your community in determining the relative importance of levels of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use, antisocial behavior, risk, and protection. Information about other students in the state and the nation can be helpful in determining the seriousness of a given level of problem behavior. Scanning across the charts, it is important to observe the factors that differ the most from the Bach Harrison Norm. This is the first step in identifying the levels of risk and protection that are higher or lower than those in other communities. The risk factors that are higher than the Bach Harrison Norm and the protective factors are lower than the Bach Harrison Norm are probably the factors that your community should consider addressing when planning prevention programs. Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use • Lifetime use is a measure of the percentage of students who tried the particular substance at least once in their lifetime and is used to show the percentage of students who have had experience with a particular substance. • 30-day use is a measure of the percentage of students who used the substance at least once in the 30 days prior to taking the survey and is a more sensitive indicator of the level of current use of the substance. Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior • Heavy substance use is measured in two different ways: binge drinking (having five or more drinks in a row during the two weeks prior to the survey) and use of one-half a pack or more of cigarettes per day. • Drinking and Driving - youth indicating drinking alcohol and driving, or riding with a driver who had been drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. • Antisocial behavior (ASB) is a measure of the percentage of students who report any involvement during the past year with the eight antisocial behaviors listed in the charts. How Charts to Readand theTables Chartsininthis thisReport Report(cont’d) (cont’d) Gambling Gambling behavior charts show the percentage of students who engaged in each of the 10 types of gambling “for money, possessions, or anything of value” during the past year: played gambling machines, played the lottery, bet on sports, played cards, bought a raffle ticket, played bingo, gambled on the Internet, bet on a dice game, bet on a game of personal skill and bet on horse or other animal races. The chart also shows the percentage of students who engaged in any gambling behavior during the past year. Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Risk and protective factor scales measure specific aspects of a youth’s life experience that predict whether he/she will engage in problem behaviors. The scales, defined in Table 3, are grouped into four domains: community, family, school, and peer/individual. The risk and protective factor charts show the percentage of students at risk and with protection for each of the scales. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol This chart displays data regarding the ways that students obtained alcohol in the past 30 days. The data focus on a subgroup of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no alcohol use are not represented.) It is important to note that the charts represent a subgroup of users and not the entire survey population. Additionally, the smaller the sample, the more dramatic the influence of a student's responses. For example, if only one student in a particular grade reported where he/she obtained alcohol, each category would show up as either 0% or 100%. The chart legend indicates the sample size for each grade surveyed to help clarify the value of the data. School Safety The school safety profile charts contain the percentages of students who felt unsafe at school or on the way to school, were threatened or injured with a weapon at school, were in a physical fight at school, carried a weapon to school or were picked on or bullied at school. The complete questions and values for each response option can be seen in Table 12. Additional Data in this Report In addition to data presented in the charts and Tables 4 through 12, Tables 13 through 15 contain information useful for prevention planning. Table 13 contains the information that is required by communities with Drug Free Communities Grants, such as the perception of the risk of ATOD use, perception of parent and peer disapproval of ATOD use, past 30-day use, and average age of first use. Tables 14 and 15 contain questions new to the 2010 AYS on subjects of interest to prevention providers. The Community Data Project Supported by a grant from the Arizona Governor's Office for Children, Youth and Families, the Community Data Project is a multi-agency effort to create a central repository for Arizona's substance abuse and crime data. Through a user-friendly web site, individuals will have a one-stop portal where they can select the type of data they need, specific demographic characteristics, and their geographic level of interest. Various output options will be offered, including data tables, graphs, and maps to cover a variety of reporting and visualization needs. The web site will be a useful tool for practitioners and policymakers who are addressing substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and crime and the criminal justice system by providing them with a 8 comprehensive picture of the characteristics and needs of Arizona’s communities. Having data that are specific to the users geographic area of interest will not only lead to an enhanced understanding of the community issues related to drugs and crime, but it will also maximize data-for-decision-making capabilities for things such as the appropriate program content, identification of at-risk target areas and populations, grant writing and reporting, monitoring progress of prevention and intervention initiatives over time, and determining resource allocation. Currently, the web site is under construction, but we anticipate it will be ready by end of summer 2010. Please visit us then at: www.azcjc.gov/ACJC.Web/sac/CommunDataPrj.aspx The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership (ASAP) was established by Executive Order in June 2007. Currently chaired by the governor’s policy advisor on Health and Human Services, ASAP serves as the single statewide council on substance abuse issues. ASAP brings together stakeholders at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels to improve coordination of efforts; address identified gaps in prevention, treatment, enforcement, and recovery efforts; and improve funding allocation. ASAP utilizes data and practical expertise to develop effective methods for integrating and expanding services across Arizona, thereby maximizing available resources. ASAP also studies current policy and recommends relevant legislation for the Arizona Legislature’s consideration. It is ASAP’s mission to ensure community-driven, agency-supported outcomes to prevent and reduce the negative impacts of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs by building and sustaining partnerships between professionals in the prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement arenas. Through coordination and collaboration among its members and their respective agencies and organizations, ASAP strives to ensure that substance abuse is addressed in a comprehensive manner and funding is spent efficaciously and efficiently. ASAP’s 2010 strategic plan identifies five strategic focus areas: 1)zchild welfare/children of incarcerated parents/drug-endangered children; 2) law enforcement and drug trafficking; 3)zprescription drugs; 4)zunderage drinking; and 5)zcommunity partnerships. There are currently four sub-committees that assist ASAP in meeting its goals: • Underage Drinking Prevention Committee (UAD) – This subcommittee addresses the problem of underage drinking in Arizona by implementing a statewide underage drinking initiative that assesses statewide epidemiological data, resources, strategies and policies, and builds relationships with tribes, youth, law enforcement, government agencies, and community coalitions. By combining resources, practice, and research, the committee collaborates across state systems to reduce underage drinking. • Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group (Epi) – This work group produces a biennial Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile, which highlights trends and new substance abuse data in Arizona and an annual summary profile, entitled The Impact of Substance Abuse: A Snapshot of Arizona. The Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile is a comprehensive, informative, and functional profile of substance abuse in the state for use by community coalitions, agencies, and individuals in relevant fields. Currently, Epi conducts analyses of individual substance abuse issues, responds to ad hoc data requests and brings data to bear on ASAP’s policy decisions around its strategic plan and focus areas. • Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force (AMTF) –The Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force was created in August 2006 in response to Arizona’s decade-long increase in the number of individuals regularly using methamphetamine and the increase in the resulting social and economic costs associated with the drug. The AMTF was instructed to approach Arizona’s methamphetamine problem holistically, focusing equally on enforcement, prevention, treatment, and recovery. Specifically, the AMTF was charged with identifying specific, action-oriented recommendations to eradicate methamphetamine use in Arizona and build safe and healthy communities throughout the state. The AMTF brings together representatives from state agencies, local government, businesses, and community groups to develop collaborative efforts among the treatment, prevention, and law enforcement systems to assess and address the impact of methamphetamine statewide through information sharing, resource allocation, services coordination, and the development of statewide policy recommendations sensitive to the needs of local and tribal communities. • The Community Advisory Board – The Community Advisory Board (CAB) brings together representatives from community coalitions around the state to improve substance abuse prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement policies and programs. The CAB provides an essential link between communities, ASAP and its subcommittees. The CAB brings the community voice to the ASAP table; reports on important community issues that informs ASAP’s work; helps communities improve their capacity to identify emerging trends, as well as take action and report on them to the proper institutions/authorities; takes the data available through the Epidemiology Work Group and ASAP back to coalitions and communities to effectively target prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement activities; serves as a resource for communities and the state to identify the most effective ways to reduce substance abuse through collaborative efforts and by targeting limited resources where they are most needed; and elevates and recognizes the important work being carried out at the community level to ensure that state-level responses are cognizant of the impact of policies on individual communities. 9 School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data What are the numbers telling you? Review the charts and data tables presented in this report. Note your findings as you discuss the following questions. • Which 3-5 risk factors appear to be higher than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which 3-5 protective factors appear to be lower than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which levels of 30-day drug use are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which substances are your students using the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable usage levels? • Which levels of antisocial behaviors are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which behaviors are your students exhibiting the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable behavior levels? How to identify high priority problem areas. • Look across the charts – which items stand out as either much higher or much lower than the other? • Compare your data with statewide, and/or national data – differences of 5% between local and other data are probably significant. • Prioritize problems for your area – Make an assessment of the rates you’ve identified. Which can be realistically addressed with the funding available to your community? Which problems fit best with the prevention resources at hand? • Determine the standards and values held within your community – For example: Is it acceptable in your community for a percentage of high school students to drink alcohol regularly as long as that percentage is lower than the overall state rate? Use these data for planning. • Substance use and antisocial behavior data – raise awareness about the problems and promote dialogue. • Risk and protective factor data – identify exactly where the community needs to take action. • Promising approaches – access resources listed on the last page of this report for ideas about programs that have been proven effective in addressing the risk factors that are high in your community, and improving the protective factors that are low. Sample Risk Factors Protective Factors 30-day Substance Abuse Antisocial Behavior 10 6th grd Fav. Attitude to Drugs (Peer/Indiv. Scale) @ 15% (8% > 8-state av.) 10th grd - Rewards for prosocial involvm. (School Domain) 40% (down 5% from 2 yrs ago & 16% below state av.) 8th grd Binge Drinking@13% (5% above state av.) 12th grd - Drunk/High at School @ 21% ( about same as state, but remains a priority.) Priority Rate 1 Priority Rate 2 Priority Rate 3 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Apache County, Grade 8 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 11 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Apache County, Grade 10 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 12 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Apache County, Grade 12 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 13 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Apache County, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† MTF Prescription Drugs**† 14 Prescription Sedatives** **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Prescription Stimulants** State 2010 Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** County 2010 Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** County 2008 Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol County 2006 Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Apache County, Grade 8 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 15 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Apache County, Grade 10 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MTF*/BH Norm** Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 16 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. State 2010 Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Apache County, Grade 12 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MTF*/BH Norm** Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 17 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. State 2010 Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Apache County, All Students Surveyed 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 18 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Apache County, Grade 8 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 19 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Apache County, Grade 10 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 20 Any Gambling Past Year Bet on a horse/ other race?* State 2010 Bet on Games of Skill* Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet County 2010 Played Bingo Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Apache County, Grade 12 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 21 Any Gambling Past Year Bet on a horse/ other race?* State 2010 Bet on Games of Skill* Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet County 2010 Played Bingo Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Apache County, All Students Surveyed Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 22 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Apache County, Grade 8 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 23 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Apache County, Grade 8 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 24 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Apache County, Grade 10 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 25 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Apache County, Grade 10 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** Rewards for Prosocial Involvement State 2010 Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* Belief in the Moral Order County 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 26 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Apache County, Grade 12 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 27 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Apache County, Grade 12 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** Rewards for Prosocial Involvement State 2010 Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* Belief in the Moral Order County 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 28 Sources Risk and of Protective Alcohol Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Apache County, All Students Surveyed Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 29 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Apache County, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 30 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Apache County, Grade 8 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 76 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 47 State 2010 Sample: 4,473 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 31 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Apache County, Grade 10 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2010 Sample: 81 State 2010 Sample: 5,295 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 32 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Apache County, Grade 12 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2010 Sample: 84 State 2010 Sample: 6,341 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 33 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Apache County, All Students Surveyed Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 241 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 47 State 2010 Sample: 16,109 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 34 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Apache County, Grade 8 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 35 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Apache County, Grade 10 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2010 In a Physical Fight on School Property 36 Threatened or Injured on School Property Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Apache County, Grade 12 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2010 In a Physical Fight on School Property 37 Threatened or Injured on School Property Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Apache County, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 38 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles Community Domain Risk Factors 1 Low Neighborhood Attachment Research has shown that youth who don't like the neighborhoods in which they live are more likely to become involved in juvenile crime and drug selling. Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the legal drinking age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been followed by decreases in consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have shown that shifts in normative attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence of use. Perceived Availability of Drugs and Handguns The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the use of these substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a higher risk of crime and substance use by adolescents. 1 1 1 1 Community Domain Protective Factors 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for positive participation in activities helps youth bond to the community, thus lowering their risk for substance use. Family Domain Risk Factors 1 Poor Family Management Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places them at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, parents’ failure to provide clear expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that they will engage in drug abuse whether or not there are family drug problems. 1 Family Conflict Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the conflict, appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use. 1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or ATOD use), the children are more likely to engage in these behaviors. 1 Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Antisocial Behavior & Drugs In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use, children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the refrigerator. Family Domain Protective Factors 1 Family Attachment Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors. 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things done well by their child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviors. School Domain Risk Factors 1 Academic Failure Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both drug abuse and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever reasons, increases the risk of problem behaviors. 1 Low Commitment to School Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of drugs is significantly lower among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking school, spending time on homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also negatively related to drug use. 39 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles School Domain Protective Factors 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors. Peer-Individual Risk Factors 1 Rebelliousness Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at higher risk of abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for independence and normlessness have all been linked with drug use. 1 Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use Early onset of drug use predicts misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the greater the involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use prior to the age of 15 is a consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug use has been shown to predict lower drug involvement and a greater probability of discontinuation of use. 1 Attitudes Favorable Toward During the elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes and have Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use difficulty imagining why people use drugs or engage in antisocial behaviors. However, in middle school, as more youth are exposed to others who use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior are more likely to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use. 1 Perceived Risk of Drug Use Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug use. 1 Interaction with Antisocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for engaging in antisocial behavior themselves. 1 Friends' Use of Drugs Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much more likely to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends who use drugs greatly increases the risk of that problem developing. 1 Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging further in antisocial behavior and substance use. Gang Involvement Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. 1 1 1 1 Peer-Individual Protective Factors 1 Belief in the Moral Order Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs. 1 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are more protected from engaging in antisocial behavior and substance use. 1 Prosocial Involvement Participation in positive school and community activities helps provide protection for youth. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are rewarded for working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in problem behavior. 40 Data Tables Table 4. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime In your lifetime, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 All Students Surveyed†† County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 MTF County 2006 County 2010 State 2010 MTF County 2006 County 2010 State 2010 MTF County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 40.8 40.7 41.1 45.1 36.6 57.3 56.3 64.1 59.1 71.3 65.1 72.8 72.3 54.2 40.7 53.3 58.2 55.6 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 57.3 46.2 39.0 23.8 20.1 61.0 45.2 37.2 32.7 69.6 57.5 46.9 43.6 61.8 46.2 46.3 34.0 31.8 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 24.6 21.9 18.5 7.1 9.6 36.9 25.6 12.5 15.2 37.4 34.7 18.1 16.3 31.9 21.9 25.5 11.7 13.6 Marijuana used marijuana? 38.6 43.7 28.1 17.8 15.7 47.7 40.9 34.3 32.3 57.2 50.5 44.7 42.0 46.5 43.7 38.9 29.9 29.7 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 2.9 1.9 1.3 2.2 1.7 3.6 3.4 5.9 3.0 8.2 5.8 9.0 3.1 4.6 1.9 3.3 5.1 2.6 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 4.2 4.9 3.4 2.3 2.6 7.6 4.4 5.3 4.6 20.8 8.9 8.8 6.0 9.8 4.9 5.3 5.0 4.4 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 13.0 15.8 13.8 14.5 14.9 11.6 11.2 11.8 12.8 13.6 7.5 9.4 9.5 12.7 15.8 11.1 12.3 12.5 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 4.5 2.3 1.3 0.7 1.6 8.0 1.8 1.6 2.8 16.1 3.4 2.5 2.4 8.8 2.3 2.1 1.5 2.3 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 2.8 1.5 1.6 0.9 1.3 4.5 2.4 2.6 1.5 3.3 3.1 3.4 1.2 3.5 1.5 2.3 2.1 1.3 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 3.2 0.8 3.1 3.9 2.2 3.3 3.7 8.2 5.5 5.6 7.9 10.6 6.5 3.9 0.8 4.6 7.0 4.7 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 2.8 1.1 2.4 1.6 1.3 0.8 1.8 1.8 1.3 1.8 0.7 1.7 2.2 1.9 1.1 1.7 1.7 1.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 19.2 15.2 11.5 4.4 n/a 17.6 18.9 9.9 n/a 21.2 23.1 13.2 n/a 19.2 17.7 16.8 9.1 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 3.1 3.8 4.2 3.0 6.0 6.1 3.4 7.0 10.3 8.8 6.2 8.5 9.9 5.6 3.8 4.5 5.7 8.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 9.6 8.4 10.5 8.7 9.5 8.7 5.8 11.5 13.0 14.5 7.5 13.4 12.7 10.7 8.4 8.0 10.8 11.7 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 12.5 22.3 19.9 16.5 n/a 14.8 19.4 23.7 n/a 22.0 22.6 27.3 n/a 15.8 22.3 20.5 21.5 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 16.0 16.8 9.5 n/a n/a 9.4 13.2 n/a n/a 11.9 14.1 n/a n/a 16.0 12.8 11.8 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 41 Data Tables Table 5. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days In the past 30 days, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 All Students Surveyed†† County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 MTF County 2006 County 2010 State 2010 MTF County 2006 County 2010 State 2010 MTF County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 17.9 16.0 20.4 21.9 14.9 30.7 29.0 34.7 30.4 43.2 38.1 45.0 43.5 28.8 16.0 28.4 31.9 29.2 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 23.4 12.7 17.4 8.9 6.5 27.2 15.4 15.6 13.1 34.2 27.3 22.9 20.1 27.6 12.7 19.4 14.7 13.0 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 10.3 7.8 10.4 2.8 3.7 17.1 13.3 5.7 6.5 12.9 15.8 8.1 8.4 13.2 7.8 12.9 5.1 6.1 Marijuana used marijuana? 18.9 22.0 13.6 8.9 6.5 23.5 24.0 17.4 15.9 28.3 26.0 21.3 20.6 22.9 22.0 20.8 14.8 14.2 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 1.5 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.5 2.4 1.6 2.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 2.4 0.5 1.5 0.4 1.0 1.6 0.5 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 1.8 1.9 0.8 0.8 0.8 3.7 1.6 1.6 0.9 5.5 1.4 2.2 1.3 3.4 1.9 1.2 1.4 1.0 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 4.5 4.1 5.0 5.6 3.8 2.3 4.2 3.0 2.2 2.8 1.4 1.5 1.2 3.3 4.1 3.7 3.7 2.4 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 2.2 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.5 2.9 0.5 0.5 0.6 2.8 1.4 0.6 0.5 2.5 1.1 0.9 0.4 0.5 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 1.6 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.4 1.6 0.5 1.1 0.4 0.0 1.0 1.2 0.4 1.2 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.4 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2.2 0.0 0.8 1.7 0.6 1.6 0.3 2.9 1.3 0.9 1.4 3.4 1.8 1.7 0.0 0.8 2.5 1.2 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 0.6 0.4 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 1.4 0.3 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 12.5 7.6 5.7 1.3 n/a 8.4 8.9 3.0 n/a 8.6 9.7 4.1 n/a 12.5 8.2 7.7 2.8 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 1.9 1.5 2.1 1.4 1.9 4.5 0.8 2.8 3.3 2.3 2.7 2.5 3.0 2.8 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 5.6 3.8 5.5 3.6 2.5 7.0 2.6 4.7 3.9 5.9 2.1 4.7 4.2 6.1 3.8 3.5 4.2 3.5 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 7.1 14.0 11.3 8.2 n/a 9.8 9.4 11.8 n/a 9.0 8.6 12.4 n/a 8.4 14.0 9.9 10.4 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 11.0 10.5 5.4 n/a n/a 5.2 6.3 n/a n/a 5.1 6.3 n/a n/a 11.0 7.1 5.9 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 42 Data Tables Table 6. Percentage of Students With Heavy ATOD Use Drinking and Driving During the past 30 days, how many times did you: (One or more times) DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? Grade 8 Grade 10 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County County 2006 2010 8.3 7.2 7.3 5.0 4.2 13.9 28.7 32.6 24.7 27.7 24.9 30.5 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 MTF Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County County 2006 2010 8.8 7.6 7.4 17.0 27.8 29.1 26.3 39.8 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 10.5 14.1 16.6 12.4 7.2 27.1 28.9 27.5 32.2 32.6 State 2010 BH Norm 8.7 8.2 7.7 26.5 28.5 25.0 Heavy Use Grade 8 Grade 10 County County 2006 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County 2006 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Binge Drinking How many times have you had 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? (One or more times) 13.0 12.7 13.4 12.4 7.8 18.9 19.4 21.0 17.5 31.5 25.3 29.2 25.2 19.9 12.7 18.9 19.5 16.6 1/2 Pack (or more) of Cigarettes/Day During the past 30 days, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? (11 to 20 cigarettes, More than 20 cigarettes) 0.9 0.8 1.1 0.7 1.0 2.4 1.4 2.0 2.4 3.1 1.8 3.6 5.0 2.0 0.8 1.4 1.9 2.7 Table 7. Percentage of Students With Antisocial Behavior How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: (One or more times) Grade 8 Grade 10 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County County 2006 2010 Been Drunk or High at School 27.9 25.5 22.6 12.8 7.5 32.2 Been Suspended from School Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County County 2006 2010 32.9 21.8 15.0 38.2 31.9 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 22.1 17.7 32.1 25.4 State 2010 BH Norm 29.0 18.0 13.3 27.3 27.2 24.4 18.5 15.1 23.6 16.0 14.4 12.6 21.3 14.0 9.9 9.2 24.5 27.1 18.4 15.0 12.4 Sold Illegal Drugs 5.4 7.6 8.3 5.0 2.5 15.6 9.2 10.6 6.5 16.0 8.4 10.8 7.8 11.6 7.6 8.6 8.2 5.5 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle 6.0 4.0 5.9 3.7 2.3 7.4 5.2 4.6 2.6 4.5 1.7 3.1 1.9 6.0 4.0 4.5 3.8 2.3 Been Arrested 10.6 14.2 9.0 7.1 5.2 11.1 8.9 9.9 6.7 14.5 9.7 8.7 6.1 11.8 14.1 9.1 8.4 6.0 Attacked Someone with the Idea of Seriously Hurting Them 18.1 18.2 16.8 16.6 16.0 18.1 15.7 15.5 15.1 22.3 15.1 11.5 11.9 19.3 18.5 15.9 14.9 14.4 Carried a Handgun 8.6 11.2 15.2 6.7 4.8 10.6 10.0 7.6 5.2 11.8 9.4 7.2 5.2 10.1 11.2 11.7 7.1 5.1 Carried a Handgun to School 1.2 1.8 1.8 1.4 0.8 3.8 2.5 2.1 0.9 3.2 1.7 1.8 1.0 2.6 1.8 2.0 1.7 0.9 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 43 Data Tables Table 8. Percentage of Students Gambling in the Past Year How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: (At least once in the past 12 months) Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 All Students Surveyed† County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 62.5 72.4 63.9 61.6 55.0 53.6 58.8 59.8 53.8 60.3 63.0 56.5 52.6 59.4 72.4 61.8 59.7 53.0 2.3 5.1 2.8 5.3 5.7 3.6 4.8 4.8 5.3 3.0 2.7 5.3 5.4 2.9 5.1 3.5 5.2 5.3 20.7 22.4 14.0 21.4 24.0 19.4 16.8 20.7 23.5 22.2 11.5 18.9 23.9 20.7 22.4 14.3 20.6 22.7 Bet on sports?* n/a 39.9 35.1 28.6 22.8 n/a 27.9 27.0 22.5 n/a 27.9 24.4 20.5 n/a 39.9 30.5 27.0 21.4 Played cards? 23.4 39.0 38.6 36.1 25.8 24.5 33.4 36.0 27.0 28.6 32.1 34.8 26.7 25.1 39.0 34.9 35.7 25.3 n/a 21.6 13.5 15.9 n/a n/a 20.5 16.6 n/a n/a 21.6 15.3 n/a n/a 21.6 18.3 16.0 n/a 38.7 41.4 28.0 26.4 22.7 17.0 22.0 20.4 17.7 18.9 22.0 14.2 14.0 27.1 41.4 24.1 21.4 19.5 Gambled on the Internet? 4.3 5.1 6.0 5.1 4.5 1.1 4.3 4.6 4.0 3.6 1.0 4.2 3.7 3.2 5.1 4.0 4.7 4.2 Played a dice game?* n/a 31.0 27.2 26.0 12.1 n/a 22.6 21.9 11.2 n/a 24.7 17.9 10.0 n/a 31.0 24.8 22.6 11.4 18.8 37.1 29.1 28.2 20.1 18.2 26.4 27.7 20.5 27.4 26.4 24.9 18.8 21.1 37.1 27.4 27.2 19.4 n/a 7.3 7.0 5.0 4.6 n/a 5.6 5.0 4.7 n/a 5.4 4.4 4.6 n/a 7.3 6.0 4.8 4.7 Any Gambling Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bought a raffle ticket?** Played bingo? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* Bet on a horse or other animal race?* * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from table. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 44 Data Tables Table 9. Percentage of Students Reporting Risk Grade 8 Risk Factor County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2010 All Students Surveyed** Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm Community Domain Low Neighborhood Attachment 45.5 44.0 40.9 35.9 36.6 44.0 43.0 43.6 42.8 60.0 49.1 47.3 47.0 49.1 44.0 43.9 41.3 42.0 Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use 42.1 40.1 41.9 35.0 32.8 44.7 40.1 41.8 39.6 30.7 26.9 35.5 32.8 39.7 40.1 37.2 37.2 35.2 Perceived Availability of Drugs 30.9 33.3 35.9 36.9 29.4 37.9 30.6 42.9 40.5 39.2 24.3 43.8 42.7 35.4 33.3 30.8 40.6 37.5 Perceived Availability of Handguns 26.8 30.1 37.3 33.4 39.8 23.8 26.6 22.3 29.9 33.2 23.9 26.5 34.8 27.7 30.1 29.8 28.2 34.8 Poor Family Management 51.3 47.5 46.2 43.7 41.9 38.8 37.7 40.6 40.3 45.4 34.4 41.2 39.8 46.0 47.5 40.2 42.1 40.7 Family Conflict 43.3 44.6 45.7 53.1 51.5 30.9 34.6 42.1 41.6 34.4 31.7 39.1 38.8 37.3 44.6 38.2 45.9 44.1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 57.5 57.7 50.3 39.3 36.4 52.8 45.6 41.5 39.0 51.4 44.3 37.4 37.3 54.4 57.7 47.1 39.4 37.6 Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB 42.5 47.0 43.4 47.7 46.9 41.7 38.0 50.0 52.3 51.5 44.4 48.6 50.3 44.8 47.0 41.8 48.6 49.9 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 20.9 15.7 18.7 24.7 26.0 31.0 22.7 37.9 40.8 33.3 24.0 38.6 38.6 27.4 15.7 21.6 32.4 35.2 Academic Failure 62.3 64.6 56.1 45.5 46.6 58.0 55.1 48.5 47.9 55.3 49.0 40.6 41.8 59.0 64.8 53.7 45.1 45.6 Low Commitment to School 30.9 28.3 36.2 41.0 38.0 28.9 33.7 41.7 41.7 29.7 30.9 42.2 42.9 30.0 28.2 33.8 41.5 40.8 Rebelliousness 39.1 39.1 43.5 43.8 39.0 37.0 44.9 47.6 45.5 45.6 44.1 44.6 43.6 40.2 39.1 44.2 45.1 42.7 Early Initiation of ASB 46.8 49.1 49.7 37.6 33.7 51.2 42.5 40.6 37.0 54.5 46.5 38.6 35.4 50.3 49.3 46.2 38.8 35.4 Early Initiation of Drug Use 51.0 44.0 38.0 29.3 24.0 49.8 34.7 31.0 27.3 50.2 32.3 29.6 28.8 50.4 44.2 35.2 29.9 26.6 Attitudes Favorable to ASB 43.4 49.3 37.0 41.4 36.2 48.7 41.1 44.7 44.9 55.9 42.5 41.7 41.9 48.5 49.3 40.0 42.4 41.0 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 35.9 35.4 31.9 29.3 22.6 38.9 28.4 36.2 33.6 36.4 24.8 35.9 32.7 37.0 35.2 28.7 33.1 29.6 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 52.6 60.2 54.4 47.8 37.1 32.4 39.2 45.9 35.7 36.4 38.2 50.4 40.3 41.9 60.2 44.5 47.9 37.6 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 70.0 72.9 68.1 55.8 50.3 65.9 57.8 56.3 52.0 65.4 54.8 51.5 49.0 67.5 72.7 60.6 54.8 50.5 Friend's Use of Drugs 55.3 52.6 47.1 39.4 30.8 45.7 40.5 42.6 36.2 46.9 36.8 38.1 32.3 49.9 52.4 41.8 40.0 33.2 Rewards for ASB 49.9 42.0 41.9 48.2 36.7 39.7 36.7 46.8 42.7 52.0 44.8 57.1 55.1 47.1 42.2 40.8 50.1 44.4 Gang Involvement 40.4 45.0 32.4 20.8 17.8 28.8 26.5 20.9 15.7 31.7 20.3 16.1 13.1 34.5 45.0 27.0 19.6 15.6 43.7 38.3 44.1 37.1 29.7 29.7 27.6 34.2 30.4 41.1 25.7 32.5 29.0 38.5 38.1 33.0 35.0 29.7 Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Risk Students at High Risk* * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 45 Data Tables Table 10. Percentage of Students Reporting Protection Grade 10 Grade 8 Protective Factor County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 34.2 34.2 40.1 Family Attachment 44.3 47.4 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 57.2 59.0 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 62.9 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2010 32.9 38.3 52.2 54.6 51.0 51.1 51.9 44.2 59.4 59.7 60.7 52.5 57.7 60.2 61.7 61.5 54.5 53.5 66.1 63.0 51.7 44.3 54.8 52.0 Belief in the Moral Order 56.4 58.8 63.2 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* 47.7 55.7 59.3 Prosocial Involvement 41.1 45.3 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 61.2 52.1 State 2010 Grade 12 All Students Surveyed† BH Norm County 2006 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 38.0 44.2 45.3 61.0 37.0 44.1 42.7 34.2 50.8 35.6 42.2 46.8 45.6 44.7 57.6 59.7 56.6 55.6 48.1 47.4 51.9 50.9 50.4 57.5 54.6 53.1 55.4 61.6 56.4 53.8 55.4 59.0 59.4 57.2 55.8 60.4 62.8 54.9 53.0 60.9 61.4 56.4 52.4 61.6 57.7 61.4 58.2 55.6 68.9 50.2 63.1 65.6 71.6 55.0 60.5 67.6 72.8 53.2 53.7 63.5 65.0 71.0 57.5 57.7 66.0 61.2 58.9 45.5 53.7 46.9 51.6 52.0 44.5 58.7 53.5 56.2 60.3 64.6 76.1 74.1 69.4 68.0 53.2 65.6 56.4 53.8 61.6 58.8 67.9 62.0 62.5 54.7 58.8 59.1 58.8 57.5 60.7 55.3 68.1 57.3 59.3 53.4 55.8 61.5 56.2 59.6 47.7 40.0 40.8 32.1 45.6 45.3 46.1 28.1 40.1 41.9 42.6 34.7 45.1 44.8 42.1 43.2 62.1 64.6 59.2 62.5 63.9 70.9 61.7 59.9 51.1 67.8 55.6 51.8 59.4 62.2 67.8 59.0 58.3 44.8 63.8 53.6 52.8 51.4 62.8 57.6 52.5 53.7 64.4 55.9 50.5 52.3 44.7 63.6 55.4 52.0 Community Domain Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Protection Students with High Protection** * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 46 Data Tables Table 11. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol* If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) Sample size** Grade 8 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 47 76 4,473 81 5,295 84 6,341 47 241 16,109 12.8 5.3 4.9 6.2 6.3 6.0 9.9 12.8 5.8 7.3 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 4.3 2.6 2.5 1.2 2.1 2.4 3.6 4.3 2.1 2.8 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 14.9 2.6 3.0 6.2 2.2 3.6 2.5 14.9 4.1 2.6 I gave someone else money to buy it for me 34.0 25.0 19.2 30.9 32.6 50.0 42.5 34.0 35.7 32.8 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station My parent or guardian gave it to me 6.4 7.9 17.5 6.2 15.0 9.5 13.3 6.4 7.9 15.0 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 10.6 21.1 17.3 19.8 16.8 15.5 14.8 10.6 18.7 16.1 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 27.7 17.1 16.2 24.7 24.8 31.0 30.4 27.7 24.5 24.6 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 25.5 25.0 21.0 16.0 23.1 16.7 18.6 25.5 19.1 20.7 I got it at a party 27.7 25.0 38.7 34.6 49.6 44.0 53.8 27.7 34.9 48.2 I took it from home 12.8 21.1 30.2 9.9 21.9 3.6 13.1 12.8 11.2 20.7 8.5 5.3 9.4 8.6 9.8 4.8 5.6 8.5 6.2 8.1 29.8 39.5 25.2 29.6 18.8 28.6 13.3 29.8 32.4 18.4 I took it from a store or someone else's home I got it some other way * Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. ** Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 47 Data Tables Table 12. Percentage of Students Reporting School Safety Issues Grade 8 Question During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY?* County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 County 2006 County 2010 0 times 86.2 88.6 93.8 1 time 6.3 6.2 2.6 91.7 86.9 93.2 4.5 6.4 3.0 2-3 times 4.0 2.6 1.8 2.2 4.5 4-5 times 1.4 0.7 0.3 0.6 6-7 times 0.9 0.4 0.3 8-9 times 0.0 0.4 10-11 times 0.6 12 or more times 0.6 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? State 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2006 County 2010 92.7 87.1 97.6 3.7 6.2 1.0 1.3 1.9 4.9 1.1 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.8 0.5 All Students Surveyed** State 2010 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 95.3 86.7 88.6 94.6 93.0 2.4 6.3 6.2 2.3 3.7 0.7 1.3 4.4 2.6 1.3 1.9 0.4 0.0 0.3 1.1 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.7 1.5 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.5 85.2 0 times 68.5 66.3 70.0 79.5 79.6 80.4 87.0 85.0 88.1 92.6 66.3 78.8 1 time 16.8 16.7 12.0 11.0 10.0 10.6 7.3 8.4 6.1 4.3 12.4 16.7 9.9 8.1 2-3 times 8.1 12.6 10.4 6.2 6.3 5.8 3.6 3.5 1.7 1.8 6.3 12.6 6.3 4.2 4-5 times 2.6 2.2 5.2 1.7 1.9 1.0 0.9 2.7 2.7 0.4 2.4 2.2 3.0 1.1 6-7 times 1.2 1.1 0.3 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 1.1 0.5 0.4 8-9 times 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.2 10-11 times 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.2 1.5 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.1 12 or more times 2.3 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.4 1.0 0.4 1.2 0.4 1.0 0.6 0 times 60.1 53.3 61.4 60.5 74.9 74.6 73.1 88.4 86.1 85.4 72.4 53.3 73.0 70.9 1 time 18.2 22.1 12.0 12.8 14.8 8.5 9.1 5.8 5.4 5.3 13.8 22.1 8.9 9.7 9.9 10.7 11.1 7.0 8.4 4.8 4.7 9.9 7.7 8.6 5.1 6.3 4.7 3.5 3.0 1.7 1.7 5.1 4.0 3.3 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.0 1.2 0.3 0.7 1.5 1.1 1.3 8-9 times 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.3 0.7 0.3 0.3 1.1 1.0 0.8 10-11 times 1.8 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 1.8 0.2 0.5 3.8 5.1 6.0 7.3 2.3 4.0 4.2 1.3 1.4 1.8 2.6 5.1 4.0 4.9 0 days 85.8 84.1 88.5 90.5 91.4 89.2 93.3 94.2 94.2 95.7 89.9 84.1 90.3 92.7 1 day 6.9 9.6 5.5 5.2 3.7 5.3 3.6 3.1 3.4 2.2 4.9 9.6 4.8 4.0 2-3 days 3.5 3.3 1.8 2.6 3.4 3.0 1.8 1.3 1.7 1.1 2.9 3.3 2.2 2.0 4-5 days 1.4 1.1 2.3 0.7 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.7 1.1 1.0 0.5 6 or more days 2.3 1.9 1.8 0.9 1.5 2.0 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.7 1.9 1.6 0.8 0 days 93.4 93.3 93.2 95.2 90.2 92.9 95.0 91.2 95.2 95.4 91.8 93.3 93.7 95.2 1 day 3.5 4.4 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.5 1.8 3.5 1.7 1.4 3.2 4.4 2.2 1.9 2-3 days 1.7 2.2 2.1 1.2 1.9 1.3 1.0 1.8 0.7 0.9 1.8 2.2 1.4 1.1 4-5 days 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3 1.5 0.5 0.4 1.3 1.0 0.4 1.0 0.0 0.6 0.4 6 or more days 1.2 0.0 2.1 1.0 3.8 2.8 1.8 2.2 1.4 2.0 2.3 0.0 2.1 1.5 2-3 times 4-5 times 6-7 times 17.9 8.0 4.4 11.2 * In 2006 the choices for this question were Never , Once , Several Times and Very Often. ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 48 State 2010 76.5 12 or more times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on your way to or from school? Grade 10 Data Tables Table 13. Drug Free Communities Report - National Outcome Measures (NOMs) Outcome Definition Substance Grade 8 Percent Grade 10 Sample Percent Grade 12 Sample Percent All Students Surveyed† Sample Percent Sample Male †† Percent Female †† Sample Percent Sample drink 1 or two drinks nearly every day Alcohol 61.8 377 71.5 365 78.1 283 69.8 1,025 66.2 477 72.4 537 smoke 1 or more packs of cigarettes per day Cigarettes 71.1 377 82.8 367 84.4 282 78.9 1,026 74.4 476 82.7 539 smoke marijuana regularly Marijuana 65.3 363 72.9 350 68.5 276 68.9 989 65.0 460 72.0 518 Perception of Parent Disapproval* (Parents feel it would be Wrong or Very Wrong to... ) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 93.7 365 91.6 334 90.2 266 92.0 965 91.8 449 92.1 504 smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 95.6 362 95.5 334 88.7 266 93.7 962 92.6 446 94.5 505 smoke marijuana Marijuana 94.2 361 94.0 350 93.4 272 93.9 983 93.5 462 94.3 509 Perception of Peer Disapproval* (I think it is Wrong or Very Wrong for someone my age to...) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 82.2 388 78.0 409 74.6 299 78.6 1,096 76.2 526 80.6 557 Past 30-Day Use* at least one use in the past 30 days Perception of Risk* (People are at Moderate or Great Risk of harming themselves if they...) smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 81.7 389 79.9 407 72.2 299 78.4 1,095 77.0 525 79.4 557 smoke marijuana Marijuana 80.4 387 73.7 407 72.5 298 75.7 1,092 71.3 523 79.7 556 Alcohol 20.4 382 29.0 386 38.1 294 28.4 1,062 29.9 502 27.4 548 Cigarettes 17.4 379 15.4 371 27.3 286 19.4 1,036 21.4 482 17.7 542 Marijuana 13.6 382 24.0 384 26.0 289 20.8 1,055 22.0 496 19.5 548 Average Age of Onset** Percent (How old were you when you first…) Sample had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor? Alcohol 45.5 Average age: 11.8 years smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Cigarettes 41.2 Average age: 11.5 years Marijuana 29.0 Average age: 12.0 years smoked marijuana? 387 Percent Sample 59.4 404 13.3 years 386 48.8 45.1 13.1 years Sample 70.7 300 14.5 years 406 60.9 406 56.8 14.5 years Percent Sample 57.6 1,091 13.3 years 299 13.8 years 12.6 years 389 Percent 49.4 42.6 Sample 58.1 523 13.0 years 1,091 12.7 years 301 Percent 51.4 1,096 46.5 13.1 years Sample 57.5 555 13.5 years 523 47.6 555 13.0 years 12.4 years 13.3 years Percent 525 38.9 558 13.6 years * For Past 30-Day Use, Perception of Risk, and Perception of Parental/Peer Disapproval, the “Sample” column represents the sample size - the number of people who answered the question and whose responses were used to determine the percentage. The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample answering the question as specified in the definition. ** For Average Age of Onset, the “Sample” column represents the overall sample size: the total number of people that responded to the questions about Age of Onset. This includes responses that are not used to calculate the average age of onset (i.e., youth that have never used alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana). The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample reporting any age of first use for the specified substance. "Average age" is calculated by averaging the ages of first use of students reporting any use. † †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. The male and female values allow a gender comparison for youth who completed the survey. However, unless the percentage of students who participated from each grade is similar, the gender results are not necessarily representative of males and females in the community. 49 Data Tables Table 14. Additional Data for Prevention Planning In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: 52.3 46.9 41.6 58.2 57.7 14.2 17.3 14.8 18.6 13.2 21.3 13.8 14.6 13.1 15.0 4.2 1.0 3.4 3.4 1.0 2.4 5.9 2.8 4.8 7.7 2.9 5.7 9.0 3.8 6.9 10.7 4.9 8.3 6.1 2.4 4.9 6.7 2.6 4.9 74.4 10.6 80.6 8.7 67.9 13.0 68.4 10.3 63.6 7.2 62.7 10.3 69.0 10.6 72.2 9.6 6.0 4.7 5.2 2.2 6.9 4.8 8.6 3.9 13.4 5.2 9.6 4.8 8.3 4.9 7.4 3.4 1.6 2.8 1.0 2.4 2.3 5.1 2.3 6.5 3.8 6.9 2.8 9.8 2.4 4.8 1.9 5.6 68.3 10.6 75.4 8.1 57.0 9.2 58.7 11.1 51.0 14.1 56.9 11.0 59.5 11.0 65.4 9.7 7.3 4.2 3.4 6.5 3.5 1.9 10.9 8.7 4.6 10.3 6.2 3.6 11.0 7.9 7.9 10.7 6.3 3.7 9.6 6.8 5.1 8.7 5.1 2.9 6.2 87.5 4.7 88.4 9.7 83.1 10.2 81.4 7.9 86.5 11.4 81.7 8.0 85.6 8.2 84.5 5.7 2.9 5.4 2.7 7.2 5.4 7.5 4.8 3.1 3.8 7.3 4.8 5.5 4.0 6.6 3.9 1.6 0.5 1.2 0.6 1.5 1.0 2.2 1.2 2.8 1.4 2.2 1.2 1.9 0.9 1.8 0.9 2-3 times 4-6 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times More than 10 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times 1.8 1.7 1.8 2.9 2.4 2.9 2.0 2.4 Never 64.7 64.9 57.6 63.0 56.5 67.0 59.8 64.9 Once 12.0 8.9 13.6 10.3 12.3 11.6 12.7 11.9 10.9 14.0 10.9 10.8 11.8 11.3 12.6 10.9 7-10 times 4.2 0.8 3.5 1.5 4.9 2.1 4.5 1.9 5.6 2.5 4.2 2.0 4.8 1.7 4.0 1.7 More than 10 times 9.4 6.2 11.6 6.0 10.5 5.1 10.5 5.8 More than 10 times 2-3 times 4-6 times In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? State 2010 15.1 16.1 More than 10 times decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? County 2010 55.4 7-10 times give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? State 2010 12.3 9.5 Once say "No" without giving a reason why? County 2010 71.4 Never In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? State 2010 11.7 10.2 More than 10 times other drugs? County 2010 69.5 7-10 times marijuana? State 2010 All Students Surveyed* Once 4-6 times cigarettes? County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 Never 2-3 times alcohol? Grade 8 Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Grade 8 County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 33.9 16.4 30.9 14.2 29.9 17.9 33.4 17.4 27.9 17.3 33.8 17.2 30.8 17.2 32.4 16.0 6.9 4.8 6.9 5.8 2.7 5.3 10.9 5.4 9.0 8.9 4.1 8.8 10.2 9.5 12.7 10.3 5.5 10.4 9.2 6.3 9.2 8.0 3.9 7.7 31.2 38.0 41.1 35.7 26.9 34.4 27.3 38.7 22.3 32.7 22.8 39.4 27.2 35.3 32.0 37.6 12.5 6.9 10.9 5.4 14.6 8.9 13.9 8.2 15.5 10.6 15.2 10.2 14.1 8.6 13.0 7.5 4.0 7.2 2.7 4.4 5.7 8.7 4.6 7.3 7.0 11.3 5.2 7.4 5.4 8.8 3.9 6.1 31.4 39.7 41.0 37.3 27.6 39.6 27.3 45.1 22.9 39.4 22.5 50.9 27.7 39.6 31.9 43.3 12.3 4.8 5.9 10.2 3.7 2.4 13.6 6.2 4.6 12.3 5.2 2.9 12.0 7.0 8.1 11.4 5.2 3.2 12.6 5.9 6.0 11.1 4.6 2.8 4.3 33.1 4.6 41.8 7.0 29.0 6.3 28.1 12.0 21.5 5.9 23.4 7.4 28.4 5.5 32.8 44.7 9.8 40.7 8.2 44.0 7.9 49.7 9.9 42.8 12.6 55.3 9.6 43.9 9.9 47.4 9.1 4.3 3.5 3.3 1.9 6.5 5.7 4.2 2.6 8.1 3.9 4.3 2.4 6.1 4.4 3.8 2.3 5.3 32.4 3.8 42.1 7.3 28.5 5.2 28.3 10.2 22.5 4.6 23.7 7.4 28.3 4.4 33.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 50 Data Tables Table 15. Additional Data for Prevention Planning (Cont'd) Grade 8 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked or beaten up? State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 82.8 80.5 81.9 79.4 83.6 80.4 82.7 9.8 8.4 8.6 8.0 10.1 7.6 9.4 8.1 3 to 5 times 4.4 3.3 4.7 3.4 3.7 3.1 4.3 3.3 6 to 9 times 1.5 1.6 1.0 1.7 3.4 1.5 1.8 1.6 10 to 19 times 0.5 1.7 1.7 2.1 1.0 1.6 1.1 1.8 20 to 29 times 0.8 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 30 to 39 times 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 40+ times 1.3 1.5 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.7 Never 29.3 29.2 32.8 31.1 36.1 42.1 32.5 33.2 1 or 2 times 28.3 28.6 21.5 26.7 21.7 25.6 24.0 27.2 3 to 5 times 14.7 18.8 16.6 19.0 20.4 16.7 17.0 18.3 6 to 9 times 11.3 9.4 11.5 9.9 10.4 7.0 11.1 8.9 10 to 19 times 5.7 5.8 6.1 6.4 6.0 4.4 5.9 5.6 20 to 29 times 2.8 2.6 3.4 2.4 1.0 1.5 2.6 2.2 30 to 39 times 0.5 0.9 1.7 0.9 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.8 40+ times 7.5 4.7 6.4 3.6 3.7 2.3 6.0 3.7 81.4 81.3 84.0 81.7 82.9 85.9 82.8 82.6 1 or 2 times 9.3 10.4 7.9 9.9 9.1 8.0 8.7 9.6 3 to 5 times 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.4 2.5 3.4 3.2 6 to 9 times 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.6 1.5 10 to 19 times 1.0 1.6 1.5 1.8 0.7 1.2 1.1 1.6 20 to 29 times 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 30 to 39 times 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.0 0.2 0.5 0.2 40+ times 2.3 0.9 1.5 1.1 1.0 0.7 1.6 0.9 88.9 87.2 90.4 87.7 90.9 89.8 90.0 88.1 1 or 2 times 5.9 7.7 3.7 7.1 5.4 6.1 5.0 7.1 3 to 5 times 2.3 2.1 1.2 1.9 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.9 6 to 9 times 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.8 10 to 19 times 0.3 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.9 20 to 29 times 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.2 30 to 39 times 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 40+ times 1.6 0.9 1.7 0.9 0.3 0.6 1.3 0.8 Never seen someone shot or shot at? County 2010 All Students Surveyed* 80.9 Never seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? State 2010 Grade 12 1 or 2 times Never been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? County 2010 Grade 10 If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply) I've never used prescription drugs to get high Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) All Students Surveyed Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 81.2 88.1 80.2 81.7 78.9 78.5 80.2 83.6 10.5 5.5 10.2 11.2 10.7 14.0 10.4 9.5 5.0 2.2 3.2 3.7 4.2 4.2 4.1 3.2 2.6 2.5 4.3 4.9 4.2 5.5 3.6 4.0 4.2 2.9 3.8 5.0 4.2 5.2 4.0 4.1 2.6 1.3 3.5 2.8 4.2 4.4 3.4 2.6 4.5 1.6 2.9 3.7 3.5 3.6 3.6 2.8 4.2 1.8 5.1 3.0 5.9 3.1 5.0 2.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.3 0.7 1.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 51 Appendix Appendix - Comparability of survey administrations Issue Drug Category 2008/2010 AYS 2006 AYS On how many occasions (if any) have you: Notes regarding changes On how many occasions (if any) have you: Hallucinogens Used LSD or other psychedelics? Used LSD or other hallucinogens? Substituted "hallucinogens" for "psychedelics" in 2008 and beyond. Comparable across years. Meth Used methamphetamines (meth, speed, crank, crystal meth)? Used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription stimulants Used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription sedatives Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? In 2008 AYS added descriptor "prescription" and removed qualifier "without a doctor telling you to take them." 2006 data are cautiously comparable to 2008/2010. Ecstasy Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)? Used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2008/2010 AYS uses "ecstasy" as the primary descriptor, moving "MDMA" to examples. Comparable across years. Combined results of On how many occasions have you: Prescription drugs Gambling Category Combined results of On how many occasions have you: used prescription drugs (such as Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderall, Oxycontin, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription pain relievers (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? How often during the past 12 months have you: In 2006 there was a prescription drugs question with several examples (some of which overlapped examples from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions). In 2008/2010, the single prescription drug question was dropped, and a new question about prescription pain relievers was added. Rather than discontinuing reporting Prescription Drugs , the prescription sedative, stimulant and pain reliever questions were combined to create a single measure. . In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006 data were similarly recalculated into a composite, adding results from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions to the dedicated Prescription Drugs question. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Sports betting Bet on team sports? Bet on sports? 2006 not comparable to later data. Race betting Bet money on horse races? Bet on a horse race or other animal race? 2006 not comparable to later data. Dice Bet on dice games such as craps? Played a dice game? 2006 not comparable to later data. Games of skill Bet on games of personal skill such as pool, darts, or bowling? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Comparable across years. Protective Scale: Peer-Individual Interaction with Prosocial Peers 52 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year, how many of your best friends have: (Scale is calculated based on the average response [0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 friends] to the following questions) ...participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? ...made the commitment to stay drug-free? ...tried to do well in school? ...liked school? ...regularly attended religious services? (not used in 2008/2010) Regularly attended religious services was removed from the AYS in 2008. 2006 has been recalculated to match 2008/2010 AYS and are now comparable across all years. Due to this recalculation, current reports may differ slightly from past reports. Contacts for Prevention Regional Prevention Contacts Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai Counties Rachel Peterson Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) 928-226-6394 Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Gila, La Paz, Pinal, Yuma and Santa Cruz Counties Linda Weinberg Cenpatico Behavioral Health of Arizona 866-495-6738 Maricopa County Juan Aristizabal Magellan Health Services of Arizona 602-797-8256 Pima County Bill Burnett Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) 520-618-8807 Gila River Indian Community Julie Jimenez Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority 520-562-3321 ext. 7031 Pascua Yaqui Tribe Ralph Cota Centered Spirit Program 480-768-2063 Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Michelle Neitch/Phillip Stevenson 602-364-1173/602-364-1157 www.azcjc.gov Arizona Department of Education School Safety and Prevention www.ade.az.gov/sa/health/ Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Elise Mikkelsen 602-266-8299 ext. 351 www.problemgambling.az.gov 53 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Lisa Shumaker 602-364-4594 www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Charles Katz 602-496-1471 http://cvpcs.asu.edu/ Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families 602-542-4043 www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html Partnership for a Drug Free America, Arizona Affiliate Shelly Mowrey 602-264-5700 www.partnerupaz.org The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (Blueprints for Violence Prevention) www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) www.prevention.samhsa.gov Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Model Programs Guide www2.dsgonline.com/mpg/ Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Evidence Based Practices www.samhsa.gov/ebpwebguide/index.asp Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CAPT) casat.unr.edu/westcapt.html Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. 801-359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com Cochise County 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Shining Light on Arizona Youth Arizona Criminal Justice Commission in partnership with Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Arizona Department of Health Services, Division of Behavioral Health Arizona Department of Health Services, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Arizona Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention Governor’s Office for Children, Youth and Families Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Leslie Bloom, The Partnership for Drug Free America, AZ Affiliate Allie Bones, Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence Tim Christensen, Office of Problem Gambling Janet Garcia, Valley of the Sun United Way Michelle Gayles, Valley of the Sun United Way Charles Katz, Arizona State University Elise Mickkelsen, Office of Problem Gambling Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Rick Pyper, Office of Problem Gambling Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University Additionally, the success of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Table of Contents Introduction The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention The Charts and Tables in this Report The Community Data Project The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data Data Charts: Lifetime and 30 Day ATOD Use Problem Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior Gambling Risk & Protective Factor Profiles Where Youth Obtained Alcohol School Safety Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions Data Tables Appendix Contacts for Prevention Introduction 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Cochise County Summary Report This report summarizes all findings from the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) administered to 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students during spring 2010. The results for your county are presented along with comparisons to the results for the state of Arizona. The survey was designed to assess school safety, adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. All schools in Arizona are eligible to participate in the survey, Table 1. Characteristics of Participants County 2006 Number Percent County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Students by Grade 8 837 53.1 414 35.6 696 70.4 27,592 43.3 10 549 34.8 487 41.9 151 15.3 19,489 30.6 12 190 12.1 262 22.5 142 14.4 16,703 26.2 1,576 100.0 1,163 100.0 989 100.0 63,784 100.0 Male 712 46.2 543 47.7 478 49.0 30,645 49.0 Female 829 53.8 596 52.3 497 51.0 31,928 51.0 All Students Surveyed* Students by Gender Table 2. Race/Ethnicity of Participants Hispanic Student marked 'Yes' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Native American 39 6.3 29 5.5 1,207 4.9 African American 19 3.1 12 2.3 657 2.6 Asian 5 0.8 3 0.6 206 0.8 Pacific Islander 1 0.2 4 0.8 280 1.1 White 126 20.4 151 28.6 5,772 23.2 Multi-Racial Race Unmarked 33 5.3 32 6.1 1,021 4.1 396 64.0 297 56.3 15,726 63.2 Non-Hispanic Student marked 'No' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American African American Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent 13 2.7 9 2.1 2,517 6.8 32 6.6 26 6.1 2,129 5.7 13 2.7 13 3.1 1,551 4.2 9 1.8 5 1.2 372 1.0 352 72.3 306 72.0 27,180 73.2 60 12.3 61 14.4 2,539 6.8 8 1.6 5 1.2 824 2.2 Totals County 2008 Number Percent County 2010 Number Percent State 2010 Number Percent Hispanic Students 619 53.2 528 53.4 24,869 Non-Hispanic Students Total Students** 487 41.9 425 43.0 37,112 58.2 1,163 100.0 989 100.0 63,784 100.0 39.0 * Grades with fewer than 20 students participating are not included in this report. However, students from grades not making the cutoff are included in All Students Surveyed. This means the number of students reported in All Students Surveyed may exceed the sum of individual grades. (All Students Surveyed will match the grade total in reports with data drawn from a single grade.) **As a small percentage of students skipped the question Are you Hispanic or Latino? (at the state level, 1,803 students, or 2.8% of the total), the sum of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic students is less than Total Students . 5 and recruitment efforts were successful in obtaining participation by schools in all of the 15 counties. Careful planning and uniform administration of the survey have resulted in survey data that are valid and representative of the students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in Arizona. Table 1 contains the characteristics of the students who completed the survey from your county and the state of Arizona. Because not every student answered all of the questions, the number of students in the gender and ethnicity/race categories often will be less than the total number of students. To better understand the diversity of Arizona’s youth population, respondents were asked separate questions about their ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) and their race (Caucasian, African-American, Native American, etc.). This method for obtaining ethnicity and race information provides more comprehensive data on youth cultural and racial self-identification, and a more nuanced understanding of Arizona’s diverse youth population. Whenever data are obtained from a sample of students instead of the entire population, it is important to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the data. One easy way to investigate the quality of the sample is to look at the basic demographic characteristics of the students who participated in the survey and compare them to what is known about the entire population of students. This will give the user of these data a basic understanding of the degree to which the sample data can be generalized to the entire population. It is important to note that even when the characteristics of the sample do not match well to the characteristics of the population this does not mean the data lose their usefulness. The data included in this report describes the level of risk and protective factors, substance use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency of those youth who participated in the survey, which can be used to inform the development of school and community-based prevention and intervention activities that may benefit both the youth who participate in the survey and those who did not. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention Prevention is a science. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention is a proven way of reducing substance abuse and its related consequences. This model is based on the simple premise that to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing and then find ways to reduce the risks. Just as medical researchers have found risk factors for heart disease such as diets high in fat, lack of exercise, and smoking, a team of researchers at the University of Washington have defined a set of risk factors for youth problem behaviors. Protective factors exert a positive influence and buffer against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviors. Protective factors identified through research include strong bonding to family, school, community and peers, and healthy beliefs and clear standards for behavior. Research on risk and protective factors has important implications for children’s academic success, positive youth development, and prevention of health and behavior problems. In order to promote academic success and positive youth development and to prevent problem behaviors, it is necessary to address the factors that predict these outcomes. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can be identified and targeted by policies, programs, and actions shown to reduce those risk factors and to promote protective factors. Risk factors are characteristics of school, community and family environments, and of students and their peer groups known to predict increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school dropout, and violent behaviors among youth. For example, children who live in communities with physical deterioration and high rates of adult crime are more likely to become involved in delinquency and drug use than children who live in organized neighborhoods. Each risk and protective factor can be linked to specific types of interventions that have been shown to be effective in either reducing risk(s) or enhancing protection(s). The steps outlined here will help your county make key decisions regarding allocation of resources, how and when to address specific needs, and which strategies are most effective and known to produce results. The chart below shows the links between the 19 risk factors and five problem behaviors. The check marks indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Community Disorganization Extreme Economic & Social Deprivation Family History of the Problem Behavior Family Conflict Family Management Problems Favorable Parent Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Early Initiation of Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Early & Persistent Antisocial Behavior Alienation & Rebelliousness Friends Who Use Drugs & Engage in Problem Behaviors Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Gang Involvement Constitutional Factors Peer / Individual Low Neighborhood Attachment School Transitions & Mobility Family Availability of Drugs & Firearms Community Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms & Crime Risk Factors Substance Abuse T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Delinquency T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Teen Pregnancy School Drop-Out Violence T T T T T T T T Source: Communities That Care (CTC) prevention model, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) 6 Charts and Tables in this Report There are seven types of charts presented in this report: 1. Lifetime and 30 day ATOD use 2. Heavy substance use and antisocial behavior 3. Gambling 4. Risk profiles 5. Protective profiles 6. Where youth acquired alcohol 7. School safety Data from the charts are also presented in Tables 4 through 12. The additional data found in Tables 13 through 15 are explained at the end of this section. Understanding the Format of the Charts There are several graphical elements common to all the charts. Understanding the format of the charts and what these elements represent is essential in interpreting the results of the 2010 AYS. • The Bars on substance use and antisocial behavior charts represent the percentage of students in that grade who reported a given behavior. The bars on the risk and protective factor charts represent the percentage of students whose answers reflect significant risk or protection in that category. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Each set of differently colored bars represents one of the last three administrations of the AYS: 2006, 2008, and 2010. By looking at the percentages over time, it is possible to identify trends in substance use and antisocial behavior. By studying the percentage of youth at risk and with protection over time, it is possible to determine whether the percentage of students at risk or with protection is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. This information is important when deciding which risk and protective factors warrant attention. • Dots and Diamonds. The dots on the charts represent the percentage of all of the youth surveyed across Arizona who reported substance use, problem behavior, elevated risk, or elevated protection. The diamonds represent national data from either the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey or the Bach Harrison Norm. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz The Bach Harrison Norm was developed by Bach Harrison L.L.C. to provide states and communities with the ability to compare their results on risk, protection, and antisocial measures with more national measures. Survey participants from eight statewide surveys and five large regional surveys across the nation were combined into a database of approximately 460,000 students. The results were 7 weighted to make the contribution of each state and region proportional to its share of the national population. Bach Harrison analysts then calculated rates for antisocial behavior and for students at risk and with protection. The results appear on the charts as BH Norm. In order to keep the Bach Harrison Norm relevant, it is updated approximately every two years as new data become available. zzzzz zzzzzzzzz A comparison to state-wide and national results provides additional information for your community in determining the relative importance of levels of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use, antisocial behavior, risk, and protection. Information about other students in the state and the nation can be helpful in determining the seriousness of a given level of problem behavior. Scanning across the charts, it is important to observe the factors that differ the most from the Bach Harrison Norm. This is the first step in identifying the levels of risk and protection that are higher or lower than those in other communities. The risk factors that are higher than the Bach Harrison Norm and the protective factors are lower than the Bach Harrison Norm are probably the factors that your community should consider addressing when planning prevention programs. Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use • Lifetime use is a measure of the percentage of students who tried the particular substance at least once in their lifetime and is used to show the percentage of students who have had experience with a particular substance. • 30-day use is a measure of the percentage of students who used the substance at least once in the 30 days prior to taking the survey and is a more sensitive indicator of the level of current use of the substance. Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior • Heavy substance use is measured in two different ways: binge drinking (having five or more drinks in a row during the two weeks prior to the survey) and use of one-half a pack or more of cigarettes per day. • Drinking and Driving - youth indicating drinking alcohol and driving, or riding with a driver who had been drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. • Antisocial behavior (ASB) is a measure of the percentage of students who report any involvement during the past year with the eight antisocial behaviors listed in the charts. How Charts to Readand theTables Chartsininthis thisReport Report(cont’d) (cont’d) Gambling Gambling behavior charts show the percentage of students who engaged in each of the 10 types of gambling “for money, possessions, or anything of value” during the past year: played gambling machines, played the lottery, bet on sports, played cards, bought a raffle ticket, played bingo, gambled on the Internet, bet on a dice game, bet on a game of personal skill and bet on horse or other animal races. The chart also shows the percentage of students who engaged in any gambling behavior during the past year. Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Risk and protective factor scales measure specific aspects of a youth’s life experience that predict whether he/she will engage in problem behaviors. The scales, defined in Table 3, are grouped into four domains: community, family, school, and peer/individual. The risk and protective factor charts show the percentage of students at risk and with protection for each of the scales. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol This chart displays data regarding the ways that students obtained alcohol in the past 30 days. The data focus on a subgroup of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no alcohol use are not represented.) It is important to note that the charts represent a subgroup of users and not the entire survey population. Additionally, the smaller the sample, the more dramatic the influence of a student's responses. For example, if only one student in a particular grade reported where he/she obtained alcohol, each category would show up as either 0% or 100%. The chart legend indicates the sample size for each grade surveyed to help clarify the value of the data. School Safety The school safety profile charts contain the percentages of students who felt unsafe at school or on the way to school, were threatened or injured with a weapon at school, were in a physical fight at school, carried a weapon to school or were picked on or bullied at school. The complete questions and values for each response option can be seen in Table 12. Additional Data in this Report In addition to data presented in the charts and Tables 4 through 12, Tables 13 through 15 contain information useful for prevention planning. Table 13 contains the information that is required by communities with Drug Free Communities Grants, such as the perception of the risk of ATOD use, perception of parent and peer disapproval of ATOD use, past 30-day use, and average age of first use. Tables 14 and 15 contain questions new to the 2010 AYS on subjects of interest to prevention providers. The Community Data Project Supported by a grant from the Arizona Governor's Office for Children, Youth and Families, the Community Data Project is a multi-agency effort to create a central repository for Arizona's substance abuse and crime data. Through a user-friendly web site, individuals will have a one-stop portal where they can select the type of data they need, specific demographic characteristics, and their geographic level of interest. Various output options will be offered, including data tables, graphs, and maps to cover a variety of reporting and visualization needs. The web site will be a useful tool for practitioners and policymakers who are addressing substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and crime and the criminal justice system by providing them with a 8 comprehensive picture of the characteristics and needs of Arizona’s communities. Having data that are specific to the users geographic area of interest will not only lead to an enhanced understanding of the community issues related to drugs and crime, but it will also maximize data-for-decision-making capabilities for things such as the appropriate program content, identification of at-risk target areas and populations, grant writing and reporting, monitoring progress of prevention and intervention initiatives over time, and determining resource allocation. Currently, the web site is under construction, but we anticipate it will be ready by end of summer 2010. Please visit us then at: www.azcjc.gov/ACJC.Web/sac/CommunDataPrj.aspx The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership (ASAP) was established by Executive Order in June 2007. Currently chaired by the governor’s policy advisor on Health and Human Services, ASAP serves as the single statewide council on substance abuse issues. ASAP brings together stakeholders at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels to improve coordination of efforts; address identified gaps in prevention, treatment, enforcement, and recovery efforts; and improve funding allocation. ASAP utilizes data and practical expertise to develop effective methods for integrating and expanding services across Arizona, thereby maximizing available resources. ASAP also studies current policy and recommends relevant legislation for the Arizona Legislature’s consideration. It is ASAP’s mission to ensure community-driven, agency-supported outcomes to prevent and reduce the negative impacts of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs by building and sustaining partnerships between professionals in the prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement arenas. Through coordination and collaboration among its members and their respective agencies and organizations, ASAP strives to ensure that substance abuse is addressed in a comprehensive manner and funding is spent efficaciously and efficiently. ASAP’s 2010 strategic plan identifies five strategic focus areas: 1)zchild welfare/children of incarcerated parents/drug-endangered children; 2) law enforcement and drug trafficking; 3)zprescription drugs; 4)zunderage drinking; and 5)zcommunity partnerships. There are currently four sub-committees that assist ASAP in meeting its goals: • Underage Drinking Prevention Committee (UAD) – This subcommittee addresses the problem of underage drinking in Arizona by implementing a statewide underage drinking initiative that assesses statewide epidemiological data, resources, strategies and policies, and builds relationships with tribes, youth, law enforcement, government agencies, and community coalitions. By combining resources, practice, and research, the committee collaborates across state systems to reduce underage drinking. • Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group (Epi) – This work group produces a biennial Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile, which highlights trends and new substance abuse data in Arizona and an annual summary profile, entitled The Impact of Substance Abuse: A Snapshot of Arizona. The Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile is a comprehensive, informative, and functional profile of substance abuse in the state for use by community coalitions, agencies, and individuals in relevant fields. Currently, Epi conducts analyses of individual substance abuse issues, responds to ad hoc data requests and brings data to bear on ASAP’s policy decisions around its strategic plan and focus areas. • Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force (AMTF) –The Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force was created in August 2006 in response to Arizona’s decade-long increase in the number of individuals regularly using methamphetamine and the increase in the resulting social and economic costs associated with the drug. The AMTF was instructed to approach Arizona’s methamphetamine problem holistically, focusing equally on enforcement, prevention, treatment, and recovery. Specifically, the AMTF was charged with identifying specific, action-oriented recommendations to eradicate methamphetamine use in Arizona and build safe and healthy communities throughout the state. The AMTF brings together representatives from state agencies, local government, businesses, and community groups to develop collaborative efforts among the treatment, prevention, and law enforcement systems to assess and address the impact of methamphetamine statewide through information sharing, resource allocation, services coordination, and the development of statewide policy recommendations sensitive to the needs of local and tribal communities. • The Community Advisory Board – The Community Advisory Board (CAB) brings together representatives from community coalitions around the state to improve substance abuse prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement policies and programs. The CAB provides an essential link between communities, ASAP and its subcommittees. The CAB brings the community voice to the ASAP table; reports on important community issues that informs ASAP’s work; helps communities improve their capacity to identify emerging trends, as well as take action and report on them to the proper institutions/authorities; takes the data available through the Epidemiology Work Group and ASAP back to coalitions and communities to effectively target prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement activities; serves as a resource for communities and the state to identify the most effective ways to reduce substance abuse through collaborative efforts and by targeting limited resources where they are most needed; and elevates and recognizes the important work being carried out at the community level to ensure that state-level responses are cognizant of the impact of policies on individual communities. 9 School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data What are the numbers telling you? Review the charts and data tables presented in this report. Note your findings as you discuss the following questions. • Which 3-5 risk factors appear to be higher than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which 3-5 protective factors appear to be lower than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which levels of 30-day drug use are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which substances are your students using the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable usage levels? • Which levels of antisocial behaviors are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which behaviors are your students exhibiting the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable behavior levels? How to identify high priority problem areas. • Look across the charts – which items stand out as either much higher or much lower than the other? • Compare your data with statewide, and/or national data – differences of 5% between local and other data are probably significant. • Prioritize problems for your area – Make an assessment of the rates you’ve identified. Which can be realistically addressed with the funding available to your community? Which problems fit best with the prevention resources at hand? • Determine the standards and values held within your community – For example: Is it acceptable in your community for a percentage of high school students to drink alcohol regularly as long as that percentage is lower than the overall state rate? Use these data for planning. • Substance use and antisocial behavior data – raise awareness about the problems and promote dialogue. • Risk and protective factor data – identify exactly where the community needs to take action. • Promising approaches – access resources listed on the last page of this report for ideas about programs that have been proven effective in addressing the risk factors that are high in your community, and improving the protective factors that are low. Sample Risk Factors Protective Factors 30-day Substance Abuse Antisocial Behavior 10 6th grd Fav. Attitude to Drugs (Peer/Indiv. Scale) @ 15% (8% > 8-state av.) 10th grd - Rewards for prosocial involvm. (School Domain) 40% (down 5% from 2 yrs ago & 16% below state av.) 8th grd Binge Drinking@13% (5% above state av.) 12th grd - Drunk/High at School @ 21% ( about same as state, but remains a priority.) Priority Rate 1 Priority Rate 2 Priority Rate 3 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Cochise County, Grade 8 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 11 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Cochise County, Grade 10 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 12 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Cochise County, Grade 12 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 13 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Cochise County, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† MTF Prescription Drugs**† 14 Prescription Sedatives** **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Prescription Stimulants** State 2010 Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** County 2010 Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** County 2008 Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol County 2006 Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Cochise County, Grade 8 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 15 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Cochise County, Grade 10 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 16 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Cochise County, Grade 12 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 17 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Cochise County, All Students Surveyed 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 18 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Cochise County, Grade 8 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 19 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Cochise County, Grade 10 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 20 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Cochise County, Grade 12 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 21 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Cochise County, All Students Surveyed Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 22 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Cochise County, Grade 8 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 23 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Cochise County, Grade 8 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 24 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Cochise County, Grade 10 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 25 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Cochise County, Grade 10 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 26 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Cochise County, Grade 12 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 27 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Cochise County, Grade 12 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 28 Sources Risk and of Protective Alcohol Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Cochise County, All Students Surveyed Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 29 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Cochise County, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 30 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Cochise County, Grade 8 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 119 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 86 State 2010 Sample: 4,473 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 31 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Cochise County, Grade 10 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 34 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 142 State 2010 Sample: 5,295 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 32 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Cochise County, Grade 12 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 53 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 89 State 2010 Sample: 6,341 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 33 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Cochise County, All Students Surveyed Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 206 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 317 State 2010 Sample: 16,109 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 34 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Cochise County, Grade 8 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 35 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Cochise County, Grade 10 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 36 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Cochise County, Grade 12 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 37 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Cochise County, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 38 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles Community Domain Risk Factors 1 Low Neighborhood Attachment Research has shown that youth who don't like the neighborhoods in which they live are more likely to become involved in juvenile crime and drug selling. Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the legal drinking age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been followed by decreases in consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have shown that shifts in normative attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence of use. Perceived Availability of Drugs and Handguns The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the use of these substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a higher risk of crime and substance use by adolescents. 1 1 1 1 Community Domain Protective Factors 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for positive participation in activities helps youth bond to the community, thus lowering their risk for substance use. Family Domain Risk Factors 1 Poor Family Management Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places them at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, parents’ failure to provide clear expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that they will engage in drug abuse whether or not there are family drug problems. 1 Family Conflict Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the conflict, appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use. 1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or ATOD use), the children are more likely to engage in these behaviors. 1 Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Antisocial Behavior & Drugs In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use, children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the refrigerator. Family Domain Protective Factors 1 Family Attachment Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors. 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things done well by their child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviors. School Domain Risk Factors 1 Academic Failure Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both drug abuse and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever reasons, increases the risk of problem behaviors. 1 Low Commitment to School Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of drugs is significantly lower among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking school, spending time on homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also negatively related to drug use. 39 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles School Domain Protective Factors 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors. Peer-Individual Risk Factors 1 Rebelliousness Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at higher risk of abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for independence and normlessness have all been linked with drug use. 1 Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use Early onset of drug use predicts misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the greater the involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use prior to the age of 15 is a consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug use has been shown to predict lower drug involvement and a greater probability of discontinuation of use. 1 Attitudes Favorable Toward During the elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes and have Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use difficulty imagining why people use drugs or engage in antisocial behaviors. However, in middle school, as more youth are exposed to others who use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior are more likely to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use. 1 Perceived Risk of Drug Use Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug use. 1 Interaction with Antisocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for engaging in antisocial behavior themselves. 1 Friends' Use of Drugs Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much more likely to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends who use drugs greatly increases the risk of that problem developing. 1 Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging further in antisocial behavior and substance use. Gang Involvement Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. 1 1 1 1 Peer-Individual Protective Factors 1 Belief in the Moral Order Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs. 1 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are more protected from engaging in antisocial behavior and substance use. 1 Prosocial Involvement Participation in positive school and community activities helps provide protection for youth. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are rewarded for working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in problem behavior. 40 Data Tables Table 4. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime In your lifetime, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 48.2 53.3 54.7 45.1 36.6 73.6 70.7 68.8 64.1 59.1 72.4 76.3 77.9 72.8 72.3 59.9 65.8 60.1 58.2 55.6 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 33.8 27.1 31.6 23.8 20.1 48.7 44.7 41.0 37.2 32.7 46.2 59.3 60.3 46.9 43.6 40.4 41.7 37.2 34.0 31.8 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 10.3 11.2 11.8 7.1 9.6 14.7 14.9 20.8 12.5 15.2 23.7 20.3 33.8 18.1 16.3 13.4 14.8 16.3 11.7 13.6 Marijuana used marijuana? 16.1 14.4 20.5 17.8 15.7 31.2 30.2 26.8 34.3 32.3 33.1 38.9 44.6 44.7 42.0 23.5 26.5 24.9 29.9 29.7 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 1.8 2.6 3.1 2.2 1.7 5.5 5.4 4.7 5.9 3.0 7.2 6.6 12.3 9.0 3.1 3.7 4.7 4.7 5.1 2.6 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 4.1 3.1 4.2 2.3 2.6 10.3 8.7 8.7 5.3 4.6 12.3 14.8 13.8 8.8 6.0 7.3 8.0 6.3 5.0 4.4 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 16.5 13.7 16.4 14.5 14.9 18.6 13.3 14.2 11.8 12.8 11.2 10.3 13.1 9.4 9.5 16.5 12.7 15.6 12.3 12.5 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 1.6 0.5 0.8 0.7 1.6 8.5 2.6 3.9 1.6 2.8 6.5 4.5 3.8 2.5 2.4 4.6 2.3 1.7 1.5 2.3 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 0.8 0.8 1.8 0.9 1.3 2.6 3.1 2.4 2.6 1.5 2.3 2.9 2.3 3.4 1.2 1.6 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.3 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 1.3 2.6 5.4 3.9 2.2 3.9 6.8 7.9 8.2 5.5 4.1 8.6 11.6 10.6 6.5 2.6 5.7 6.7 7.0 4.7 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 1.8 1.0 2.5 1.6 1.3 3.9 1.8 0.8 1.8 1.3 3.4 2.9 0.8 1.7 2.2 2.8 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 12.2 12.1 11.5 4.4 n/a 21.7 24.6 18.9 9.9 n/a 28.9 22.5 23.1 13.2 n/a 20.0 15.5 16.8 9.1 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 3.1 4.2 4.0 3.0 6.0 9.0 8.8 9.5 7.0 10.3 7.1 9.1 7.0 8.5 9.9 5.7 7.2 5.2 5.7 8.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 9.9 8.8 8.6 8.7 9.5 18.4 11.2 11.1 11.5 13.0 16.7 14.9 18.9 13.4 12.7 13.6 11.2 10.5 10.8 11.7 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 13.4 17.1 17.7 16.5 n/a 27.8 27.1 27.8 23.7 n/a 22.8 32.2 26.4 27.3 n/a 19.5 24.7 20.4 21.5 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 12.0 10.5 9.5 n/a n/a 14.3 14.3 13.2 n/a n/a 16.9 13.4 14.1 n/a n/a 14.1 11.5 11.8 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 41 Data Tables Table 5. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days In the past 30 days, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 21.0 24.0 27.8 21.9 14.9 39.7 39.3 33.3 34.7 30.4 42.9 45.1 55.0 45.0 43.5 30.0 35.2 32.6 31.9 29.2 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 10.2 9.4 12.6 8.9 6.5 19.7 18.3 18.2 15.6 13.1 23.4 31.8 42.0 22.9 20.1 15.1 18.1 17.7 14.7 13.0 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 2.5 4.8 4.2 2.8 3.7 3.7 4.8 10.8 5.7 6.5 7.7 9.3 18.0 8.1 8.4 3.5 5.8 7.1 5.1 6.1 Marijuana used marijuana? 5.1 6.7 10.9 8.9 6.5 12.6 15.3 13.5 17.4 15.9 12.8 10.9 21.1 21.3 20.6 8.6 11.3 12.8 14.8 14.2 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.9 0.5 1.9 3.1 0.8 2.0 0.5 4.5 1.2 2.3 2.4 0.5 1.7 1.9 1.5 1.6 0.5 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.8 4.9 3.9 3.1 1.6 0.9 5.6 4.5 5.4 2.2 1.3 3.0 2.9 2.1 1.4 1.0 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 6.0 3.9 6.5 5.6 3.8 4.9 4.1 3.2 3.0 2.2 4.0 0.8 2.3 1.5 1.2 5.4 3.3 5.4 3.7 2.4 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.5 3.3 0.7 0.0 0.5 0.6 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 1.7 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.1 0.0 1.1 0.4 1.2 0.8 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.4 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 0.3 0.3 2.8 1.7 0.6 1.3 3.1 0.8 2.9 1.3 1.2 2.5 2.4 3.4 1.8 0.8 1.9 2.4 2.5 1.2 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 0.7 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.4 1.7 0.9 0.0 0.7 0.5 1.7 0.8 0.8 0.6 1.0 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 6.0 5.1 5.7 1.3 n/a 10.8 7.9 8.9 3.0 n/a 12.5 8.6 9.7 4.1 n/a 9.5 6.0 7.7 2.8 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 1.0 0.8 1.5 1.4 1.9 2.8 4.0 2.4 2.8 3.3 1.8 1.7 1.6 2.5 3.0 1.7 2.3 1.6 2.1 2.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 4.1 3.1 3.5 3.6 2.5 10.1 3.8 2.4 4.7 3.9 5.8 3.8 8.7 4.7 4.2 6.4 3.5 4.1 4.2 3.5 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 6.0 7.8 7.9 8.2 n/a 14.0 14.0 10.3 11.8 n/a 10.0 14.5 12.5 12.4 n/a 9.2 11.9 8.9 10.4 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 6.8 5.3 5.4 n/a n/a 6.4 7.9 6.3 n/a n/a 7.5 3.9 6.3 n/a n/a 6.8 5.5 5.9 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 42 Data Tables Table 6. Percentage of Students With Heavy ATOD Use Drinking and Driving During the past 30 days, how many times did you: (One or more times) DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 5.7 9.2 7.1 5.0 4.2 8.8 7.2 12.8 7.6 7.4 25.3 19.4 19.7 14.1 16.6 9.2 10.7 9.7 8.2 7.7 30.7 28.7 30.7 27.7 24.9 27.3 33.5 29.2 29.1 26.3 37.8 36.1 38.8 28.9 27.5 30.4 32.4 31.6 28.5 25.0 Heavy Use Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Binge Drinking How many times have you had 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? (One or more times) 10.4 12.3 17.8 12.4 7.8 19.1 21.5 20.0 21.0 17.5 23.2 28.0 37.4 29.2 25.2 15.0 19.7 21.0 19.5 16.6 1/2 Pack (or more) of Cigarettes/Day During the past 30 days, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? (11 to 20 cigarettes, More than 20 cigarettes) 1.3 0.0 0.9 0.7 1.0 3.6 2.9 4.1 2.0 2.4 3.9 4.6 5.9 3.6 5.0 2.4 2.3 2.1 1.9 2.7 Table 7. Percentage of Students With Antisocial Behavior How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: (One or more times) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 Been Drunk or High at School 9.8 12.9 12.5 12.8 7.5 22.2 21.4 23.4 21.8 15.0 20.8 19.4 21.3 Been Suspended from School All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 22.1 17.7 15.4 17.9 15.5 18.0 13.3 18.4 20.0 20.2 18.5 15.1 15.1 14.2 18.4 14.4 12.6 10.0 16.1 15.7 9.9 9.2 16.2 16.7 19.3 15.0 12.4 Sold Illegal Drugs 3.4 4.0 5.3 5.0 2.5 9.4 10.0 10.7 10.6 6.5 10.1 7.9 15.6 10.8 7.8 6.3 7.4 7.7 8.2 5.5 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle 3.4 3.8 3.6 3.7 2.3 4.8 3.8 10.9 4.6 2.6 2.8 3.5 5.0 3.1 1.9 3.8 3.7 4.9 3.8 2.3 Been Arrested 7.8 7.3 9.7 7.1 5.2 7.8 10.2 18.0 9.9 6.7 8.4 9.4 7.2 8.7 6.1 7.9 9.0 10.7 8.4 6.0 16.8 16.2 17.9 16.6 16.0 21.5 16.7 23.3 15.5 15.1 17.3 14.2 17.1 11.5 11.9 18.5 16.0 18.6 14.9 14.4 Carried a Handgun 6.0 8.0 6.6 6.7 4.8 9.7 7.4 16.0 7.6 5.2 8.8 8.7 12.8 7.2 5.2 7.6 7.9 8.9 7.1 5.1 Carried a Handgun to School 0.9 0.8 0.6 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.4 2.1 2.1 0.9 0.6 2.4 2.2 1.8 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.7 0.9 Attacked Someone with the Idea of Seriously Hurting Them * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 43 Data Tables Table 8. Percentage of Students Gambling in the Past Year How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: (At least once in the past 12 months) Any Gambling Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 54.4 74.8 64.9 61.6 55.0 53.4 68.4 65.0 59.8 53.8 45.6 66.4 63.0 56.5 52.6 52.8 70.2 64.6 59.7 53.0 2.5 6.8 5.7 5.3 5.7 0.8 6.6 4.4 4.8 5.3 2.4 4.0 4.3 5.3 5.4 1.9 6.1 5.3 5.2 5.3 29.1 33.4 23.5 21.4 24.0 28.9 23.1 21.9 20.7 23.5 19.2 23.0 25.5 18.9 23.9 27.7 26.7 23.6 20.6 22.7 Bet on sports?* n/a 37.7 29.6 28.6 22.8 n/a 29.0 30.7 27.0 22.5 n/a 22.5 31.9 24.4 20.5 n/a 30.6 30.1 27.0 21.4 Played cards? 21.4 48.5 37.4 36.1 25.8 26.7 43.8 43.1 36.0 27.0 15.1 42.4 42.2 34.8 26.7 22.5 45.1 38.9 35.7 25.3 n/a 27.6 14.6 15.9 n/a n/a 22.4 17.6 16.6 n/a n/a 27.8 20.0 15.3 n/a n/a 25.5 15.8 16.0 n/a 18.1 30.2 26.3 26.4 22.7 12.4 22.0 16.2 20.4 17.7 6.6 17.1 15.7 14.2 14.0 14.4 23.8 23.3 21.4 19.5 Gambled on the Internet? 5.6 7.4 5.3 5.1 4.5 5.2 4.3 0.7 4.6 4.0 2.4 4.4 3.0 4.2 3.7 5.1 5.4 4.3 4.7 4.2 Played a dice game?* n/a 33.6 26.4 26.0 12.1 n/a 21.3 25.9 21.9 11.2 n/a 19.2 22.2 17.9 10.0 n/a 25.2 25.7 22.6 11.4 17.3 34.8 28.6 28.2 20.1 21.3 34.1 26.7 27.7 20.5 19.2 26.3 30.4 24.9 18.8 19.0 32.6 28.6 27.2 19.4 n/a 12.9 9.0 5.0 4.6 n/a 11.1 9.6 5.0 4.7 n/a 15.1 15.8 4.4 4.6 n/a 12.6 10.0 4.8 4.7 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bought a raffle ticket?** Played bingo? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* Bet on a horse or other animal race?* * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from table. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 44 Data Tables Table 9. Percentage of Students Reporting Risk Grade 8 Risk Factor County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed** Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm Community Domain Low Neighborhood Attachment 41.9 36.6 38.5 35.9 36.6 54.2 51.2 45.8 43.6 42.8 60.7 56.0 61.0 47.3 47.0 48.6 47.0 42.6 41.3 42.0 Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use 35.5 37.6 37.5 35.0 32.8 43.5 50.8 53.8 41.8 39.6 43.5 40.2 35.0 35.5 32.8 39.3 43.7 39.5 37.2 35.2 Perceived Availability of Drugs 39.1 35.7 35.8 36.9 29.4 50.9 53.8 40.4 42.9 40.5 51.1 50.6 45.5 43.8 42.7 44.8 46.6 37.9 40.6 37.5 Perceived Availability of Handguns 37.5 42.9 36.4 33.4 39.8 31.4 30.5 36.8 22.3 29.9 41.5 38.6 38.4 26.5 34.8 35.9 36.8 36.8 28.2 34.8 Poor Family Management 46.3 46.8 45.9 43.7 41.9 45.7 48.4 42.6 40.6 40.3 36.7 44.1 48.2 41.2 39.8 44.9 46.8 45.7 42.1 40.7 Family Conflict 49.7 51.5 52.2 53.1 51.5 45.0 47.2 42.3 42.1 41.6 37.2 38.4 41.7 39.1 38.8 46.4 46.8 49.5 45.9 44.1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 44.6 40.2 40.8 39.3 36.4 39.7 45.0 52.6 41.5 39.0 39.8 38.6 45.3 37.4 37.3 42.2 41.8 43.0 39.4 37.6 Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB 48.6 50.4 49.0 47.7 46.9 53.4 54.7 57.6 50.0 52.3 48.4 45.7 51.1 48.6 50.3 50.3 51.1 50.5 48.6 49.9 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 28.1 30.6 28.0 24.7 26.0 46.4 43.3 46.1 37.9 40.8 41.1 40.2 41.6 38.6 38.6 36.1 38.0 32.4 32.4 35.2 Academic Failure 54.9 53.9 46.2 45.5 46.6 52.0 50.9 52.6 48.5 47.9 44.1 40.5 49.3 40.6 41.8 52.6 49.4 47.6 45.1 45.6 Low Commitment to School 40.4 44.3 38.7 41.0 38.0 49.5 44.7 45.2 41.7 41.7 35.4 39.0 45.7 42.2 42.9 43.0 43.2 40.7 41.5 40.8 Rebelliousness 41.9 45.0 45.9 43.8 39.0 53.6 53.4 45.7 47.6 45.5 41.9 36.8 55.8 44.6 43.6 45.9 46.7 47.3 45.1 42.7 Early Initiation of ASB 36.4 39.8 41.1 37.6 33.7 45.8 47.9 46.8 40.6 37.0 43.0 47.3 52.5 38.6 35.4 40.5 44.9 43.6 38.8 35.4 Early Initiation of Drug Use 35.3 29.9 34.4 29.3 24.0 37.5 31.1 30.7 31.0 27.3 33.0 40.5 36.0 29.6 28.8 35.8 32.8 34.1 29.9 26.6 Attitudes Favorable to ASB 42.1 41.1 41.2 41.4 36.2 57.5 56.0 48.6 44.7 44.9 39.8 39.0 46.4 41.7 41.9 47.1 46.9 43.1 42.4 41.0 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 29.4 28.5 29.2 29.3 22.6 39.1 38.8 36.7 36.2 33.6 28.1 29.5 28.1 35.9 32.7 32.6 33.0 30.2 33.1 29.6 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 42.6 48.7 48.8 47.8 37.1 41.7 43.6 39.2 45.9 35.7 38.5 42.3 45.8 50.4 40.3 41.7 45.1 46.9 47.9 37.6 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 54.1 57.0 58.4 55.8 50.3 60.7 62.1 55.3 56.3 52.0 57.8 56.5 60.6 51.5 49.0 56.8 59.0 58.3 54.8 50.5 Friend's Use of Drugs 41.1 36.0 43.3 39.4 30.8 41.7 44.2 39.7 42.6 36.2 34.2 38.2 44.5 38.1 32.3 40.4 39.9 43.0 40.0 33.2 Rewards for ASB 45.3 39.2 51.1 48.2 36.7 45.3 42.9 46.0 46.8 42.7 48.9 54.1 54.7 57.1 55.1 45.7 44.2 50.8 50.1 44.4 Gang Involvement 24.9 25.0 25.3 20.8 17.8 24.6 28.3 18.9 20.9 15.7 16.7 18.7 16.8 16.1 13.1 23.7 24.9 23.2 19.6 15.6 35.5 38.6 35.4 37.1 29.7 36.9 42.8 25.8 34.2 30.4 33.7 32.3 30.5 32.5 29.0 35.8 38.9 33.2 35.0 29.7 Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Risk Students at High Risk* * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 45 Data Tables Table 10. Percentage of Students Reporting Protection Grade 10 Grade 8 Protective Factor Grade 12 All Students Surveyed† County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 31.2 38.8 30.7 32.9 38.3 32.5 35.4 43.4 38.0 44.2 48.8 35.5 34.0 37.0 44.1 33.9 36.6 33.0 35.6 42.2 Family Attachment 50.7 48.9 49.4 51.1 51.9 41.0 44.7 54.9 45.6 44.7 60.7 47.6 55.0 56.6 55.6 48.5 46.9 50.8 50.9 50.4 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 60.5 58.7 57.5 59.7 60.7 47.9 49.9 61.1 54.6 53.1 57.7 48.7 48.1 56.4 53.8 55.6 52.9 56.8 57.2 55.8 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 59.1 59.2 61.1 61.7 61.5 52.8 46.1 53.8 54.9 53.0 54.5 51.8 46.9 56.4 52.4 56.2 52.2 58.4 58.2 55.6 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 53.9 60.6 60.5 63.0 68.9 55.4 50.7 61.9 65.6 71.6 65.8 57.3 61.9 67.6 72.8 55.9 55.7 60.9 65.0 71.0 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 43.5 53.6 53.2 52.0 57.5 56.8 47.5 67.3 61.2 58.9 59.8 45.6 45.0 46.9 51.6 50.1 49.2 54.2 53.5 56.2 Belief in the Moral Order 58.0 56.9 60.2 60.3 64.6 59.4 62.7 72.5 69.4 68.0 57.5 61.4 48.5 56.4 53.8 58.4 60.3 60.2 62.0 62.5 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* 53.6 56.4 57.6 54.7 58.8 57.5 52.1 57.4 57.5 60.7 65.8 53.9 51.8 57.3 59.3 56.5 54.0 56.7 56.2 59.6 Prosocial Involvement 37.7 38.8 37.4 40.0 40.8 43.7 35.7 43.8 45.3 46.1 37.8 33.1 36.9 41.9 42.6 39.8 36.2 38.3 42.1 43.2 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 63.5 69.3 64.7 59.2 62.5 58.6 61.4 57.9 61.7 59.9 58.1 58.8 50.4 55.6 51.8 61.1 63.6 61.6 59.0 58.3 47.7 57.0 50.7 53.6 52.8 49.7 47.8 52.7 57.6 52.5 64.2 52.7 36.2 55.9 50.5 50.4 52.2 48.9 55.4 52.0 Community Domain Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Protection Students with High Protection** * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 46 Data Tables Table 11. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol* If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) Grade 8 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 Sample size** 86 119 4,473 142 34 5,295 89 53 6,341 317 206 16,109 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 7.0 8.4 4.9 5.6 14.7 6.3 16.9 7.5 9.9 9.1 9.2 7.3 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 8.1 4.2 2.5 4.2 2.9 2.1 20.2 5.7 3.6 9.8 4.4 2.8 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 2.3 4.2 3.0 4.9 8.8 2.2 5.6 0.0 2.5 4.4 3.9 2.6 I gave someone else money to buy it for me 26.7 22.7 19.2 34.5 35.3 32.6 42.7 35.8 42.5 34.7 28.2 32.8 My parent or guardian gave it to me 15.1 9.2 17.5 15.5 23.5 15.0 4.5 3.8 13.3 12.3 10.2 15.0 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 19.8 19.3 17.3 16.9 17.6 16.8 13.5 20.8 14.8 16.7 19.4 16.1 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 22.1 15.1 16.2 29.6 29.4 24.8 29.2 26.4 30.4 27.4 20.4 24.6 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 24.4 15.1 21.0 25.4 20.6 23.1 9.0 7.5 18.6 20.5 14.1 20.7 I got it at a party 44.2 44.5 38.7 50.0 47.1 49.6 61.8 45.3 53.8 51.7 45.1 48.2 I took it from home 25.6 21.8 30.2 23.9 14.7 21.9 7.9 3.8 13.1 19.9 16.0 20.7 4.7 8.4 9.4 6.3 11.8 9.8 4.5 5.7 5.6 5.4 8.3 8.1 30.2 16.0 25.2 25.4 26.5 18.8 19.1 17.0 13.3 24.9 18.0 18.4 I took it from a store or someone else's home I got it some other way * Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. ** Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 47 Data Tables Table 12. Percentage of Students Reporting School Safety Issues Grade 8 Question During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY?* County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 0 times 84.7 89.2 91.0 1 time 9.2 5.3 4.7 2-3 times 3.1 3.5 4-5 times 1.5 6-7 times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? State 2010 Grade 12 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 91.7 87.2 85.0 88.8 4.5 5.4 8.6 5.2 2.9 2.2 4.6 4.1 1.0 0.8 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.2 8-9 times 0.4 0.0 0.2 10-11 times 0.1 0.0 12 or more times 0.5 0.8 State 2010 All Students Surveyed** County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 92.7 86.7 90.5 93.2 3.7 6.9 6.3 1.5 3.0 1.9 3.7 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.5 1.1 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.5 1.4 0.9 State 2010 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 95.3 85.8 87.7 91.0 93.0 2.4 7.6 6.9 4.3 3.7 1.5 1.3 3.7 3.0 2.7 1.9 0.8 0.8 0.3 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.4 1.5 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.5 0.6 0.0 1.2 1.5 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.5 0 times 73.8 73.0 79.2 79.5 82.0 86.3 80.6 87.0 86.2 90.0 85.7 92.6 82.4 80.3 85.2 1 time 14.4 17.4 11.1 11.0 10.9 8.1 12.7 7.3 8.0 7.2 6.8 4.3 12.4 11.2 10.7 8.1 2-3 times 6.6 7.3 6.8 6.2 4.9 2.8 5.2 3.6 4.8 1.2 6.0 1.8 5.8 4.0 6.5 4.2 4-5 times 3.1 1.3 1.4 1.7 0.8 1.1 0.7 0.9 0.0 0.4 1.5 0.4 1.9 1.0 1.3 1.1 6-7 times 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.3 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.4 8-9 times 0.2 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.2 10-11 times 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 12 or more times 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.6 0 times 59.9 61.9 58.4 60.5 70.1 62.2 64.9 73.1 80.9 72.5 81.2 85.4 66.0 64.4 62.7 70.9 1 time 18.8 10.4 12.5 12.8 14.3 9.2 8.2 9.1 6.4 8.0 5.3 5.3 15.7 9.3 10.8 9.7 14.4 14.8 11.1 10.9 12.7 8.4 7.6 5.3 4.7 11.4 13.1 8.6 2.8 4.9 4.7 4.1 3.7 3.0 3.6 2.3 1.7 3.5 4.3 3.3 2.0 1.4 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.2 3.6 1.5 0.7 2.3 1.4 1.3 8-9 times 0.5 0.5 1.1 2.1 0.0 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.3 1.3 0.4 0.8 10-11 times 1.0 1.2 0.7 1.1 2.2 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.9 1.2 0.5 5.2 7.1 6.4 7.3 4.7 8.4 6.7 4.2 4.3 3.6 3.8 1.8 4.9 6.8 6.1 4.9 0 days 88.4 88.8 91.6 90.5 93.1 84.4 92.5 93.3 96.3 90.1 94.0 95.7 91.0 87.3 92.1 92.7 1 day 6.8 5.3 5.8 5.2 3.3 9.1 3.0 3.6 2.7 7.1 3.0 2.2 5.1 7.3 5.0 4.0 2-3 days 3.2 3.6 1.7 2.6 2.2 4.1 3.0 1.8 0.5 1.6 2.2 1.1 2.5 3.3 2.0 2.0 4-5 days 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.5 6 or more days 0.9 1.8 0.6 0.9 0.8 1.3 1.5 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.7 1.3 0.8 0.8 0 days 93.7 94.6 94.5 95.2 88.6 90.5 86.5 95.0 88.9 90.0 89.6 95.4 91.4 91.9 92.6 95.2 1 day 2.5 2.8 2.0 2.3 2.8 2.8 3.8 1.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 1.4 2.6 2.7 2.3 1.9 2-3 days 1.6 0.5 1.8 1.2 1.8 1.9 0.0 1.0 0.5 1.2 0.7 0.9 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.1 4-5 days 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.4 1.3 1.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 2.2 0.4 1.1 0.7 0.8 0.4 6 or more days 1.1 1.8 1.4 1.0 5.5 3.5 8.3 1.8 7.4 6.0 5.2 2.0 3.4 3.4 2.9 1.5 2-3 times 4-5 times 6-7 times 16.1 10.9 8.5 13.4 * In 2006 the choices for this question were Never , Once , Several Times and Very Often. ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 48 State 2010 78.1 12 or more times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on your way to or from school? Grade 10 Data Tables Table 13. Drug Free Communities Report - National Outcome Measures (NOMs) Outcome Definition Substance Grade 8 Percent Grade 10 Sample Percent Grade 12 Sample Percent All Students Surveyed† Sample Percent Sample Male †† Percent Female †† Sample Percent Sample drink 1 or two drinks nearly every day Alcohol 57.7 560 62.7 118 58.1 117 58.5 795 53.8 383 63.2 402 smoke 1 or more packs of cigarettes per day Cigarettes 81.4 565 83.3 120 89.2 120 82.9 805 80.4 388 86.0 407 smoke marijuana regularly Marijuana 78.9 540 77.0 113 65.5 116 76.6 769 67.6 373 85.5 387 Perception of Parent Disapproval* (Parents feel it would be Wrong or Very Wrong to... ) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 90.4 521 80.7 109 70.9 103 86.2 733 87.5 353 85.4 370 smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 95.4 521 91.5 106 73.2 97 91.9 724 91.7 349 91.7 362 smoke marijuana Marijuana 95.8 519 92.9 113 85.6 111 93.8 743 93.7 363 93.8 369 Perception of Peer Disapproval* (I think it is Wrong or Very Wrong for someone my age to...) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 77.0 666 63.7 146 65.7 140 73.3 952 71.0 451 75.7 489 Past 30-Day Use* at least one use in the past 30 days Perception of Risk* (People are at Moderate or Great Risk of harming themselves if they...) smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 87.4 666 69.9 146 64.5 138 81.4 950 79.3 449 83.2 488 smoke marijuana Marijuana 84.9 663 75.0 144 76.4 140 82.2 947 79.3 449 85.2 486 458 Alcohol 27.8 626 33.3 126 55.0 131 32.6 883 32.6 414 32.5 Cigarettes 12.6 580 18.2 121 42.0 119 17.7 820 20.4 392 14.6 418 Marijuana 10.9 616 13.5 126 21.1 128 12.8 870 15.5 407 10.2 452 Average Age of Onset** Percent (How old were you when you first…) Sample had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor? Alcohol 56.7 Average age: 11.8 years smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Cigarettes 30.5 Average age: 11.7 years Marijuana 19.7 Average age: 12.2 years smoked marijuana? 661 Percent Sample 74.5 141 13.3 years 665 44.3 27.9 13.5 years Sample 85.6 139 13.9 years 140 66.7 140 44.2 14.2 years Percent Sample 63.7 941 12.5 years 138 13.6 years 12.5 years 665 Percent 37.9 24.5 Sample 64.1 448 12.3 years 943 12.3 years 138 Percent 43.3 943 28.7 12.9 years Sample 63.3 482 12.7 years 446 32.6 487 12.4 years 12.2 years 13.0 years Percent 446 20.4 486 13.1 years * For Past 30-Day Use, Perception of Risk, and Perception of Parental/Peer Disapproval, the “Sample” column represents the sample size - the number of people who answered the question and whose responses were used to determine the percentage. The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample answering the question as specified in the definition. ** For Average Age of Onset, the “Sample” column represents the overall sample size: the total number of people that responded to the questions about Age of Onset. This includes responses that are not used to calculate the average age of onset (i.e., youth that have never used alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana). The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample reporting any age of first use for the specified substance. "Average age" is calculated by averaging the ages of first use of students reporting any use. † †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. The male and female values allow a gender comparison for youth who completed the survey. However, unless the percentage of students who participated from each grade is similar, the gender results are not necessarily representative of males and females in the community. 49 Data Tables Table 14. Additional Data for Prevention Planning In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: 52.3 34.6 41.6 58.9 57.7 14.2 17.3 14.3 22.6 13.2 21.3 13.4 14.5 13.1 15.0 4.2 0.9 4.2 3.4 1.0 2.4 9.2 2.3 5.4 7.7 2.9 5.7 12.0 3.8 12.8 10.7 4.9 8.3 6.1 1.5 5.6 6.7 2.6 4.9 72.2 12.8 80.6 8.7 62.8 10.9 68.4 10.3 51.1 6.8 62.7 10.3 67.8 11.6 72.2 9.6 7.2 3.6 5.2 2.2 11.6 1.6 8.6 3.9 9.0 6.8 9.6 4.8 8.1 3.8 7.4 3.4 0.8 3.4 1.0 2.4 1.6 11.6 2.3 6.5 8.3 18.0 2.8 9.8 2.0 6.8 1.9 5.6 74.2 7.8 75.4 8.1 68.2 9.3 58.7 11.1 65.4 11.3 56.9 11.0 72.1 8.5 65.4 9.7 6.1 3.9 2.2 6.5 3.5 1.9 7.0 5.4 1.6 10.3 6.2 3.6 5.3 4.5 4.5 10.7 6.3 3.7 6.1 4.2 2.4 8.7 5.1 2.9 5.8 86.4 4.7 88.4 8.5 83.7 10.2 81.4 9.0 84.2 11.4 81.7 6.7 85.7 8.2 84.5 5.5 3.3 5.4 2.7 5.4 3.1 7.5 4.8 6.0 4.5 7.3 4.8 5.5 3.4 6.6 3.9 1.7 0.9 1.2 0.6 3.1 0.8 2.2 1.2 3.0 0.8 2.2 1.2 2.1 0.9 1.8 0.9 2-3 times 4-6 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times More than 10 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times 2.2 1.7 3.9 2.9 1.5 2.9 2.3 2.4 Never 64.7 64.9 60.8 63.0 68.7 67.0 64.7 64.9 Once 13.6 9.8 13.6 10.3 11.5 10.0 12.7 11.9 12.2 5.3 10.9 10.8 13.1 9.2 12.6 10.9 7-10 times 4.4 2.1 3.5 1.5 5.4 3.1 4.5 1.9 3.1 0.8 4.2 2.0 4.4 2.0 4.0 1.7 More than 10 times 5.5 6.2 9.2 6.0 9.9 5.1 6.7 5.8 More than 10 times 2-3 times 4-6 times In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? State 2010 13.8 13.8 More than 10 times decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? County 2010 55.4 7-10 times give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? State 2010 12.3 9.5 Once say "No" without giving a reason why? County 2010 71.4 Never In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? State 2010 13.1 12.9 More than 10 times other drugs? County 2010 64.7 7-10 times marijuana? State 2010 All Students Surveyed* Once 4-6 times cigarettes? County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 Never 2-3 times alcohol? Grade 8 Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Grade 8 County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 30.6 14.9 30.9 14.2 30.1 15.4 33.4 17.4 36.1 23.5 33.8 17.2 31.3 16.3 32.4 16.0 7.6 2.9 7.4 5.8 2.7 5.3 5.7 7.3 11.4 8.9 4.1 8.8 7.6 3.4 10.9 10.3 5.5 10.4 7.3 3.6 8.5 8.0 3.9 7.7 36.6 35.2 41.1 35.7 30.1 35.8 27.3 38.7 18.5 50.4 22.8 39.4 33.0 37.5 32.0 37.6 13.1 6.6 10.9 5.4 10.6 7.3 13.9 8.2 15.1 7.6 15.2 10.2 13.0 6.8 13.0 7.5 2.9 6.0 2.7 4.4 2.4 13.0 4.6 7.3 2.5 7.6 5.2 7.4 2.8 7.3 3.9 6.1 36.2 38.8 41.0 37.3 30.9 37.4 27.3 45.1 16.8 53.8 22.5 50.9 32.6 40.8 31.9 43.3 11.8 3.5 2.3 10.2 3.7 2.4 8.1 2.4 5.7 12.3 5.2 2.9 5.0 8.4 2.5 11.4 5.2 3.2 10.3 4.0 2.8 11.1 4.6 2.8 6.2 37.4 4.6 41.8 13.8 32.5 6.3 28.1 11.8 18.5 5.9 23.4 8.2 33.9 5.5 32.8 40.2 10.1 40.7 8.2 44.3 7.4 49.7 9.9 53.8 11.8 55.3 9.6 42.8 9.9 47.4 9.1 5.4 1.7 3.3 1.9 2.5 2.5 4.2 2.6 5.9 2.5 4.3 2.4 5.0 2.0 3.8 2.3 6.1 36.6 3.8 42.1 10.7 32.8 5.2 28.3 9.2 16.8 4.6 23.7 7.2 33.1 4.4 33.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 50 Data Tables Table 15. Additional Data for Prevention Planning (Cont'd) Grade 8 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked or beaten up? State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 82.8 74.3 81.9 78.4 83.6 82.5 82.7 7.8 8.4 9.0 8.0 9.4 7.6 8.2 8.1 3 to 5 times 2.5 3.3 5.6 3.4 0.7 3.1 2.7 3.3 6 to 9 times 1.3 1.6 0.7 1.7 2.2 1.5 1.4 1.6 10 to 19 times 1.3 1.7 6.2 2.1 2.9 1.6 2.3 1.8 20 to 29 times 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.6 1.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 30 to 39 times 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 40+ times 1.0 1.5 4.2 1.9 5.0 1.7 2.1 1.7 Never 27.4 29.2 23.1 31.1 33.6 42.1 27.7 33.2 1 or 2 times 28.4 28.6 28.0 26.7 29.3 25.6 28.5 27.2 3 to 5 times 21.9 18.8 20.3 19.0 18.6 16.7 21.1 18.3 6 to 9 times 7.6 9.4 14.7 9.9 5.7 7.0 8.4 8.9 10 to 19 times 6.1 5.8 4.9 6.4 7.9 4.4 6.2 5.6 20 to 29 times 2.4 2.6 2.1 2.4 2.1 1.5 2.3 2.2 30 to 39 times 0.7 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.8 40+ times 5.4 4.7 7.0 3.6 2.1 2.3 5.2 3.7 81.6 81.3 76.2 81.7 83.5 85.9 81.1 82.6 1 or 2 times 9.6 10.4 12.2 9.9 10.8 8.0 10.2 9.6 3 to 5 times 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.4 3.6 2.5 3.3 3.2 6 to 9 times 2.6 1.6 0.7 1.6 0.7 1.2 2.0 1.5 10 to 19 times 1.4 1.6 5.4 1.8 0.7 1.2 1.9 1.6 20 to 29 times 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.4 30 to 39 times 0.8 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.2 40+ times 0.3 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.9 88.6 87.2 82.4 87.7 93.5 89.8 88.4 88.1 1 or 2 times 7.4 7.7 12.7 7.1 3.6 6.1 7.6 7.1 3 to 5 times 1.7 2.1 1.4 1.9 0.7 1.7 1.5 1.9 6 to 9 times 0.5 0.9 0.0 0.9 1.4 0.7 0.5 0.8 10 to 19 times 1.4 0.8 2.1 1.2 0.0 0.8 1.3 0.9 20 to 29 times 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 30 to 39 times 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 40+ times 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.8 Never seen someone shot or shot at? County 2010 All Students Surveyed* 85.2 Never seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? State 2010 Grade 12 1 or 2 times Never been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? County 2010 Grade 10 If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply) I've never used prescription drugs to get high Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) All Students Surveyed Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 84.1 88.1 78.0 81.7 73.3 78.5 81.7 83.6 6.8 5.5 13.8 11.2 17.5 14.0 9.4 9.5 2.9 2.2 2.4 3.7 5.0 4.2 3.1 3.2 3.4 2.5 5.7 4.9 4.2 5.5 3.9 4.0 2.9 2.9 6.5 5.0 4.2 5.2 3.6 4.1 2.0 1.3 4.9 2.8 5.8 4.4 3.0 2.6 1.9 1.6 5.7 3.7 1.7 3.6 2.4 2.8 2.4 1.8 4.9 3.0 0.8 3.1 2.5 2.5 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.3 1.5 0.7 1.6 1.0 1.7 1.3 1.6 1.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 51 Appendix Appendix - Comparability of survey administrations Issue Drug Category 2008/2010 AYS 2006 AYS On how many occasions (if any) have you: Notes regarding changes On how many occasions (if any) have you: Hallucinogens Used LSD or other psychedelics? Used LSD or other hallucinogens? Substituted "hallucinogens" for "psychedelics" in 2008 and beyond. Comparable across years. Meth Used methamphetamines (meth, speed, crank, crystal meth)? Used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription stimulants Used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription sedatives Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? In 2008 AYS added descriptor "prescription" and removed qualifier "without a doctor telling you to take them." 2006 data are cautiously comparable to 2008/2010. Ecstasy Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)? Used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2008/2010 AYS uses "ecstasy" as the primary descriptor, moving "MDMA" to examples. Comparable across years. Combined results of On how many occasions have you: Prescription drugs Gambling Category Combined results of On how many occasions have you: used prescription drugs (such as Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderall, Oxycontin, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription pain relievers (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? How often during the past 12 months have you: In 2006 there was a prescription drugs question with several examples (some of which overlapped examples from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions). In 2008/2010, the single prescription drug question was dropped, and a new question about prescription pain relievers was added. Rather than discontinuing reporting Prescription Drugs , the prescription sedative, stimulant and pain reliever questions were combined to create a single measure. . In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006 data were similarly recalculated into a composite, adding results from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions to the dedicated Prescription Drugs question. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Sports betting Bet on team sports? Bet on sports? 2006 not comparable to later data. Race betting Bet money on horse races? Bet on a horse race or other animal race? 2006 not comparable to later data. Dice Bet on dice games such as craps? Played a dice game? 2006 not comparable to later data. Games of skill Bet on games of personal skill such as pool, darts, or bowling? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Comparable across years. Protective Scale: Peer-Individual Interaction with Prosocial Peers 52 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year, how many of your best friends have: (Scale is calculated based on the average response [0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 friends] to the following questions) ...participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? ...made the commitment to stay drug-free? ...tried to do well in school? ...liked school? ...regularly attended religious services? (not used in 2008/2010) Regularly attended religious services was removed from the AYS in 2008. 2006 has been recalculated to match 2008/2010 AYS and are now comparable across all years. Due to this recalculation, current reports may differ slightly from past reports. Contacts for Prevention Regional Prevention Contacts Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai Counties Rachel Peterson Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) 928-226-6394 Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Gila, La Paz, Pinal, Yuma and Santa Cruz Counties Linda Weinberg Cenpatico Behavioral Health of Arizona 866-495-6738 Maricopa County Juan Aristizabal Magellan Health Services of Arizona 602-797-8256 Pima County Bill Burnett Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) 520-618-8807 Gila River Indian Community Julie Jimenez Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority 520-562-3321 ext. 7031 Pascua Yaqui Tribe Ralph Cota Centered Spirit Program 480-768-2063 Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Michelle Neitch/Phillip Stevenson 602-364-1173/602-364-1157 www.azcjc.gov Arizona Department of Education School Safety and Prevention www.ade.az.gov/sa/health/ Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Elise Mikkelsen 602-266-8299 ext. 351 www.problemgambling.az.gov 53 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Lisa Shumaker 602-364-4594 www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Charles Katz 602-496-1471 http://cvpcs.asu.edu/ Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families 602-542-4043 www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html Partnership for a Drug Free America, Arizona Affiliate Shelly Mowrey 602-264-5700 www.partnerupaz.org The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (Blueprints for Violence Prevention) www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) www.prevention.samhsa.gov Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Model Programs Guide www2.dsgonline.com/mpg/ Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Evidence Based Practices www.samhsa.gov/ebpwebguide/index.asp Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CAPT) casat.unr.edu/westcapt.html Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. 801-359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com Coconino County 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Shining Light on Arizona Youth Arizona Criminal Justice Commission in partnership with Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Arizona Department of Health Services, Division of Behavioral Health Arizona Department of Health Services, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Arizona Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention Governor’s Office for Children, Youth and Families Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Leslie Bloom, The Partnership for Drug Free America, AZ Affiliate Allie Bones, Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence Tim Christensen, Office of Problem Gambling Janet Garcia, Valley of the Sun United Way Michelle Gayles, Valley of the Sun United Way Charles Katz, Arizona State University Elise Mickkelsen, Office of Problem Gambling Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Rick Pyper, Office of Problem Gambling Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University Additionally, the success of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Table of Contents Introduction The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention The Charts and Tables in this Report The Community Data Project The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data Data Charts: Lifetime and 30 Day ATOD Use Problem Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior Gambling Risk & Protective Factor Profiles Where Youth Obtained Alcohol School Safety Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions Data Tables Appendix Contacts for Prevention Introduction 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Coconino County Summary Report This report summarizes all findings from the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) administered to 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students during spring 2010. The results for your county are presented along with comparisons to the results for the state of Arizona. The survey was designed to assess school safety, adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. All schools in Arizona are eligible to participate in the survey, Table 1. Characteristics of Participants County 2006 Number Percent County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Students by Grade 8 470 42.5 379 33.6 533 44.0 27,592 43.3 10 337 30.4 400 35.4 370 30.5 19,489 30.6 12 300 27.1 350 31.0 309 25.5 16,703 26.2 1,107 100.0 1,129 100.0 1,212 100.0 63,784 100.0 Male 545 50.0 541 48.7 612 51.1 30,645 49.0 Female 545 50.0 571 51.3 585 48.9 31,928 51.0 All Students Surveyed* Students by Gender Table 2. Race/Ethnicity of Participants Hispanic Student marked 'Yes' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Native American 25 9.5 32 10.6 1,207 4.9 African American 6 2.3 2 0.7 657 2.6 Asian 1 0.4 3 1.0 206 0.8 Pacific Islander 3 1.1 3 1.0 280 1.1 85 32.2 76 25.2 5,772 23.2 White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked 12 4.5 27 9.0 1,021 4.1 132 50.0 158 52.5 15,726 63.2 Non-Hispanic Student marked 'No' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American African American Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent 174 21.7 360 40.9 2,517 6.8 13 1.6 22 2.5 2,129 5.7 8 1.0 10 1.1 1,551 4.2 5 0.6 3 0.3 372 1.0 550 68.5 409 46.4 27,180 73.2 45 5.6 57 6.5 2,539 6.8 8 1.0 20 2.3 824 2.2 Totals County 2008 Number Percent County 2010 Number Percent State 2010 Number Percent Hispanic Students 264 23.4 301 24.8 24,869 Non-Hispanic Students Total Students** 803 71.1 881 72.7 37,112 58.2 1,129 100.0 1,212 100.0 63,784 100.0 39.0 * Grades with fewer than 20 students participating are not included in this report. However, students from grades not making the cutoff are included in All Students Surveyed. This means the number of students reported in All Students Surveyed may exceed the sum of individual grades. (All Students Surveyed will match the grade total in reports with data drawn from a single grade.) **As a small percentage of students skipped the question Are you Hispanic or Latino? (at the state level, 1,803 students, or 2.8% of the total), the sum of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic students is less than Total Students . 5 and recruitment efforts were successful in obtaining participation by schools in all of the 15 counties. Careful planning and uniform administration of the survey have resulted in survey data that are valid and representative of the students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in Arizona. Table 1 contains the characteristics of the students who completed the survey from your county and the state of Arizona. Because not every student answered all of the questions, the number of students in the gender and ethnicity/race categories often will be less than the total number of students. To better understand the diversity of Arizona’s youth population, respondents were asked separate questions about their ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) and their race (Caucasian, African-American, Native American, etc.). This method for obtaining ethnicity and race information provides more comprehensive data on youth cultural and racial self-identification, and a more nuanced understanding of Arizona’s diverse youth population. Whenever data are obtained from a sample of students instead of the entire population, it is important to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the data. One easy way to investigate the quality of the sample is to look at the basic demographic characteristics of the students who participated in the survey and compare them to what is known about the entire population of students. This will give the user of these data a basic understanding of the degree to which the sample data can be generalized to the entire population. It is important to note that even when the characteristics of the sample do not match well to the characteristics of the population this does not mean the data lose their usefulness. The data included in this report describes the level of risk and protective factors, substance use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency of those youth who participated in the survey, which can be used to inform the development of school and community-based prevention and intervention activities that may benefit both the youth who participate in the survey and those who did not. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention Prevention is a science. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention is a proven way of reducing substance abuse and its related consequences. This model is based on the simple premise that to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing and then find ways to reduce the risks. Just as medical researchers have found risk factors for heart disease such as diets high in fat, lack of exercise, and smoking, a team of researchers at the University of Washington have defined a set of risk factors for youth problem behaviors. Protective factors exert a positive influence and buffer against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviors. Protective factors identified through research include strong bonding to family, school, community and peers, and healthy beliefs and clear standards for behavior. Research on risk and protective factors has important implications for children’s academic success, positive youth development, and prevention of health and behavior problems. In order to promote academic success and positive youth development and to prevent problem behaviors, it is necessary to address the factors that predict these outcomes. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can be identified and targeted by policies, programs, and actions shown to reduce those risk factors and to promote protective factors. Risk factors are characteristics of school, community and family environments, and of students and their peer groups known to predict increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school dropout, and violent behaviors among youth. For example, children who live in communities with physical deterioration and high rates of adult crime are more likely to become involved in delinquency and drug use than children who live in organized neighborhoods. Each risk and protective factor can be linked to specific types of interventions that have been shown to be effective in either reducing risk(s) or enhancing protection(s). The steps outlined here will help your county make key decisions regarding allocation of resources, how and when to address specific needs, and which strategies are most effective and known to produce results. The chart below shows the links between the 19 risk factors and five problem behaviors. The check marks indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Community Disorganization Extreme Economic & Social Deprivation Family History of the Problem Behavior Family Conflict Family Management Problems Favorable Parent Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Early Initiation of Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Early & Persistent Antisocial Behavior Alienation & Rebelliousness Friends Who Use Drugs & Engage in Problem Behaviors Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Gang Involvement Constitutional Factors Peer / Individual Low Neighborhood Attachment School Transitions & Mobility Family Availability of Drugs & Firearms Community Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms & Crime Risk Factors Substance Abuse T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Delinquency T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Teen Pregnancy School Drop-Out Violence T T T T T T T T Source: Communities That Care (CTC) prevention model, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) 6 Charts and Tables in this Report There are seven types of charts presented in this report: 1. Lifetime and 30 day ATOD use 2. Heavy substance use and antisocial behavior 3. Gambling 4. Risk profiles 5. Protective profiles 6. Where youth acquired alcohol 7. School safety Data from the charts are also presented in Tables 4 through 12. The additional data found in Tables 13 through 15 are explained at the end of this section. Understanding the Format of the Charts There are several graphical elements common to all the charts. Understanding the format of the charts and what these elements represent is essential in interpreting the results of the 2010 AYS. • The Bars on substance use and antisocial behavior charts represent the percentage of students in that grade who reported a given behavior. The bars on the risk and protective factor charts represent the percentage of students whose answers reflect significant risk or protection in that category. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Each set of differently colored bars represents one of the last three administrations of the AYS: 2006, 2008, and 2010. By looking at the percentages over time, it is possible to identify trends in substance use and antisocial behavior. By studying the percentage of youth at risk and with protection over time, it is possible to determine whether the percentage of students at risk or with protection is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. This information is important when deciding which risk and protective factors warrant attention. • Dots and Diamonds. The dots on the charts represent the percentage of all of the youth surveyed across Arizona who reported substance use, problem behavior, elevated risk, or elevated protection. The diamonds represent national data from either the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey or the Bach Harrison Norm. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz The Bach Harrison Norm was developed by Bach Harrison L.L.C. to provide states and communities with the ability to compare their results on risk, protection, and antisocial measures with more national measures. Survey participants from eight statewide surveys and five large regional surveys across the nation were combined into a database of approximately 460,000 students. The results were 7 weighted to make the contribution of each state and region proportional to its share of the national population. Bach Harrison analysts then calculated rates for antisocial behavior and for students at risk and with protection. The results appear on the charts as BH Norm. In order to keep the Bach Harrison Norm relevant, it is updated approximately every two years as new data become available. zzzzz zzzzzzzzz A comparison to state-wide and national results provides additional information for your community in determining the relative importance of levels of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use, antisocial behavior, risk, and protection. Information about other students in the state and the nation can be helpful in determining the seriousness of a given level of problem behavior. Scanning across the charts, it is important to observe the factors that differ the most from the Bach Harrison Norm. This is the first step in identifying the levels of risk and protection that are higher or lower than those in other communities. The risk factors that are higher than the Bach Harrison Norm and the protective factors are lower than the Bach Harrison Norm are probably the factors that your community should consider addressing when planning prevention programs. Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use • Lifetime use is a measure of the percentage of students who tried the particular substance at least once in their lifetime and is used to show the percentage of students who have had experience with a particular substance. • 30-day use is a measure of the percentage of students who used the substance at least once in the 30 days prior to taking the survey and is a more sensitive indicator of the level of current use of the substance. Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior • Heavy substance use is measured in two different ways: binge drinking (having five or more drinks in a row during the two weeks prior to the survey) and use of one-half a pack or more of cigarettes per day. • Drinking and Driving - youth indicating drinking alcohol and driving, or riding with a driver who had been drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. • Antisocial behavior (ASB) is a measure of the percentage of students who report any involvement during the past year with the eight antisocial behaviors listed in the charts. How Charts to Readand theTables Chartsininthis thisReport Report(cont’d) (cont’d) Gambling Gambling behavior charts show the percentage of students who engaged in each of the 10 types of gambling “for money, possessions, or anything of value” during the past year: played gambling machines, played the lottery, bet on sports, played cards, bought a raffle ticket, played bingo, gambled on the Internet, bet on a dice game, bet on a game of personal skill and bet on horse or other animal races. The chart also shows the percentage of students who engaged in any gambling behavior during the past year. Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Risk and protective factor scales measure specific aspects of a youth’s life experience that predict whether he/she will engage in problem behaviors. The scales, defined in Table 3, are grouped into four domains: community, family, school, and peer/individual. The risk and protective factor charts show the percentage of students at risk and with protection for each of the scales. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol This chart displays data regarding the ways that students obtained alcohol in the past 30 days. The data focus on a subgroup of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no alcohol use are not represented.) It is important to note that the charts represent a subgroup of users and not the entire survey population. Additionally, the smaller the sample, the more dramatic the influence of a student's responses. For example, if only one student in a particular grade reported where he/she obtained alcohol, each category would show up as either 0% or 100%. The chart legend indicates the sample size for each grade surveyed to help clarify the value of the data. School Safety The school safety profile charts contain the percentages of students who felt unsafe at school or on the way to school, were threatened or injured with a weapon at school, were in a physical fight at school, carried a weapon to school or were picked on or bullied at school. The complete questions and values for each response option can be seen in Table 12. Additional Data in this Report In addition to data presented in the charts and Tables 4 through 12, Tables 13 through 15 contain information useful for prevention planning. Table 13 contains the information that is required by communities with Drug Free Communities Grants, such as the perception of the risk of ATOD use, perception of parent and peer disapproval of ATOD use, past 30-day use, and average age of first use. Tables 14 and 15 contain questions new to the 2010 AYS on subjects of interest to prevention providers. The Community Data Project Supported by a grant from the Arizona Governor's Office for Children, Youth and Families, the Community Data Project is a multi-agency effort to create a central repository for Arizona's substance abuse and crime data. Through a user-friendly web site, individuals will have a one-stop portal where they can select the type of data they need, specific demographic characteristics, and their geographic level of interest. Various output options will be offered, including data tables, graphs, and maps to cover a variety of reporting and visualization needs. The web site will be a useful tool for practitioners and policymakers who are addressing substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and crime and the criminal justice system by providing them with a 8 comprehensive picture of the characteristics and needs of Arizona’s communities. Having data that are specific to the users geographic area of interest will not only lead to an enhanced understanding of the community issues related to drugs and crime, but it will also maximize data-for-decision-making capabilities for things such as the appropriate program content, identification of at-risk target areas and populations, grant writing and reporting, monitoring progress of prevention and intervention initiatives over time, and determining resource allocation. Currently, the web site is under construction, but we anticipate it will be ready by end of summer 2010. Please visit us then at: www.azcjc.gov/ACJC.Web/sac/CommunDataPrj.aspx The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership (ASAP) was established by Executive Order in June 2007. Currently chaired by the governor’s policy advisor on Health and Human Services, ASAP serves as the single statewide council on substance abuse issues. ASAP brings together stakeholders at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels to improve coordination of efforts; address identified gaps in prevention, treatment, enforcement, and recovery efforts; and improve funding allocation. ASAP utilizes data and practical expertise to develop effective methods for integrating and expanding services across Arizona, thereby maximizing available resources. ASAP also studies current policy and recommends relevant legislation for the Arizona Legislature’s consideration. It is ASAP’s mission to ensure community-driven, agency-supported outcomes to prevent and reduce the negative impacts of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs by building and sustaining partnerships between professionals in the prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement arenas. Through coordination and collaboration among its members and their respective agencies and organizations, ASAP strives to ensure that substance abuse is addressed in a comprehensive manner and funding is spent efficaciously and efficiently. ASAP’s 2010 strategic plan identifies five strategic focus areas: 1)zchild welfare/children of incarcerated parents/drug-endangered children; 2) law enforcement and drug trafficking; 3)zprescription drugs; 4)zunderage drinking; and 5)zcommunity partnerships. There are currently four sub-committees that assist ASAP in meeting its goals: • Underage Drinking Prevention Committee (UAD) – This subcommittee addresses the problem of underage drinking in Arizona by implementing a statewide underage drinking initiative that assesses statewide epidemiological data, resources, strategies and policies, and builds relationships with tribes, youth, law enforcement, government agencies, and community coalitions. By combining resources, practice, and research, the committee collaborates across state systems to reduce underage drinking. • Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group (Epi) – This work group produces a biennial Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile, which highlights trends and new substance abuse data in Arizona and an annual summary profile, entitled The Impact of Substance Abuse: A Snapshot of Arizona. The Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile is a comprehensive, informative, and functional profile of substance abuse in the state for use by community coalitions, agencies, and individuals in relevant fields. Currently, Epi conducts analyses of individual substance abuse issues, responds to ad hoc data requests and brings data to bear on ASAP’s policy decisions around its strategic plan and focus areas. • Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force (AMTF) –The Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force was created in August 2006 in response to Arizona’s decade-long increase in the number of individuals regularly using methamphetamine and the increase in the resulting social and economic costs associated with the drug. The AMTF was instructed to approach Arizona’s methamphetamine problem holistically, focusing equally on enforcement, prevention, treatment, and recovery. Specifically, the AMTF was charged with identifying specific, action-oriented recommendations to eradicate methamphetamine use in Arizona and build safe and healthy communities throughout the state. The AMTF brings together representatives from state agencies, local government, businesses, and community groups to develop collaborative efforts among the treatment, prevention, and law enforcement systems to assess and address the impact of methamphetamine statewide through information sharing, resource allocation, services coordination, and the development of statewide policy recommendations sensitive to the needs of local and tribal communities. • The Community Advisory Board – The Community Advisory Board (CAB) brings together representatives from community coalitions around the state to improve substance abuse prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement policies and programs. The CAB provides an essential link between communities, ASAP and its subcommittees. The CAB brings the community voice to the ASAP table; reports on important community issues that informs ASAP’s work; helps communities improve their capacity to identify emerging trends, as well as take action and report on them to the proper institutions/authorities; takes the data available through the Epidemiology Work Group and ASAP back to coalitions and communities to effectively target prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement activities; serves as a resource for communities and the state to identify the most effective ways to reduce substance abuse through collaborative efforts and by targeting limited resources where they are most needed; and elevates and recognizes the important work being carried out at the community level to ensure that state-level responses are cognizant of the impact of policies on individual communities. 9 School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data What are the numbers telling you? Review the charts and data tables presented in this report. Note your findings as you discuss the following questions. • Which 3-5 risk factors appear to be higher than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which 3-5 protective factors appear to be lower than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which levels of 30-day drug use are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which substances are your students using the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable usage levels? • Which levels of antisocial behaviors are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which behaviors are your students exhibiting the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable behavior levels? How to identify high priority problem areas. • Look across the charts – which items stand out as either much higher or much lower than the other? • Compare your data with statewide, and/or national data – differences of 5% between local and other data are probably significant. • Prioritize problems for your area – Make an assessment of the rates you’ve identified. Which can be realistically addressed with the funding available to your community? Which problems fit best with the prevention resources at hand? • Determine the standards and values held within your community – For example: Is it acceptable in your community for a percentage of high school students to drink alcohol regularly as long as that percentage is lower than the overall state rate? Use these data for planning. • Substance use and antisocial behavior data – raise awareness about the problems and promote dialogue. • Risk and protective factor data – identify exactly where the community needs to take action. • Promising approaches – access resources listed on the last page of this report for ideas about programs that have been proven effective in addressing the risk factors that are high in your community, and improving the protective factors that are low. Sample Risk Factors Protective Factors 30-day Substance Abuse Antisocial Behavior 10 6th grd Fav. Attitude to Drugs (Peer/Indiv. Scale) @ 15% (8% > 8-state av.) 10th grd - Rewards for prosocial involvm. (School Domain) 40% (down 5% from 2 yrs ago & 16% below state av.) 8th grd Binge Drinking@13% (5% above state av.) 12th grd - Drunk/High at School @ 21% ( about same as state, but remains a priority.) Priority Rate 1 Priority Rate 2 Priority Rate 3 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Coconino County, Grade 8 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 11 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Coconino County, Grade 10 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 12 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Coconino County, Grade 12 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 13 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Coconino County, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† MTF Prescription Drugs**† 14 Prescription Sedatives** **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Prescription Stimulants** State 2010 Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** County 2010 Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** County 2008 Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol County 2006 Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Coconino County, Grade 8 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 15 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Coconino County, Grade 10 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 16 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Coconino County, Grade 12 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 17 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Coconino County, All Students Surveyed 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 18 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Coconino County, Grade 8 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 19 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Coconino County, Grade 10 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 20 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Coconino County, Grade 12 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 21 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Coconino County, All Students Surveyed Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 22 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Coconino County, Grade 8 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 23 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Coconino County, Grade 8 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 24 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Coconino County, Grade 10 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 25 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Coconino County, Grade 10 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 26 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Coconino County, Grade 12 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 27 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Coconino County, Grade 12 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 28 Sources Risk and of Protective Alcohol Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Coconino County, All Students Surveyed Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 29 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Coconino County, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 30 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Coconino County, Grade 8 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 82 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 64 State 2010 Sample: 4,473 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 31 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Coconino County, Grade 10 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 97 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 111 State 2010 Sample: 5,295 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 32 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Coconino County, Grade 12 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 115 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 118 State 2010 Sample: 6,341 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 33 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Coconino County, All Students Surveyed Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 294 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 293 State 2010 Sample: 16,109 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 34 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Coconino County, Grade 8 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 35 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Coconino County, Grade 10 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 36 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Coconino County, Grade 12 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 37 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Coconino County, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 38 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles Community Domain Risk Factors 1 Low Neighborhood Attachment Research has shown that youth who don't like the neighborhoods in which they live are more likely to become involved in juvenile crime and drug selling. Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the legal drinking age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been followed by decreases in consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have shown that shifts in normative attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence of use. Perceived Availability of Drugs and Handguns The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the use of these substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a higher risk of crime and substance use by adolescents. 1 1 1 1 Community Domain Protective Factors 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for positive participation in activities helps youth bond to the community, thus lowering their risk for substance use. Family Domain Risk Factors 1 Poor Family Management Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places them at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, parents’ failure to provide clear expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that they will engage in drug abuse whether or not there are family drug problems. 1 Family Conflict Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the conflict, appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use. 1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or ATOD use), the children are more likely to engage in these behaviors. 1 Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Antisocial Behavior & Drugs In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use, children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the refrigerator. Family Domain Protective Factors 1 Family Attachment Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors. 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things done well by their child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviors. School Domain Risk Factors 1 Academic Failure Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both drug abuse and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever reasons, increases the risk of problem behaviors. 1 Low Commitment to School Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of drugs is significantly lower among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking school, spending time on homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also negatively related to drug use. 39 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles School Domain Protective Factors 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors. Peer-Individual Risk Factors 1 Rebelliousness Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at higher risk of abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for independence and normlessness have all been linked with drug use. 1 Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use Early onset of drug use predicts misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the greater the involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use prior to the age of 15 is a consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug use has been shown to predict lower drug involvement and a greater probability of discontinuation of use. 1 Attitudes Favorable Toward During the elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes and have Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use difficulty imagining why people use drugs or engage in antisocial behaviors. However, in middle school, as more youth are exposed to others who use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior are more likely to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use. 1 Perceived Risk of Drug Use Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug use. 1 Interaction with Antisocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for engaging in antisocial behavior themselves. 1 Friends' Use of Drugs Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much more likely to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends who use drugs greatly increases the risk of that problem developing. 1 Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging further in antisocial behavior and substance use. Gang Involvement Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. 1 1 1 1 Peer-Individual Protective Factors 1 Belief in the Moral Order Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs. 1 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are more protected from engaging in antisocial behavior and substance use. 1 Prosocial Involvement Participation in positive school and community activities helps provide protection for youth. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are rewarded for working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in problem behavior. 40 Data Tables Table 4. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime In your lifetime, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 50.9 47.5 42.5 45.1 36.6 71.4 62.6 62.8 64.1 59.1 79.9 76.7 73.7 72.8 72.3 64.9 62.1 56.5 58.2 55.6 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 41.7 34.5 30.3 23.8 20.1 59.9 44.5 52.5 37.2 32.7 70.2 52.6 57.7 46.9 43.6 55.0 43.8 44.0 34.0 31.8 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 12.8 11.1 15.4 7.1 9.6 20.4 14.9 20.7 12.5 15.2 26.6 19.6 25.4 18.1 16.3 18.9 15.1 19.5 11.7 13.6 Marijuana used marijuana? 28.1 19.9 22.9 17.8 15.7 44.0 36.4 43.7 34.3 32.3 57.9 50.6 53.3 44.7 42.0 41.1 35.5 36.9 29.9 29.7 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 3.1 2.5 3.0 2.2 1.7 3.7 5.0 3.9 5.9 3.0 4.7 9.5 7.9 9.0 3.1 3.7 5.6 4.5 5.1 2.6 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 4.3 3.9 2.3 2.3 2.6 7.0 8.0 5.6 5.3 4.6 12.5 12.1 11.8 8.8 6.0 7.4 8.0 5.7 5.0 4.4 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 17.6 14.4 18.2 14.5 14.9 12.3 12.8 11.0 11.8 12.8 11.4 10.4 8.2 9.4 9.5 14.3 12.6 13.5 12.3 12.5 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 3.4 2.2 2.1 0.7 1.6 8.3 4.0 1.7 1.6 2.8 9.4 6.1 4.9 2.5 2.4 6.5 4.1 2.7 1.5 2.3 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 2.0 0.6 1.1 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.8 1.1 2.6 1.5 1.8 2.9 2.6 3.4 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.5 2.1 1.3 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2.0 3.6 3.0 3.9 2.2 6.0 5.5 4.5 8.2 5.5 5.2 7.8 11.6 10.6 6.5 4.1 5.6 5.7 7.0 4.7 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 1.7 1.4 0.6 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.8 1.1 1.8 1.3 0.8 1.7 2.3 1.7 2.2 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.7 1.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 15.6 11.2 11.5 4.4 n/a 21.4 17.5 18.9 9.9 n/a 27.2 21.9 23.1 13.2 n/a 21.3 15.8 16.8 9.1 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 4.9 4.2 3.1 3.0 6.0 2.7 6.3 4.0 7.0 10.3 7.7 4.1 5.3 8.5 9.9 5.0 4.9 3.9 5.7 8.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 8.8 9.2 8.4 8.7 9.5 10.2 10.6 7.6 11.5 13.0 18.1 11.9 8.6 13.4 12.7 11.8 10.5 8.2 10.8 11.7 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 14.5 21.2 17.1 16.5 n/a 14.5 25.2 21.7 23.7 n/a 21.9 31.5 25.5 27.3 n/a 16.5 25.9 20.6 21.5 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 11.4 10.1 9.5 n/a n/a 11.8 12.4 13.2 n/a n/a 9.8 11.9 14.1 n/a n/a 11.1 11.3 11.8 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 41 Data Tables Table 5. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days In the past 30 days, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 26.7 22.2 18.0 21.9 14.9 37.9 34.2 32.6 34.7 30.4 48.1 38.6 45.2 45.0 43.5 35.9 31.6 29.3 31.9 29.2 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 14.9 10.6 12.6 8.9 6.5 23.5 16.3 17.8 15.6 13.1 26.7 21.3 26.7 22.9 20.1 20.7 16.1 17.8 14.7 13.0 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 3.9 3.9 5.8 2.8 3.7 6.0 5.1 12.1 5.7 6.5 8.5 7.8 11.2 8.1 8.4 5.8 5.5 9.1 5.1 6.1 Marijuana used marijuana? 13.5 10.0 10.3 8.9 6.5 19.0 16.9 19.1 17.4 15.9 21.6 21.5 25.1 21.3 20.6 17.4 16.1 16.7 14.8 14.2 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 1.4 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.5 1.0 2.5 1.1 2.0 0.5 1.5 3.2 2.0 2.4 0.5 1.3 2.2 1.3 1.6 0.5 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 1.9 2.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 2.4 2.8 1.1 1.6 0.9 1.5 2.3 3.3 2.2 1.3 1.9 2.5 1.5 1.4 1.0 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 5.9 3.9 6.9 5.6 3.8 3.3 2.0 3.4 3.0 2.2 1.1 2.6 2.0 1.5 1.2 3.8 2.8 4.6 3.7 2.4 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.5 1.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.6 1.1 0.0 1.3 0.6 0.5 1.1 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.5 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.3 1.1 0.4 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.4 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 0.7 0.6 1.5 1.7 0.6 1.4 2.3 1.7 2.9 1.3 0.7 0.3 2.0 3.4 1.8 0.9 1.1 1.7 2.5 1.2 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.7 1.3 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 7.6 4.2 5.7 1.3 n/a 8.8 7.0 8.9 3.0 n/a 9.9 8.6 9.7 4.1 n/a 8.8 6.2 7.7 2.8 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2.6 1.1 1.7 1.4 1.9 0.7 1.0 1.4 2.8 3.3 3.3 0.0 2.3 2.5 3.0 2.2 0.7 1.8 2.1 2.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 4.9 3.1 3.6 3.6 2.5 2.1 2.0 2.8 4.7 3.9 8.5 4.1 2.6 4.7 4.2 5.0 3.0 3.1 4.2 3.5 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 8.0 9.8 7.6 8.2 n/a 3.8 9.8 10.1 11.8 n/a 11.3 11.6 10.9 12.4 n/a 7.6 10.4 9.2 10.4 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 5.3 5.9 5.4 n/a n/a 5.8 5.1 6.3 n/a n/a 4.9 5.3 6.3 n/a n/a 5.4 5.5 5.9 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 42 Data Tables Table 6. Percentage of Students With Heavy ATOD Use Drinking and Driving During the past 30 days, how many times did you: (One or more times) DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 9.6 6.0 5.3 5.0 4.2 10.5 9.1 8.3 7.6 7.4 17.1 13.5 14.8 14.1 16.6 11.9 9.4 8.6 8.2 7.7 32.1 25.7 26.4 27.7 24.9 31.4 26.1 27.2 29.1 26.3 30.4 26.2 26.5 28.9 27.5 31.4 26.0 26.7 28.5 25.0 Heavy Use Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Binge Drinking How many times have you had 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? (One or more times) 17.4 12.2 11.3 12.4 7.8 24.7 21.7 18.8 21.0 17.5 25.0 23.6 26.4 29.2 25.2 21.7 19.2 17.4 19.5 16.6 1/2 Pack (or more) of Cigarettes/Day During the past 30 days, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? (11 to 20 cigarettes, More than 20 cigarettes) 0.5 1.4 0.4 0.7 1.0 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.0 2.4 3.5 3.2 3.0 3.6 5.0 1.8 2.3 1.7 1.9 2.7 Table 7. Percentage of Students With Antisocial Behavior How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: (One or more times) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 Been Drunk or High at School 18.6 12.9 15.3 12.8 7.5 29.3 22.0 27.6 21.8 15.0 29.7 Been Suspended from School 24.1 30.3 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 22.1 17.7 24.9 19.7 22.9 18.0 13.3 23.1 19.7 17.3 18.5 15.1 12.3 14.1 15.4 14.4 12.6 10.2 9.8 12.0 9.9 9.2 16.3 14.6 15.4 15.0 12.4 Sold Illegal Drugs 6.3 5.4 5.7 5.0 2.5 6.2 8.6 9.5 10.6 6.5 11.1 10.1 14.7 10.8 7.8 7.6 8.0 9.1 8.2 5.5 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle 5.5 3.8 3.6 3.7 2.3 3.9 4.1 3.8 4.6 2.6 2.4 1.7 4.6 3.1 1.9 4.2 3.2 3.9 3.8 2.3 Been Arrested 11.7 9.0 7.9 7.1 5.2 13.2 10.4 10.0 9.9 6.7 7.3 12.1 13.3 8.7 6.1 10.9 10.5 9.9 8.4 6.0 Attacked Someone with the Idea of Seriously Hurting Them 17.8 17.4 17.7 16.6 16.0 17.4 15.4 13.6 15.5 15.1 14.5 9.2 13.3 11.5 11.9 16.8 14.2 15.3 14.9 14.4 Carried a Handgun 8.3 8.9 5.5 6.7 4.8 7.3 6.6 7.0 7.6 5.2 9.0 9.2 8.2 7.2 5.2 8.2 8.2 6.6 7.1 5.1 Carried a Handgun to School 1.9 1.6 0.6 1.4 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.4 2.1 0.9 1.0 1.2 2.0 1.8 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.7 0.9 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 43 Data Tables Table 8. Percentage of Students Gambling in the Past Year How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: (At least once in the past 12 months) Any Gambling Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 61.1 71.5 66.5 61.6 55.0 51.5 67.8 58.2 59.8 53.8 51.6 63.4 61.1 56.5 52.6 55.3 67.7 62.6 59.7 53.0 3.8 3.8 2.8 5.3 5.7 2.0 5.0 2.7 4.8 5.3 1.5 2.6 2.0 5.3 5.4 2.5 3.9 2.6 5.2 5.3 32.8 24.1 20.9 21.4 24.0 27.7 23.4 14.6 20.7 23.5 22.6 20.2 16.8 18.9 23.9 28.2 22.6 17.9 20.6 22.7 Bet on sports?* n/a 37.2 34.2 28.6 22.8 n/a 32.2 28.3 27.0 22.5 n/a 28.1 27.5 24.4 20.5 n/a 32.6 30.7 27.0 21.4 Played cards? 23.3 42.3 38.3 36.1 25.8 24.4 46.2 30.1 36.0 27.0 29.9 44.1 40.3 34.8 26.7 25.6 44.3 36.3 35.7 25.3 n/a 30.7 17.0 15.9 n/a n/a 25.4 17.6 16.6 n/a n/a 26.9 16.3 15.3 n/a n/a 27.6 17.0 16.0 n/a 20.5 29.6 26.5 26.4 22.7 11.4 26.9 21.4 20.4 17.7 12.9 13.1 13.1 14.2 14.0 15.4 23.5 21.5 21.4 19.5 Gambled on the Internet? 6.4 4.9 4.2 5.1 4.5 4.4 3.8 3.0 4.6 4.0 2.9 3.2 2.0 4.2 3.7 4.8 4.0 3.2 4.7 4.2 Played a dice game?* n/a 27.6 24.7 26.0 12.1 n/a 26.2 17.5 21.9 11.2 n/a 21.4 19.0 17.9 10.0 n/a 25.2 21.1 22.6 11.4 29.0 33.0 36.5 28.2 20.1 22.1 30.5 28.5 27.7 20.5 23.0 26.7 23.9 24.9 18.8 25.1 30.1 30.9 27.2 19.4 n/a 7.1 5.7 5.0 4.6 n/a 4.3 3.8 5.0 4.7 n/a 4.0 5.2 4.4 4.6 n/a 5.1 5.0 4.8 4.7 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bought a raffle ticket?** Played bingo? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* Bet on a horse or other animal race?* * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from table. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 44 Data Tables Table 9. Percentage of Students Reporting Risk Grade 8 Risk Factor County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed** Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm Community Domain Low Neighborhood Attachment 38.1 39.9 34.3 35.9 36.6 51.1 36.7 43.6 43.6 42.8 60.3 50.2 48.5 47.3 47.0 48.2 41.9 40.7 41.3 42.0 Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use 37.2 39.1 31.6 35.0 32.8 41.7 36.7 40.4 41.8 39.6 39.9 36.7 35.1 35.5 32.8 39.3 37.4 35.1 37.2 35.2 Perceived Availability of Drugs 42.4 33.3 30.4 36.9 29.4 49.1 38.8 36.0 42.9 40.5 54.0 49.7 39.7 43.8 42.7 47.7 40.6 34.5 40.6 37.5 Perceived Availability of Handguns 39.6 39.2 33.7 33.4 39.8 27.4 26.6 23.7 22.3 29.9 32.7 31.0 31.4 26.5 34.8 34.0 31.9 30.1 28.2 34.8 Poor Family Management 48.7 45.2 38.4 43.7 41.9 45.2 40.7 37.4 40.6 40.3 42.5 44.6 37.1 41.2 39.8 45.9 43.3 37.7 42.1 40.7 Family Conflict 44.6 52.8 49.2 53.1 51.5 35.4 37.4 37.1 42.1 41.6 33.0 36.8 31.3 39.1 38.8 38.4 41.6 40.9 45.9 44.1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 46.9 39.7 42.4 39.3 36.4 54.9 41.5 50.3 41.5 39.0 47.4 41.2 45.1 37.4 37.3 49.5 40.9 45.5 39.4 37.6 Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB 53.5 49.0 51.3 47.7 46.9 46.2 46.8 45.4 50.0 52.3 46.4 51.7 49.7 48.6 50.3 49.2 49.0 49.0 48.6 49.9 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 33.2 28.8 21.3 24.7 26.0 39.7 36.7 32.1 37.9 40.8 40.0 42.3 35.0 38.6 38.6 37.2 36.1 28.2 32.4 35.2 Academic Failure 52.6 49.4 45.5 45.5 46.6 57.9 46.2 52.4 48.5 47.9 51.2 48.4 49.2 40.6 41.8 53.8 47.9 48.6 45.1 45.6 Low Commitment to School 39.0 42.9 37.2 41.0 38.0 40.1 36.7 31.7 41.7 41.7 38.3 44.7 30.5 42.2 42.9 39.1 41.2 33.8 41.5 40.8 Rebelliousness 38.0 36.8 41.2 43.8 39.0 47.9 42.1 42.3 47.6 45.5 43.4 40.2 40.3 44.6 43.6 42.4 39.8 41.3 45.1 42.7 Early Initiation of ASB 44.4 40.2 35.3 37.6 33.7 46.9 43.5 43.3 40.6 37.0 45.8 45.2 45.9 38.6 35.4 45.5 43.0 40.4 38.8 35.4 Early Initiation of Drug Use 41.3 32.4 33.3 29.3 24.0 49.5 37.1 37.3 31.0 27.3 49.7 38.2 36.8 29.6 28.8 46.1 35.9 35.4 29.9 26.6 Attitudes Favorable to ASB 45.7 45.2 42.7 41.4 36.2 55.4 48.7 45.8 44.7 44.9 49.1 47.8 46.6 41.7 41.9 49.6 47.3 44.6 42.4 41.0 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 35.3 28.6 29.3 29.3 22.6 42.5 34.0 33.0 36.2 33.6 40.0 32.0 36.2 35.9 32.7 38.8 31.6 32.1 33.1 29.6 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 44.5 39.0 51.9 47.8 37.1 37.4 37.7 40.2 45.9 35.7 42.0 45.4 49.0 50.4 40.3 41.6 40.5 47.7 47.9 37.6 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 61.9 54.5 62.9 55.8 50.3 63.2 51.0 60.3 56.3 52.0 50.2 46.1 56.3 51.5 49.0 59.1 50.6 60.4 54.8 50.5 Friend's Use of Drugs 48.8 38.5 38.8 39.4 30.8 51.4 39.6 45.5 42.6 36.2 39.8 33.9 43.4 38.1 32.3 47.1 37.5 42.0 40.0 33.2 Rewards for ASB 49.2 46.9 42.7 48.2 36.7 43.5 41.5 36.2 46.8 42.7 54.9 55.0 49.5 57.1 55.1 49.1 47.5 42.4 50.1 44.4 Gang Involvement 29.5 27.6 21.0 20.8 17.8 29.8 23.0 26.6 20.9 15.7 16.8 22.2 22.4 16.1 13.1 26.1 24.2 23.1 19.6 15.6 43.5 36.6 40.0 37.1 29.7 42.1 34.5 37.8 34.2 30.4 37.0 38.0 37.5 32.5 29.0 41.3 36.3 38.7 35.0 29.7 Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Risk Students at High Risk* * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 45 Data Tables Table 10. Percentage of Students Reporting Protection Grade 10 Grade 8 Protective Factor Grade 12 All Students Surveyed† County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 28.9 35.0 38.2 32.9 38.3 38.8 41.6 43.3 38.0 44.2 31.2 38.4 44.4 37.0 44.1 32.6 38.6 41.3 35.6 42.2 Family Attachment 53.0 59.0 51.6 51.1 51.9 44.2 47.7 52.5 45.6 44.7 60.7 56.2 59.0 56.6 55.6 52.5 53.8 53.8 50.9 50.4 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 58.2 65.1 62.7 59.7 60.7 53.2 57.8 58.5 54.6 53.1 57.9 54.7 63.0 56.4 53.8 56.6 58.9 61.5 57.2 55.8 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 65.9 64.9 65.3 61.7 61.5 57.2 56.4 61.1 54.9 53.0 66.2 56.3 64.8 56.4 52.4 63.3 58.8 63.9 58.2 55.6 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 67.2 63.6 70.5 63.0 68.9 61.3 66.7 71.2 65.6 71.6 65.1 66.1 73.9 67.6 72.8 64.8 65.4 71.6 65.0 71.0 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 57.5 49.2 50.2 52.0 57.5 66.2 69.8 74.0 61.2 58.9 49.5 50.3 61.4 46.9 51.6 58.0 56.9 60.3 53.5 56.2 Belief in the Moral Order 59.5 64.8 67.5 60.3 64.6 67.5 72.1 75.3 69.4 68.0 48.2 59.1 61.8 56.4 53.8 58.8 65.6 68.4 62.0 62.5 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* 50.4 51.5 58.0 54.7 58.8 53.7 62.1 62.9 57.5 60.7 52.4 57.0 68.9 57.3 59.3 52.0 57.0 62.3 56.2 59.6 Prosocial Involvement 37.1 45.4 47.9 40.0 40.8 39.1 43.9 43.8 45.3 46.1 36.8 43.3 44.4 41.9 42.6 37.6 44.2 45.8 42.1 43.2 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 62.4 61.3 66.4 59.2 62.5 64.3 66.3 69.0 61.7 59.9 53.1 55.5 63.6 55.6 51.8 60.4 61.3 66.5 59.0 58.3 53.0 52.2 62.9 53.6 52.8 57.3 65.0 66.8 57.6 52.5 53.7 58.3 67.8 55.9 50.5 54.5 58.6 65.3 55.4 52.0 Community Domain Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Protection Students with High Protection** * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 46 Data Tables Table 11. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol* If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) Grade 8 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 Sample size** 64 82 4,473 111 97 5,295 118 115 6,341 293 294 16,109 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 1.6 3.7 4.9 6.3 3.1 6.3 11.9 8.7 9.9 7.5 5.4 7.3 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 0.0 1.2 2.5 0.0 2.1 2.1 5.9 3.5 3.6 2.4 2.4 2.8 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 3.1 3.7 3.0 3.6 2.1 2.2 2.5 5.2 2.5 3.1 3.7 2.6 I gave someone else money to buy it for me 29.7 26.8 19.2 45.0 29.9 32.6 43.2 47.8 42.5 41.0 36.1 32.8 My parent or guardian gave it to me 10.9 7.3 17.5 12.6 10.3 15.0 5.1 10.4 13.3 9.2 9.5 15.0 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 23.4 23.2 17.3 17.1 25.8 16.8 21.2 13.9 14.8 20.1 20.4 16.1 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 25.0 13.4 16.2 34.2 25.8 24.8 45.8 32.2 30.4 36.9 24.8 24.6 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 35.9 14.6 21.0 27.9 21.6 23.1 28.8 19.1 18.6 30.0 18.7 20.7 I got it at a party 39.1 35.4 38.7 47.7 38.1 49.6 52.5 40.0 53.8 47.8 38.1 48.2 I took it from home 29.7 29.3 30.2 29.7 13.4 21.9 13.6 6.1 13.1 23.2 15.0 20.7 I took it from a store or someone else's home 10.9 11.0 9.4 18.0 8.2 9.8 7.6 5.2 5.6 12.3 7.8 8.1 I got it some other way 37.5 30.5 25.2 25.2 24.7 18.8 20.3 14.8 13.3 25.9 22.4 18.4 * Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. ** Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 47 Data Tables Table 12. Percentage of Students Reporting School Safety Issues Grade 8 Question During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY?* County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 0 times 82.0 86.0 89.8 1 time 8.8 7.1 4.0 2-3 times 3.9 4.4 4-5 times 3.1 6-7 times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? State 2010 Grade 12 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 91.7 89.4 89.7 95.0 4.5 5.0 4.8 4.1 3.8 2.2 3.4 4.0 0.8 0.9 0.6 1.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 8-9 times 0.2 0.0 0.2 10-11 times 0.0 0.3 12 or more times 1.5 1.1 State 2010 All Students Surveyed** County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 92.7 88.9 94.5 96.4 3.7 4.2 2.3 2.0 0.3 1.9 4.8 1.4 0.3 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.0 1.1 0.5 0.3 1.0 State 2010 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 95.3 86.1 90.0 93.1 93.0 2.4 6.4 4.8 3.5 3.7 1.3 1.3 4.0 3.3 2.1 1.9 0.9 0.0 0.3 2.0 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.5 0 times 71.5 77.1 71.5 79.5 80.7 83.4 81.3 87.0 88.3 89.9 90.1 92.6 83.4 79.2 85.2 1 time 12.8 11.6 12.6 11.0 10.9 9.3 12.1 7.3 6.9 5.8 6.9 4.3 10.6 8.9 11.0 8.1 2-3 times 10.4 6.4 9.4 6.2 5.9 4.5 4.7 3.6 3.4 2.9 2.3 1.8 7.1 4.6 6.2 4.2 4-5 times 2.0 3.0 3.6 1.7 0.6 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.4 1.0 1.5 1.9 1.1 6-7 times 0.4 1.1 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.4 8-9 times 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 10-11 times 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 12 or more times 1.5 0.6 1.3 0.7 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.5 1.4 0.6 0.7 0.4 1.3 0.7 0.9 0.6 0 times 66.2 55.9 56.8 60.5 71.7 71.4 73.3 73.1 85.5 82.5 88.4 85.4 73.1 69.8 69.9 70.9 1 time 14.4 14.0 14.1 12.8 11.8 11.6 8.6 9.1 7.2 4.9 3.3 5.3 11.7 10.3 9.7 9.7 12.9 10.8 11.1 6.3 7.2 8.4 5.2 5.3 4.7 8.1 8.3 8.6 4.7 5.1 4.7 3.0 4.4 3.0 2.6 1.0 1.7 3.4 3.9 3.3 1.1 3.0 1.8 1.8 0.8 1.2 0.6 0.3 0.7 1.2 1.7 1.3 8-9 times 1.7 1.9 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.0 0.3 1.1 1.0 0.8 10-11 times 1.9 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.9 0.7 0.5 3.8 7.7 7.4 7.3 4.0 4.5 4.2 4.2 1.4 3.4 1.3 1.8 3.2 5.2 4.9 4.9 0 days 90.7 92.6 89.6 90.5 92.2 95.7 93.9 93.3 95.2 97.7 96.7 95.7 92.4 95.3 92.7 92.7 1 day 4.7 4.4 5.5 5.2 2.8 2.3 3.3 3.6 2.8 1.4 1.6 2.2 3.6 2.7 3.8 4.0 2-3 days 2.2 1.9 2.5 2.6 3.1 0.8 2.2 1.8 1.0 0.9 0.0 1.1 2.2 1.2 1.8 2.0 4-5 days 1.1 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.4 1.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 6 or more days 1.3 0.5 1.7 0.9 1.6 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.3 1.2 0.8 0 days 88.6 93.9 92.8 95.2 91.5 89.8 93.3 95.0 89.0 92.2 93.4 95.4 89.6 91.9 93.1 95.2 1 day 3.4 3.6 4.3 2.3 1.6 3.3 2.2 1.8 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.4 2.3 2.9 3.0 1.9 2-3 days 2.9 1.4 2.1 1.2 2.8 1.5 0.8 1.0 1.7 1.2 0.7 0.9 2.6 1.4 1.3 1.1 4-5 days 1.3 0.0 0.2 0.3 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.4 1.0 0.6 0.3 0.4 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.4 6 or more days 3.8 1.1 0.6 1.0 2.8 4.3 2.8 1.8 6.9 4.3 3.9 2.0 4.4 3.3 2.1 1.5 2-3 times 4-5 times 6-7 times 15.6 12.5 5.9 12.0 * In 2006 the choices for this question were Never , Once , Several Times and Very Often. ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 48 State 2010 78.9 12 or more times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on your way to or from school? Grade 10 Data Tables Table 13. Drug Free Communities Report - National Outcome Measures (NOMs) Outcome Definition Substance Grade 8 Percent Grade 10 Sample Percent Grade 12 Sample Percent All Students Surveyed† Sample Percent Sample Male †† Percent Female †† Sample Percent Sample drink 1 or two drinks nearly every day Alcohol 58.5 520 70.7 351 66.8 295 64.2 1,166 60.5 587 68.6 564 smoke 1 or more packs of cigarettes per day Cigarettes 80.2 520 87.9 354 87.2 298 84.3 1,172 81.8 589 87.0 568 smoke marijuana regularly Marijuana 77.9 503 67.6 340 65.0 294 71.5 1,137 66.0 568 77.3 554 Perception of Parent Disapproval* (Parents feel it would be Wrong or Very Wrong to... ) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 93.1 507 91.0 367 84.4 301 90.2 1,175 91.4 590 89.3 570 smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 96.2 505 93.7 366 84.6 298 92.5 1,169 92.6 585 92.3 569 smoke marijuana Marijuana 95.9 507 92.4 368 87.3 299 92.6 1,174 92.3 587 92.8 572 Perception of Peer Disapproval* (I think it is Wrong or Very Wrong for someone my age to...) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 82.2 533 73.6 368 65.5 307 75.3 1,208 75.3 608 75.6 585 Past 30-Day Use* at least one use in the past 30 days Perception of Risk* (People are at Moderate or Great Risk of harming themselves if they...) smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 84.7 530 79.7 370 67.1 307 78.7 1,207 78.3 609 79.1 583 smoke marijuana Marijuana 86.3 533 73.2 370 67.1 307 77.4 1,210 74.6 611 80.1 584 Alcohol 18.0 528 32.6 353 45.2 303 29.3 1,184 28.7 596 29.5 573 Cigarettes 12.6 523 17.8 354 26.7 300 17.8 1,177 17.7 592 17.7 570 Marijuana 10.3 523 19.1 351 25.1 299 16.7 1,173 18.2 593 15.4 565 Average Age of Onset** Percent (How old were you when you first…) Sample had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor? Alcohol 44.8 Average age: 11.7 years smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Cigarettes 32.9 Average age: 11.5 years Marijuana 23.0 Average age: 12.2 years smoked marijuana? 529 Percent Sample 67.0 367 13.3 years 529 54.7 43.8 13.5 years Sample 77.0 305 13.9 years 364 61.2 365 55.6 14.0 years Percent Sample 59.8 1,201 13.0 years 304 13.8 years 12.5 years 530 Percent 46.7 37.6 Sample 60.8 605 12.9 years 1,197 12.6 years 304 Percent 49.1 1,199 39.8 13.2 years Sample 58.9 582 13.1 years 599 44.6 583 12.7 years 12.6 years 13.3 years Percent 601 35.7 583 13.5 years * For Past 30-Day Use, Perception of Risk, and Perception of Parental/Peer Disapproval, the “Sample” column represents the sample size - the number of people who answered the question and whose responses were used to determine the percentage. The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample answering the question as specified in the definition. ** For Average Age of Onset, the “Sample” column represents the overall sample size: the total number of people that responded to the questions about Age of Onset. This includes responses that are not used to calculate the average age of onset (i.e., youth that have never used alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana). The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample reporting any age of first use for the specified substance. "Average age" is calculated by averaging the ages of first use of students reporting any use. † †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. The male and female values allow a gender comparison for youth who completed the survey. However, unless the percentage of students who participated from each grade is similar, the gender results are not necessarily representative of males and females in the community. 49 Data Tables Table 14. Additional Data for Prevention Planning In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: 52.3 40.5 41.6 58.1 57.7 14.2 17.3 16.1 23.0 13.2 21.3 14.2 15.2 13.1 15.0 3.6 1.1 2.7 3.4 1.0 2.4 5.3 2.8 5.3 7.7 2.9 5.7 9.5 4.6 6.2 10.7 4.9 8.3 5.6 2.5 4.4 6.7 2.6 4.9 75.0 10.4 80.6 8.7 65.0 11.2 68.4 10.3 65.0 7.9 62.7 10.3 69.4 10.0 72.2 9.6 7.2 3.6 5.2 2.2 10.6 3.9 8.6 3.9 8.6 6.3 9.6 4.8 8.6 4.4 7.4 3.4 0.9 2.8 1.0 2.4 4.8 4.5 2.3 6.5 2.0 10.2 2.8 9.8 2.4 5.2 1.9 5.6 73.1 9.8 75.4 8.1 56.0 14.0 58.7 11.1 54.2 12.0 56.9 11.0 63.2 11.6 65.4 9.7 5.7 3.0 2.7 6.5 3.5 1.9 8.1 6.2 5.0 10.3 6.2 3.6 9.3 6.0 6.0 10.7 6.3 3.7 7.3 4.7 4.2 8.7 5.1 2.9 5.7 89.0 4.7 88.4 10.6 84.9 10.2 81.4 12.6 84.1 11.4 81.7 8.9 86.5 8.2 84.5 4.6 3.2 5.4 2.7 5.9 4.5 7.5 4.8 6.6 4.3 7.3 4.8 5.5 3.9 6.6 3.9 0.6 0.8 1.2 0.6 1.7 0.8 2.2 1.2 2.3 1.0 2.2 1.2 1.4 0.8 1.8 0.9 2-3 times 4-6 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times More than 10 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times 1.9 1.7 2.2 2.9 1.7 2.9 1.9 2.4 Never 58.8 64.9 61.0 63.0 64.7 67.0 61.0 64.9 Once 16.9 10.6 13.6 10.3 11.5 8.3 12.7 11.9 12.7 11.3 10.9 10.8 14.2 10.1 12.6 10.9 7-10 times 3.8 0.9 3.5 1.5 6.9 1.7 4.5 1.9 4.0 0.7 4.2 2.0 4.8 1.1 4.0 1.7 More than 10 times 8.9 6.2 10.6 6.0 6.7 5.1 8.8 5.8 More than 10 times 2-3 times 4-6 times In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? State 2010 13.8 18.8 More than 10 times decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? County 2010 53.9 7-10 times give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? State 2010 12.3 9.5 Once say "No" without giving a reason why? County 2010 71.4 Never In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? State 2010 13.4 8.1 More than 10 times other drugs? County 2010 71.0 7-10 times marijuana? State 2010 All Students Surveyed* Once 4-6 times cigarettes? County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 Never 2-3 times alcohol? Grade 8 Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Grade 8 County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 35.7 16.5 30.9 14.2 26.9 17.8 33.4 17.4 29.7 17.2 33.8 17.2 31.5 17.1 32.4 16.0 5.6 3.5 3.3 5.8 2.7 5.3 9.6 5.1 13.9 8.9 4.1 8.8 12.5 6.8 13.9 10.3 5.5 10.4 8.6 4.8 9.2 8.0 3.9 7.7 35.5 37.2 41.1 35.7 26.6 34.1 27.3 38.7 19.9 38.5 22.8 39.4 28.8 36.6 32.0 37.6 13.8 6.0 10.9 5.4 15.5 9.5 13.9 8.2 16.2 12.5 15.2 10.2 14.9 8.7 13.0 7.5 3.1 3.7 2.7 4.4 6.0 8.6 4.6 7.3 6.1 7.8 5.2 7.4 4.7 6.2 3.9 6.1 36.1 40.8 41.0 37.3 26.4 37.4 27.3 45.1 18.9 47.5 22.5 50.9 28.8 41.5 31.9 43.3 11.5 3.7 3.3 10.2 3.7 2.4 16.0 4.9 5.4 12.3 5.2 2.9 14.9 6.8 3.1 11.4 5.2 3.2 13.7 4.8 3.9 11.1 4.6 2.8 4.1 36.5 4.6 41.8 8.3 28.0 6.3 28.1 6.8 21.0 5.9 23.4 6.1 30.0 5.5 32.8 40.9 11.6 40.7 8.2 49.0 7.1 49.7 9.9 53.0 12.5 55.3 9.6 46.5 10.5 47.4 9.1 3.5 2.9 3.3 1.9 4.3 3.4 4.2 2.6 5.1 3.4 4.3 2.4 4.2 3.2 3.8 2.3 3.7 37.3 3.8 42.1 8.5 27.6 5.2 28.3 5.4 20.6 4.6 23.7 5.6 30.1 4.4 33.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 50 Data Tables Table 15. Additional Data for Prevention Planning (Cont'd) Grade 8 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked or beaten up? State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 82.8 83.8 81.9 82.7 83.6 82.0 82.7 7.8 8.4 8.6 8.0 6.8 7.6 7.8 8.1 3 to 5 times 3.6 3.3 1.6 3.4 4.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 6 to 9 times 2.3 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.9 1.5 2.2 1.6 10 to 19 times 2.3 1.7 1.6 2.1 2.0 1.6 2.0 1.8 20 to 29 times 0.9 0.5 0.0 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.6 30 to 39 times 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 40+ times 2.6 1.5 2.7 1.9 0.0 1.7 2.0 1.7 Never 32.1 29.2 36.3 31.1 45.4 42.1 36.8 33.2 1 or 2 times 29.5 28.6 28.7 26.7 23.5 25.6 27.8 27.2 3 to 5 times 15.0 18.8 15.7 19.0 16.3 16.7 15.6 18.3 6 to 9 times 8.6 9.4 8.7 9.9 4.9 7.0 7.7 8.9 10 to 19 times 5.3 5.8 6.0 6.4 4.6 4.4 5.3 5.6 20 to 29 times 3.8 2.6 1.6 2.4 2.0 1.5 2.7 2.2 30 to 39 times 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.8 40+ times 4.7 4.7 1.9 3.6 2.6 2.3 3.3 3.7 83.2 81.3 83.5 81.7 87.9 85.9 84.5 82.6 1 or 2 times 9.0 10.4 10.0 9.9 5.5 8.0 8.5 9.6 3 to 5 times 1.9 3.5 1.9 3.4 2.6 2.5 2.1 3.2 6 to 9 times 2.3 1.6 1.1 1.6 1.0 1.2 1.6 1.5 10 to 19 times 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.8 2.0 1.2 1.6 1.6 20 to 29 times 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 30 to 39 times 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.2 40+ times 1.3 0.9 1.4 1.1 0.7 0.7 1.2 0.9 89.8 87.2 88.9 87.7 92.7 89.8 90.3 88.1 1 or 2 times 6.2 7.7 7.6 7.1 3.3 6.1 5.9 7.1 3 to 5 times 1.7 2.1 0.8 1.9 2.6 1.7 1.7 1.9 6 to 9 times 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.8 10 to 19 times 0.9 0.8 1.4 1.2 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.9 20 to 29 times 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 30 to 39 times 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 40+ times 0.6 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.8 Never seen someone shot or shot at? County 2010 All Students Surveyed* 80.3 Never seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? State 2010 Grade 12 1 or 2 times Never been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? County 2010 Grade 10 If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply) I've never used prescription drugs to get high Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) All Students Surveyed Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 88.7 88.1 87.3 81.7 77.7 78.5 85.5 83.6 5.7 5.5 7.6 11.2 12.3 14.0 8.0 9.5 3.4 2.2 3.1 3.7 5.3 4.2 3.8 3.2 2.9 2.5 3.4 4.9 5.7 5.5 3.7 4.0 3.2 2.9 3.4 5.0 4.0 5.2 3.5 4.1 1.7 1.3 2.0 2.8 5.0 4.4 2.6 2.6 3.1 1.6 2.3 3.7 3.3 3.6 2.9 2.8 1.7 1.8 2.0 3.0 5.0 3.1 2.6 2.5 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.3 1.1 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.7 1.3 0.8 1.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 51 Appendix Appendix - Comparability of survey administrations Issue Drug Category 2008/2010 AYS 2006 AYS On how many occasions (if any) have you: Notes regarding changes On how many occasions (if any) have you: Hallucinogens Used LSD or other psychedelics? Used LSD or other hallucinogens? Substituted "hallucinogens" for "psychedelics" in 2008 and beyond. Comparable across years. Meth Used methamphetamines (meth, speed, crank, crystal meth)? Used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription stimulants Used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription sedatives Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? In 2008 AYS added descriptor "prescription" and removed qualifier "without a doctor telling you to take them." 2006 data are cautiously comparable to 2008/2010. Ecstasy Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)? Used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2008/2010 AYS uses "ecstasy" as the primary descriptor, moving "MDMA" to examples. Comparable across years. Combined results of On how many occasions have you: Prescription drugs Gambling Category Combined results of On how many occasions have you: used prescription drugs (such as Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderall, Oxycontin, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription pain relievers (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? How often during the past 12 months have you: In 2006 there was a prescription drugs question with several examples (some of which overlapped examples from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions). In 2008/2010, the single prescription drug question was dropped, and a new question about prescription pain relievers was added. Rather than discontinuing reporting Prescription Drugs , the prescription sedative, stimulant and pain reliever questions were combined to create a single measure. . In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006 data were similarly recalculated into a composite, adding results from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions to the dedicated Prescription Drugs question. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Sports betting Bet on team sports? Bet on sports? 2006 not comparable to later data. Race betting Bet money on horse races? Bet on a horse race or other animal race? 2006 not comparable to later data. Dice Bet on dice games such as craps? Played a dice game? 2006 not comparable to later data. Games of skill Bet on games of personal skill such as pool, darts, or bowling? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Comparable across years. Protective Scale: Peer-Individual Interaction with Prosocial Peers 52 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year, how many of your best friends have: (Scale is calculated based on the average response [0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 friends] to the following questions) ...participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? ...made the commitment to stay drug-free? ...tried to do well in school? ...liked school? ...regularly attended religious services? (not used in 2008/2010) Regularly attended religious services was removed from the AYS in 2008. 2006 has been recalculated to match 2008/2010 AYS and are now comparable across all years. Due to this recalculation, current reports may differ slightly from past reports. Contacts for Prevention Regional Prevention Contacts Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai Counties Rachel Peterson Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) 928-226-6394 Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Gila, La Paz, Pinal, Yuma and Santa Cruz Counties Linda Weinberg Cenpatico Behavioral Health of Arizona 866-495-6738 Maricopa County Juan Aristizabal Magellan Health Services of Arizona 602-797-8256 Pima County Bill Burnett Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) 520-618-8807 Gila River Indian Community Julie Jimenez Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority 520-562-3321 ext. 7031 Pascua Yaqui Tribe Ralph Cota Centered Spirit Program 480-768-2063 Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Michelle Neitch/Phillip Stevenson 602-364-1173/602-364-1157 www.azcjc.gov Arizona Department of Education School Safety and Prevention www.ade.az.gov/sa/health/ Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Elise Mikkelsen 602-266-8299 ext. 351 www.problemgambling.az.gov 53 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Lisa Shumaker 602-364-4594 www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Charles Katz 602-496-1471 http://cvpcs.asu.edu/ Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families 602-542-4043 www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html Partnership for a Drug Free America, Arizona Affiliate Shelly Mowrey 602-264-5700 www.partnerupaz.org The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (Blueprints for Violence Prevention) www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) www.prevention.samhsa.gov Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Model Programs Guide www2.dsgonline.com/mpg/ Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Evidence Based Practices www.samhsa.gov/ebpwebguide/index.asp Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CAPT) casat.unr.edu/westcapt.html Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. 801-359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com Gila County 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Shining Light on Arizona Youth Arizona Criminal Justice Commission in partnership with Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Arizona Department of Health Services, Division of Behavioral Health Arizona Department of Health Services, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Arizona Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention Governor’s Office for Children, Youth and Families Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Leslie Bloom, The Partnership for Drug Free America, AZ Affiliate Allie Bones, Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence Tim Christensen, Office of Problem Gambling Janet Garcia, Valley of the Sun United Way Michelle Gayles, Valley of the Sun United Way Charles Katz, Arizona State University Elise Mickkelsen, Office of Problem Gambling Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Rick Pyper, Office of Problem Gambling Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University Additionally, the success of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Table of Contents Introduction The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention The Charts and Tables in this Report The Community Data Project The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data Data Charts: Lifetime and 30 Day ATOD Use Problem Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior Gambling Risk & Protective Factor Profiles Where Youth Obtained Alcohol School Safety Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions Data Tables Appendix Contacts for Prevention Introduction 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Gila County Summary Report This report summarizes all findings from the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) administered to 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students during spring 2010. The results for your county are presented along with comparisons to the results for the state of Arizona. The survey was designed to assess school safety, adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. All schools in Arizona are eligible to participate in the survey, Table 1. Characteristics of Participants County 2006 Number Percent County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Students by Grade 8 360 43.3 369 44.2 289 40.5 27,592 43.3 10 284 34.2 264 31.6 224 31.4 19,489 30.6 12 187 22.5 202 24.2 201 28.2 16,703 26.2 831 100.0 835 100.0 714 100.0 63,784 100.0 Male 393 48.4 391 47.7 308 43.8 30,645 49.0 Female 419 51.6 428 52.3 395 56.2 31,928 51.0 All Students Surveyed* Students by Gender Table 2. Race/Ethnicity of Participants Hispanic Student marked 'Yes' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Native American 20 6.6 19 6.6 1,207 4.9 African American 6 2.0 14 4.9 657 2.6 Asian 1 0.3 1 0.3 206 0.8 Pacific Islander 2 0.7 1 0.3 280 1.1 White 105 34.8 90 31.3 5,772 23.2 Multi-Racial Race Unmarked 15 5.0 12 4.2 1,021 4.1 153 50.7 151 52.4 15,726 63.2 Non-Hispanic Student marked 'No' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American African American Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent 117 23.5 192 48.9 2,517 6.8 7 1.4 2 0.5 2,129 5.7 4 0.8 4 1.0 1,551 4.2 2 0.4 2 0.5 372 1.0 335 67.3 167 42.5 27,180 73.2 32 6.4 20 5.1 2,539 6.8 1 0.2 6 1.5 824 2.2 Totals County 2008 Number Percent County 2010 Number Percent State 2010 Number Percent Hispanic Students 302 36.2 288 40.3 24,869 Non-Hispanic Students Total Students** 498 59.6 393 55.0 37,112 58.2 835 100.0 714 100.0 63,784 100.0 39.0 * Grades with fewer than 20 students participating are not included in this report. However, students from grades not making the cutoff are included in All Students Surveyed. This means the number of students reported in All Students Surveyed may exceed the sum of individual grades. (All Students Surveyed will match the grade total in reports with data drawn from a single grade.) **As a small percentage of students skipped the question Are you Hispanic or Latino? (at the state level, 1,803 students, or 2.8% of the total), the sum of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic students is less than Total Students . 5 and recruitment efforts were successful in obtaining participation by schools in all of the 15 counties. Careful planning and uniform administration of the survey have resulted in survey data that are valid and representative of the students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in Arizona. Table 1 contains the characteristics of the students who completed the survey from your county and the state of Arizona. Because not every student answered all of the questions, the number of students in the gender and ethnicity/race categories often will be less than the total number of students. To better understand the diversity of Arizona’s youth population, respondents were asked separate questions about their ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) and their race (Caucasian, African-American, Native American, etc.). This method for obtaining ethnicity and race information provides more comprehensive data on youth cultural and racial self-identification, and a more nuanced understanding of Arizona’s diverse youth population. Whenever data are obtained from a sample of students instead of the entire population, it is important to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the data. One easy way to investigate the quality of the sample is to look at the basic demographic characteristics of the students who participated in the survey and compare them to what is known about the entire population of students. This will give the user of these data a basic understanding of the degree to which the sample data can be generalized to the entire population. It is important to note that even when the characteristics of the sample do not match well to the characteristics of the population this does not mean the data lose their usefulness. The data included in this report describes the level of risk and protective factors, substance use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency of those youth who participated in the survey, which can be used to inform the development of school and community-based prevention and intervention activities that may benefit both the youth who participate in the survey and those who did not. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention Prevention is a science. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention is a proven way of reducing substance abuse and its related consequences. This model is based on the simple premise that to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing and then find ways to reduce the risks. Just as medical researchers have found risk factors for heart disease such as diets high in fat, lack of exercise, and smoking, a team of researchers at the University of Washington have defined a set of risk factors for youth problem behaviors. Protective factors exert a positive influence and buffer against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviors. Protective factors identified through research include strong bonding to family, school, community and peers, and healthy beliefs and clear standards for behavior. Research on risk and protective factors has important implications for children’s academic success, positive youth development, and prevention of health and behavior problems. In order to promote academic success and positive youth development and to prevent problem behaviors, it is necessary to address the factors that predict these outcomes. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can be identified and targeted by policies, programs, and actions shown to reduce those risk factors and to promote protective factors. Risk factors are characteristics of school, community and family environments, and of students and their peer groups known to predict increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school dropout, and violent behaviors among youth. For example, children who live in communities with physical deterioration and high rates of adult crime are more likely to become involved in delinquency and drug use than children who live in organized neighborhoods. Each risk and protective factor can be linked to specific types of interventions that have been shown to be effective in either reducing risk(s) or enhancing protection(s). The steps outlined here will help your county make key decisions regarding allocation of resources, how and when to address specific needs, and which strategies are most effective and known to produce results. The chart below shows the links between the 19 risk factors and five problem behaviors. The check marks indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Community Disorganization Extreme Economic & Social Deprivation Family History of the Problem Behavior Family Conflict Family Management Problems Favorable Parent Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Early Initiation of Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Early & Persistent Antisocial Behavior Alienation & Rebelliousness Friends Who Use Drugs & Engage in Problem Behaviors Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Gang Involvement Constitutional Factors Peer / Individual Low Neighborhood Attachment School Transitions & Mobility Family Availability of Drugs & Firearms Community Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms & Crime Risk Factors Substance Abuse T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Delinquency T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Teen Pregnancy School Drop-Out Violence T T T T T T T T Source: Communities That Care (CTC) prevention model, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) 6 Charts and Tables in this Report There are seven types of charts presented in this report: 1. Lifetime and 30 day ATOD use 2. Heavy substance use and antisocial behavior 3. Gambling 4. Risk profiles 5. Protective profiles 6. Where youth acquired alcohol 7. School safety Data from the charts are also presented in Tables 4 through 12. The additional data found in Tables 13 through 15 are explained at the end of this section. Understanding the Format of the Charts There are several graphical elements common to all the charts. Understanding the format of the charts and what these elements represent is essential in interpreting the results of the 2010 AYS. • The Bars on substance use and antisocial behavior charts represent the percentage of students in that grade who reported a given behavior. The bars on the risk and protective factor charts represent the percentage of students whose answers reflect significant risk or protection in that category. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Each set of differently colored bars represents one of the last three administrations of the AYS: 2006, 2008, and 2010. By looking at the percentages over time, it is possible to identify trends in substance use and antisocial behavior. By studying the percentage of youth at risk and with protection over time, it is possible to determine whether the percentage of students at risk or with protection is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. This information is important when deciding which risk and protective factors warrant attention. • Dots and Diamonds. The dots on the charts represent the percentage of all of the youth surveyed across Arizona who reported substance use, problem behavior, elevated risk, or elevated protection. The diamonds represent national data from either the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey or the Bach Harrison Norm. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz The Bach Harrison Norm was developed by Bach Harrison L.L.C. to provide states and communities with the ability to compare their results on risk, protection, and antisocial measures with more national measures. Survey participants from eight statewide surveys and five large regional surveys across the nation were combined into a database of approximately 460,000 students. The results were 7 weighted to make the contribution of each state and region proportional to its share of the national population. Bach Harrison analysts then calculated rates for antisocial behavior and for students at risk and with protection. The results appear on the charts as BH Norm. In order to keep the Bach Harrison Norm relevant, it is updated approximately every two years as new data become available. zzzzz zzzzzzzzz A comparison to state-wide and national results provides additional information for your community in determining the relative importance of levels of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use, antisocial behavior, risk, and protection. Information about other students in the state and the nation can be helpful in determining the seriousness of a given level of problem behavior. Scanning across the charts, it is important to observe the factors that differ the most from the Bach Harrison Norm. This is the first step in identifying the levels of risk and protection that are higher or lower than those in other communities. The risk factors that are higher than the Bach Harrison Norm and the protective factors are lower than the Bach Harrison Norm are probably the factors that your community should consider addressing when planning prevention programs. Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use • Lifetime use is a measure of the percentage of students who tried the particular substance at least once in their lifetime and is used to show the percentage of students who have had experience with a particular substance. • 30-day use is a measure of the percentage of students who used the substance at least once in the 30 days prior to taking the survey and is a more sensitive indicator of the level of current use of the substance. Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior • Heavy substance use is measured in two different ways: binge drinking (having five or more drinks in a row during the two weeks prior to the survey) and use of one-half a pack or more of cigarettes per day. • Drinking and Driving - youth indicating drinking alcohol and driving, or riding with a driver who had been drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. • Antisocial behavior (ASB) is a measure of the percentage of students who report any involvement during the past year with the eight antisocial behaviors listed in the charts. How Charts to Readand theTables Chartsininthis thisReport Report(cont’d) (cont’d) Gambling Gambling behavior charts show the percentage of students who engaged in each of the 10 types of gambling “for money, possessions, or anything of value” during the past year: played gambling machines, played the lottery, bet on sports, played cards, bought a raffle ticket, played bingo, gambled on the Internet, bet on a dice game, bet on a game of personal skill and bet on horse or other animal races. The chart also shows the percentage of students who engaged in any gambling behavior during the past year. Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Risk and protective factor scales measure specific aspects of a youth’s life experience that predict whether he/she will engage in problem behaviors. The scales, defined in Table 3, are grouped into four domains: community, family, school, and peer/individual. The risk and protective factor charts show the percentage of students at risk and with protection for each of the scales. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol This chart displays data regarding the ways that students obtained alcohol in the past 30 days. The data focus on a subgroup of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no alcohol use are not represented.) It is important to note that the charts represent a subgroup of users and not the entire survey population. Additionally, the smaller the sample, the more dramatic the influence of a student's responses. For example, if only one student in a particular grade reported where he/she obtained alcohol, each category would show up as either 0% or 100%. The chart legend indicates the sample size for each grade surveyed to help clarify the value of the data. School Safety The school safety profile charts contain the percentages of students who felt unsafe at school or on the way to school, were threatened or injured with a weapon at school, were in a physical fight at school, carried a weapon to school or were picked on or bullied at school. The complete questions and values for each response option can be seen in Table 12. Additional Data in this Report In addition to data presented in the charts and Tables 4 through 12, Tables 13 through 15 contain information useful for prevention planning. Table 13 contains the information that is required by communities with Drug Free Communities Grants, such as the perception of the risk of ATOD use, perception of parent and peer disapproval of ATOD use, past 30-day use, and average age of first use. Tables 14 and 15 contain questions new to the 2010 AYS on subjects of interest to prevention providers. The Community Data Project Supported by a grant from the Arizona Governor's Office for Children, Youth and Families, the Community Data Project is a multi-agency effort to create a central repository for Arizona's substance abuse and crime data. Through a user-friendly web site, individuals will have a one-stop portal where they can select the type of data they need, specific demographic characteristics, and their geographic level of interest. Various output options will be offered, including data tables, graphs, and maps to cover a variety of reporting and visualization needs. The web site will be a useful tool for practitioners and policymakers who are addressing substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and crime and the criminal justice system by providing them with a 8 comprehensive picture of the characteristics and needs of Arizona’s communities. Having data that are specific to the users geographic area of interest will not only lead to an enhanced understanding of the community issues related to drugs and crime, but it will also maximize data-for-decision-making capabilities for things such as the appropriate program content, identification of at-risk target areas and populations, grant writing and reporting, monitoring progress of prevention and intervention initiatives over time, and determining resource allocation. Currently, the web site is under construction, but we anticipate it will be ready by end of summer 2010. Please visit us then at: www.azcjc.gov/ACJC.Web/sac/CommunDataPrj.aspx The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership (ASAP) was established by Executive Order in June 2007. Currently chaired by the governor’s policy advisor on Health and Human Services, ASAP serves as the single statewide council on substance abuse issues. ASAP brings together stakeholders at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels to improve coordination of efforts; address identified gaps in prevention, treatment, enforcement, and recovery efforts; and improve funding allocation. ASAP utilizes data and practical expertise to develop effective methods for integrating and expanding services across Arizona, thereby maximizing available resources. ASAP also studies current policy and recommends relevant legislation for the Arizona Legislature’s consideration. It is ASAP’s mission to ensure community-driven, agency-supported outcomes to prevent and reduce the negative impacts of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs by building and sustaining partnerships between professionals in the prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement arenas. Through coordination and collaboration among its members and their respective agencies and organizations, ASAP strives to ensure that substance abuse is addressed in a comprehensive manner and funding is spent efficaciously and efficiently. ASAP’s 2010 strategic plan identifies five strategic focus areas: 1)zchild welfare/children of incarcerated parents/drug-endangered children; 2) law enforcement and drug trafficking; 3)zprescription drugs; 4)zunderage drinking; and 5)zcommunity partnerships. There are currently four sub-committees that assist ASAP in meeting its goals: • Underage Drinking Prevention Committee (UAD) – This subcommittee addresses the problem of underage drinking in Arizona by implementing a statewide underage drinking initiative that assesses statewide epidemiological data, resources, strategies and policies, and builds relationships with tribes, youth, law enforcement, government agencies, and community coalitions. By combining resources, practice, and research, the committee collaborates across state systems to reduce underage drinking. • Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group (Epi) – This work group produces a biennial Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile, which highlights trends and new substance abuse data in Arizona and an annual summary profile, entitled The Impact of Substance Abuse: A Snapshot of Arizona. The Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile is a comprehensive, informative, and functional profile of substance abuse in the state for use by community coalitions, agencies, and individuals in relevant fields. Currently, Epi conducts analyses of individual substance abuse issues, responds to ad hoc data requests and brings data to bear on ASAP’s policy decisions around its strategic plan and focus areas. • Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force (AMTF) –The Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force was created in August 2006 in response to Arizona’s decade-long increase in the number of individuals regularly using methamphetamine and the increase in the resulting social and economic costs associated with the drug. The AMTF was instructed to approach Arizona’s methamphetamine problem holistically, focusing equally on enforcement, prevention, treatment, and recovery. Specifically, the AMTF was charged with identifying specific, action-oriented recommendations to eradicate methamphetamine use in Arizona and build safe and healthy communities throughout the state. The AMTF brings together representatives from state agencies, local government, businesses, and community groups to develop collaborative efforts among the treatment, prevention, and law enforcement systems to assess and address the impact of methamphetamine statewide through information sharing, resource allocation, services coordination, and the development of statewide policy recommendations sensitive to the needs of local and tribal communities. • The Community Advisory Board – The Community Advisory Board (CAB) brings together representatives from community coalitions around the state to improve substance abuse prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement policies and programs. The CAB provides an essential link between communities, ASAP and its subcommittees. The CAB brings the community voice to the ASAP table; reports on important community issues that informs ASAP’s work; helps communities improve their capacity to identify emerging trends, as well as take action and report on them to the proper institutions/authorities; takes the data available through the Epidemiology Work Group and ASAP back to coalitions and communities to effectively target prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement activities; serves as a resource for communities and the state to identify the most effective ways to reduce substance abuse through collaborative efforts and by targeting limited resources where they are most needed; and elevates and recognizes the important work being carried out at the community level to ensure that state-level responses are cognizant of the impact of policies on individual communities. 9 School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data What are the numbers telling you? Review the charts and data tables presented in this report. Note your findings as you discuss the following questions. • Which 3-5 risk factors appear to be higher than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which 3-5 protective factors appear to be lower than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which levels of 30-day drug use are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which substances are your students using the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable usage levels? • Which levels of antisocial behaviors are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which behaviors are your students exhibiting the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable behavior levels? How to identify high priority problem areas. • Look across the charts – which items stand out as either much higher or much lower than the other? • Compare your data with statewide, and/or national data – differences of 5% between local and other data are probably significant. • Prioritize problems for your area – Make an assessment of the rates you’ve identified. Which can be realistically addressed with the funding available to your community? Which problems fit best with the prevention resources at hand? • Determine the standards and values held within your community – For example: Is it acceptable in your community for a percentage of high school students to drink alcohol regularly as long as that percentage is lower than the overall state rate? Use these data for planning. • Substance use and antisocial behavior data – raise awareness about the problems and promote dialogue. • Risk and protective factor data – identify exactly where the community needs to take action. • Promising approaches – access resources listed on the last page of this report for ideas about programs that have been proven effective in addressing the risk factors that are high in your community, and improving the protective factors that are low. Sample Risk Factors Protective Factors 30-day Substance Abuse Antisocial Behavior 10 6th grd Fav. Attitude to Drugs (Peer/Indiv. Scale) @ 15% (8% > 8-state av.) 10th grd - Rewards for prosocial involvm. (School Domain) 40% (down 5% from 2 yrs ago & 16% below state av.) 8th grd Binge Drinking@13% (5% above state av.) 12th grd - Drunk/High at School @ 21% ( about same as state, but remains a priority.) Priority Rate 1 Priority Rate 2 Priority Rate 3 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Gila County, Grade 8 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 11 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Gila County, Grade 10 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 12 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Gila County, Grade 12 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 13 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Gila County, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† MTF Prescription Drugs**† 14 Prescription Sedatives** **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Prescription Stimulants** State 2010 Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** County 2010 Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** County 2008 Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol County 2006 Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Gila County, Grade 8 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 15 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Gila County, Grade 10 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 16 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Gila County, Grade 12 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 17 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Gila County, All Students Surveyed 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 18 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Gila County, Grade 8 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 19 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Gila County, Grade 10 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 20 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Gila County, Grade 12 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 21 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Gila County, All Students Surveyed Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 22 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Gila County, Grade 8 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 23 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Gila County, Grade 8 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 24 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Gila County, Grade 10 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 25 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Gila County, Grade 10 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 26 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Gila County, Grade 12 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 27 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Gila County, Grade 12 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 28 Sources Risk and of Protective Alcohol Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Gila County, All Students Surveyed Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 29 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Gila County, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 30 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Gila County, Grade 8 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 81 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 88 State 2010 Sample: 4,473 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 31 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Gila County, Grade 10 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 65 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 92 State 2010 Sample: 5,295 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 32 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Gila County, Grade 12 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 62 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 75 State 2010 Sample: 6,341 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 33 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Gila County, All Students Surveyed Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 208 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 255 State 2010 Sample: 16,109 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 34 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Gila County, Grade 8 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 35 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Gila County, Grade 10 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 36 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Gila County, Grade 12 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 37 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Gila County, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 38 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles Community Domain Risk Factors 1 Low Neighborhood Attachment Research has shown that youth who don't like the neighborhoods in which they live are more likely to become involved in juvenile crime and drug selling. Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the legal drinking age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been followed by decreases in consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have shown that shifts in normative attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence of use. Perceived Availability of Drugs and Handguns The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the use of these substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a higher risk of crime and substance use by adolescents. 1 1 1 1 Community Domain Protective Factors 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for positive participation in activities helps youth bond to the community, thus lowering their risk for substance use. Family Domain Risk Factors 1 Poor Family Management Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places them at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, parents’ failure to provide clear expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that they will engage in drug abuse whether or not there are family drug problems. 1 Family Conflict Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the conflict, appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use. 1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or ATOD use), the children are more likely to engage in these behaviors. 1 Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Antisocial Behavior & Drugs In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use, children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the refrigerator. Family Domain Protective Factors 1 Family Attachment Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors. 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things done well by their child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviors. School Domain Risk Factors 1 Academic Failure Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both drug abuse and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever reasons, increases the risk of problem behaviors. 1 Low Commitment to School Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of drugs is significantly lower among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking school, spending time on homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also negatively related to drug use. 39 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles School Domain Protective Factors 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors. Peer-Individual Risk Factors 1 Rebelliousness Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at higher risk of abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for independence and normlessness have all been linked with drug use. 1 Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use Early onset of drug use predicts misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the greater the involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use prior to the age of 15 is a consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug use has been shown to predict lower drug involvement and a greater probability of discontinuation of use. 1 Attitudes Favorable Toward During the elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes and have Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use difficulty imagining why people use drugs or engage in antisocial behaviors. However, in middle school, as more youth are exposed to others who use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior are more likely to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use. 1 Perceived Risk of Drug Use Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug use. 1 Interaction with Antisocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for engaging in antisocial behavior themselves. 1 Friends' Use of Drugs Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much more likely to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends who use drugs greatly increases the risk of that problem developing. 1 Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging further in antisocial behavior and substance use. Gang Involvement Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. 1 1 1 1 Peer-Individual Protective Factors 1 Belief in the Moral Order Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs. 1 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are more protected from engaging in antisocial behavior and substance use. 1 Prosocial Involvement Participation in positive school and community activities helps provide protection for youth. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are rewarded for working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in problem behavior. 40 Data Tables Table 4. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime In your lifetime, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 63.7 55.2 61.6 45.1 36.6 70.2 70.4 67.4 64.1 59.1 78.2 78.8 74.9 72.8 72.3 69.2 65.7 67.0 58.2 55.6 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 44.5 38.7 46.9 23.8 20.1 48.9 55.3 50.7 37.2 32.7 50.3 54.9 58.3 46.9 43.6 47.3 47.8 50.9 34.0 31.8 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 23.3 19.7 16.6 7.1 9.6 26.7 31.7 27.3 12.5 15.2 29.1 29.9 29.1 18.1 16.3 25.8 26.0 23.4 11.7 13.6 Marijuana used marijuana? 27.4 21.8 38.4 17.8 15.7 40.9 45.6 45.5 34.3 32.3 43.2 48.7 54.5 44.7 42.0 35.5 35.7 44.9 29.9 29.7 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 2.1 1.7 1.4 2.2 1.7 4.0 5.2 6.7 5.9 3.0 3.5 4.6 8.1 9.0 3.1 3.0 3.5 4.8 5.1 2.6 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 3.4 3.0 3.6 2.3 2.6 6.5 11.6 4.3 5.3 4.6 12.6 9.8 11.0 8.8 6.0 6.6 7.3 5.8 5.0 4.4 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 17.5 19.1 16.5 14.5 14.9 15.1 17.6 10.5 11.8 12.8 9.2 11.3 9.9 9.4 9.5 14.8 16.7 12.9 12.3 12.5 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 3.6 0.6 1.8 0.7 1.6 6.4 3.6 1.9 1.6 2.8 6.8 4.1 4.1 2.5 2.4 5.3 2.4 2.4 1.5 2.3 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 0.6 0.0 1.4 0.9 1.3 2.5 3.2 1.0 2.6 1.5 0.6 3.1 5.3 3.4 1.2 1.2 1.7 2.3 2.1 1.3 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2.2 1.1 2.5 3.9 2.2 1.3 5.2 7.7 8.2 5.5 2.9 2.6 6.4 10.6 6.5 2.1 2.7 5.2 7.0 4.7 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 1.5 2.8 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.3 2.8 2.9 1.8 1.3 2.4 2.6 1.8 1.7 2.2 1.6 2.7 2.1 1.7 1.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 15.8 13.4 11.5 4.4 n/a 23.6 23.4 18.9 9.9 n/a 25.9 22.8 23.1 13.2 n/a 20.7 19.0 16.8 9.1 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 4.9 2.5 2.5 3.0 6.0 5.3 5.2 2.4 7.0 10.3 5.3 6.2 3.5 8.5 9.9 5.1 4.2 2.7 5.7 8.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 9.3 8.3 14.1 8.7 9.5 15.3 11.6 11.0 11.5 13.0 15.4 10.9 7.6 13.4 12.7 12.7 10.0 11.4 10.8 11.7 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 15.1 18.9 22.4 16.5 n/a 20.8 28.0 26.3 23.7 n/a 19.2 29.4 24.0 27.3 n/a 17.9 24.3 24.0 21.5 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 13.3 9.7 9.5 n/a n/a 16.1 12.5 13.2 n/a n/a 18.1 9.4 14.1 n/a n/a 15.3 10.5 11.8 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 41 Data Tables Table 5. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days In the past 30 days, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 34.3 29.6 33.9 21.9 14.9 48.1 43.5 40.9 34.7 30.4 42.1 42.9 50.6 45.0 43.5 40.7 37.2 40.6 31.9 29.2 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 15.6 16.0 21.0 8.9 6.5 22.6 25.0 26.8 15.6 13.1 20.1 25.1 28.2 22.9 20.1 19.0 21.0 24.6 14.7 13.0 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 13.0 9.4 7.6 2.8 3.7 14.7 13.1 8.9 5.7 6.5 7.3 11.2 12.7 8.1 8.4 12.3 11.0 9.4 5.1 6.1 Marijuana used marijuana? 11.3 8.7 23.7 8.9 6.5 22.8 20.7 24.9 17.4 15.9 16.4 16.6 16.6 21.3 20.6 16.3 14.3 22.2 14.8 14.2 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 1.5 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.5 1.6 0.4 1.4 2.0 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.2 2.4 0.5 1.3 0.7 0.9 1.6 0.5 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 1.5 0.8 1.1 0.8 0.8 3.3 3.2 0.0 1.6 0.9 2.3 4.2 4.1 2.2 1.3 2.3 2.4 1.5 1.4 1.0 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 5.5 9.9 6.5 5.6 3.8 4.8 4.4 3.3 3.0 2.2 2.9 1.6 0.6 1.5 1.2 4.6 6.2 3.9 3.7 2.4 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 1.2 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.5 2.9 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.6 2.3 2.1 1.2 0.6 0.5 2.0 0.9 0.6 0.4 0.5 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.4 1.7 0.4 0.5 1.1 0.4 0.0 1.5 0.6 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.4 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 1.6 0.0 0.7 1.7 0.6 0.4 1.2 2.9 2.9 1.3 0.0 0.0 1.8 3.4 1.8 0.8 0.4 1.7 2.5 1.2 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 0.9 0.6 1.1 0.5 0.4 1.3 2.0 2.9 0.7 0.5 0.6 2.1 0.0 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.4 1.4 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 6.9 6.9 5.7 1.3 n/a 12.9 9.1 8.9 3.0 n/a 14.0 11.1 9.7 4.1 n/a 10.5 8.7 7.7 2.8 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 1.8 1.1 1.1 1.4 1.9 2.5 3.2 1.4 2.8 3.3 1.2 2.6 0.6 2.5 3.0 1.9 2.1 1.1 2.1 2.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 4.9 2.5 5.4 3.6 2.5 6.9 4.8 3.3 4.7 3.9 8.8 4.7 1.8 4.7 4.2 6.4 3.8 3.8 4.2 3.5 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 7.5 7.5 11.2 8.2 n/a 9.3 15.3 9.1 11.8 n/a 10.7 15.5 12.3 12.4 n/a 8.8 11.8 10.8 10.4 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 8.3 6.9 5.4 n/a n/a 10.9 6.7 6.3 n/a n/a 9.4 5.3 6.3 n/a n/a 9.4 6.4 5.9 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 42 Data Tables Table 6. Percentage of Students With Heavy ATOD Use Drinking and Driving During the past 30 days, how many times did you: (One or more times) DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 9.7 8.2 8.7 5.0 4.2 14.8 9.4 13.7 7.6 7.4 16.5 20.4 16.4 14.1 16.6 13.0 11.5 12.4 8.2 7.7 35.0 29.8 42.5 27.7 24.9 40.3 34.5 36.1 29.1 26.3 32.0 31.0 34.4 28.9 27.5 36.1 31.6 38.3 28.5 25.0 Heavy Use Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Binge Drinking How many times have you had 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? (One or more times) 19.3 18.1 22.7 12.4 7.8 31.9 31.0 30.0 21.0 17.5 23.6 28.7 32.6 29.2 25.2 24.5 24.7 27.7 19.5 16.6 1/2 Pack (or more) of Cigarettes/Day During the past 30 days, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? (11 to 20 cigarettes, More than 20 cigarettes) 3.2 1.7 0.7 0.7 1.0 3.8 2.1 3.1 2.0 2.4 1.7 3.1 3.9 3.6 5.0 3.1 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.7 Table 7. Percentage of Students With Antisocial Behavior How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: (One or more times) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 Been Drunk or High at School 20.6 11.8 26.3 12.8 7.5 30.1 31.4 34.4 21.8 15.0 20.1 25.0 27.8 Been Suspended from School All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 22.1 17.7 23.7 21.2 29.3 18.0 13.3 28.6 19.2 30.3 18.5 15.1 20.5 27.4 22.6 14.4 12.6 9.6 15.7 19.6 9.9 9.2 21.7 21.0 24.9 15.0 12.4 Sold Illegal Drugs 5.0 3.9 8.8 5.0 2.5 10.0 15.8 10.0 10.6 6.5 6.3 6.7 13.8 10.8 7.8 6.9 8.4 10.6 8.2 5.5 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle 4.1 3.8 4.2 3.7 2.3 7.7 3.1 4.1 4.6 2.6 4.6 4.1 8.0 3.1 1.9 5.4 3.7 5.2 3.8 2.3 Been Arrested 10.1 9.3 11.8 7.1 5.2 11.9 12.5 12.6 9.9 6.7 7.5 11.8 18.4 8.7 6.1 10.1 10.9 13.9 8.4 6.0 Attacked Someone with the Idea of Seriously Hurting Them 20.8 21.7 19.3 16.6 16.0 17.6 19.7 14.3 15.5 15.1 14.7 15.9 17.3 11.5 11.9 18.3 19.7 17.2 14.9 14.4 Carried a Handgun 7.5 7.4 9.5 6.7 4.8 10.5 11.2 9.4 7.6 5.2 8.9 10.2 12.6 7.2 5.2 8.8 9.3 10.3 7.1 5.1 Carried a Handgun to School 1.2 0.5 1.8 1.4 0.8 2.7 2.3 2.8 2.1 0.9 2.3 2.1 2.6 1.8 1.0 2.0 1.5 2.3 1.7 0.9 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 43 Data Tables Table 8. Percentage of Students Gambling in the Past Year How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: (At least once in the past 12 months) Any Gambling Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 52.8 74.7 58.0 61.6 55.0 50.6 70.0 56.8 59.8 53.8 42.9 68.0 53.5 56.5 52.6 49.8 71.6 56.4 59.7 53.0 2.5 5.5 2.5 5.3 5.7 2.8 7.0 3.6 4.8 5.3 3.0 5.1 3.2 5.3 5.4 2.7 5.9 3.1 5.2 5.3 25.8 26.0 12.9 21.4 24.0 23.7 29.4 18.6 20.7 23.5 21.9 23.9 18.9 18.9 23.9 24.2 26.6 16.4 20.6 22.7 Bet on sports?* n/a 38.1 26.8 28.6 22.8 n/a 32.9 25.7 27.0 22.5 n/a 28.2 21.7 24.4 20.5 n/a 34.1 25.1 27.0 21.4 Played cards? 22.2 53.1 34.5 36.1 25.8 21.6 45.1 35.3 36.0 27.0 18.7 46.7 28.8 34.8 26.7 21.2 49.0 33.2 35.7 25.3 n/a 19.6 17.0 15.9 n/a n/a 31.6 16.9 16.6 n/a n/a 24.0 15.7 15.3 n/a n/a 24.4 16.6 16.0 n/a 17.7 29.7 22.4 26.4 22.7 15.6 23.0 16.5 20.4 17.7 6.0 15.7 14.6 14.2 14.0 14.3 24.2 18.4 21.4 19.5 Gambled on the Internet? 6.1 5.3 3.2 5.1 4.5 2.9 9.8 4.1 4.6 4.0 3.6 4.1 2.7 4.2 3.7 4.5 6.4 3.4 4.7 4.2 Played a dice game?* n/a 34.5 24.7 26.0 12.1 n/a 30.1 22.6 21.9 11.2 n/a 24.5 19.0 17.9 10.0 n/a 30.7 22.5 22.6 11.4 21.4 36.7 24.5 28.2 20.1 22.1 32.3 20.5 27.7 20.5 14.8 32.5 17.8 24.9 18.8 20.1 34.3 21.4 27.2 19.4 n/a 6.4 5.1 5.0 4.6 n/a 7.0 5.5 5.0 4.7 n/a 7.7 5.9 4.4 4.6 n/a 6.9 5.4 4.8 4.7 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bought a raffle ticket?** Played bingo? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* Bet on a horse or other animal race?* * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from table. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 44 Data Tables Table 9. Percentage of Students Reporting Risk Grade 8 Risk Factor County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed** Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm Community Domain Low Neighborhood Attachment 45.8 39.9 44.4 35.9 36.6 53.7 53.4 55.6 43.6 42.8 55.4 62.3 61.2 47.3 47.0 50.7 49.5 51.8 41.3 42.0 Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use 48.2 42.1 52.1 35.0 32.8 57.5 56.6 58.6 41.8 39.6 40.0 46.3 50.4 35.5 32.8 49.3 47.5 53.7 37.2 35.2 Perceived Availability of Drugs 43.1 44.7 54.5 36.9 29.4 54.7 56.2 54.3 42.9 40.5 49.4 59.6 47.6 43.8 42.7 48.4 51.8 52.8 40.6 37.5 Perceived Availability of Handguns 48.4 46.8 48.3 33.4 39.8 33.9 33.6 31.9 22.3 29.9 44.4 44.7 31.3 26.5 34.8 42.7 42.3 39.0 28.2 34.8 Poor Family Management 52.8 43.2 54.5 43.7 41.9 51.9 45.1 37.4 40.6 40.3 43.6 41.5 43.4 41.2 39.8 50.3 43.3 46.9 42.1 40.7 Family Conflict 57.4 56.7 57.6 53.1 51.5 43.9 45.4 38.0 42.1 41.6 40.7 39.4 39.5 39.1 38.8 49.1 49.0 47.6 45.9 44.1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 57.5 49.4 66.8 39.3 36.4 57.8 58.8 51.8 41.5 39.0 43.9 46.8 51.8 37.4 37.3 54.4 51.6 58.9 39.4 37.6 Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB 53.3 50.4 53.4 47.7 46.9 52.0 58.2 50.3 50.0 52.3 38.5 56.8 48.1 48.6 50.3 49.4 54.4 51.2 48.6 49.9 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 34.7 29.7 35.9 24.7 26.0 47.8 43.1 33.2 37.9 40.8 37.5 40.0 35.0 38.6 38.6 39.6 36.3 34.8 32.4 35.2 Academic Failure 54.7 48.2 60.2 45.5 46.6 60.8 55.7 51.2 48.5 47.9 39.8 45.2 45.6 40.6 41.8 53.4 49.9 53.1 45.1 45.6 Low Commitment to School 43.8 41.2 45.3 41.0 38.0 48.6 46.8 35.3 41.7 41.7 41.0 53.1 45.7 42.2 42.9 44.8 45.8 42.3 41.5 40.8 Rebelliousness 37.9 41.2 53.0 43.8 39.0 52.2 53.1 48.2 47.6 45.5 43.2 51.8 50.5 44.6 43.6 43.9 47.5 50.8 45.1 42.7 Early Initiation of ASB 47.9 37.8 53.0 37.6 33.7 53.1 57.4 52.5 40.6 37.0 43.2 51.3 58.1 38.6 35.4 48.6 47.2 54.3 38.8 35.4 Early Initiation of Drug Use 50.0 39.2 50.9 29.3 24.0 44.3 48.8 47.1 31.0 27.3 32.6 33.8 46.0 29.6 28.8 44.1 40.9 48.3 29.9 26.6 Attitudes Favorable to ASB 44.8 47.0 46.3 41.4 36.2 57.6 53.5 45.3 44.7 44.9 31.8 57.6 44.9 41.7 41.9 46.2 51.6 45.6 42.4 41.0 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 37.5 34.2 40.1 29.3 22.6 42.1 42.5 40.1 36.2 33.6 27.0 36.5 35.2 35.9 32.7 36.7 37.3 38.7 33.1 29.6 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 50.2 47.7 60.4 47.8 37.1 45.0 50.8 46.9 45.9 35.7 36.2 49.0 49.7 50.4 40.3 45.2 49.0 53.6 47.9 37.6 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 67.3 63.2 71.2 55.8 50.3 65.6 69.3 68.5 56.3 52.0 53.8 60.1 62.6 51.5 49.0 63.7 64.4 67.9 54.8 50.5 Friend's Use of Drugs 59.2 50.6 60.6 39.4 30.8 50.5 53.9 56.8 42.6 36.2 25.8 37.0 44.9 38.1 32.3 48.7 48.4 55.0 40.0 33.2 Rewards for ASB 55.0 48.3 54.7 48.2 36.7 51.1 47.0 46.2 46.8 42.7 55.4 52.8 54.6 57.1 55.1 53.7 49.0 52.0 50.1 44.4 Gang Involvement 26.9 28.8 29.8 20.8 17.8 26.3 36.4 31.0 20.9 15.7 20.2 20.0 21.4 16.1 13.1 25.1 29.0 28.2 19.6 15.6 51.9 47.0 60.2 37.1 29.7 44.3 50.4 39.3 34.2 30.4 32.1 45.0 29.0 32.5 29.0 44.9 47.6 44.9 35.0 29.7 Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Risk Students at High Risk* * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 45 Data Tables Table 10. Percentage of Students Reporting Protection Grade 10 Grade 8 Protective Factor Grade 12 All Students Surveyed† County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 35.4 29.7 34.1 32.9 38.3 40.2 40.8 39.1 38.0 44.2 44.0 34.7 33.9 37.0 44.1 39.0 34.2 35.6 35.6 42.2 Family Attachment 42.3 52.4 41.4 51.1 51.9 42.5 42.5 38.1 45.6 44.7 57.4 59.3 43.2 56.6 55.6 45.9 51.2 40.8 50.9 50.4 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 54.1 62.2 56.0 59.7 60.7 46.1 54.1 54.9 54.6 53.1 54.2 58.4 45.0 56.4 53.8 51.5 58.8 53.2 57.2 55.8 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 58.6 60.9 53.6 61.7 61.5 53.2 50.0 54.9 54.9 53.0 63.4 56.5 53.3 56.4 52.4 57.9 56.6 53.9 58.2 55.6 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 59.4 65.8 55.7 63.0 68.9 56.4 47.5 62.9 65.6 71.6 65.4 43.7 52.5 67.6 72.8 59.7 54.7 57.1 65.0 71.0 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 54.5 63.3 49.8 52.0 57.5 55.8 53.1 65.6 61.2 58.9 50.3 35.2 40.3 46.9 51.6 54.0 53.3 52.1 53.5 56.2 Belief in the Moral Order 51.6 57.3 57.6 60.3 64.6 52.9 57.8 68.7 69.4 68.0 56.0 50.0 48.3 56.4 53.8 53.1 55.7 58.7 62.0 62.5 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* 47.1 57.5 46.5 54.7 58.8 47.6 49.4 55.9 57.5 60.7 61.5 47.4 58.9 57.3 59.3 50.6 52.5 52.9 56.2 59.6 Prosocial Involvement 39.4 41.6 40.9 40.0 40.8 36.5 39.4 36.8 45.3 46.1 38.5 32.3 28.4 41.9 42.6 38.2 38.7 36.1 42.1 43.2 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 59.8 56.6 57.4 59.2 62.5 60.5 53.8 55.6 61.7 59.9 53.2 52.3 51.5 55.6 51.8 58.6 54.7 55.2 59.0 58.3 49.4 61.1 47.1 53.6 52.8 48.9 48.1 52.7 57.6 52.5 58.2 50.0 31.3 55.9 50.5 51.2 54.3 44.4 55.4 52.0 Community Domain Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Protection Students with High Protection** * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 46 Data Tables Table 11. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol* If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) Grade 8 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 Sample size** 88 81 4,473 92 65 5,295 75 62 6,341 255 208 16,109 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 2.3 4.9 4.9 6.5 13.8 6.3 10.7 3.2 9.9 6.3 7.2 7.3 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 2.3 1.2 2.5 3.3 1.5 2.1 1.3 1.6 3.6 2.4 1.4 2.8 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 1.1 2.5 3.0 2.2 1.5 2.2 0.0 0.0 2.5 1.2 1.4 2.6 I gave someone else money to buy it for me 30.7 38.3 19.2 44.6 40.0 32.6 61.3 61.3 42.5 44.7 45.7 32.8 My parent or guardian gave it to me 10.2 14.8 17.5 14.1 3.1 15.0 6.7 8.1 13.3 10.6 9.1 15.0 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 11.4 30.9 17.3 21.7 16.9 16.8 13.3 25.8 14.8 15.7 25.0 16.1 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 20.5 25.9 16.2 28.3 27.7 24.8 42.7 30.6 30.4 29.8 27.9 24.6 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 26.1 21.0 21.0 21.7 15.4 23.1 12.0 16.1 18.6 20.4 17.8 20.7 I got it at a party 42.0 48.1 38.7 40.2 41.5 49.6 42.7 32.3 53.8 41.6 41.3 48.2 I took it from home 33.0 22.2 30.2 16.3 20.0 21.9 8.0 8.1 13.1 19.6 17.3 20.7 I took it from a store or someone else's home 18.2 6.2 9.4 9.8 6.2 9.8 9.3 3.2 5.6 12.5 5.3 8.1 I got it some other way 34.1 37.0 25.2 32.6 23.1 18.8 21.3 16.1 13.3 29.8 26.4 18.4 * Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. ** Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 47 Data Tables Table 12. Percentage of Students Reporting School Safety Issues Grade 8 Question During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY?* County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 0 times 80.6 88.2 84.6 1 time 10.0 6.9 7.5 2-3 times 4.8 3.3 4-5 times 2.0 6-7 times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? State 2010 Grade 12 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 91.7 85.1 86.3 93.1 4.5 6.3 6.2 3.7 3.9 2.2 3.7 4.3 1.1 2.1 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.2 8-9 times 1.1 0.3 0.7 10-11 times 0.0 0.0 12 or more times 1.1 0.0 State 2010 All Students Surveyed** County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 92.7 92.1 86.7 92.9 3.7 3.4 5.1 4.4 2.3 1.9 2.3 3.1 1.2 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 1.1 0.4 0.7 0.5 1.1 1.2 State 2010 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 95.3 84.7 87.2 89.6 93.0 2.4 7.3 6.3 5.4 3.7 1.1 1.3 3.9 3.6 2.6 1.9 1.0 0.5 0.3 1.3 1.1 1.0 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.6 1.0 1.1 0.1 1.0 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.6 2.1 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.9 0.4 0.5 0 times 68.6 74.5 68.5 79.5 82.5 75.2 86.2 87.0 86.0 86.7 87.3 92.6 77.6 79.2 85.2 1 time 16.3 14.3 13.3 11.0 9.3 16.1 8.8 7.3 10.1 8.7 8.3 4.3 12.5 13.5 10.5 8.1 2-3 times 10.9 8.8 11.8 6.2 6.0 5.5 3.2 3.6 1.7 3.6 2.8 1.8 7.2 6.5 6.6 4.2 4-5 times 2.6 1.1 3.6 1.7 0.4 2.4 0.0 0.9 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.1 6-7 times 0.0 0.3 1.4 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.4 8-9 times 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 10-11 times 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 12 or more times 1.1 0.5 1.1 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.6 0 times 55.6 60.0 60.4 60.5 75.4 60.2 74.2 73.1 85.6 77.9 84.6 85.4 69.0 64.4 71.3 70.9 1 time 21.2 13.1 11.5 12.8 13.3 10.2 9.2 9.1 6.1 7.2 5.5 5.3 15.1 10.8 9.2 9.7 13.3 12.2 11.1 14.2 8.3 8.4 4.1 6.0 4.7 11.4 9.3 8.6 2.8 5.8 4.7 5.1 1.4 3.0 2.6 1.1 1.7 3.5 3.1 3.3 2.8 1.4 1.8 2.8 0.0 1.2 1.0 0.0 0.7 2.3 0.6 1.3 8-9 times 1.4 0.7 1.1 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 1.1 0.7 0.8 10-11 times 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.5 7.2 5.8 7.6 7.3 4.5 5.9 5.5 4.2 3.9 6.7 2.2 1.8 5.5 6.1 5.5 4.9 0 days 88.0 90.3 87.5 90.5 91.4 87.7 89.3 93.3 93.3 91.8 92.9 95.7 90.3 89.8 89.5 92.7 1 day 7.2 6.7 6.5 5.2 3.7 4.7 4.2 3.6 3.4 4.1 2.7 2.2 5.2 5.5 4.7 4.0 2-3 days 3.7 1.9 4.3 2.6 3.0 4.7 3.7 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.7 1.1 3.1 3.0 3.7 2.0 4-5 days 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 1.2 0.9 0.4 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 6 or more days 1.1 1.1 1.8 0.9 1.9 1.6 1.9 0.8 0.0 1.0 1.1 0.6 1.1 1.2 1.6 0.8 0 days 90.2 94.4 90.7 95.2 85.7 92.1 93.1 95.0 90.0 89.8 94.0 95.4 88.6 92.6 92.3 95.2 1 day 5.2 3.1 6.1 2.3 3.0 1.6 3.2 1.8 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.4 3.5 2.2 4.0 1.9 2-3 days 2.3 1.4 0.0 1.2 2.3 1.6 1.4 1.0 0.6 2.5 1.1 0.9 1.9 1.7 0.7 1.1 4-5 days 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.3 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.4 2.8 0.5 1.1 0.4 1.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 6 or more days 1.7 0.8 2.5 1.0 7.9 4.3 2.3 1.8 5.6 5.6 2.2 2.0 4.7 3.1 2.4 1.5 2-3 times 4-5 times 6-7 times 16.0 6.8 4.4 10.3 * In 2006 the choices for this question were Never , Once , Several Times and Very Often. ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 48 State 2010 77.2 12 or more times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on your way to or from school? Grade 10 Data Tables Table 13. Drug Free Communities Report - National Outcome Measures (NOMs) Outcome Definition Substance Grade 8 Percent Grade 10 Sample Percent Grade 12 Sample Percent All Students Surveyed† Sample Percent Sample Male †† Percent Female †† Sample Percent Sample drink 1 or two drinks nearly every day Alcohol 52.9 272 67.4 193 63.6 151 60.1 616 53.5 254 65.0 351 smoke 1 or more packs of cigarettes per day Cigarettes 72.9 273 82.9 193 80.4 153 77.9 619 74.4 254 80.8 354 smoke marijuana regularly Marijuana 67.7 254 67.0 185 51.0 143 63.4 582 58.3 240 67.7 331 Perception of Parent Disapproval* (Parents feel it would be Wrong or Very Wrong to... ) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 89.8 254 89.0 182 79.7 138 87.1 574 85.7 237 88.3 326 smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 91.4 256 92.3 182 81.5 130 89.4 568 87.2 234 91.0 323 smoke marijuana Marijuana 93.7 254 94.7 190 91.8 146 93.6 590 91.8 245 94.9 334 Perception of Peer Disapproval* (I think it is Wrong or Very Wrong for someone my age to...) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 72.5 287 69.1 223 62.0 200 68.5 710 67.5 305 68.8 394 Past 30-Day Use* at least one use in the past 30 days Perception of Risk* (People are at Moderate or Great Risk of harming themselves if they...) smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 80.0 285 70.6 221 60.1 198 71.4 704 68.8 301 73.2 392 smoke marijuana Marijuana 75.1 285 67.6 222 64.6 198 69.8 705 66.3 303 72.4 391 374 Alcohol 33.9 277 40.9 215 50.6 178 40.6 670 41.1 285 40.9 Cigarettes 21.0 276 26.8 198 28.2 156 24.6 630 25.5 259 23.9 360 Marijuana 23.7 278 24.9 209 16.6 175 22.2 662 22.7 278 22.0 373 Average Age of Onset** Percent (How old were you when you first…) Sample had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor? Alcohol 67.8 Average age: 11.9 years smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Cigarettes 45.6 Average age: 11.8 years Marijuana 37.8 Average age: 12.1 years smoked marijuana? 283 Percent Sample 74.2 221 12.9 years 281 55.4 46.6 12.8 years Sample 79.4 199 13.9 years 222 63.6 223 59.4 13.5 years Percent Sample 73.1 703 12.8 years 198 13.5 years 12.5 years 283 Percent 53.8 46.7 Sample 70.1 301 12.7 years 701 12.6 years 197 Percent 52.5 703 45.5 12.6 years Sample 77.0 391 12.9 years 301 55.0 389 12.6 years 12.6 years 12.8 years Percent 301 47.8 391 13.0 years * For Past 30-Day Use, Perception of Risk, and Perception of Parental/Peer Disapproval, the “Sample” column represents the sample size - the number of people who answered the question and whose responses were used to determine the percentage. The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample answering the question as specified in the definition. ** For Average Age of Onset, the “Sample” column represents the overall sample size: the total number of people that responded to the questions about Age of Onset. This includes responses that are not used to calculate the average age of onset (i.e., youth that have never used alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana). The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample reporting any age of first use for the specified substance. "Average age" is calculated by averaging the ages of first use of students reporting any use. † †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. The male and female values allow a gender comparison for youth who completed the survey. However, unless the percentage of students who participated from each grade is similar, the gender results are not necessarily representative of males and females in the community. 49 Data Tables Table 14. Additional Data for Prevention Planning In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: 52.3 41.9 41.6 48.6 57.7 14.2 17.3 12.3 17.3 13.2 21.3 13.9 19.2 13.1 15.0 6.9 1.8 2.2 3.4 1.0 2.4 9.3 4.2 6.0 7.7 2.9 5.7 11.2 3.4 14.0 10.7 4.9 8.3 8.8 3.0 6.6 6.7 2.6 4.9 66.3 16.3 80.6 8.7 55.9 8.5 68.4 10.3 58.7 7.8 62.7 10.3 60.9 11.5 72.2 9.6 9.4 2.9 5.2 2.2 16.0 7.5 8.6 3.9 14.5 7.8 9.6 4.8 12.9 5.7 7.4 3.4 1.1 4.0 1.0 2.4 3.3 8.9 2.3 6.5 3.4 7.8 2.8 9.8 2.4 6.6 1.9 5.6 59.4 12.7 75.4 8.1 50.9 11.2 58.7 11.1 59.2 9.5 56.9 11.0 56.7 11.4 65.4 9.7 10.9 4.3 3.3 6.5 3.5 1.9 11.7 11.2 3.3 10.3 6.2 3.6 12.8 5.0 1.7 10.7 6.3 3.7 11.7 6.7 2.8 8.7 5.1 2.9 9.4 90.2 4.7 88.4 11.7 85.4 10.2 81.4 11.7 82.0 11.4 81.7 10.8 86.5 8.2 84.5 6.2 1.8 5.4 2.7 5.6 2.8 7.5 4.8 5.1 3.4 7.3 4.8 5.7 2.5 6.6 3.9 0.4 0.7 1.2 0.6 3.8 0.5 2.2 1.2 2.8 2.2 2.2 1.2 2.1 1.0 1.8 0.9 2-3 times 4-6 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times More than 10 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times 0.7 1.7 1.9 2.9 4.5 2.9 2.1 2.4 Never 56.8 64.9 55.8 63.0 60.8 67.0 57.5 64.9 Once 16.5 11.0 13.6 10.3 14.4 6.5 12.7 11.9 6.8 16.5 10.9 10.8 13.3 11.0 12.6 10.9 7-10 times 4.8 2.9 3.5 1.5 8.4 4.7 4.5 1.9 3.4 0.6 4.2 2.0 5.6 2.9 4.0 1.7 More than 10 times 8.1 6.2 10.2 6.0 11.9 5.1 9.8 5.8 More than 10 times 2-3 times 4-6 times In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? State 2010 13.5 21.4 More than 10 times decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? County 2010 45.6 7-10 times give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? State 2010 12.3 9.5 Once say "No" without giving a reason why? County 2010 71.4 Never In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? State 2010 15.2 18.8 More than 10 times other drugs? County 2010 55.2 7-10 times marijuana? State 2010 All Students Surveyed* Once 4-6 times cigarettes? County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 Never 2-3 times alcohol? Grade 8 Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Grade 8 County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 32.1 23.0 30.9 14.2 29.7 16.8 33.4 17.4 34.8 15.5 33.8 17.2 32.0 19.2 32.4 16.0 8.0 4.7 5.5 5.8 2.7 5.3 15.8 7.4 8.9 8.9 4.1 8.8 11.6 11.0 12.3 10.3 5.5 10.4 11.4 7.1 8.2 8.0 3.9 7.7 26.6 38.5 41.1 35.7 21.3 37.6 27.3 38.7 14.8 42.3 22.8 39.4 22.0 39.1 32.0 37.6 16.5 8.8 10.9 5.4 13.9 9.4 13.9 8.2 20.5 9.0 15.2 10.2 16.6 9.0 13.0 7.5 3.7 7.0 2.7 4.4 8.4 8.9 4.6 7.3 4.5 7.7 5.2 7.4 5.4 7.8 3.9 6.1 25.6 40.2 41.0 37.3 21.8 47.5 27.3 45.1 16.0 47.1 22.5 50.9 22.0 44.2 31.9 43.3 16.6 8.5 1.5 10.2 3.7 2.4 11.9 6.4 4.0 12.3 5.2 2.9 15.0 5.2 6.5 11.4 5.2 3.2 14.7 7.0 3.5 11.1 4.6 2.8 7.0 26.2 4.6 41.8 8.9 21.3 6.3 28.1 8.5 17.6 5.9 23.4 8.0 22.5 5.5 32.8 40.8 17.6 40.7 8.2 47.3 12.4 49.7 9.9 59.1 13.0 55.3 9.6 47.4 14.8 47.4 9.1 6.2 1.5 3.3 1.9 4.0 6.0 4.2 2.6 4.5 3.2 4.3 2.4 5.1 3.3 3.8 2.3 7.4 26.5 3.8 42.1 8.0 22.4 5.2 28.3 3.2 16.9 4.6 23.7 6.5 22.8 4.4 33.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 50 Data Tables Table 15. Additional Data for Prevention Planning (Cont'd) Grade 8 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked or beaten up? seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? State 2010 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 Never 74.0 82.8 74.9 81.9 68.5 83.6 72.8 82.7 1 or 2 times 11.6 8.4 11.0 8.0 12.7 7.6 11.7 8.1 3 to 5 times 6.3 3.3 6.4 3.4 3.6 3.1 5.6 3.3 6 to 9 times 3.2 1.6 0.9 1.7 1.5 1.5 2.0 1.6 10 to 19 times 1.4 1.7 2.3 2.1 6.1 1.6 3.0 1.8 20 to 29 times 0.4 0.5 1.8 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.6 30 to 39 times 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 1.5 0.2 0.4 0.2 40+ times 3.2 1.5 2.7 1.9 6.1 1.7 3.9 1.7 Never 19.4 29.2 24.1 31.1 32.5 42.1 24.5 33.2 1 or 2 times 28.9 28.6 22.7 26.7 25.4 25.6 26.0 27.2 3 to 5 times 24.3 18.8 20.5 19.0 17.8 16.7 21.3 18.3 6 to 9 times 7.7 9.4 13.2 9.9 9.6 7.0 10.0 8.9 10 to 19 times 7.0 5.8 7.3 6.4 7.1 4.4 7.1 5.6 20 to 29 times 6.0 2.6 3.6 2.4 2.0 1.5 4.1 2.2 30 to 39 times 0.7 0.9 1.8 0.9 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.8 40+ times 6.0 4.7 6.8 3.6 5.1 2.3 6.0 3.7 Never 70.0 81.3 71.6 81.7 76.8 85.9 72.4 82.6 1 or 2 times 15.7 10.4 15.8 9.9 10.1 8.0 14.1 9.6 3 to 5 times 4.9 3.5 4.5 3.4 4.5 2.5 4.7 3.2 6 to 9 times 2.8 1.6 1.8 1.6 2.0 1.2 2.3 1.5 10 to 19 times 2.8 1.6 0.9 1.8 3.0 1.2 2.3 1.6 20 to 29 times 2.1 0.4 0.9 0.4 2.0 0.3 1.7 0.4 30 to 39 times 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 40+ times 1.4 0.9 4.5 1.1 1.0 0.7 2.3 0.9 84.2 87.2 84.7 87.7 88.3 89.8 85.5 88.1 1 or 2 times 8.1 7.7 7.7 7.1 6.1 6.1 7.4 7.1 3 to 5 times 4.6 2.1 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.7 3.0 1.9 6 to 9 times 1.1 0.9 1.4 0.9 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.8 10 to 19 times 0.4 0.8 0.9 1.2 2.6 0.8 1.1 0.9 20 to 29 times 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 30 to 39 times 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 40+ times 1.1 0.9 2.7 0.9 1.0 0.6 1.6 0.8 Never seen someone shot or shot at? County 2010 Grade 10 If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply) I've never used prescription drugs to get high Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) All Students Surveyed Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 83.3 88.1 74.5 81.7 76.9 78.5 79.0 83.6 8.0 5.5 17.5 11.2 14.1 14.0 12.5 9.5 4.0 2.2 7.0 3.7 5.8 4.2 5.4 3.2 2.9 2.5 3.5 4.9 4.5 5.5 3.5 4.0 1.8 2.9 5.5 5.0 3.2 5.2 3.3 4.1 1.8 1.3 4.0 2.8 3.2 4.4 2.8 2.6 2.2 1.6 6.5 3.7 1.3 3.6 3.3 2.8 4.7 1.8 3.5 3.0 1.9 3.1 3.6 2.5 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.7 1.0 1.0 0.0 1.3 0.3 1.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 51 Appendix Appendix - Comparability of survey administrations Issue Drug Category 2008/2010 AYS 2006 AYS On how many occasions (if any) have you: Notes regarding changes On how many occasions (if any) have you: Hallucinogens Used LSD or other psychedelics? Used LSD or other hallucinogens? Substituted "hallucinogens" for "psychedelics" in 2008 and beyond. Comparable across years. Meth Used methamphetamines (meth, speed, crank, crystal meth)? Used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription stimulants Used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription sedatives Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? In 2008 AYS added descriptor "prescription" and removed qualifier "without a doctor telling you to take them." 2006 data are cautiously comparable to 2008/2010. Ecstasy Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)? Used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2008/2010 AYS uses "ecstasy" as the primary descriptor, moving "MDMA" to examples. Comparable across years. Combined results of On how many occasions have you: Prescription drugs Gambling Category Combined results of On how many occasions have you: used prescription drugs (such as Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderall, Oxycontin, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription pain relievers (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? How often during the past 12 months have you: In 2006 there was a prescription drugs question with several examples (some of which overlapped examples from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions). In 2008/2010, the single prescription drug question was dropped, and a new question about prescription pain relievers was added. Rather than discontinuing reporting Prescription Drugs , the prescription sedative, stimulant and pain reliever questions were combined to create a single measure. . In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006 data were similarly recalculated into a composite, adding results from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions to the dedicated Prescription Drugs question. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Sports betting Bet on team sports? Bet on sports? 2006 not comparable to later data. Race betting Bet money on horse races? Bet on a horse race or other animal race? 2006 not comparable to later data. Dice Bet on dice games such as craps? Played a dice game? 2006 not comparable to later data. Games of skill Bet on games of personal skill such as pool, darts, or bowling? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Comparable across years. Protective Scale: Peer-Individual Interaction with Prosocial Peers 52 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year, how many of your best friends have: (Scale is calculated based on the average response [0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 friends] to the following questions) ...participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? ...made the commitment to stay drug-free? ...tried to do well in school? ...liked school? ...regularly attended religious services? (not used in 2008/2010) Regularly attended religious services was removed from the AYS in 2008. 2006 has been recalculated to match 2008/2010 AYS and are now comparable across all years. Due to this recalculation, current reports may differ slightly from past reports. Contacts for Prevention Regional Prevention Contacts Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai Counties Rachel Peterson Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) 928-226-6394 Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Gila, La Paz, Pinal, Yuma and Santa Cruz Counties Linda Weinberg Cenpatico Behavioral Health of Arizona 866-495-6738 Maricopa County Juan Aristizabal Magellan Health Services of Arizona 602-797-8256 Pima County Bill Burnett Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) 520-618-8807 Gila River Indian Community Julie Jimenez Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority 520-562-3321 ext. 7031 Pascua Yaqui Tribe Ralph Cota Centered Spirit Program 480-768-2063 Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Michelle Neitch/Phillip Stevenson 602-364-1173/602-364-1157 www.azcjc.gov Arizona Department of Education School Safety and Prevention www.ade.az.gov/sa/health/ Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Elise Mikkelsen 602-266-8299 ext. 351 www.problemgambling.az.gov 53 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Lisa Shumaker 602-364-4594 www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Charles Katz 602-496-1471 http://cvpcs.asu.edu/ Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families 602-542-4043 www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html Partnership for a Drug Free America, Arizona Affiliate Shelly Mowrey 602-264-5700 www.partnerupaz.org The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (Blueprints for Violence Prevention) www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) www.prevention.samhsa.gov Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Model Programs Guide www2.dsgonline.com/mpg/ Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Evidence Based Practices www.samhsa.gov/ebpwebguide/index.asp Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CAPT) casat.unr.edu/westcapt.html Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. 801-359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com Graham County 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Shining Light on Arizona Youth Arizona Criminal Justice Commission in partnership with Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Arizona Department of Health Services, Division of Behavioral Health Arizona Department of Health Services, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Arizona Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention Governor’s Office for Children, Youth and Families Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Leslie Bloom, The Partnership for Drug Free America, AZ Affiliate Allie Bones, Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence Tim Christensen, Office of Problem Gambling Janet Garcia, Valley of the Sun United Way Michelle Gayles, Valley of the Sun United Way Charles Katz, Arizona State University Elise Mickkelsen, Office of Problem Gambling Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Rick Pyper, Office of Problem Gambling Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University Additionally, the success of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Table of Contents Introduction The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention The Charts and Tables in this Report The Community Data Project The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data Data Charts: Lifetime and 30 Day ATOD Use Problem Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior Gambling Risk & Protective Factor Profiles Where Youth Obtained Alcohol School Safety Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions Data Tables Appendix Contacts for Prevention Introduction 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Graham County Summary Report This report summarizes all findings from the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) administered to 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students during spring 2010. The results for your county are presented along with comparisons to the results for the state of Arizona. The survey was designed to assess school safety, adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. All schools in Arizona are eligible to participate in the survey, Table 1. Characteristics of Participants County 2006 Number Percent County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Students by Grade 8 307 34.7 289 36.7 169 20.1 27,592 43.3 10 283 32.0 245 31.1 359 42.7 19,489 30.6 12 295 33.3 254 32.2 312 37.1 16,703 26.2 885 100.0 788 100.0 840 100.0 63,784 100.0 Male 417 47.8 386 49.5 427 51.6 30,645 49.0 Female 455 52.2 394 50.5 400 48.4 31,928 51.0 All Students Surveyed* Students by Gender Table 2. Race/Ethnicity of Participants Hispanic Student marked 'Yes' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Native American 16 5.5 24 8.0 1,207 4.9 African American 13 4.4 9 3.0 657 2.6 Asian 0 0.0 2 0.7 206 0.8 Pacific Islander 1 0.3 5 1.7 280 1.1 White 106 36.2 100 33.3 5,772 23.2 Multi-Racial Race Unmarked 11 3.8 8 2.7 1,021 4.1 146 49.8 152 50.7 15,726 63.2 Non-Hispanic Student marked 'No' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American African American Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent 59 13.9 55 10.7 2,517 6.8 11 2.6 3 0.6 2,129 5.7 2 0.5 1 0.2 1,551 4.2 2 0.5 4 0.8 372 1.0 332 78.1 414 80.7 27,180 73.2 14 3.3 29 5.7 2,539 6.8 5 1.2 7 1.4 824 2.2 Totals County 2008 Number Percent County 2010 Number Percent State 2010 Number Percent Hispanic Students 293 37.2 300 35.7 24,869 Non-Hispanic Students Total Students** 425 53.9 513 61.1 37,112 58.2 788 100.0 840 100.0 63,784 100.0 39.0 * Grades with fewer than 20 students participating are not included in this report. However, students from grades not making the cutoff are included in All Students Surveyed. This means the number of students reported in All Students Surveyed may exceed the sum of individual grades. (All Students Surveyed will match the grade total in reports with data drawn from a single grade.) **As a small percentage of students skipped the question Are you Hispanic or Latino? (at the state level, 1,803 students, or 2.8% of the total), the sum of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic students is less than Total Students . 5 and recruitment efforts were successful in obtaining participation by schools in all of the 15 counties. Careful planning and uniform administration of the survey have resulted in survey data that are valid and representative of the students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in Arizona. Table 1 contains the characteristics of the students who completed the survey from your county and the state of Arizona. Because not every student answered all of the questions, the number of students in the gender and ethnicity/race categories often will be less than the total number of students. To better understand the diversity of Arizona’s youth population, respondents were asked separate questions about their ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) and their race (Caucasian, African-American, Native American, etc.). This method for obtaining ethnicity and race information provides more comprehensive data on youth cultural and racial self-identification, and a more nuanced understanding of Arizona’s diverse youth population. Whenever data are obtained from a sample of students instead of the entire population, it is important to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the data. One easy way to investigate the quality of the sample is to look at the basic demographic characteristics of the students who participated in the survey and compare them to what is known about the entire population of students. This will give the user of these data a basic understanding of the degree to which the sample data can be generalized to the entire population. It is important to note that even when the characteristics of the sample do not match well to the characteristics of the population this does not mean the data lose their usefulness. The data included in this report describes the level of risk and protective factors, substance use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency of those youth who participated in the survey, which can be used to inform the development of school and community-based prevention and intervention activities that may benefit both the youth who participate in the survey and those who did not. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention Prevention is a science. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention is a proven way of reducing substance abuse and its related consequences. This model is based on the simple premise that to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing and then find ways to reduce the risks. Just as medical researchers have found risk factors for heart disease such as diets high in fat, lack of exercise, and smoking, a team of researchers at the University of Washington have defined a set of risk factors for youth problem behaviors. Protective factors exert a positive influence and buffer against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviors. Protective factors identified through research include strong bonding to family, school, community and peers, and healthy beliefs and clear standards for behavior. Research on risk and protective factors has important implications for children’s academic success, positive youth development, and prevention of health and behavior problems. In order to promote academic success and positive youth development and to prevent problem behaviors, it is necessary to address the factors that predict these outcomes. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can be identified and targeted by policies, programs, and actions shown to reduce those risk factors and to promote protective factors. Risk factors are characteristics of school, community and family environments, and of students and their peer groups known to predict increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school dropout, and violent behaviors among youth. For example, children who live in communities with physical deterioration and high rates of adult crime are more likely to become involved in delinquency and drug use than children who live in organized neighborhoods. Each risk and protective factor can be linked to specific types of interventions that have been shown to be effective in either reducing risk(s) or enhancing protection(s). The steps outlined here will help your county make key decisions regarding allocation of resources, how and when to address specific needs, and which strategies are most effective and known to produce results. The chart below shows the links between the 19 risk factors and five problem behaviors. The check marks indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Community Disorganization Extreme Economic & Social Deprivation Family History of the Problem Behavior Family Conflict Family Management Problems Favorable Parent Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Early Initiation of Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Early & Persistent Antisocial Behavior Alienation & Rebelliousness Friends Who Use Drugs & Engage in Problem Behaviors Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Gang Involvement Constitutional Factors Peer / Individual Low Neighborhood Attachment School Transitions & Mobility Family Availability of Drugs & Firearms Community Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms & Crime Risk Factors Substance Abuse T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Delinquency T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Teen Pregnancy School Drop-Out Violence T T T T T T T T Source: Communities That Care (CTC) prevention model, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) 6 Charts and Tables in this Report There are seven types of charts presented in this report: 1. Lifetime and 30 day ATOD use 2. Heavy substance use and antisocial behavior 3. Gambling 4. Risk profiles 5. Protective profiles 6. Where youth acquired alcohol 7. School safety Data from the charts are also presented in Tables 4 through 12. The additional data found in Tables 13 through 15 are explained at the end of this section. Understanding the Format of the Charts There are several graphical elements common to all the charts. Understanding the format of the charts and what these elements represent is essential in interpreting the results of the 2010 AYS. • The Bars on substance use and antisocial behavior charts represent the percentage of students in that grade who reported a given behavior. The bars on the risk and protective factor charts represent the percentage of students whose answers reflect significant risk or protection in that category. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Each set of differently colored bars represents one of the last three administrations of the AYS: 2006, 2008, and 2010. By looking at the percentages over time, it is possible to identify trends in substance use and antisocial behavior. By studying the percentage of youth at risk and with protection over time, it is possible to determine whether the percentage of students at risk or with protection is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. This information is important when deciding which risk and protective factors warrant attention. • Dots and Diamonds. The dots on the charts represent the percentage of all of the youth surveyed across Arizona who reported substance use, problem behavior, elevated risk, or elevated protection. The diamonds represent national data from either the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey or the Bach Harrison Norm. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz The Bach Harrison Norm was developed by Bach Harrison L.L.C. to provide states and communities with the ability to compare their results on risk, protection, and antisocial measures with more national measures. Survey participants from eight statewide surveys and five large regional surveys across the nation were combined into a database of approximately 460,000 students. The results were 7 weighted to make the contribution of each state and region proportional to its share of the national population. Bach Harrison analysts then calculated rates for antisocial behavior and for students at risk and with protection. The results appear on the charts as BH Norm. In order to keep the Bach Harrison Norm relevant, it is updated approximately every two years as new data become available. zzzzz zzzzzzzzz A comparison to state-wide and national results provides additional information for your community in determining the relative importance of levels of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use, antisocial behavior, risk, and protection. Information about other students in the state and the nation can be helpful in determining the seriousness of a given level of problem behavior. Scanning across the charts, it is important to observe the factors that differ the most from the Bach Harrison Norm. This is the first step in identifying the levels of risk and protection that are higher or lower than those in other communities. The risk factors that are higher than the Bach Harrison Norm and the protective factors are lower than the Bach Harrison Norm are probably the factors that your community should consider addressing when planning prevention programs. Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use • Lifetime use is a measure of the percentage of students who tried the particular substance at least once in their lifetime and is used to show the percentage of students who have had experience with a particular substance. • 30-day use is a measure of the percentage of students who used the substance at least once in the 30 days prior to taking the survey and is a more sensitive indicator of the level of current use of the substance. Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior • Heavy substance use is measured in two different ways: binge drinking (having five or more drinks in a row during the two weeks prior to the survey) and use of one-half a pack or more of cigarettes per day. • Drinking and Driving - youth indicating drinking alcohol and driving, or riding with a driver who had been drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. • Antisocial behavior (ASB) is a measure of the percentage of students who report any involvement during the past year with the eight antisocial behaviors listed in the charts. How Charts to Readand theTables Chartsininthis thisReport Report(cont’d) (cont’d) Gambling Gambling behavior charts show the percentage of students who engaged in each of the 10 types of gambling “for money, possessions, or anything of value” during the past year: played gambling machines, played the lottery, bet on sports, played cards, bought a raffle ticket, played bingo, gambled on the Internet, bet on a dice game, bet on a game of personal skill and bet on horse or other animal races. The chart also shows the percentage of students who engaged in any gambling behavior during the past year. Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Risk and protective factor scales measure specific aspects of a youth’s life experience that predict whether he/she will engage in problem behaviors. The scales, defined in Table 3, are grouped into four domains: community, family, school, and peer/individual. The risk and protective factor charts show the percentage of students at risk and with protection for each of the scales. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol This chart displays data regarding the ways that students obtained alcohol in the past 30 days. The data focus on a subgroup of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no alcohol use are not represented.) It is important to note that the charts represent a subgroup of users and not the entire survey population. Additionally, the smaller the sample, the more dramatic the influence of a student's responses. For example, if only one student in a particular grade reported where he/she obtained alcohol, each category would show up as either 0% or 100%. The chart legend indicates the sample size for each grade surveyed to help clarify the value of the data. School Safety The school safety profile charts contain the percentages of students who felt unsafe at school or on the way to school, were threatened or injured with a weapon at school, were in a physical fight at school, carried a weapon to school or were picked on or bullied at school. The complete questions and values for each response option can be seen in Table 12. Additional Data in this Report In addition to data presented in the charts and Tables 4 through 12, Tables 13 through 15 contain information useful for prevention planning. Table 13 contains the information that is required by communities with Drug Free Communities Grants, such as the perception of the risk of ATOD use, perception of parent and peer disapproval of ATOD use, past 30-day use, and average age of first use. Tables 14 and 15 contain questions new to the 2010 AYS on subjects of interest to prevention providers. The Community Data Project Supported by a grant from the Arizona Governor's Office for Children, Youth and Families, the Community Data Project is a multi-agency effort to create a central repository for Arizona's substance abuse and crime data. Through a user-friendly web site, individuals will have a one-stop portal where they can select the type of data they need, specific demographic characteristics, and their geographic level of interest. Various output options will be offered, including data tables, graphs, and maps to cover a variety of reporting and visualization needs. The web site will be a useful tool for practitioners and policymakers who are addressing substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and crime and the criminal justice system by providing them with a 8 comprehensive picture of the characteristics and needs of Arizona’s communities. Having data that are specific to the users geographic area of interest will not only lead to an enhanced understanding of the community issues related to drugs and crime, but it will also maximize data-for-decision-making capabilities for things such as the appropriate program content, identification of at-risk target areas and populations, grant writing and reporting, monitoring progress of prevention and intervention initiatives over time, and determining resource allocation. Currently, the web site is under construction, but we anticipate it will be ready by end of summer 2010. Please visit us then at: www.azcjc.gov/ACJC.Web/sac/CommunDataPrj.aspx The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership (ASAP) was established by Executive Order in June 2007. Currently chaired by the governor’s policy advisor on Health and Human Services, ASAP serves as the single statewide council on substance abuse issues. ASAP brings together stakeholders at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels to improve coordination of efforts; address identified gaps in prevention, treatment, enforcement, and recovery efforts; and improve funding allocation. ASAP utilizes data and practical expertise to develop effective methods for integrating and expanding services across Arizona, thereby maximizing available resources. ASAP also studies current policy and recommends relevant legislation for the Arizona Legislature’s consideration. It is ASAP’s mission to ensure community-driven, agency-supported outcomes to prevent and reduce the negative impacts of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs by building and sustaining partnerships between professionals in the prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement arenas. Through coordination and collaboration among its members and their respective agencies and organizations, ASAP strives to ensure that substance abuse is addressed in a comprehensive manner and funding is spent efficaciously and efficiently. ASAP’s 2010 strategic plan identifies five strategic focus areas: 1)zchild welfare/children of incarcerated parents/drug-endangered children; 2) law enforcement and drug trafficking; 3)zprescription drugs; 4)zunderage drinking; and 5)zcommunity partnerships. There are currently four sub-committees that assist ASAP in meeting its goals: • Underage Drinking Prevention Committee (UAD) – This subcommittee addresses the problem of underage drinking in Arizona by implementing a statewide underage drinking initiative that assesses statewide epidemiological data, resources, strategies and policies, and builds relationships with tribes, youth, law enforcement, government agencies, and community coalitions. By combining resources, practice, and research, the committee collaborates across state systems to reduce underage drinking. • Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group (Epi) – This work group produces a biennial Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile, which highlights trends and new substance abuse data in Arizona and an annual summary profile, entitled The Impact of Substance Abuse: A Snapshot of Arizona. The Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile is a comprehensive, informative, and functional profile of substance abuse in the state for use by community coalitions, agencies, and individuals in relevant fields. Currently, Epi conducts analyses of individual substance abuse issues, responds to ad hoc data requests and brings data to bear on ASAP’s policy decisions around its strategic plan and focus areas. • Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force (AMTF) –The Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force was created in August 2006 in response to Arizona’s decade-long increase in the number of individuals regularly using methamphetamine and the increase in the resulting social and economic costs associated with the drug. The AMTF was instructed to approach Arizona’s methamphetamine problem holistically, focusing equally on enforcement, prevention, treatment, and recovery. Specifically, the AMTF was charged with identifying specific, action-oriented recommendations to eradicate methamphetamine use in Arizona and build safe and healthy communities throughout the state. The AMTF brings together representatives from state agencies, local government, businesses, and community groups to develop collaborative efforts among the treatment, prevention, and law enforcement systems to assess and address the impact of methamphetamine statewide through information sharing, resource allocation, services coordination, and the development of statewide policy recommendations sensitive to the needs of local and tribal communities. • The Community Advisory Board – The Community Advisory Board (CAB) brings together representatives from community coalitions around the state to improve substance abuse prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement policies and programs. The CAB provides an essential link between communities, ASAP and its subcommittees. The CAB brings the community voice to the ASAP table; reports on important community issues that informs ASAP’s work; helps communities improve their capacity to identify emerging trends, as well as take action and report on them to the proper institutions/authorities; takes the data available through the Epidemiology Work Group and ASAP back to coalitions and communities to effectively target prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement activities; serves as a resource for communities and the state to identify the most effective ways to reduce substance abuse through collaborative efforts and by targeting limited resources where they are most needed; and elevates and recognizes the important work being carried out at the community level to ensure that state-level responses are cognizant of the impact of policies on individual communities. 9 School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data What are the numbers telling you? Review the charts and data tables presented in this report. Note your findings as you discuss the following questions. • Which 3-5 risk factors appear to be higher than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which 3-5 protective factors appear to be lower than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which levels of 30-day drug use are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which substances are your students using the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable usage levels? • Which levels of antisocial behaviors are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which behaviors are your students exhibiting the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable behavior levels? How to identify high priority problem areas. • Look across the charts – which items stand out as either much higher or much lower than the other? • Compare your data with statewide, and/or national data – differences of 5% between local and other data are probably significant. • Prioritize problems for your area – Make an assessment of the rates you’ve identified. Which can be realistically addressed with the funding available to your community? Which problems fit best with the prevention resources at hand? • Determine the standards and values held within your community – For example: Is it acceptable in your community for a percentage of high school students to drink alcohol regularly as long as that percentage is lower than the overall state rate? Use these data for planning. • Substance use and antisocial behavior data – raise awareness about the problems and promote dialogue. • Risk and protective factor data – identify exactly where the community needs to take action. • Promising approaches – access resources listed on the last page of this report for ideas about programs that have been proven effective in addressing the risk factors that are high in your community, and improving the protective factors that are low. Sample Risk Factors Protective Factors 30-day Substance Abuse Antisocial Behavior 10 6th grd Fav. Attitude to Drugs (Peer/Indiv. Scale) @ 15% (8% > 8-state av.) 10th grd - Rewards for prosocial involvm. (School Domain) 40% (down 5% from 2 yrs ago & 16% below state av.) 8th grd Binge Drinking@13% (5% above state av.) 12th grd - Drunk/High at School @ 21% ( about same as state, but remains a priority.) Priority Rate 1 Priority Rate 2 Priority Rate 3 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Graham County, Grade 8 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 11 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Graham County, Grade 10 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 12 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Graham County, Grade 12 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 13 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Graham County, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† MTF Prescription Drugs**† 14 Prescription Sedatives** **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Prescription Stimulants** State 2010 Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** County 2010 Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** County 2008 Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol County 2006 Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Graham County, Grade 8 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 15 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Graham County, Grade 10 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 16 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Graham County, Grade 12 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 17 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Graham County, All Students Surveyed 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 18 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Graham County, Grade 8 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 19 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Graham County, Grade 10 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 20 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Graham County, Grade 12 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 21 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Graham County, All Students Surveyed Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 22 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Graham County, Grade 8 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 23 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Graham County, Grade 8 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 24 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Graham County, Grade 10 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 25 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Graham County, Grade 10 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 26 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Graham County, Grade 12 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 27 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Graham County, Grade 12 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 28 Sources Risk and of Protective Alcohol Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Graham County, All Students Surveyed Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 29 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Graham County, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 30 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Graham County, Grade 8 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 19 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 47 State 2010 Sample: 4,473 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 31 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Graham County, Grade 10 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 101 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 66 State 2010 Sample: 5,295 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 32 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Graham County, Grade 12 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 96 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 65 State 2010 Sample: 6,341 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 33 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Graham County, All Students Surveyed Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 216 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 178 State 2010 Sample: 16,109 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 34 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Graham County, Grade 8 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 35 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Graham County, Grade 10 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 36 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Graham County, Grade 12 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 37 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Graham County, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 38 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles Community Domain Risk Factors 1 Low Neighborhood Attachment Research has shown that youth who don't like the neighborhoods in which they live are more likely to become involved in juvenile crime and drug selling. Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the legal drinking age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been followed by decreases in consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have shown that shifts in normative attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence of use. Perceived Availability of Drugs and Handguns The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the use of these substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a higher risk of crime and substance use by adolescents. 1 1 1 1 Community Domain Protective Factors 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for positive participation in activities helps youth bond to the community, thus lowering their risk for substance use. Family Domain Risk Factors 1 Poor Family Management Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places them at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, parents’ failure to provide clear expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that they will engage in drug abuse whether or not there are family drug problems. 1 Family Conflict Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the conflict, appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use. 1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or ATOD use), the children are more likely to engage in these behaviors. 1 Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Antisocial Behavior & Drugs In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use, children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the refrigerator. Family Domain Protective Factors 1 Family Attachment Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors. 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things done well by their child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviors. School Domain Risk Factors 1 Academic Failure Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both drug abuse and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever reasons, increases the risk of problem behaviors. 1 Low Commitment to School Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of drugs is significantly lower among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking school, spending time on homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also negatively related to drug use. 39 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles School Domain Protective Factors 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors. Peer-Individual Risk Factors 1 Rebelliousness Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at higher risk of abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for independence and normlessness have all been linked with drug use. 1 Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use Early onset of drug use predicts misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the greater the involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use prior to the age of 15 is a consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug use has been shown to predict lower drug involvement and a greater probability of discontinuation of use. 1 Attitudes Favorable Toward During the elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes and have Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use difficulty imagining why people use drugs or engage in antisocial behaviors. However, in middle school, as more youth are exposed to others who use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior are more likely to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use. 1 Perceived Risk of Drug Use Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug use. 1 Interaction with Antisocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for engaging in antisocial behavior themselves. 1 Friends' Use of Drugs Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much more likely to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends who use drugs greatly increases the risk of that problem developing. 1 Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging further in antisocial behavior and substance use. Gang Involvement Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. 1 1 1 1 Peer-Individual Protective Factors 1 Belief in the Moral Order Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs. 1 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are more protected from engaging in antisocial behavior and substance use. 1 Prosocial Involvement Participation in positive school and community activities helps provide protection for youth. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are rewarded for working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in problem behavior. 40 Data Tables Table 4. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime In your lifetime, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 49.2 45.2 31.6 45.1 36.6 63.6 56.1 57.5 64.1 59.1 64.6 61.1 63.5 72.8 72.3 58.9 53.7 54.7 58.2 55.6 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 27.3 33.5 21.4 23.8 20.1 47.6 36.1 37.6 37.2 32.7 48.3 48.1 47.9 46.9 43.6 40.7 39.0 38.2 34.0 31.8 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 10.5 12.9 10.1 7.1 9.6 11.9 16.4 20.6 12.5 15.2 17.0 18.1 24.2 18.1 16.3 13.1 15.7 19.9 11.7 13.6 Marijuana used marijuana? 18.0 14.8 19.1 17.8 15.7 41.7 30.2 29.9 34.3 32.3 41.3 34.7 39.7 44.7 42.0 33.5 26.0 31.5 29.9 29.7 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 2.8 2.8 3.2 2.2 1.7 6.7 5.1 5.5 5.9 3.0 7.8 4.5 6.4 9.0 3.1 5.7 4.1 5.4 5.1 2.6 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 3.7 3.9 1.9 2.3 2.6 9.5 6.4 5.2 5.3 4.6 18.0 11.5 11.1 8.8 6.0 10.4 7.1 6.8 5.0 4.4 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 13.9 17.4 7.0 14.5 14.9 19.5 14.1 17.4 11.8 12.8 18.1 13.9 13.1 9.4 9.5 17.1 15.3 13.8 12.3 12.5 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 4.0 2.8 1.9 0.7 1.6 9.5 1.7 2.0 1.6 2.8 11.0 4.5 5.1 2.5 2.4 8.1 3.0 3.1 1.5 2.3 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 1.8 1.4 1.9 0.9 1.3 2.1 3.0 2.9 2.6 1.5 1.9 1.6 4.1 3.4 1.2 1.9 2.0 3.1 2.1 1.3 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 3.0 3.2 3.8 3.9 2.2 2.5 3.0 4.9 8.2 5.5 2.3 2.0 4.0 10.6 6.5 2.6 2.8 4.4 7.0 4.7 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 2.6 2.1 0.6 1.6 1.3 2.9 2.1 1.2 1.8 1.3 3.9 1.6 1.0 1.7 2.2 3.1 2.0 1.0 1.7 1.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 14.8 8.2 11.5 4.4 n/a 16.2 19.5 18.9 9.9 n/a 19.3 18.9 23.1 13.2 n/a 16.7 17.0 16.8 9.1 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2.2 3.5 2.5 3.0 6.0 11.3 3.9 3.8 7.0 10.3 8.6 4.5 4.7 8.5 9.9 7.2 4.0 3.9 5.7 8.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 8.9 11.0 5.1 8.7 9.5 16.3 10.7 11.9 11.5 13.0 17.9 10.3 11.1 13.4 12.7 14.3 10.7 10.3 10.8 11.7 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 11.6 20.8 12.0 16.5 n/a 23.6 20.1 23.3 23.7 n/a 25.8 22.6 22.9 27.3 n/a 20.2 21.2 20.9 21.5 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 12.7 8.2 9.5 n/a n/a 13.2 17.2 13.2 n/a n/a 13.6 14.9 14.1 n/a n/a 13.2 14.5 11.8 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 41 Data Tables Table 5. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days In the past 30 days, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? Cigarettes Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF 25.7 20.6 19.7 21.9 14.9 38.2 34.7 32.8 34.7 30.4 40.2 36.8 40.1 45.0 43.5 34.6 30.2 33.0 31.9 29.2 smoked cigarettes? 9.0 10.5 11.0 8.9 6.5 14.8 15.1 18.9 15.6 13.1 21.3 15.1 25.3 22.9 20.1 15.0 13.4 19.7 14.7 13.0 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 3.4 4.2 5.0 2.8 3.7 2.9 7.6 7.2 5.7 6.5 8.9 6.9 13.6 8.1 8.4 5.1 6.1 9.2 5.1 6.1 Marijuana used marijuana? 8.1 7.4 12.8 8.9 6.5 20.8 14.5 12.9 17.4 15.9 20.1 10.3 15.9 21.3 20.6 16.2 10.5 14.0 14.8 14.2 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 1.8 1.1 1.3 0.9 0.5 2.4 1.3 1.5 2.0 0.5 1.9 0.4 1.0 2.4 0.5 2.0 0.9 1.3 1.6 0.5 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 2.2 0.7 1.3 0.8 0.8 3.6 2.1 1.2 1.6 0.9 9.4 3.3 0.3 2.2 1.3 5.1 2.0 0.9 1.4 1.0 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 4.7 7.1 3.2 5.6 3.8 3.6 6.0 5.0 3.0 2.2 4.1 2.0 0.7 1.5 1.2 4.1 5.1 3.0 3.7 2.4 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 1.8 1.1 0.0 0.2 0.5 4.5 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.6 5.1 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.5 3.8 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 0.8 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.7 1.7 1.1 0.4 1.6 0.4 2.7 1.2 0.4 1.0 0.7 1.9 0.8 0.4 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 1.5 1.4 2.5 1.7 0.6 1.7 0.9 1.5 2.9 1.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 3.4 1.8 1.2 0.9 1.3 2.5 1.2 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 1.5 0.7 0.0 0.5 0.4 2.4 1.3 0.3 0.7 0.5 1.9 0.4 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.9 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 8.5 5.7 5.7 1.3 n/a 8.1 9.9 8.9 3.0 n/a 8.6 8.4 9.7 4.1 n/a 8.4 8.5 7.7 2.8 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.9 4.0 1.7 2.6 2.8 3.3 2.6 1.6 0.7 2.5 3.0 2.7 1.6 1.6 2.1 2.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 4.7 6.4 1.3 3.6 2.5 7.3 3.9 6.1 4.7 3.9 8.5 4.9 3.7 4.7 4.2 6.8 5.2 4.3 4.2 3.5 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 6.5 12.4 6.3 8.2 n/a 12.4 10.3 13.4 11.8 n/a 11.7 10.7 11.8 12.4 n/a 10.1 11.2 11.4 10.4 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 6.7 3.2 5.4 n/a n/a 8.1 10.6 6.3 n/a n/a 6.2 4.1 6.3 n/a n/a 7.0 6.7 5.9 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 42 Data Tables Table 6. Percentage of Students With Heavy ATOD Use Drinking and Driving During the past 30 days, how many times did you: (One or more times) DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 7.0 7.7 7.5 5.0 4.2 14.4 10.0 9.7 7.6 7.4 24.7 15.7 15.9 14.1 16.6 15.3 11.0 11.6 8.2 7.7 29.9 32.4 25.8 27.7 24.9 39.1 37.1 28.1 29.1 26.3 40.9 31.7 28.1 28.9 27.5 36.5 33.6 27.6 28.5 25.0 Heavy Use Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Binge Drinking How many times have you had 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? (One or more times) 18.8 11.5 11.5 12.4 7.8 26.9 23.7 19.8 21.0 17.5 26.6 21.5 25.6 29.2 25.2 24.0 18.5 20.4 19.5 16.6 1/2 Pack (or more) of Cigarettes/Day During the past 30 days, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? (11 to 20 cigarettes, More than 20 cigarettes) 1.4 1.5 0.7 0.7 1.0 2.6 3.9 2.7 2.0 2.4 2.1 3.4 5.9 3.6 5.0 2.0 2.8 3.5 1.9 2.7 Table 7. Percentage of Students With Antisocial Behavior How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: (One or more times) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 Been Drunk or High at School 10.9 10.5 14.2 12.8 7.5 27.6 23.1 20.0 21.8 15.0 Been Suspended from School 25.4 19.3 22.5 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 22.1 17.7 21.2 17.3 19.8 18.0 13.3 18.6 20.1 19.8 18.5 15.1 18.8 16.5 18.3 14.4 12.6 9.0 6.8 10.2 9.9 9.2 15.4 14.7 15.6 15.0 12.4 Sold Illegal Drugs 3.3 3.1 6.7 5.0 2.5 7.7 12.0 10.3 10.6 6.5 10.8 7.7 10.4 10.8 7.8 7.3 7.3 9.6 8.2 5.5 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle 2.5 4.5 2.4 3.7 2.3 5.1 3.3 2.5 4.6 2.6 1.8 2.4 4.9 3.1 1.9 3.1 3.5 3.4 3.8 2.3 Been Arrested 3.9 5.9 7.2 7.1 5.2 7.8 6.2 9.3 9.9 6.7 6.1 4.1 7.8 8.7 6.1 5.9 5.4 8.3 8.4 6.0 12.2 15.7 16.7 16.6 16.0 20.2 14.0 14.6 15.5 15.1 13.6 10.5 9.1 11.5 11.9 15.2 13.5 13.0 14.9 14.4 Carried a Handgun 5.2 8.0 11.4 6.7 4.8 8.3 8.3 5.9 7.6 5.2 8.5 8.4 12.4 7.2 5.2 7.3 8.2 9.5 7.1 5.1 Carried a Handgun to School 1.1 0.7 4.3 1.4 0.8 1.6 2.1 1.4 2.1 0.9 0.4 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.0 1.0 1.4 2.1 1.7 0.9 Attacked Someone with the Idea of Seriously Hurting Them * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 43 Data Tables Table 8. Percentage of Students Gambling in the Past Year How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: (At least once in the past 12 months) Any Gambling Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 58.2 68.3 46.9 61.6 55.0 62.4 69.3 54.1 59.8 53.8 44.7 67.2 55.4 56.5 52.6 54.8 68.3 53.2 59.7 53.0 2.1 4.5 5.0 5.3 5.7 2.5 2.1 4.0 4.8 5.3 3.3 6.8 4.6 5.3 5.4 2.7 4.5 4.4 5.2 5.3 29.8 21.7 15.0 21.4 24.0 33.8 24.5 20.9 20.7 23.5 21.3 24.5 22.8 18.9 23.9 28.0 23.5 20.5 20.6 22.7 Bet on sports?* n/a 28.4 16.9 28.6 22.8 n/a 32.8 21.7 27.0 22.5 n/a 35.5 25.8 24.4 20.5 n/a 32.0 22.3 27.0 21.4 Played cards? 28.0 43.0 28.8 36.1 25.8 30.8 41.9 33.9 36.0 27.0 23.0 47.4 35.1 34.8 26.7 27.1 44.1 33.3 35.7 25.3 n/a 20.6 10.1 15.9 n/a n/a 21.4 15.1 16.6 n/a n/a 23.5 19.1 15.3 n/a n/a 21.8 15.6 16.0 n/a 15.3 28.7 14.4 26.4 22.7 12.2 21.4 14.8 20.4 17.7 5.2 13.5 14.9 14.2 14.0 10.9 21.6 14.7 21.4 19.5 Gambled on the Internet? 7.0 5.6 2.5 5.1 4.5 8.4 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.0 3.4 5.3 5.3 4.2 3.7 6.2 5.2 4.4 4.7 4.2 Played a dice game?* n/a 32.0 20.6 26.0 12.1 n/a 33.9 23.0 21.9 11.2 n/a 31.6 22.2 17.9 10.0 n/a 32.5 22.2 22.6 11.4 24.0 32.3 18.8 28.2 20.1 28.5 29.3 23.4 27.7 20.5 15.7 28.3 25.1 24.9 18.8 22.5 30.1 23.1 27.2 19.4 n/a 4.9 3.8 5.0 4.6 n/a 5.8 5.4 5.0 4.7 n/a 8.9 7.9 4.4 4.6 n/a 6.4 6.0 4.8 4.7 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bought a raffle ticket?** Played bingo? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* Bet on a horse or other animal race?* * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from table. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 44 Data Tables Table 9. Percentage of Students Reporting Risk Grade 8 Risk Factor County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed** Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm Community Domain Low Neighborhood Attachment 33.1 33.5 31.2 35.9 36.6 43.5 40.9 40.6 43.6 42.8 42.7 50.2 48.7 47.3 47.0 39.6 41.0 41.9 41.3 42.0 Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use 31.0 35.1 31.4 35.0 32.8 47.3 32.7 41.9 41.8 39.6 27.8 30.3 35.1 35.5 32.8 35.1 32.8 37.5 37.2 35.2 Perceived Availability of Drugs 33.6 36.4 24.7 36.9 29.4 50.9 43.5 35.9 42.9 40.5 52.9 48.3 39.6 43.8 42.7 45.4 42.4 35.1 40.6 37.5 Perceived Availability of Handguns 47.7 49.1 40.9 33.4 39.8 36.2 29.0 25.6 22.3 29.9 39.2 44.0 37.0 26.5 34.8 41.4 41.3 32.7 28.2 34.8 Poor Family Management 40.6 38.4 38.3 43.7 41.9 46.7 36.6 36.1 40.6 40.3 38.8 34.5 43.1 41.2 39.8 41.8 36.6 39.1 42.1 40.7 Family Conflict 46.1 55.8 50.0 53.1 51.5 42.7 37.4 42.3 42.1 41.6 37.9 38.5 34.7 39.1 38.8 42.3 44.7 40.8 45.9 44.1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 43.4 48.9 39.4 39.3 36.4 49.8 41.6 47.0 41.5 39.0 44.8 37.1 45.3 37.4 37.3 45.8 42.9 45.0 39.4 37.6 Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB 46.3 48.3 44.2 47.7 46.9 52.7 49.1 51.3 50.0 52.3 41.8 47.3 47.1 48.6 50.3 46.7 48.2 48.5 48.6 49.9 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 28.5 21.5 20.4 24.7 26.0 40.9 34.5 34.2 37.9 40.8 30.0 32.3 32.8 38.6 38.6 32.8 29.0 31.1 32.4 35.2 Academic Failure 46.9 51.1 51.0 45.5 46.6 51.3 54.8 51.2 48.5 47.9 40.4 43.9 42.7 40.6 41.8 46.0 49.9 47.9 45.1 45.6 Low Commitment to School 36.0 45.3 37.7 41.0 38.0 42.4 38.8 43.9 41.7 41.7 38.6 39.1 33.3 42.2 42.9 38.9 41.3 38.8 41.5 40.8 Rebelliousness 38.7 45.6 42.2 43.8 39.0 52.2 43.3 42.9 47.6 45.5 44.2 43.8 44.2 44.6 43.6 44.8 44.3 43.2 45.1 42.7 Early Initiation of ASB 37.3 40.8 34.8 37.6 33.7 46.4 42.3 43.5 40.6 37.0 39.6 41.4 42.2 38.6 35.4 41.0 41.5 41.2 38.8 35.4 Early Initiation of Drug Use 33.9 34.5 26.1 29.3 24.0 40.9 32.8 32.2 31.0 27.3 39.2 31.6 31.3 29.6 28.8 38.0 33.0 30.6 29.9 26.6 Attitudes Favorable to ASB 42.6 42.7 34.1 41.4 36.2 47.5 43.8 41.7 44.7 44.9 42.3 39.2 37.0 41.7 41.9 44.1 41.9 38.4 42.4 41.0 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 33.6 24.5 23.5 29.3 22.6 47.1 29.2 29.6 36.2 33.6 32.1 22.4 27.3 35.9 32.7 37.3 25.3 27.5 33.1 29.6 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 37.2 32.7 33.8 47.8 37.1 37.7 35.4 37.5 45.9 35.7 39.3 29.7 44.4 50.4 40.3 38.1 32.6 39.3 47.9 37.6 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 50.5 56.0 50.6 55.8 50.3 55.7 52.5 54.5 56.3 52.0 46.8 48.4 53.8 51.5 49.0 50.9 52.4 53.4 54.8 50.5 Friend's Use of Drugs 38.4 33.9 27.9 39.4 30.8 42.9 36.6 33.6 42.6 36.2 34.2 25.6 31.9 38.1 32.3 38.4 32.1 31.8 40.0 33.2 Rewards for ASB 46.2 40.6 32.1 48.2 36.7 51.3 34.0 35.6 46.8 42.7 55.1 48.2 50.5 57.1 55.1 50.8 41.0 40.5 50.1 44.4 Gang Involvement 15.3 20.7 17.1 20.8 17.8 17.1 23.8 14.9 20.9 15.7 8.9 13.4 14.0 16.1 13.1 13.7 19.4 15.0 19.6 15.6 36.5 40.5 27.2 37.1 29.7 38.5 33.5 34.3 34.2 30.4 30.8 28.7 32.5 32.5 29.0 35.3 34.5 32.2 35.0 29.7 Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Risk Students at High Risk* * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 45 Data Tables Table 10. Percentage of Students Reporting Protection Grade 10 Grade 8 Protective Factor Grade 12 All Students Surveyed† County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 38.9 40.2 49.6 32.9 38.3 48.6 46.2 48.8 38.0 44.2 48.4 49.8 45.8 37.0 44.1 45.2 45.1 47.8 35.6 42.2 Family Attachment 55.3 53.8 53.8 51.1 51.9 41.4 52.9 49.1 45.6 44.7 60.7 59.6 56.8 56.6 55.6 53.0 55.4 52.7 50.9 50.4 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 64.7 66.9 58.3 59.7 60.7 56.0 62.9 57.9 54.6 53.1 56.5 57.0 58.1 56.4 53.8 59.3 62.5 58.0 57.2 55.8 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 71.7 68.3 60.5 61.7 61.5 52.6 63.4 56.5 54.9 53.0 60.5 60.6 57.3 56.4 52.4 62.2 64.4 57.5 58.2 55.6 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 72.2 64.5 63.0 63.0 68.9 60.2 68.0 64.2 65.6 71.6 66.1 65.3 75.2 67.6 72.8 66.3 65.9 68.1 65.0 71.0 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 62.4 54.7 47.0 52.0 57.5 65.6 64.4 61.6 61.2 58.9 53.8 52.4 60.8 46.9 51.6 60.5 56.9 58.4 53.5 56.2 Belief in the Moral Order 62.7 62.8 64.3 60.3 64.6 56.1 70.6 71.8 69.4 68.0 55.9 58.4 58.9 56.4 53.8 58.3 63.8 65.6 62.0 62.5 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* 60.5 55.6 61.0 54.7 58.8 55.7 62.8 62.1 57.5 60.7 59.8 63.1 61.7 57.3 59.3 58.7 60.3 61.7 56.2 59.6 Prosocial Involvement 44.1 45.5 43.7 40.0 40.8 43.1 39.7 48.3 45.3 46.1 45.3 37.2 44.8 41.9 42.6 44.2 41.1 46.1 42.1 43.2 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 64.7 71.3 74.7 59.2 62.5 58.7 62.3 60.9 61.7 59.9 54.5 58.1 60.0 55.6 51.8 59.3 64.3 63.3 59.0 58.3 63.8 61.6 54.8 53.6 52.8 54.3 60.0 60.4 57.6 52.5 58.0 58.7 62.3 55.9 50.5 58.8 60.2 60.0 55.4 52.0 Community Domain Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Protection Students with High Protection** * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 46 Data Tables Table 11. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol* If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) Grade 8 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 Sample size** 47 19 4,473 66 101 5,295 65 96 6,341 178 216 16,109 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 2.1 5.3 4.9 1.5 3.0 6.3 7.7 9.4 9.9 3.9 6.0 7.3 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 4.3 0.0 2.5 1.5 0.0 2.1 3.1 1.0 3.6 2.8 0.5 2.8 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 2.1 5.3 3.0 1.5 0.0 2.2 1.5 1.0 2.5 1.7 0.9 2.6 I gave someone else money to buy it for me 21.3 31.6 19.2 50.0 42.6 32.6 46.2 45.8 42.5 41.0 43.1 32.8 My parent or guardian gave it to me 10.6 5.3 17.5 7.6 10.9 15.0 9.2 5.2 13.3 9.0 7.9 15.0 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 14.9 15.8 17.3 16.7 10.9 16.8 26.2 12.5 14.8 19.7 12.0 16.1 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 25.5 21.1 16.2 24.2 24.8 24.8 40.0 32.3 30.4 30.3 27.8 24.6 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 19.1 15.8 21.0 21.2 24.8 23.1 12.3 13.5 18.6 17.4 19.0 20.7 I got it at a party 25.5 26.3 38.7 42.4 46.5 49.6 52.3 43.8 53.8 41.6 43.5 48.2 I took it from home 25.5 15.8 30.2 15.2 14.9 21.9 6.2 8.3 13.1 14.6 12.0 20.7 8.5 5.3 9.4 7.6 10.9 9.8 3.1 5.2 5.6 6.2 7.9 8.1 29.8 15.8 25.2 25.8 14.9 18.8 15.4 10.4 13.3 23.0 13.0 18.4 I took it from a store or someone else's home I got it some other way * Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. ** Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 47 Data Tables Table 12. Percentage of Students Reporting School Safety Issues Grade 8 Question During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY?* County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 0 times 90.1 85.4 90.5 1 time 4.0 6.6 4.4 2-3 times 3.0 4.5 4-5 times 1.0 6-7 times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? State 2010 Grade 12 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 91.7 89.8 88.4 92.8 4.5 2.9 5.8 3.7 3.2 2.2 4.4 2.1 0.3 0.6 0.6 1.1 0.3 1.7 0.0 0.2 8-9 times 0.3 0.0 0.6 10-11 times 0.3 0.7 12 or more times 1.0 0.7 State 2010 All Students Surveyed** County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 92.7 94.1 92.3 95.0 3.7 3.5 5.2 2.6 2.0 1.9 2.4 1.6 1.7 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.7 1.7 State 2010 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 95.3 91.3 88.5 93.2 93.0 2.4 3.5 5.9 3.5 3.7 2.3 1.3 3.2 2.8 2.4 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.6 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.5 0 times 80.4 78.5 75.5 79.5 83.3 85.5 85.2 87.0 92.1 90.3 93.4 92.6 84.4 86.3 85.2 1 time 11.6 13.5 13.8 11.0 10.5 8.7 8.8 7.3 5.8 6.5 5.0 4.3 9.3 9.8 8.4 8.1 2-3 times 4.7 5.2 6.9 6.2 3.6 2.5 4.6 3.6 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.8 3.3 3.1 3.8 4.2 4-5 times 1.3 2.1 2.5 1.7 0.7 1.2 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.4 0.9 1.1 6-7 times 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.4 8-9 times 0.3 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.2 10-11 times 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 12 or more times 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.7 1.4 1.7 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.6 0 times 66.3 49.3 56.7 60.5 73.5 72.6 68.0 73.1 82.5 80.2 86.7 85.4 74.1 66.4 72.8 70.9 1 time 15.0 14.0 10.8 12.8 9.6 11.2 11.7 9.1 8.6 7.7 3.0 5.3 11.1 11.1 8.3 9.7 11.5 12.1 11.1 7.1 10.3 8.4 8.5 4.0 4.7 9.2 8.3 8.6 7.0 4.5 4.7 2.5 2.0 3.0 1.6 3.0 1.7 3.9 2.8 3.3 3.1 3.8 1.8 2.5 1.7 1.2 0.0 0.7 0.7 1.9 1.7 1.3 8-9 times 2.1 1.9 1.1 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.9 0.8 10-11 times 1.4 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.5 3.7 11.5 9.6 7.3 4.8 3.3 5.1 4.2 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.8 3.4 5.8 4.7 4.9 0 days 91.4 91.2 90.4 90.5 91.6 92.1 96.0 93.3 94.9 96.4 97.0 95.7 92.7 93.1 95.3 92.7 1 day 4.3 4.2 3.2 5.2 2.9 3.8 1.7 3.6 3.4 3.2 2.0 2.2 3.6 3.8 2.1 4.0 2-3 days 2.0 3.2 3.8 2.6 2.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 0.7 0.0 0.3 1.1 1.8 1.7 1.6 2.0 4-5 days 0.7 0.4 1.9 0.7 1.1 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.6 0.5 6 or more days 1.7 1.1 0.6 0.9 1.5 2.5 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.6 1.3 1.3 0.4 0.8 0 days 96.0 93.6 92.3 95.2 90.5 92.4 91.7 95.0 91.8 93.5 95.7 95.4 92.8 93.2 93.3 95.2 1 day 0.7 4.6 2.6 2.3 4.0 0.4 1.4 1.8 1.4 0.8 0.7 1.4 2.0 2.1 1.4 1.9 2-3 days 2.3 1.1 3.2 1.2 0.7 2.1 2.3 1.0 0.3 1.2 0.7 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.9 1.1 4-5 days 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.5 0.0 1.1 0.4 0.7 1.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.4 6 or more days 1.0 0.7 1.9 1.0 3.3 5.0 3.4 1.8 5.8 3.3 2.7 2.0 3.3 2.9 2.9 1.5 2-3 times 4-5 times 6-7 times 15.0 12.1 7.2 11.5 * In 2006 the choices for this question were Never , Once , Several Times and Very Often. ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 48 State 2010 85.3 12 or more times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on your way to or from school? Grade 10 Data Tables Table 13. Drug Free Communities Report - National Outcome Measures (NOMs) Outcome Definition Substance Grade 8 Percent Grade 10 Sample Percent Grade 12 Sample Percent All Students Surveyed† Sample Percent Sample Male †† Percent Female †† Sample Percent Sample drink 1 or two drinks nearly every day Alcohol 72.8 151 69.3 342 63.9 285 68.0 778 65.0 386 71.9 381 smoke 1 or more packs of cigarettes per day Cigarettes 78.5 149 84.1 345 90.6 286 85.4 780 86.5 386 84.1 383 smoke marijuana regularly Marijuana 76.2 143 74.8 337 68.0 272 72.6 752 68.5 365 76.3 376 Perception of Parent Disapproval* (Parents feel it would be Wrong or Very Wrong to... ) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 93.7 142 84.9 338 82.1 273 85.5 753 83.9 373 86.8 370 smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 95.0 140 93.2 337 83.5 273 90.0 750 90.0 371 90.2 369 smoke marijuana Marijuana 95.9 145 92.8 334 92.4 276 93.2 755 92.5 375 93.8 369 Perception of Peer Disapproval* (I think it is Wrong or Very Wrong for someone my age to...) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 85.6 167 69.9 356 66.2 308 71.7 831 70.4 419 72.9 399 Past 30-Day Use* at least one use in the past 30 days Perception of Risk* (People are at Moderate or Great Risk of harming themselves if they...) smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 84.9 166 79.1 354 72.0 307 77.6 827 76.3 417 78.6 397 smoke marijuana Marijuana 85.0 167 78.3 355 76.3 308 78.9 830 77.0 421 80.6 396 390 Alcohol 19.7 157 32.8 344 40.1 297 33.0 798 30.6 396 35.4 Cigarettes 11.0 154 18.9 344 25.3 288 19.7 786 22.8 391 16.7 384 Marijuana 12.8 156 12.9 340 15.9 296 14.0 792 17.7 395 10.1 385 Average Age of Onset** Percent (How old were you when you first…) Sample had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor? Alcohol 35.2 Average age: 11.8 years smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Cigarettes 23.6 Average age: 11.6 years Marijuana 20.7 Average age: 11.8 years smoked marijuana? 165 Percent Sample 59.1 352 13.1 years 165 41.2 30.1 13.2 years Sample 70.2 305 13.9 years 352 49.7 355 40.4 14.0 years Percent Sample 58.4 822 13.3 years 306 13.8 years 12.5 years 164 Percent 40.8 32.1 Sample 54.6 414 13.0 years 823 13.0 years 307 Percent 40.2 826 32.9 13.2 years Sample 62.0 395 13.6 years 413 41.3 397 13.3 years 12.8 years 13.4 years Percent 417 31.6 396 13.7 years * For Past 30-Day Use, Perception of Risk, and Perception of Parental/Peer Disapproval, the “Sample” column represents the sample size - the number of people who answered the question and whose responses were used to determine the percentage. The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample answering the question as specified in the definition. ** For Average Age of Onset, the “Sample” column represents the overall sample size: the total number of people that responded to the questions about Age of Onset. This includes responses that are not used to calculate the average age of onset (i.e., youth that have never used alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana). The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample reporting any age of first use for the specified substance. "Average age" is calculated by averaging the ages of first use of students reporting any use. † †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. The male and female values allow a gender comparison for youth who completed the survey. However, unless the percentage of students who participated from each grade is similar, the gender results are not necessarily representative of males and females in the community. 49 Data Tables Table 14. Additional Data for Prevention Planning In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: 52.3 47.8 41.6 56.9 57.7 14.2 17.3 10.7 20.1 13.2 21.3 11.2 15.8 13.1 15.0 3.2 2.6 2.6 3.4 1.0 2.4 7.5 1.4 6.0 7.7 2.9 5.7 10.0 3.3 8.0 10.7 4.9 8.3 7.6 2.4 6.1 6.7 2.6 4.9 76.5 12.4 80.6 8.7 70.9 7.8 68.4 10.3 63.2 11.0 62.7 10.3 69.1 9.9 72.2 9.6 5.9 1.3 5.2 2.2 8.1 5.2 8.6 3.9 7.4 4.0 9.6 4.8 7.4 4.0 7.4 3.4 0.7 3.3 1.0 2.4 2.0 6.1 2.3 6.5 3.7 10.7 2.8 9.8 2.4 7.3 1.9 5.6 77.8 5.2 75.4 8.1 71.2 5.2 58.7 11.1 69.0 5.1 56.9 11.0 71.6 5.1 65.4 9.7 5.2 5.2 2.0 6.5 3.5 1.9 9.2 3.7 1.4 10.3 6.2 3.6 8.1 3.7 4.4 10.7 6.3 3.7 8.0 4.0 2.6 8.7 5.1 2.9 4.6 92.2 4.7 88.4 9.2 85.6 10.2 81.4 9.8 86.1 11.4 81.7 8.5 87.1 8.2 84.5 3.3 3.3 5.4 2.7 6.3 3.5 7.5 4.8 4.1 4.1 7.3 4.8 4.9 3.6 6.6 3.9 0.0 0.7 1.2 0.6 1.4 1.7 2.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 2.2 1.2 1.0 1.3 1.8 0.9 2-3 times 4-6 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times More than 10 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times 0.7 1.7 1.4 2.9 3.7 2.9 2.1 2.4 Never 71.1 64.9 63.8 63.0 66.7 67.0 66.2 64.9 Once 11.2 7.9 13.6 10.3 15.1 8.7 12.7 11.9 9.4 11.8 10.9 10.8 12.2 9.7 12.6 10.9 7-10 times 4.6 0.0 3.5 1.5 5.5 2.3 4.5 1.9 4.7 1.3 4.2 2.0 5.0 1.5 4.0 1.7 More than 10 times 5.3 6.2 4.6 6.0 6.1 5.1 5.3 5.8 More than 10 times 2-3 times 4-6 times In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? State 2010 12.6 14.9 More than 10 times decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? County 2010 57.5 7-10 times give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? State 2010 12.3 9.5 Once say "No" without giving a reason why? County 2010 71.4 Never In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? State 2010 9.0 9.6 More than 10 times other drugs? County 2010 73.1 7-10 times marijuana? State 2010 All Students Surveyed* Once 4-6 times cigarettes? County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 Never 2-3 times alcohol? Grade 8 Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Grade 8 County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 27.2 9.9 30.9 14.2 31.6 15.5 33.4 17.4 31.8 15.7 33.8 17.2 30.8 14.5 32.4 16.0 3.3 3.3 2.0 5.8 2.7 5.3 9.4 4.1 6.7 8.9 4.1 8.8 11.5 4.9 11.2 10.3 5.5 10.4 9.0 4.2 7.4 8.0 3.9 7.7 54.3 29.1 41.1 35.7 32.7 35.3 27.3 38.7 24.8 37.3 22.8 39.4 34.0 34.8 32.0 37.6 7.9 4.0 10.9 5.4 11.5 7.4 13.9 8.2 14.1 10.2 15.2 10.2 11.7 7.7 13.0 7.5 2.6 3.3 2.7 4.4 5.3 7.1 4.6 7.3 3.9 8.8 5.2 7.4 4.3 7.0 3.9 6.1 53.0 33.8 41.0 37.3 33.5 41.0 27.3 45.1 25.7 48.1 22.5 50.9 34.5 42.2 31.9 43.3 5.3 4.6 0.7 10.2 3.7 2.4 10.6 6.8 3.5 12.3 5.2 2.9 10.6 6.0 1.8 11.4 5.2 3.2 9.6 6.1 2.3 11.1 4.6 2.8 1.3 54.3 4.6 41.8 5.0 33.0 6.3 28.1 7.1 26.5 5.9 23.4 5.0 34.8 5.5 32.8 35.8 4.6 40.7 8.2 44.2 8.3 49.7 9.9 51.4 10.2 55.3 9.6 45.2 8.3 47.4 9.1 2.6 2.0 3.3 1.9 4.7 3.2 4.2 2.6 3.5 3.2 4.3 2.4 3.9 3.0 3.8 2.3 0.7 54.3 3.8 42.1 4.7 34.8 5.2 28.3 4.6 27.1 4.6 23.7 3.9 35.8 4.4 33.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 50 Data Tables Table 15. Additional Data for Prevention Planning (Cont'd) Grade 8 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked or beaten up? State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 82.8 81.1 81.9 78.5 83.6 80.0 82.7 9.0 8.4 6.5 8.0 6.8 7.6 7.1 8.1 3 to 5 times 4.8 3.3 4.8 3.4 4.2 3.1 4.6 3.3 6 to 9 times 0.6 1.6 1.4 1.7 2.6 1.5 1.7 1.6 10 to 19 times 2.4 1.7 1.7 2.1 3.6 1.6 2.5 1.8 20 to 29 times 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.6 30 to 39 times 0.0 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.2 40+ times 2.4 1.5 2.8 1.9 3.3 1.7 2.9 1.7 Never 34.1 29.2 29.1 31.1 41.2 42.1 34.6 33.2 1 or 2 times 23.4 28.6 29.4 26.7 27.9 25.6 27.6 27.2 3 to 5 times 16.8 18.8 20.6 19.0 17.5 16.7 18.7 18.3 6 to 9 times 10.2 9.4 9.3 9.9 6.2 7.0 8.3 8.9 10 to 19 times 7.8 5.8 4.8 6.4 4.9 4.4 5.4 5.6 20 to 29 times 2.4 2.6 2.5 2.4 0.6 1.5 1.8 2.2 30 to 39 times 2.4 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.8 40+ times 3.0 4.7 3.7 3.6 1.6 2.3 2.8 3.7 82.5 81.3 87.0 81.7 88.9 85.9 86.8 82.6 1 or 2 times 6.6 10.4 7.4 9.9 7.8 8.0 7.4 9.6 3 to 5 times 3.0 3.5 2.8 3.4 1.0 2.5 2.2 3.2 6 to 9 times 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.6 0.7 1.2 1.2 1.5 10 to 19 times 2.4 1.6 0.3 1.8 0.7 1.2 0.8 1.6 20 to 29 times 1.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.4 30 to 39 times 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 40+ times 2.4 0.9 0.6 1.1 0.7 0.7 1.0 0.9 88.6 87.2 92.3 87.7 93.5 89.8 92.0 88.1 1 or 2 times 6.0 7.7 4.8 7.1 4.9 6.1 5.1 7.1 3 to 5 times 1.2 2.1 1.1 1.9 0.3 1.7 0.8 1.9 6 to 9 times 2.4 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.8 10 to 19 times 1.2 0.8 0.9 1.2 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 20 to 29 times 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 30 to 39 times 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 40+ times 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.8 Never seen someone shot or shot at? County 2010 All Students Surveyed* 80.2 Never seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? State 2010 Grade 12 1 or 2 times Never been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? County 2010 Grade 10 If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply) I've never used prescription drugs to get high Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) All Students Surveyed Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 87.7 88.1 83.2 81.7 79.9 78.5 82.9 83.6 6.5 5.5 10.4 11.2 12.5 14.0 10.4 9.5 3.2 2.2 5.2 3.7 6.2 4.2 5.2 3.2 3.2 2.5 5.5 4.9 5.6 5.5 5.1 4.0 2.6 2.9 5.2 5.0 4.5 5.2 4.4 4.1 0.0 1.3 3.2 2.8 1.4 4.4 1.9 2.6 2.6 1.6 2.0 3.7 3.1 3.6 2.5 2.8 1.9 1.8 2.0 3.0 3.8 3.1 2.7 2.5 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.0 1.3 0.3 1.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 51 Appendix Appendix - Comparability of survey administrations Issue Drug Category 2008/2010 AYS 2006 AYS On how many occasions (if any) have you: Notes regarding changes On how many occasions (if any) have you: Hallucinogens Used LSD or other psychedelics? Used LSD or other hallucinogens? Substituted "hallucinogens" for "psychedelics" in 2008 and beyond. Comparable across years. Meth Used methamphetamines (meth, speed, crank, crystal meth)? Used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription stimulants Used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription sedatives Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? In 2008 AYS added descriptor "prescription" and removed qualifier "without a doctor telling you to take them." 2006 data are cautiously comparable to 2008/2010. Ecstasy Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)? Used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2008/2010 AYS uses "ecstasy" as the primary descriptor, moving "MDMA" to examples. Comparable across years. Combined results of On how many occasions have you: Prescription drugs Gambling Category Combined results of On how many occasions have you: used prescription drugs (such as Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderall, Oxycontin, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription pain relievers (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? How often during the past 12 months have you: In 2006 there was a prescription drugs question with several examples (some of which overlapped examples from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions). In 2008/2010, the single prescription drug question was dropped, and a new question about prescription pain relievers was added. Rather than discontinuing reporting Prescription Drugs , the prescription sedative, stimulant and pain reliever questions were combined to create a single measure. . In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006 data were similarly recalculated into a composite, adding results from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions to the dedicated Prescription Drugs question. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Sports betting Bet on team sports? Bet on sports? 2006 not comparable to later data. Race betting Bet money on horse races? Bet on a horse race or other animal race? 2006 not comparable to later data. Dice Bet on dice games such as craps? Played a dice game? 2006 not comparable to later data. Games of skill Bet on games of personal skill such as pool, darts, or bowling? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Comparable across years. Protective Scale: Peer-Individual Interaction with Prosocial Peers 52 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year, how many of your best friends have: (Scale is calculated based on the average response [0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 friends] to the following questions) ...participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? ...made the commitment to stay drug-free? ...tried to do well in school? ...liked school? ...regularly attended religious services? (not used in 2008/2010) Regularly attended religious services was removed from the AYS in 2008. 2006 has been recalculated to match 2008/2010 AYS and are now comparable across all years. Due to this recalculation, current reports may differ slightly from past reports. Contacts for Prevention Regional Prevention Contacts Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai Counties Rachel Peterson Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) 928-226-6394 Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Gila, La Paz, Pinal, Yuma and Santa Cruz Counties Linda Weinberg Cenpatico Behavioral Health of Arizona 866-495-6738 Maricopa County Juan Aristizabal Magellan Health Services of Arizona 602-797-8256 Pima County Bill Burnett Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) 520-618-8807 Gila River Indian Community Julie Jimenez Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority 520-562-3321 ext. 7031 Pascua Yaqui Tribe Ralph Cota Centered Spirit Program 480-768-2063 Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Michelle Neitch/Phillip Stevenson 602-364-1173/602-364-1157 www.azcjc.gov Arizona Department of Education School Safety and Prevention www.ade.az.gov/sa/health/ Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Elise Mikkelsen 602-266-8299 ext. 351 www.problemgambling.az.gov 53 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Lisa Shumaker 602-364-4594 www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Charles Katz 602-496-1471 http://cvpcs.asu.edu/ Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families 602-542-4043 www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html Partnership for a Drug Free America, Arizona Affiliate Shelly Mowrey 602-264-5700 www.partnerupaz.org The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (Blueprints for Violence Prevention) www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) www.prevention.samhsa.gov Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Model Programs Guide www2.dsgonline.com/mpg/ Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Evidence Based Practices www.samhsa.gov/ebpwebguide/index.asp Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CAPT) casat.unr.edu/westcapt.html Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. 801-359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com Greenlee County 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Shining Light on Arizona Youth Arizona Criminal Justice Commission in partnership with Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Arizona Department of Health Services, Division of Behavioral Health Arizona Department of Health Services, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Arizona Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention Governor’s Office for Children, Youth and Families Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Leslie Bloom, The Partnership for Drug Free America, AZ Affiliate Allie Bones, Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence Tim Christensen, Office of Problem Gambling Janet Garcia, Valley of the Sun United Way Michelle Gayles, Valley of the Sun United Way Charles Katz, Arizona State University Elise Mickkelsen, Office of Problem Gambling Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Rick Pyper, Office of Problem Gambling Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University Additionally, the success of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Table of Contents Introduction The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention The Charts and Tables in this Report The Community Data Project The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data Data Charts: Lifetime and 30 Day ATOD Use Problem Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior Gambling Risk & Protective Factor Profiles Where Youth Obtained Alcohol School Safety Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions Data Tables Appendix Contacts for Prevention Introduction 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Greenlee County Summary Report This report summarizes all findings from the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) administered to 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students during spring 2010. The results for your county are presented along with comparisons to the results for the state of Arizona. The survey was designed to assess school safety, adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. All schools in Arizona are eligible to participate in the survey, Table 1. Characteristics of Participants County 2006 Number Percent County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Students by Grade 8 85 35.6 79 48.8 79 31.0 27,592 43.3 10 85 35.6 57 35.2 99 38.8 19,489 30.6 12 69 28.9 26 16.0 77 30.2 16,703 26.2 239 100.0 162 100.0 255 100.0 63,784 100.0 Male 108 47.0 69 43.7 125 49.4 30,645 49.0 Female 122 53.0 89 56.3 128 50.6 31,928 51.0 All Students Surveyed* Students by Gender Table 2. Race/Ethnicity of Participants Hispanic Student marked 'Yes' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Native American 4 3.4 11 7.2 1,207 4.9 African American 4 3.4 3 2.0 657 2.6 Asian 0 0.0 0 0.0 206 0.8 Pacific Islander 0 0.0 0 0.0 280 1.1 White 46 39.7 73 47.7 5,772 23.2 Multi-Racial Race Unmarked 9 7.8 7 4.6 1,021 4.1 53 45.7 59 38.6 15,726 63.2 Non-Hispanic Student marked 'No' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American African American Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent 4 9.3 4 4.0 2,517 6.8 2 4.7 7 7.1 2,129 5.7 1 2.3 0 0.0 1,551 4.2 1 2.3 1 1.0 372 1.0 29 67.4 80 80.8 27,180 73.2 5 11.6 6 6.1 2,539 6.8 1 2.3 1 1.0 824 2.2 Totals County 2008 Number Hispanic Students Non-Hispanic Students Total Students** Percent County 2010 Number Percent State 2010 Number Percent 116 71.6 153 60.0 24,869 43 26.5 99 38.8 37,112 39.0 58.2 162 100.0 255 100.0 63,784 100.0 * Grades with fewer than 20 students participating are not included in this report. However, students from grades not making the cutoff are included in All Students Surveyed. This means the number of students reported in All Students Surveyed may exceed the sum of individual grades. (All Students Surveyed will match the grade total in reports with data drawn from a single grade.) **As a small percentage of students skipped the question Are you Hispanic or Latino? (at the state level, 1,803 students, or 2.8% of the total), the sum of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic students is less than Total Students . 5 and recruitment efforts were successful in obtaining participation by schools in all of the 15 counties. Careful planning and uniform administration of the survey have resulted in survey data that are valid and representative of the students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in Arizona. Table 1 contains the characteristics of the students who completed the survey from your county and the state of Arizona. Because not every student answered all of the questions, the number of students in the gender and ethnicity/race categories often will be less than the total number of students. To better understand the diversity of Arizona’s youth population, respondents were asked separate questions about their ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) and their race (Caucasian, African-American, Native American, etc.). This method for obtaining ethnicity and race information provides more comprehensive data on youth cultural and racial self-identification, and a more nuanced understanding of Arizona’s diverse youth population. Whenever data are obtained from a sample of students instead of the entire population, it is important to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the data. One easy way to investigate the quality of the sample is to look at the basic demographic characteristics of the students who participated in the survey and compare them to what is known about the entire population of students. This will give the user of these data a basic understanding of the degree to which the sample data can be generalized to the entire population. It is important to note that even when the characteristics of the sample do not match well to the characteristics of the population this does not mean the data lose their usefulness. The data included in this report describes the level of risk and protective factors, substance use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency of those youth who participated in the survey, which can be used to inform the development of school and community-based prevention and intervention activities that may benefit both the youth who participate in the survey and those who did not. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention Prevention is a science. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention is a proven way of reducing substance abuse and its related consequences. This model is based on the simple premise that to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing and then find ways to reduce the risks. Just as medical researchers have found risk factors for heart disease such as diets high in fat, lack of exercise, and smoking, a team of researchers at the University of Washington have defined a set of risk factors for youth problem behaviors. Protective factors exert a positive influence and buffer against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviors. Protective factors identified through research include strong bonding to family, school, community and peers, and healthy beliefs and clear standards for behavior. Research on risk and protective factors has important implications for children’s academic success, positive youth development, and prevention of health and behavior problems. In order to promote academic success and positive youth development and to prevent problem behaviors, it is necessary to address the factors that predict these outcomes. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can be identified and targeted by policies, programs, and actions shown to reduce those risk factors and to promote protective factors. Risk factors are characteristics of school, community and family environments, and of students and their peer groups known to predict increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school dropout, and violent behaviors among youth. For example, children who live in communities with physical deterioration and high rates of adult crime are more likely to become involved in delinquency and drug use than children who live in organized neighborhoods. Each risk and protective factor can be linked to specific types of interventions that have been shown to be effective in either reducing risk(s) or enhancing protection(s). The steps outlined here will help your county make key decisions regarding allocation of resources, how and when to address specific needs, and which strategies are most effective and known to produce results. The chart below shows the links between the 19 risk factors and five problem behaviors. The check marks indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Community Disorganization Extreme Economic & Social Deprivation Family History of the Problem Behavior Family Conflict Family Management Problems Favorable Parent Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Early Initiation of Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Early & Persistent Antisocial Behavior Alienation & Rebelliousness Friends Who Use Drugs & Engage in Problem Behaviors Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Gang Involvement Constitutional Factors Peer / Individual Low Neighborhood Attachment School Transitions & Mobility Family Availability of Drugs & Firearms Community Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms & Crime Risk Factors Substance Abuse T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Delinquency T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Teen Pregnancy School Drop-Out Violence T T T T T T T T Source: Communities That Care (CTC) prevention model, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) 6 Charts and Tables in this Report There are seven types of charts presented in this report: 1. Lifetime and 30 day ATOD use 2. Heavy substance use and antisocial behavior 3. Gambling 4. Risk profiles 5. Protective profiles 6. Where youth acquired alcohol 7. School safety Data from the charts are also presented in Tables 4 through 12. The additional data found in Tables 13 through 15 are explained at the end of this section. Understanding the Format of the Charts There are several graphical elements common to all the charts. Understanding the format of the charts and what these elements represent is essential in interpreting the results of the 2010 AYS. • The Bars on substance use and antisocial behavior charts represent the percentage of students in that grade who reported a given behavior. The bars on the risk and protective factor charts represent the percentage of students whose answers reflect significant risk or protection in that category. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Each set of differently colored bars represents one of the last three administrations of the AYS: 2006, 2008, and 2010. By looking at the percentages over time, it is possible to identify trends in substance use and antisocial behavior. By studying the percentage of youth at risk and with protection over time, it is possible to determine whether the percentage of students at risk or with protection is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. This information is important when deciding which risk and protective factors warrant attention. • Dots and Diamonds. The dots on the charts represent the percentage of all of the youth surveyed across Arizona who reported substance use, problem behavior, elevated risk, or elevated protection. The diamonds represent national data from either the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey or the Bach Harrison Norm. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz The Bach Harrison Norm was developed by Bach Harrison L.L.C. to provide states and communities with the ability to compare their results on risk, protection, and antisocial measures with more national measures. Survey participants from eight statewide surveys and five large regional surveys across the nation were combined into a database of approximately 460,000 students. The results were 7 weighted to make the contribution of each state and region proportional to its share of the national population. Bach Harrison analysts then calculated rates for antisocial behavior and for students at risk and with protection. The results appear on the charts as BH Norm. In order to keep the Bach Harrison Norm relevant, it is updated approximately every two years as new data become available. zzzzz zzzzzzzzz A comparison to state-wide and national results provides additional information for your community in determining the relative importance of levels of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use, antisocial behavior, risk, and protection. Information about other students in the state and the nation can be helpful in determining the seriousness of a given level of problem behavior. Scanning across the charts, it is important to observe the factors that differ the most from the Bach Harrison Norm. This is the first step in identifying the levels of risk and protection that are higher or lower than those in other communities. The risk factors that are higher than the Bach Harrison Norm and the protective factors are lower than the Bach Harrison Norm are probably the factors that your community should consider addressing when planning prevention programs. Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use • Lifetime use is a measure of the percentage of students who tried the particular substance at least once in their lifetime and is used to show the percentage of students who have had experience with a particular substance. • 30-day use is a measure of the percentage of students who used the substance at least once in the 30 days prior to taking the survey and is a more sensitive indicator of the level of current use of the substance. Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior • Heavy substance use is measured in two different ways: binge drinking (having five or more drinks in a row during the two weeks prior to the survey) and use of one-half a pack or more of cigarettes per day. • Drinking and Driving - youth indicating drinking alcohol and driving, or riding with a driver who had been drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. • Antisocial behavior (ASB) is a measure of the percentage of students who report any involvement during the past year with the eight antisocial behaviors listed in the charts. How Charts to Readand theTables Chartsininthis thisReport Report(cont’d) (cont’d) Gambling Gambling behavior charts show the percentage of students who engaged in each of the 10 types of gambling “for money, possessions, or anything of value” during the past year: played gambling machines, played the lottery, bet on sports, played cards, bought a raffle ticket, played bingo, gambled on the Internet, bet on a dice game, bet on a game of personal skill and bet on horse or other animal races. The chart also shows the percentage of students who engaged in any gambling behavior during the past year. Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Risk and protective factor scales measure specific aspects of a youth’s life experience that predict whether he/she will engage in problem behaviors. The scales, defined in Table 3, are grouped into four domains: community, family, school, and peer/individual. The risk and protective factor charts show the percentage of students at risk and with protection for each of the scales. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol This chart displays data regarding the ways that students obtained alcohol in the past 30 days. The data focus on a subgroup of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no alcohol use are not represented.) It is important to note that the charts represent a subgroup of users and not the entire survey population. Additionally, the smaller the sample, the more dramatic the influence of a student's responses. For example, if only one student in a particular grade reported where he/she obtained alcohol, each category would show up as either 0% or 100%. The chart legend indicates the sample size for each grade surveyed to help clarify the value of the data. School Safety The school safety profile charts contain the percentages of students who felt unsafe at school or on the way to school, were threatened or injured with a weapon at school, were in a physical fight at school, carried a weapon to school or were picked on or bullied at school. The complete questions and values for each response option can be seen in Table 12. Additional Data in this Report In addition to data presented in the charts and Tables 4 through 12, Tables 13 through 15 contain information useful for prevention planning. Table 13 contains the information that is required by communities with Drug Free Communities Grants, such as the perception of the risk of ATOD use, perception of parent and peer disapproval of ATOD use, past 30-day use, and average age of first use. Tables 14 and 15 contain questions new to the 2010 AYS on subjects of interest to prevention providers. The Community Data Project Supported by a grant from the Arizona Governor's Office for Children, Youth and Families, the Community Data Project is a multi-agency effort to create a central repository for Arizona's substance abuse and crime data. Through a user-friendly web site, individuals will have a one-stop portal where they can select the type of data they need, specific demographic characteristics, and their geographic level of interest. Various output options will be offered, including data tables, graphs, and maps to cover a variety of reporting and visualization needs. The web site will be a useful tool for practitioners and policymakers who are addressing substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and crime and the criminal justice system by providing them with a 8 comprehensive picture of the characteristics and needs of Arizona’s communities. Having data that are specific to the users geographic area of interest will not only lead to an enhanced understanding of the community issues related to drugs and crime, but it will also maximize data-for-decision-making capabilities for things such as the appropriate program content, identification of at-risk target areas and populations, grant writing and reporting, monitoring progress of prevention and intervention initiatives over time, and determining resource allocation. Currently, the web site is under construction, but we anticipate it will be ready by end of summer 2010. Please visit us then at: www.azcjc.gov/ACJC.Web/sac/CommunDataPrj.aspx The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership (ASAP) was established by Executive Order in June 2007. Currently chaired by the governor’s policy advisor on Health and Human Services, ASAP serves as the single statewide council on substance abuse issues. ASAP brings together stakeholders at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels to improve coordination of efforts; address identified gaps in prevention, treatment, enforcement, and recovery efforts; and improve funding allocation. ASAP utilizes data and practical expertise to develop effective methods for integrating and expanding services across Arizona, thereby maximizing available resources. ASAP also studies current policy and recommends relevant legislation for the Arizona Legislature’s consideration. It is ASAP’s mission to ensure community-driven, agency-supported outcomes to prevent and reduce the negative impacts of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs by building and sustaining partnerships between professionals in the prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement arenas. Through coordination and collaboration among its members and their respective agencies and organizations, ASAP strives to ensure that substance abuse is addressed in a comprehensive manner and funding is spent efficaciously and efficiently. ASAP’s 2010 strategic plan identifies five strategic focus areas: 1)zchild welfare/children of incarcerated parents/drug-endangered children; 2) law enforcement and drug trafficking; 3)zprescription drugs; 4)zunderage drinking; and 5)zcommunity partnerships. There are currently four sub-committees that assist ASAP in meeting its goals: • Underage Drinking Prevention Committee (UAD) – This subcommittee addresses the problem of underage drinking in Arizona by implementing a statewide underage drinking initiative that assesses statewide epidemiological data, resources, strategies and policies, and builds relationships with tribes, youth, law enforcement, government agencies, and community coalitions. By combining resources, practice, and research, the committee collaborates across state systems to reduce underage drinking. • Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group (Epi) – This work group produces a biennial Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile, which highlights trends and new substance abuse data in Arizona and an annual summary profile, entitled The Impact of Substance Abuse: A Snapshot of Arizona. The Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile is a comprehensive, informative, and functional profile of substance abuse in the state for use by community coalitions, agencies, and individuals in relevant fields. Currently, Epi conducts analyses of individual substance abuse issues, responds to ad hoc data requests and brings data to bear on ASAP’s policy decisions around its strategic plan and focus areas. • Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force (AMTF) –The Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force was created in August 2006 in response to Arizona’s decade-long increase in the number of individuals regularly using methamphetamine and the increase in the resulting social and economic costs associated with the drug. The AMTF was instructed to approach Arizona’s methamphetamine problem holistically, focusing equally on enforcement, prevention, treatment, and recovery. Specifically, the AMTF was charged with identifying specific, action-oriented recommendations to eradicate methamphetamine use in Arizona and build safe and healthy communities throughout the state. The AMTF brings together representatives from state agencies, local government, businesses, and community groups to develop collaborative efforts among the treatment, prevention, and law enforcement systems to assess and address the impact of methamphetamine statewide through information sharing, resource allocation, services coordination, and the development of statewide policy recommendations sensitive to the needs of local and tribal communities. • The Community Advisory Board – The Community Advisory Board (CAB) brings together representatives from community coalitions around the state to improve substance abuse prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement policies and programs. The CAB provides an essential link between communities, ASAP and its subcommittees. The CAB brings the community voice to the ASAP table; reports on important community issues that informs ASAP’s work; helps communities improve their capacity to identify emerging trends, as well as take action and report on them to the proper institutions/authorities; takes the data available through the Epidemiology Work Group and ASAP back to coalitions and communities to effectively target prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement activities; serves as a resource for communities and the state to identify the most effective ways to reduce substance abuse through collaborative efforts and by targeting limited resources where they are most needed; and elevates and recognizes the important work being carried out at the community level to ensure that state-level responses are cognizant of the impact of policies on individual communities. 9 School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data What are the numbers telling you? Review the charts and data tables presented in this report. Note your findings as you discuss the following questions. • Which 3-5 risk factors appear to be higher than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which 3-5 protective factors appear to be lower than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which levels of 30-day drug use are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which substances are your students using the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable usage levels? • Which levels of antisocial behaviors are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which behaviors are your students exhibiting the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable behavior levels? How to identify high priority problem areas. • Look across the charts – which items stand out as either much higher or much lower than the other? • Compare your data with statewide, and/or national data – differences of 5% between local and other data are probably significant. • Prioritize problems for your area – Make an assessment of the rates you’ve identified. Which can be realistically addressed with the funding available to your community? Which problems fit best with the prevention resources at hand? • Determine the standards and values held within your community – For example: Is it acceptable in your community for a percentage of high school students to drink alcohol regularly as long as that percentage is lower than the overall state rate? Use these data for planning. • Substance use and antisocial behavior data – raise awareness about the problems and promote dialogue. • Risk and protective factor data – identify exactly where the community needs to take action. • Promising approaches – access resources listed on the last page of this report for ideas about programs that have been proven effective in addressing the risk factors that are high in your community, and improving the protective factors that are low. Sample Risk Factors Protective Factors 30-day Substance Abuse Antisocial Behavior 10 6th grd Fav. Attitude to Drugs (Peer/Indiv. Scale) @ 15% (8% > 8-state av.) 10th grd - Rewards for prosocial involvm. (School Domain) 40% (down 5% from 2 yrs ago & 16% below state av.) 8th grd Binge Drinking@13% (5% above state av.) 12th grd - Drunk/High at School @ 21% ( about same as state, but remains a priority.) Priority Rate 1 Priority Rate 2 Priority Rate 3 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 8 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 11 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 10 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 12 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 12 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 13 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Greenlee County, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† MTF Prescription Drugs**† 14 Prescription Sedatives** **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Prescription Stimulants** State 2010 Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** County 2010 Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** County 2008 Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol County 2006 Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 8 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 15 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 10 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 16 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 12 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 17 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Greenlee County, All Students Surveyed 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 18 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 8 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 19 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 10 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 20 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 12 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 21 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Greenlee County, All Students Surveyed Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 22 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 8 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 23 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 8 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 24 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 10 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 25 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 10 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 26 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 12 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 27 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 12 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 28 Sources Risk and of Protective Alcohol Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Greenlee County, All Students Surveyed Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 29 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Greenlee County, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 30 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 8 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 21 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 22 State 2010 Sample: 4,473 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 31 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 10 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 27 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 11 State 2010 Sample: 5,295 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 32 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 12 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 25 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 13 State 2010 Sample: 6,341 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 33 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Greenlee County, All Students Surveyed Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 73 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 46 State 2010 Sample: 16,109 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 34 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 8 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 35 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 10 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 36 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Greenlee County, Grade 12 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 37 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Greenlee County, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 38 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles Community Domain Risk Factors 1 Low Neighborhood Attachment Research has shown that youth who don't like the neighborhoods in which they live are more likely to become involved in juvenile crime and drug selling. Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the legal drinking age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been followed by decreases in consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have shown that shifts in normative attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence of use. Perceived Availability of Drugs and Handguns The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the use of these substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a higher risk of crime and substance use by adolescents. 1 1 1 1 Community Domain Protective Factors 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for positive participation in activities helps youth bond to the community, thus lowering their risk for substance use. Family Domain Risk Factors 1 Poor Family Management Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places them at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, parents’ failure to provide clear expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that they will engage in drug abuse whether or not there are family drug problems. 1 Family Conflict Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the conflict, appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use. 1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or ATOD use), the children are more likely to engage in these behaviors. 1 Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Antisocial Behavior & Drugs In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use, children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the refrigerator. Family Domain Protective Factors 1 Family Attachment Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors. 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things done well by their child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviors. School Domain Risk Factors 1 Academic Failure Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both drug abuse and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever reasons, increases the risk of problem behaviors. 1 Low Commitment to School Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of drugs is significantly lower among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking school, spending time on homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also negatively related to drug use. 39 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles School Domain Protective Factors 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors. Peer-Individual Risk Factors 1 Rebelliousness Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at higher risk of abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for independence and normlessness have all been linked with drug use. 1 Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use Early onset of drug use predicts misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the greater the involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use prior to the age of 15 is a consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug use has been shown to predict lower drug involvement and a greater probability of discontinuation of use. 1 Attitudes Favorable Toward During the elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes and have Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use difficulty imagining why people use drugs or engage in antisocial behaviors. However, in middle school, as more youth are exposed to others who use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior are more likely to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use. 1 Perceived Risk of Drug Use Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug use. 1 Interaction with Antisocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for engaging in antisocial behavior themselves. 1 Friends' Use of Drugs Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much more likely to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends who use drugs greatly increases the risk of that problem developing. 1 Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging further in antisocial behavior and substance use. Gang Involvement Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. 1 1 1 1 Peer-Individual Protective Factors 1 Belief in the Moral Order Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs. 1 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are more protected from engaging in antisocial behavior and substance use. 1 Prosocial Involvement Participation in positive school and community activities helps provide protection for youth. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are rewarded for working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in problem behavior. 40 Data Tables Table 4. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime In your lifetime, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 65.5 67.1 62.8 45.1 36.6 69.5 81.1 76.8 64.1 59.1 86.6 88.0 78.1 72.8 72.3 73.0 75.2 72.8 58.2 55.6 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 44.6 26.9 50.6 23.8 20.1 55.4 42.0 49.5 37.2 32.7 63.2 76.0 56.2 46.9 43.6 53.8 39.9 51.8 34.0 31.8 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 34.6 16.5 26.9 7.1 9.6 43.8 31.5 40.4 12.5 15.2 37.9 57.7 38.4 18.1 16.3 38.8 28.3 35.6 11.7 13.6 Marijuana used marijuana? 15.5 21.5 20.5 17.8 15.7 38.8 24.5 35.7 34.3 32.3 55.4 68.0 46.6 44.7 42.0 34.9 29.9 34.1 29.9 29.7 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 1.7 1.2 1.9 5.1 5.9 3.0 3.1 16.0 5.5 9.0 3.1 1.3 3.2 3.6 5.1 2.6 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 4.8 0.0 6.4 2.3 2.6 2.5 1.9 5.1 5.3 4.6 9.4 20.0 8.2 8.8 6.0 5.3 3.8 6.4 5.0 4.4 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 14.5 21.5 17.9 14.5 14.9 23.1 17.0 18.4 11.8 12.8 15.4 28.0 8.2 9.4 9.5 17.7 21.0 15.3 12.3 12.5 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 3.9 0.0 2.6 0.7 1.6 6.3 1.9 0.0 1.6 2.8 4.6 16.0 8.2 2.5 2.4 5.0 3.2 3.2 1.5 2.3 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 1.2 0.0 2.6 0.9 1.3 0.0 1.9 0.0 2.6 1.5 1.6 4.0 0.0 3.4 1.2 0.9 1.3 0.8 2.1 1.3 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2.7 1.3 6.4 3.9 2.2 1.3 1.9 3.1 8.2 5.5 3.2 8.0 4.1 10.6 6.5 2.3 2.5 4.4 7.0 4.7 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 2.6 0.0 5.1 1.6 1.3 0.0 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.3 3.1 8.0 1.4 1.7 2.2 1.8 1.9 2.8 1.7 1.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 17.7 19.2 11.5 4.4 n/a 17.3 22.7 18.9 9.9 n/a 40.0 26.0 23.1 13.2 n/a 21.2 22.6 16.8 9.1 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 1.2 0.0 5.1 3.0 6.0 3.9 3.8 5.2 7.0 10.3 3.1 12.0 5.5 8.5 9.9 2.7 3.2 5.2 5.7 8.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 14.8 12.7 12.8 8.7 9.5 13.3 7.7 9.3 11.5 13.0 21.5 8.0 8.2 13.4 12.7 16.3 10.3 10.1 10.8 11.7 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 21.7 25.3 26.9 16.5 n/a 25.0 21.2 26.8 23.7 n/a 32.8 44.0 27.4 27.3 n/a 26.1 26.9 27.0 21.5 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 19.0 17.9 9.5 n/a n/a 17.3 19.6 13.2 n/a n/a 28.0 9.6 14.1 n/a n/a 19.9 16.1 11.8 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 41 Data Tables Table 5. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days In the past 30 days, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 37.6 43.0 32.1 21.9 14.9 48.1 37.7 33.7 34.7 30.4 55.4 56.0 42.5 45.0 43.5 46.3 43.3 35.7 31.9 29.2 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 19.3 7.7 21.8 8.9 6.5 29.8 10.0 20.6 15.6 13.1 32.8 40.0 32.9 22.9 20.1 26.9 13.7 24.6 14.7 13.0 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 24.1 5.1 12.8 2.8 3.7 24.4 9.3 20.2 5.7 6.5 16.4 23.1 24.7 8.1 8.4 22.0 9.4 19.2 5.1 6.1 Marijuana used marijuana? 6.0 10.1 6.4 8.9 6.5 14.7 7.5 12.4 17.4 15.9 22.7 36.0 27.4 21.3 20.6 13.8 13.4 14.9 14.8 14.2 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.5 0.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.5 1.5 8.0 0.0 2.4 0.5 0.4 1.3 0.4 1.6 0.5 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.0 1.9 4.1 1.6 0.9 1.6 8.0 2.7 2.2 1.3 0.5 1.9 2.8 1.4 1.0 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 6.1 7.6 10.3 5.6 3.8 5.3 3.8 4.1 3.0 2.2 4.7 12.0 2.7 1.5 1.2 5.4 7.0 5.6 3.7 2.4 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.5 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.4 1.6 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.4 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 1.4 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 1.8 0.5 0.0 0.0 2.5 1.2 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 1.3 0.0 1.3 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.7 0.5 3.1 4.0 1.4 0.6 1.0 1.4 0.6 1.6 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 12.7 10.3 5.7 1.3 n/a 11.5 6.2 8.9 3.0 n/a 16.0 13.7 9.7 4.1 n/a 12.8 9.7 7.7 2.8 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 1.2 0.0 1.3 1.4 1.9 1.2 0.0 2.1 2.8 3.3 1.5 8.0 1.4 2.5 3.0 1.3 1.3 1.6 2.1 2.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 5.1 2.5 6.4 3.6 2.5 5.1 3.8 4.1 4.7 3.9 9.2 4.0 4.1 4.7 4.2 6.3 3.2 4.8 4.2 3.5 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 9.6 15.2 14.1 8.2 n/a 15.7 13.5 10.3 11.8 n/a 17.9 20.0 15.1 12.4 n/a 14.2 15.4 12.9 10.4 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 11.4 12.8 5.4 n/a n/a 3.8 9.3 6.3 n/a n/a 20.0 5.5 6.3 n/a n/a 10.3 9.3 5.9 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 42 Data Tables Table 6. Percentage of Students With Heavy ATOD Use Drinking and Driving During the past 30 days, how many times did you: (One or more times) DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 6.0 5.1 11.4 5.0 4.2 17.6 10.5 11.3 7.6 7.4 28.4 46.2 16.7 14.1 16.6 16.5 13.7 12.9 8.2 7.7 28.6 40.3 31.6 27.7 24.9 34.1 46.4 38.9 29.1 26.3 50.7 69.2 34.2 28.9 27.5 37.0 47.2 35.2 28.5 25.0 Heavy Use Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Binge Drinking How many times have you had 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? (One or more times) 25.3 22.1 15.4 12.4 7.8 34.1 22.2 21.4 21.0 17.5 29.9 37.5 25.0 29.2 25.2 29.8 24.5 20.6 19.5 16.6 1/2 Pack (or more) of Cigarettes/Day During the past 30 days, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? (11 to 20 cigarettes, More than 20 cigarettes) 2.5 2.6 2.6 0.7 1.0 3.6 0.0 9.4 2.0 2.4 4.5 12.0 8.2 3.6 5.0 3.5 3.3 6.9 1.9 2.7 Table 7. Percentage of Students With Antisocial Behavior How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: (One or more times) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 Been Drunk or High at School 18.3 12.7 17.7 12.8 7.5 31.0 19.6 14.1 21.8 15.0 37.3 53.8 29.9 Been Suspended from School All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 22.1 17.7 28.3 21.7 20.0 18.0 13.3 15.3 17.7 15.2 18.5 15.1 23.8 15.8 19.2 14.4 12.6 13.4 23.1 14.3 9.9 9.2 17.8 17.9 16.5 15.0 12.4 Sold Illegal Drugs 0.0 5.1 7.6 5.0 2.5 4.9 3.5 6.2 10.6 6.5 9.1 11.5 9.2 10.8 7.8 4.3 5.6 7.5 8.2 5.5 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle 1.2 5.1 8.9 3.7 2.3 6.2 0.0 5.1 4.6 2.6 3.0 7.7 6.5 3.1 1.9 3.5 3.7 6.7 3.8 2.3 Been Arrested 4.8 11.4 17.7 7.1 5.2 7.4 10.5 8.2 9.9 6.7 4.5 19.2 10.5 8.7 6.1 5.6 12.3 11.9 8.4 6.0 13.1 27.8 16.5 16.6 16.0 20.2 10.5 19.4 15.5 15.1 23.5 11.5 22.1 11.5 11.9 18.6 19.1 19.3 14.9 14.4 Carried a Handgun 4.8 8.9 10.1 6.7 4.8 1.2 5.3 10.1 7.6 5.2 8.8 11.5 11.7 7.2 5.2 4.7 8.0 10.6 7.1 5.1 Carried a Handgun to School 0.0 3.8 2.5 1.4 0.8 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.1 0.9 1.5 3.8 5.3 1.8 1.0 0.4 2.5 3.2 1.7 0.9 Attacked Someone with the Idea of Seriously Hurting Them * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 43 Data Tables Table 8. Percentage of Students Gambling in the Past Year How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: (At least once in the past 12 months) Any Gambling Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 56.0 73.4 73.1 61.6 55.0 56.8 71.9 62.6 59.8 53.8 52.2 76.9 60.3 56.5 52.6 55.2 73.5 65.2 59.7 53.0 4.8 2.5 2.6 5.3 5.7 5.1 1.8 5.1 4.8 5.3 0.0 0.0 4.1 5.3 5.4 3.5 1.9 4.0 5.2 5.3 31.3 26.6 35.9 21.4 24.0 27.3 19.3 33.3 20.7 23.5 21.2 23.1 21.9 18.9 23.9 27.0 23.5 30.8 20.6 22.7 Bet on sports?* n/a 43.0 43.6 28.6 22.8 n/a 38.6 32.3 27.0 22.5 n/a 46.2 25.4 24.4 20.5 n/a 42.0 33.9 27.0 21.4 Played cards? 22.0 44.3 43.6 36.1 25.8 34.7 38.6 37.4 36.0 27.0 26.2 57.7 37.0 34.8 26.7 27.5 44.4 39.2 35.7 25.3 n/a 22.8 10.3 15.9 n/a n/a 22.8 27.3 16.6 n/a n/a 30.8 15.1 15.3 n/a n/a 24.1 18.4 16.0 n/a 13.6 32.9 25.6 26.4 22.7 12.3 22.8 16.3 20.4 17.7 8.1 38.5 13.7 14.2 14.0 11.6 30.2 18.5 21.4 19.5 Gambled on the Internet? 4.8 3.8 5.1 5.1 4.5 2.7 5.4 5.1 4.6 4.0 3.2 11.5 2.7 4.2 3.7 3.6 5.6 4.4 4.7 4.2 Played a dice game?* n/a 32.9 26.9 26.0 12.1 n/a 21.1 19.2 21.9 11.2 n/a 30.8 20.5 17.9 10.0 n/a 28.4 22.0 22.6 11.4 20.7 34.2 35.9 28.2 20.1 27.3 24.6 33.3 27.7 20.5 23.0 42.3 24.7 24.9 18.8 23.6 32.1 31.6 27.2 19.4 n/a 3.8 7.7 5.0 4.6 n/a 1.8 15.3 5.0 4.7 n/a 7.7 9.6 4.4 4.6 n/a 3.7 11.2 4.8 4.7 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bought a raffle ticket?** Played bingo? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* Bet on a horse or other animal race?* * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from table. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 44 Data Tables Table 9. Percentage of Students Reporting Risk Grade 8 Risk Factor County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed** Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm Community Domain Low Neighborhood Attachment 36.2 49.4 34.7 35.9 36.6 37.8 51.2 57.7 43.6 42.8 57.6 52.0 51.4 47.3 47.0 43.0 50.3 48.8 41.3 42.0 Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use 37.8 36.4 41.6 35.0 32.8 48.8 46.3 49.5 41.8 39.6 48.5 56.0 50.0 35.5 32.8 44.8 42.7 47.2 37.2 35.2 Perceived Availability of Drugs 47.4 43.4 50.0 36.9 29.4 61.8 50.0 46.4 42.9 40.5 49.2 56.0 47.9 43.8 42.7 53.0 47.6 48.0 40.6 37.5 Perceived Availability of Handguns 52.1 46.1 44.7 33.4 39.8 32.4 43.2 29.2 22.3 29.9 27.3 48.0 42.5 26.5 34.8 37.6 45.5 38.0 28.2 34.8 Poor Family Management 44.4 64.5 48.0 43.7 41.9 37.0 44.4 38.9 40.6 40.3 44.6 47.8 40.3 41.2 39.8 41.9 57.1 42.1 42.1 40.7 Family Conflict 52.5 61.8 59.2 53.1 51.5 38.8 33.3 36.8 42.1 41.6 37.5 30.4 34.7 39.1 38.8 43.3 50.0 43.2 45.9 44.1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 55.7 57.1 53.9 39.3 36.4 50.0 53.3 48.5 41.5 39.0 36.9 52.4 55.6 37.4 37.3 48.2 55.5 52.2 39.4 37.6 Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB 55.8 62.3 50.6 47.7 46.9 55.1 56.2 44.9 50.0 52.3 56.7 66.7 49.4 48.6 50.3 55.8 61.7 48.0 48.6 49.9 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 48.1 24.7 32.9 24.7 26.0 53.4 37.5 36.7 37.9 40.8 49.2 50.0 41.6 38.6 38.6 50.2 32.3 37.0 32.4 35.2 Academic Failure 54.3 44.6 52.6 45.5 46.6 44.7 51.8 49.5 48.5 47.9 29.0 37.5 38.4 40.6 41.8 43.4 46.1 47.1 45.1 45.6 Low Commitment to School 43.9 53.2 36.4 41.0 38.0 39.3 40.4 46.9 41.7 41.7 46.4 50.0 34.2 42.2 42.9 43.0 48.1 39.8 41.5 40.8 Rebelliousness 40.0 52.6 51.3 43.8 39.0 42.4 49.1 62.6 47.6 45.5 52.9 61.5 45.2 44.6 43.6 44.5 52.8 54.0 45.1 42.7 Early Initiation of ASB 31.7 45.6 41.0 37.6 33.7 43.0 35.1 53.5 40.6 37.0 50.0 69.2 43.2 38.6 35.4 41.0 45.7 46.6 38.8 35.4 Early Initiation of Drug Use 38.8 34.6 54.5 29.3 24.0 53.0 33.3 39.4 31.0 27.3 43.3 69.2 35.1 29.6 28.8 45.1 39.8 42.8 29.9 26.6 Attitudes Favorable to ASB 46.2 58.2 49.4 41.4 36.2 58.3 45.6 42.4 44.7 44.9 59.7 73.1 40.3 41.7 41.9 54.5 56.2 43.9 42.4 41.0 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 36.2 31.6 41.8 29.3 22.6 48.7 28.1 35.4 36.2 33.6 41.5 46.2 29.9 35.9 32.7 42.2 32.7 35.7 33.1 29.6 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 45.1 50.0 51.3 47.8 37.1 41.5 38.3 45.8 45.9 35.7 48.5 45.8 50.7 50.4 40.3 44.8 45.6 49.0 47.9 37.6 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 43.5 60.3 58.4 55.8 50.3 60.7 37.5 54.1 56.3 52.0 65.7 61.5 60.0 51.5 49.0 55.9 52.5 57.2 54.8 50.5 Friend's Use of Drugs 47.1 52.6 58.4 39.4 30.8 44.7 26.3 42.4 42.6 36.2 53.7 61.5 34.2 38.1 32.3 48.1 44.7 44.8 40.0 33.2 Rewards for ASB 48.8 42.3 58.2 48.2 36.7 43.6 26.3 38.4 46.8 42.7 62.1 50.0 48.6 57.1 55.1 50.9 37.9 47.6 50.1 44.4 Gang Involvement 13.6 27.3 33.8 20.8 17.8 15.2 14.0 17.0 20.9 15.7 9.1 24.0 20.8 16.1 13.1 12.8 22.8 23.5 19.6 15.6 43.5 54.4 54.4 37.1 29.7 40.0 21.1 42.4 34.2 30.4 39.1 57.7 40.3 32.5 29.0 41.0 43.2 45.5 35.0 29.7 Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Risk Students at High Risk* * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 45 Data Tables Table 10. Percentage of Students Reporting Protection Grade 10 Grade 8 Protective Factor Grade 12 All Students Surveyed† County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 43.4 29.9 39.2 32.9 38.3 54.9 41.5 41.2 38.0 44.2 45.5 37.5 58.3 37.0 44.1 48.2 34.5 45.7 35.6 42.2 Family Attachment 49.4 42.7 41.9 51.1 51.9 43.2 38.5 41.1 45.6 44.7 56.5 69.6 52.1 56.6 55.6 49.3 46.8 44.6 50.9 50.4 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 53.7 49.3 50.0 59.7 60.7 62.3 58.3 49.5 54.6 53.1 49.2 60.9 47.2 56.4 53.8 55.4 53.3 49.0 57.2 55.8 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 54.3 50.0 59.7 61.7 61.5 60.0 52.0 45.3 54.9 53.0 59.7 56.5 45.8 56.4 52.4 57.8 51.6 49.8 58.2 55.6 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 77.4 74.4 88.6 63.0 68.9 67.1 61.4 66.7 65.6 71.6 77.9 73.1 76.3 67.6 72.8 73.8 69.6 76.4 65.0 71.0 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 60.7 56.4 71.8 52.0 57.5 71.8 57.9 48.5 61.2 58.9 50.0 34.6 52.6 46.9 51.6 61.6 53.4 56.9 53.5 56.2 Belief in the Moral Order 58.8 48.1 52.6 60.3 64.6 55.6 64.8 60.6 69.4 68.0 39.7 16.0 50.7 56.4 53.8 52.1 48.7 55.2 62.0 62.5 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* 59.5 43.6 51.9 54.7 58.8 60.0 59.6 57.1 57.5 60.7 56.7 61.5 57.9 57.3 59.3 58.9 52.2 55.8 56.2 59.6 Prosocial Involvement 38.6 30.4 50.6 40.0 40.8 53.6 42.1 50.5 45.3 46.1 41.8 26.9 45.5 41.9 42.6 44.9 34.0 49.0 42.1 43.2 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 64.6 65.4 57.0 59.2 62.5 62.3 71.9 60.6 61.7 59.9 53.0 34.6 45.9 55.6 51.8 60.4 62.7 55.2 59.0 58.3 58.8 51.9 60.8 53.6 52.8 62.4 49.1 54.5 57.6 52.5 56.5 38.5 61.0 55.9 50.5 59.4 48.8 58.4 55.4 52.0 Community Domain Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Protection Students with High Protection** * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 46 Data Tables Table 11. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol* If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) Grade 8 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 Sample size** 22 21 4,473 11 27 5,295 13 25 6,341 46 73 16,109 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 0.0 0.0 4.9 0.0 3.7 6.3 7.7 8.0 9.9 2.2 4.1 7.3 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 0.0 0.0 2.5 0.0 3.7 2.1 7.7 4.0 3.6 2.2 2.7 2.8 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 0.0 0.0 3.0 0.0 3.7 2.2 7.7 4.0 2.5 2.2 2.7 2.6 27.3 19.0 19.2 63.6 29.6 32.6 61.5 40.0 42.5 45.7 30.1 32.8 I gave someone else money to buy it for me My parent or guardian gave it to me 9.1 19.0 17.5 18.2 14.8 15.0 38.5 8.0 13.3 19.6 13.7 15.0 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 27.3 9.5 17.3 36.4 11.1 16.8 38.5 12.0 14.8 32.6 11.0 16.1 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 18.2 19.0 16.2 18.2 14.8 24.8 53.8 16.0 30.4 28.3 16.4 24.6 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 31.8 23.8 21.0 0.0 22.2 23.1 38.5 4.0 18.6 26.1 16.4 20.7 I got it at a party 36.4 38.1 38.7 36.4 33.3 49.6 69.2 32.0 53.8 45.7 34.2 48.2 I took it from home 27.3 47.6 30.2 36.4 25.9 21.9 30.8 4.0 13.1 30.4 24.7 20.7 I took it from a store or someone else's home 13.6 4.8 9.4 9.1 3.7 9.8 23.1 0.0 5.6 15.2 2.7 8.1 I got it some other way 40.9 23.8 25.2 27.3 33.3 18.8 38.5 20.0 13.3 37.0 26.0 18.4 * Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. ** Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 47 Data Tables Table 12. Percentage of Students Reporting School Safety Issues Grade 8 Question During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY?* County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 0 times 91.7 89.9 92.4 1 time 3.6 8.9 1.3 2-3 times 4.8 0.0 4-5 times 0.0 6-7 times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? State 2010 Grade 12 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 91.7 92.9 93.0 91.8 4.5 2.4 5.3 6.1 3.8 2.2 2.4 1.8 1.3 0.0 0.6 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 8-9 times 0.0 0.0 0.0 10-11 times 0.0 0.0 12 or more times 0.0 0.0 State 2010 All Students Surveyed** County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 92.7 90.9 84.6 98.6 3.7 3.0 7.7 1.4 2.0 1.9 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.5 1.2 0.0 State 2010 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 95.3 91.9 90.1 94.0 93.0 2.4 3.0 7.4 3.2 3.7 0.0 1.3 3.4 0.6 2.0 1.9 3.8 0.0 0.3 0.4 1.2 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.9 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.0 3.8 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0 times 76.2 68.4 70.9 79.5 78.8 89.5 84.8 87.0 88.2 84.6 91.8 92.6 78.4 82.5 85.2 1 time 10.7 17.7 15.2 11.0 10.6 7.0 12.1 7.3 7.4 7.7 6.8 4.3 9.7 12.3 11.6 8.1 2-3 times 9.5 7.6 6.3 6.2 10.6 0.0 2.0 3.6 2.9 3.8 1.4 1.8 8.0 4.3 3.2 4.2 4-5 times 1.2 1.3 2.5 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.8 1.1 6-7 times 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.5 0.0 3.5 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 1.2 0.8 0.4 8-9 times 1.2 3.8 1.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 1.9 0.4 0.2 10-11 times 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 12 or more times 1.2 1.3 1.3 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 3.8 0.0 0.4 0.4 1.2 0.4 0.6 0 times 65.4 57.0 44.3 60.5 74.7 71.9 61.6 73.1 83.6 76.0 84.9 85.4 74.0 65.2 62.9 70.9 1 time 19.8 19.0 11.4 12.8 12.0 7.0 10.1 9.1 6.0 4.0 2.7 5.3 13.0 12.4 8.4 9.7 13.9 12.7 11.1 15.8 12.1 8.4 0.0 5.5 4.7 12.4 10.4 8.6 3.8 8.9 4.7 0.0 6.1 3.0 8.0 0.0 1.7 3.1 5.2 3.3 0.0 2.5 1.8 0.0 2.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 1.6 1.3 8-9 times 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.7 8.0 0.0 0.3 1.2 0.0 0.8 10-11 times 1.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.4 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.5 4.9 5.1 20.3 7.3 1.2 5.3 8.1 4.2 3.0 4.0 5.5 1.8 3.0 5.0 11.2 4.9 0 days 94.0 89.9 93.7 90.5 98.8 96.5 88.9 93.3 95.5 92.3 97.3 95.7 96.2 92.6 92.8 92.7 1 day 2.4 5.1 5.1 5.2 1.2 1.8 7.1 3.6 3.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 2.1 3.1 4.4 4.0 2-3 days 2.4 3.8 1.3 2.6 0.0 1.8 1.0 1.8 0.0 7.7 2.7 1.1 0.9 3.7 1.6 2.0 4-5 days 1.2 1.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 6 or more days 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.8 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.8 0.8 0 days 90.1 94.9 96.2 95.2 95.2 98.2 88.9 95.0 94.0 84.6 91.8 95.4 93.1 94.4 92.0 95.2 1 day 3.7 3.8 1.3 2.3 1.2 1.8 2.0 1.8 0.0 3.8 2.7 1.4 1.7 3.1 2.0 1.9 2-3 days 2.5 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.4 1.1 4-5 days 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 6 or more days 3.7 1.3 2.6 1.0 3.6 0.0 8.1 1.8 6.0 7.7 5.5 2.0 4.3 1.9 5.6 1.5 2-3 times 4-5 times 6-7 times 9.9 12.0 7.5 10.0 * In 2006 the choices for this question were Never , Once , Several Times and Very Often. ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 48 State 2010 80.6 12 or more times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on your way to or from school? Grade 10 Data Tables Table 13. Drug Free Communities Report - National Outcome Measures (NOMs) Outcome Definition Substance Grade 8 Percent Grade 10 Sample Percent Grade 12 Sample Percent All Students Surveyed† Sample Percent Sample Male †† Percent Female †† Sample Percent Sample drink 1 or two drinks nearly every day Alcohol 56.4 78 63.5 96 68.5 73 62.8 247 54.5 121 70.2 124 smoke 1 or more packs of cigarettes per day Cigarettes 85.9 78 84.5 97 86.3 73 85.5 248 80.3 122 90.3 124 smoke marijuana regularly Marijuana 78.4 74 73.9 92 72.2 72 74.8 238 71.2 118 78.8 118 Perception of Parent Disapproval* (Parents feel it would be Wrong or Very Wrong to... ) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 83.5 79 85.7 98 68.8 77 79.9 254 81.5 124 78.1 128 smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 90.8 76 94.9 98 80.5 77 89.2 251 87.8 123 91.3 126 smoke marijuana Marijuana 98.7 79 98.0 98 92.2 77 96.5 254 96.0 124 96.9 128 Perception of Peer Disapproval* (I think it is Wrong or Very Wrong for someone my age to...) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 64.6 79 66.7 99 63.6 77 65.1 255 64.0 125 65.6 128 Past 30-Day Use* Perception of Risk* (People are at Moderate or Great Risk of harming themselves if they...) smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 75.9 79 70.4 98 63.6 77 70.1 254 69.4 124 70.3 128 smoke marijuana Marijuana 86.1 79 79.8 99 75.3 77 80.4 255 77.6 125 83.6 128 at least one use in the past 30 days Alcohol 32.1 78 33.7 98 42.5 73 35.7 249 40.2 122 32.0 125 Cigarettes 21.8 78 20.6 97 32.9 73 24.6 248 26.4 121 22.4 125 Marijuana 6.4 78 12.4 97 27.4 73 14.9 248 14.8 122 14.5 124 Average Age of Onset** Percent (How old were you when you first…) Sample had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor? Alcohol 76.6 Average age: 12.0 years smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Cigarettes 47.4 Average age: 11.8 years Marijuana 18.2 Average age: 12.5 years smoked marijuana? 77 Percent Sample 77.8 99 12.5 years 78 51.5 34.3 13.2 years Sample 75.7 74 14.0 years 99 58.1 99 43.2 14.9 years Percent Sample 76.8 250 12.8 years 74 13.3 years 12.8 years 77 Percent 52.2 32.0 Sample 74.6 122 12.6 years 251 12.7 years 74 Percent 53.7 250 31.7 13.5 years Sample 79.4 126 13.0 years 123 50.8 126 12.6 years 12.6 years 13.8 years Percent 123 32.0 125 14.0 years * For Past 30-Day Use, Perception of Risk, and Perception of Parental/Peer Disapproval, the “Sample” column represents the sample size - the number of people who answered the question and whose responses were used to determine the percentage. The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample answering the question as specified in the definition. ** For Average Age of Onset, the “Sample” column represents the overall sample size: the total number of people that responded to the questions about Age of Onset. This includes responses that are not used to calculate the average age of onset (i.e., youth that have never used alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana). The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample reporting any age of first use for the specified substance. "Average age" is calculated by averaging the ages of first use of students reporting any use. † †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. The male and female values allow a gender comparison for youth who completed the survey. However, unless the percentage of students who participated from each grade is similar, the gender results are not necessarily representative of males and females in the community. 49 Data Tables Table 14. Additional Data for Prevention Planning In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: 52.3 45.2 41.6 49.6 57.7 14.2 17.3 11.0 26.0 13.2 21.3 11.2 22.4 13.1 15.0 6.4 1.3 5.1 3.4 1.0 2.4 7.1 2.0 10.1 7.7 2.9 5.7 9.6 5.5 2.7 10.7 4.9 8.3 7.6 2.8 6.4 6.7 2.6 4.9 70.5 11.5 80.6 8.7 60.6 11.1 68.4 10.3 56.2 6.8 62.7 10.3 62.4 10.0 72.2 9.6 9.0 3.8 5.2 2.2 11.1 5.1 8.6 3.9 8.2 9.6 9.6 4.8 9.6 6.0 7.4 3.4 1.3 3.8 1.0 2.4 0.0 12.1 2.3 6.5 5.5 13.7 2.8 9.8 2.0 10.0 1.9 5.6 76.9 11.5 75.4 8.1 69.7 9.1 58.7 11.1 67.1 4.1 56.9 11.0 71.2 8.4 65.4 9.7 2.6 3.8 2.6 6.5 3.5 1.9 8.1 5.1 3.0 10.3 6.2 3.6 6.8 6.8 6.8 10.7 6.3 3.7 6.0 5.2 4.0 8.7 5.1 2.9 2.6 83.3 4.7 88.4 5.1 88.9 10.2 81.4 8.2 84.9 11.4 81.7 5.2 86.0 8.2 84.5 9.0 3.8 5.4 2.7 4.0 4.0 7.5 4.8 2.7 4.1 7.3 4.8 5.2 4.0 6.6 3.9 0.0 1.3 1.2 0.6 1.0 1.0 2.2 1.2 1.4 4.1 2.2 1.2 0.8 2.0 1.8 0.9 2-3 times 4-6 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times More than 10 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times 2.6 1.7 1.0 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.0 2.4 Never 57.7 64.9 58.2 63.0 65.8 67.0 60.2 64.9 Once 17.9 14.1 13.6 10.3 18.4 9.2 12.7 11.9 6.8 16.4 10.9 10.8 14.9 12.9 12.6 10.9 7-10 times 2.6 2.6 3.5 1.5 5.1 3.1 4.5 1.9 5.5 1.4 4.2 2.0 4.4 2.4 4.0 1.7 More than 10 times 5.1 6.2 6.1 6.0 4.1 5.1 5.2 5.8 More than 10 times 2-3 times 4-6 times In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? State 2010 12.1 22.2 More than 10 times decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? County 2010 46.5 7-10 times give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? State 2010 12.3 9.5 Once say "No" without giving a reason why? County 2010 71.4 Never In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? State 2010 10.3 19.2 More than 10 times other drugs? County 2010 57.7 7-10 times marijuana? State 2010 All Students Surveyed* Once 4-6 times cigarettes? County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 Never 2-3 times alcohol? Grade 8 Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Grade 8 County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 24.1 19.0 30.9 14.2 34.0 24.7 33.4 17.4 34.2 11.0 33.8 17.2 30.9 18.9 32.4 16.0 8.9 5.1 6.3 5.8 2.7 5.3 8.2 6.2 8.2 8.9 4.1 8.8 9.6 2.7 11.0 10.3 5.5 10.4 8.8 4.8 8.4 8.0 3.9 7.7 36.7 38.5 41.1 35.7 18.6 44.8 27.3 38.7 31.5 35.6 22.8 39.4 28.1 40.1 32.0 37.6 9.0 9.0 10.9 5.4 12.5 11.5 13.9 8.2 11.0 9.6 15.2 10.2 10.9 10.1 13.0 7.5 5.1 3.8 2.7 4.4 5.2 7.3 4.6 7.3 6.8 5.5 5.2 7.4 5.7 5.7 3.9 6.1 34.6 35.9 41.0 37.3 18.8 44.8 27.3 45.1 31.5 47.9 22.5 50.9 27.5 42.9 31.9 43.3 9.0 7.7 3.8 10.2 3.7 2.4 21.9 4.2 2.1 12.3 5.2 2.9 11.0 2.7 4.1 11.4 5.2 3.2 14.6 4.9 3.2 11.1 4.6 2.8 6.4 37.2 4.6 41.8 5.2 21.9 6.3 28.1 2.7 31.5 5.9 23.4 4.9 29.6 5.5 32.8 38.5 11.5 40.7 8.2 53.1 10.4 49.7 9.9 53.4 8.2 55.3 9.6 48.6 10.1 47.4 9.1 3.8 2.6 3.3 1.9 8.3 3.1 4.2 2.6 0.0 2.7 4.3 2.4 4.5 2.8 3.8 2.3 5.1 38.5 3.8 42.1 2.1 22.9 5.2 28.3 4.1 31.5 4.6 23.7 3.6 30.4 4.4 33.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 50 Data Tables Table 15. Additional Data for Prevention Planning (Cont'd) Grade 8 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked or beaten up? County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 77.2 82.8 73.7 81.9 72.7 83.6 74.5 82.7 1 or 2 times 10.1 8.4 10.1 8.0 7.8 7.6 9.4 8.1 3 to 5 times 6.3 3.3 5.1 3.4 7.8 3.1 6.3 3.3 6 to 9 times 3.8 1.6 3.0 1.7 3.9 1.5 3.5 1.6 10 to 19 times 2.5 1.7 3.0 2.1 5.2 1.6 3.5 1.8 20 to 29 times 0.0 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.6 30 to 39 times 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 40+ times 0.0 1.5 4.0 1.9 2.6 1.7 2.4 1.7 Never 15.2 29.2 23.2 31.1 26.0 42.1 21.6 33.2 1 or 2 times 19.0 28.6 26.3 26.7 33.8 25.6 26.3 27.2 3 to 5 times 35.4 18.8 27.3 19.0 20.8 16.7 27.8 18.3 6 to 9 times 16.5 9.4 9.1 9.9 5.2 7.0 10.2 8.9 10 to 19 times 8.9 5.8 5.1 6.4 10.4 4.4 7.8 5.6 20 to 29 times 1.3 2.6 3.0 2.4 1.3 1.5 2.0 2.2 30 to 39 times 1.3 0.9 2.0 0.9 0.0 0.5 1.2 0.8 40+ times 2.5 4.7 4.0 3.6 2.6 2.3 3.1 3.7 86.1 81.3 78.6 81.7 84.4 85.9 82.7 82.6 1 or 2 times 8.9 10.4 12.2 9.9 7.8 8.0 9.8 9.6 3 to 5 times 2.5 3.5 5.1 3.4 1.3 2.5 3.1 3.2 6 to 9 times 1.3 1.6 3.1 1.6 1.3 1.2 2.0 1.5 10 to 19 times 1.3 1.6 0.0 1.8 5.2 1.2 2.0 1.6 20 to 29 times 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.4 30 to 39 times 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 40+ times 0.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.9 88.6 87.2 90.9 87.7 87.0 89.8 89.0 88.1 1 or 2 times 6.3 7.7 7.1 7.1 3.9 6.1 5.9 7.1 3 to 5 times 2.5 2.1 0.0 1.9 1.3 1.7 1.2 1.9 6 to 9 times 0.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.3 0.7 0.8 0.8 10 to 19 times 1.3 0.8 1.0 1.2 5.2 0.8 2.4 0.9 20 to 29 times 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.2 30 to 39 times 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 40+ times 1.3 0.9 0.0 0.9 1.3 0.6 0.8 0.8 Never seen someone shot or shot at? State 2010 Grade 12 Never Never seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? County 2010 Grade 10 If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply) I've never used prescription drugs to get high Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) All Students Surveyed Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 87.3 88.1 81.4 81.7 79.5 78.5 82.7 83.6 3.8 5.5 9.3 11.2 12.3 14.0 8.4 9.5 2.5 2.2 7.2 3.7 5.5 4.2 5.2 3.2 1.3 2.5 8.2 4.9 4.1 5.5 4.8 4.0 2.5 2.9 7.2 5.0 6.8 5.2 5.6 4.1 3.8 1.3 0.0 2.8 8.2 4.4 3.6 2.6 0.0 1.6 4.1 3.7 2.7 3.6 2.4 2.8 0.0 1.8 0.0 3.0 4.1 3.1 1.2 2.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.4 1.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.7 0.0 1.0 1.4 1.3 0.4 1.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 51 Appendix Appendix - Comparability of survey administrations Issue Drug Category 2008/2010 AYS 2006 AYS On how many occasions (if any) have you: Notes regarding changes On how many occasions (if any) have you: Hallucinogens Used LSD or other psychedelics? Used LSD or other hallucinogens? Substituted "hallucinogens" for "psychedelics" in 2008 and beyond. Comparable across years. Meth Used methamphetamines (meth, speed, crank, crystal meth)? Used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription stimulants Used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription sedatives Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? In 2008 AYS added descriptor "prescription" and removed qualifier "without a doctor telling you to take them." 2006 data are cautiously comparable to 2008/2010. Ecstasy Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)? Used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2008/2010 AYS uses "ecstasy" as the primary descriptor, moving "MDMA" to examples. Comparable across years. Combined results of On how many occasions have you: Prescription drugs Gambling Category Combined results of On how many occasions have you: used prescription drugs (such as Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderall, Oxycontin, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription pain relievers (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? How often during the past 12 months have you: In 2006 there was a prescription drugs question with several examples (some of which overlapped examples from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions). In 2008/2010, the single prescription drug question was dropped, and a new question about prescription pain relievers was added. Rather than discontinuing reporting Prescription Drugs , the prescription sedative, stimulant and pain reliever questions were combined to create a single measure. . In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006 data were similarly recalculated into a composite, adding results from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions to the dedicated Prescription Drugs question. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Sports betting Bet on team sports? Bet on sports? 2006 not comparable to later data. Race betting Bet money on horse races? Bet on a horse race or other animal race? 2006 not comparable to later data. Dice Bet on dice games such as craps? Played a dice game? 2006 not comparable to later data. Games of skill Bet on games of personal skill such as pool, darts, or bowling? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Comparable across years. Protective Scale: Peer-Individual Interaction with Prosocial Peers 52 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year, how many of your best friends have: (Scale is calculated based on the average response [0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 friends] to the following questions) ...participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? ...made the commitment to stay drug-free? ...tried to do well in school? ...liked school? ...regularly attended religious services? (not used in 2008/2010) Regularly attended religious services was removed from the AYS in 2008. 2006 has been recalculated to match 2008/2010 AYS and are now comparable across all years. Due to this recalculation, current reports may differ slightly from past reports. Contacts for Prevention Regional Prevention Contacts Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai Counties Rachel Peterson Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) 928-226-6394 Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Gila, La Paz, Pinal, Yuma and Santa Cruz Counties Linda Weinberg Cenpatico Behavioral Health of Arizona 866-495-6738 Maricopa County Juan Aristizabal Magellan Health Services of Arizona 602-797-8256 Pima County Bill Burnett Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) 520-618-8807 Gila River Indian Community Julie Jimenez Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority 520-562-3321 ext. 7031 Pascua Yaqui Tribe Ralph Cota Centered Spirit Program 480-768-2063 Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Michelle Neitch/Phillip Stevenson 602-364-1173/602-364-1157 www.azcjc.gov Arizona Department of Education School Safety and Prevention www.ade.az.gov/sa/health/ Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Elise Mikkelsen 602-266-8299 ext. 351 www.problemgambling.az.gov 53 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Lisa Shumaker 602-364-4594 www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Charles Katz 602-496-1471 http://cvpcs.asu.edu/ Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families 602-542-4043 www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html Partnership for a Drug Free America, Arizona Affiliate Shelly Mowrey 602-264-5700 www.partnerupaz.org The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (Blueprints for Violence Prevention) www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) www.prevention.samhsa.gov Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Model Programs Guide www2.dsgonline.com/mpg/ Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Evidence Based Practices www.samhsa.gov/ebpwebguide/index.asp Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CAPT) casat.unr.edu/westcapt.html Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. 801-359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com La Paz County 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Shining Light on Arizona Youth Arizona Criminal Justice Commission in partnership with Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Arizona Department of Health Services, Division of Behavioral Health Arizona Department of Health Services, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Arizona Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention Governor’s Office for Children, Youth and Families Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Leslie Bloom, The Partnership for Drug Free America, AZ Affiliate Allie Bones, Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence Tim Christensen, Office of Problem Gambling Janet Garcia, Valley of the Sun United Way Michelle Gayles, Valley of the Sun United Way Charles Katz, Arizona State University Elise Mickkelsen, Office of Problem Gambling Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Rick Pyper, Office of Problem Gambling Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University Additionally, the success of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Table of Contents Introduction The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention The Charts and Tables in this Report The Community Data Project The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data Data Charts: Lifetime and 30 Day ATOD Use Problem Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior Gambling Risk & Protective Factor Profiles Where Youth Obtained Alcohol School Safety Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions Data Tables Appendix Contacts for Prevention Introduction 2010 Arizona Youth Survey La Paz County Summary Report This report summarizes all findings from the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) administered to 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students during spring 2010. The results for your county are presented along with comparisons to the results for the state of Arizona. The survey was designed to assess school safety, adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. All schools in Arizona are eligible to participate in the survey, Table 1. Characteristics of Participants County 2006 Number Percent County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Students by Grade 8 145 38.6 118 33.8 126 34.4 27,592 43.3 10 167 44.4 124 35.5 146 39.9 19,489 30.6 12 64 17.0 107 30.7 94 25.7 16,703 26.2 376 100.0 349 100.0 366 100.0 63,784 100.0 Male 172 47.4 189 55.4 195 54.2 30,645 49.0 Female 191 52.6 152 44.6 165 45.8 31,928 51.0 All Students Surveyed* Students by Gender Table 2. Race/Ethnicity of Participants Hispanic Student marked 'Yes' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Native American 20 12.7 23 13.7 1,207 4.9 African American 1 0.6 2 1.2 657 2.6 Asian 0 0.0 0 0.0 206 0.8 Pacific Islander 2 1.3 0 0.0 280 1.1 26 16.6 22 13.1 5,772 23.2 White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked 6 3.8 11 6.5 1,021 4.1 102 65.0 110 65.5 15,726 63.2 Non-Hispanic Student marked 'No' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American African American Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent 45 26.3 44 23.7 2,517 6.8 6 3.5 5 2.7 2,129 5.7 1 0.6 1 0.5 1,551 4.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 372 1.0 99 57.9 115 61.8 27,180 73.2 20 11.7 21 11.3 2,539 6.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 824 2.2 Totals County 2008 Number Percent County 2010 Number Percent State 2010 Number Percent Hispanic Students 157 45.0 168 45.9 24,869 Non-Hispanic Students Total Students** 171 49.0 186 50.8 37,112 58.2 349 100.0 366 100.0 63,784 100.0 39.0 * Grades with fewer than 20 students participating are not included in this report. However, students from grades not making the cutoff are included in All Students Surveyed. This means the number of students reported in All Students Surveyed may exceed the sum of individual grades. (All Students Surveyed will match the grade total in reports with data drawn from a single grade.) **As a small percentage of students skipped the question Are you Hispanic or Latino? (at the state level, 1,803 students, or 2.8% of the total), the sum of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic students is less than Total Students . 5 and recruitment efforts were successful in obtaining participation by schools in all of the 15 counties. Careful planning and uniform administration of the survey have resulted in survey data that are valid and representative of the students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in Arizona. Table 1 contains the characteristics of the students who completed the survey from your county and the state of Arizona. Because not every student answered all of the questions, the number of students in the gender and ethnicity/race categories often will be less than the total number of students. To better understand the diversity of Arizona’s youth population, respondents were asked separate questions about their ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) and their race (Caucasian, African-American, Native American, etc.). This method for obtaining ethnicity and race information provides more comprehensive data on youth cultural and racial self-identification, and a more nuanced understanding of Arizona’s diverse youth population. Whenever data are obtained from a sample of students instead of the entire population, it is important to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the data. One easy way to investigate the quality of the sample is to look at the basic demographic characteristics of the students who participated in the survey and compare them to what is known about the entire population of students. This will give the user of these data a basic understanding of the degree to which the sample data can be generalized to the entire population. It is important to note that even when the characteristics of the sample do not match well to the characteristics of the population this does not mean the data lose their usefulness. The data included in this report describes the level of risk and protective factors, substance use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency of those youth who participated in the survey, which can be used to inform the development of school and community-based prevention and intervention activities that may benefit both the youth who participate in the survey and those who did not. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention Prevention is a science. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention is a proven way of reducing substance abuse and its related consequences. This model is based on the simple premise that to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing and then find ways to reduce the risks. Just as medical researchers have found risk factors for heart disease such as diets high in fat, lack of exercise, and smoking, a team of researchers at the University of Washington have defined a set of risk factors for youth problem behaviors. Protective factors exert a positive influence and buffer against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviors. Protective factors identified through research include strong bonding to family, school, community and peers, and healthy beliefs and clear standards for behavior. Research on risk and protective factors has important implications for children’s academic success, positive youth development, and prevention of health and behavior problems. In order to promote academic success and positive youth development and to prevent problem behaviors, it is necessary to address the factors that predict these outcomes. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can be identified and targeted by policies, programs, and actions shown to reduce those risk factors and to promote protective factors. Risk factors are characteristics of school, community and family environments, and of students and their peer groups known to predict increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school dropout, and violent behaviors among youth. For example, children who live in communities with physical deterioration and high rates of adult crime are more likely to become involved in delinquency and drug use than children who live in organized neighborhoods. Each risk and protective factor can be linked to specific types of interventions that have been shown to be effective in either reducing risk(s) or enhancing protection(s). The steps outlined here will help your county make key decisions regarding allocation of resources, how and when to address specific needs, and which strategies are most effective and known to produce results. The chart below shows the links between the 19 risk factors and five problem behaviors. The check marks indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Community Disorganization Extreme Economic & Social Deprivation Family History of the Problem Behavior Family Conflict Family Management Problems Favorable Parent Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Early Initiation of Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Early & Persistent Antisocial Behavior Alienation & Rebelliousness Friends Who Use Drugs & Engage in Problem Behaviors Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Gang Involvement Constitutional Factors Peer / Individual Low Neighborhood Attachment School Transitions & Mobility Family Availability of Drugs & Firearms Community Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms & Crime Risk Factors Substance Abuse T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Delinquency T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Teen Pregnancy School Drop-Out Violence T T T T T T T T Source: Communities That Care (CTC) prevention model, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) 6 Charts and Tables in this Report There are seven types of charts presented in this report: 1. Lifetime and 30 day ATOD use 2. Heavy substance use and antisocial behavior 3. Gambling 4. Risk profiles 5. Protective profiles 6. Where youth acquired alcohol 7. School safety Data from the charts are also presented in Tables 4 through 12. The additional data found in Tables 13 through 15 are explained at the end of this section. Understanding the Format of the Charts There are several graphical elements common to all the charts. Understanding the format of the charts and what these elements represent is essential in interpreting the results of the 2010 AYS. • The Bars on substance use and antisocial behavior charts represent the percentage of students in that grade who reported a given behavior. The bars on the risk and protective factor charts represent the percentage of students whose answers reflect significant risk or protection in that category. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Each set of differently colored bars represents one of the last three administrations of the AYS: 2006, 2008, and 2010. By looking at the percentages over time, it is possible to identify trends in substance use and antisocial behavior. By studying the percentage of youth at risk and with protection over time, it is possible to determine whether the percentage of students at risk or with protection is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. This information is important when deciding which risk and protective factors warrant attention. • Dots and Diamonds. The dots on the charts represent the percentage of all of the youth surveyed across Arizona who reported substance use, problem behavior, elevated risk, or elevated protection. The diamonds represent national data from either the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey or the Bach Harrison Norm. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz The Bach Harrison Norm was developed by Bach Harrison L.L.C. to provide states and communities with the ability to compare their results on risk, protection, and antisocial measures with more national measures. Survey participants from eight statewide surveys and five large regional surveys across the nation were combined into a database of approximately 460,000 students. The results were 7 weighted to make the contribution of each state and region proportional to its share of the national population. Bach Harrison analysts then calculated rates for antisocial behavior and for students at risk and with protection. The results appear on the charts as BH Norm. In order to keep the Bach Harrison Norm relevant, it is updated approximately every two years as new data become available. zzzzz zzzzzzzzz A comparison to state-wide and national results provides additional information for your community in determining the relative importance of levels of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use, antisocial behavior, risk, and protection. Information about other students in the state and the nation can be helpful in determining the seriousness of a given level of problem behavior. Scanning across the charts, it is important to observe the factors that differ the most from the Bach Harrison Norm. This is the first step in identifying the levels of risk and protection that are higher or lower than those in other communities. The risk factors that are higher than the Bach Harrison Norm and the protective factors are lower than the Bach Harrison Norm are probably the factors that your community should consider addressing when planning prevention programs. Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use • Lifetime use is a measure of the percentage of students who tried the particular substance at least once in their lifetime and is used to show the percentage of students who have had experience with a particular substance. • 30-day use is a measure of the percentage of students who used the substance at least once in the 30 days prior to taking the survey and is a more sensitive indicator of the level of current use of the substance. Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior • Heavy substance use is measured in two different ways: binge drinking (having five or more drinks in a row during the two weeks prior to the survey) and use of one-half a pack or more of cigarettes per day. • Drinking and Driving - youth indicating drinking alcohol and driving, or riding with a driver who had been drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. • Antisocial behavior (ASB) is a measure of the percentage of students who report any involvement during the past year with the eight antisocial behaviors listed in the charts. How Charts to Readand theTables Chartsininthis thisReport Report(cont’d) (cont’d) Gambling Gambling behavior charts show the percentage of students who engaged in each of the 10 types of gambling “for money, possessions, or anything of value” during the past year: played gambling machines, played the lottery, bet on sports, played cards, bought a raffle ticket, played bingo, gambled on the Internet, bet on a dice game, bet on a game of personal skill and bet on horse or other animal races. The chart also shows the percentage of students who engaged in any gambling behavior during the past year. Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Risk and protective factor scales measure specific aspects of a youth’s life experience that predict whether he/she will engage in problem behaviors. The scales, defined in Table 3, are grouped into four domains: community, family, school, and peer/individual. The risk and protective factor charts show the percentage of students at risk and with protection for each of the scales. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol This chart displays data regarding the ways that students obtained alcohol in the past 30 days. The data focus on a subgroup of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no alcohol use are not represented.) It is important to note that the charts represent a subgroup of users and not the entire survey population. Additionally, the smaller the sample, the more dramatic the influence of a student's responses. For example, if only one student in a particular grade reported where he/she obtained alcohol, each category would show up as either 0% or 100%. The chart legend indicates the sample size for each grade surveyed to help clarify the value of the data. School Safety The school safety profile charts contain the percentages of students who felt unsafe at school or on the way to school, were threatened or injured with a weapon at school, were in a physical fight at school, carried a weapon to school or were picked on or bullied at school. The complete questions and values for each response option can be seen in Table 12. Additional Data in this Report In addition to data presented in the charts and Tables 4 through 12, Tables 13 through 15 contain information useful for prevention planning. Table 13 contains the information that is required by communities with Drug Free Communities Grants, such as the perception of the risk of ATOD use, perception of parent and peer disapproval of ATOD use, past 30-day use, and average age of first use. Tables 14 and 15 contain questions new to the 2010 AYS on subjects of interest to prevention providers. The Community Data Project Supported by a grant from the Arizona Governor's Office for Children, Youth and Families, the Community Data Project is a multi-agency effort to create a central repository for Arizona's substance abuse and crime data. Through a user-friendly web site, individuals will have a one-stop portal where they can select the type of data they need, specific demographic characteristics, and their geographic level of interest. Various output options will be offered, including data tables, graphs, and maps to cover a variety of reporting and visualization needs. The web site will be a useful tool for practitioners and policymakers who are addressing substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and crime and the criminal justice system by providing them with a 8 comprehensive picture of the characteristics and needs of Arizona’s communities. Having data that are specific to the users geographic area of interest will not only lead to an enhanced understanding of the community issues related to drugs and crime, but it will also maximize data-for-decision-making capabilities for things such as the appropriate program content, identification of at-risk target areas and populations, grant writing and reporting, monitoring progress of prevention and intervention initiatives over time, and determining resource allocation. Currently, the web site is under construction, but we anticipate it will be ready by end of summer 2010. Please visit us then at: www.azcjc.gov/ACJC.Web/sac/CommunDataPrj.aspx The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership (ASAP) was established by Executive Order in June 2007. Currently chaired by the governor’s policy advisor on Health and Human Services, ASAP serves as the single statewide council on substance abuse issues. ASAP brings together stakeholders at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels to improve coordination of efforts; address identified gaps in prevention, treatment, enforcement, and recovery efforts; and improve funding allocation. ASAP utilizes data and practical expertise to develop effective methods for integrating and expanding services across Arizona, thereby maximizing available resources. ASAP also studies current policy and recommends relevant legislation for the Arizona Legislature’s consideration. It is ASAP’s mission to ensure community-driven, agency-supported outcomes to prevent and reduce the negative impacts of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs by building and sustaining partnerships between professionals in the prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement arenas. Through coordination and collaboration among its members and their respective agencies and organizations, ASAP strives to ensure that substance abuse is addressed in a comprehensive manner and funding is spent efficaciously and efficiently. ASAP’s 2010 strategic plan identifies five strategic focus areas: 1)zchild welfare/children of incarcerated parents/drug-endangered children; 2) law enforcement and drug trafficking; 3)zprescription drugs; 4)zunderage drinking; and 5)zcommunity partnerships. There are currently four sub-committees that assist ASAP in meeting its goals: • Underage Drinking Prevention Committee (UAD) – This subcommittee addresses the problem of underage drinking in Arizona by implementing a statewide underage drinking initiative that assesses statewide epidemiological data, resources, strategies and policies, and builds relationships with tribes, youth, law enforcement, government agencies, and community coalitions. By combining resources, practice, and research, the committee collaborates across state systems to reduce underage drinking. • Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group (Epi) – This work group produces a biennial Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile, which highlights trends and new substance abuse data in Arizona and an annual summary profile, entitled The Impact of Substance Abuse: A Snapshot of Arizona. The Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile is a comprehensive, informative, and functional profile of substance abuse in the state for use by community coalitions, agencies, and individuals in relevant fields. Currently, Epi conducts analyses of individual substance abuse issues, responds to ad hoc data requests and brings data to bear on ASAP’s policy decisions around its strategic plan and focus areas. • Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force (AMTF) –The Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force was created in August 2006 in response to Arizona’s decade-long increase in the number of individuals regularly using methamphetamine and the increase in the resulting social and economic costs associated with the drug. The AMTF was instructed to approach Arizona’s methamphetamine problem holistically, focusing equally on enforcement, prevention, treatment, and recovery. Specifically, the AMTF was charged with identifying specific, action-oriented recommendations to eradicate methamphetamine use in Arizona and build safe and healthy communities throughout the state. The AMTF brings together representatives from state agencies, local government, businesses, and community groups to develop collaborative efforts among the treatment, prevention, and law enforcement systems to assess and address the impact of methamphetamine statewide through information sharing, resource allocation, services coordination, and the development of statewide policy recommendations sensitive to the needs of local and tribal communities. • The Community Advisory Board – The Community Advisory Board (CAB) brings together representatives from community coalitions around the state to improve substance abuse prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement policies and programs. The CAB provides an essential link between communities, ASAP and its subcommittees. The CAB brings the community voice to the ASAP table; reports on important community issues that informs ASAP’s work; helps communities improve their capacity to identify emerging trends, as well as take action and report on them to the proper institutions/authorities; takes the data available through the Epidemiology Work Group and ASAP back to coalitions and communities to effectively target prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement activities; serves as a resource for communities and the state to identify the most effective ways to reduce substance abuse through collaborative efforts and by targeting limited resources where they are most needed; and elevates and recognizes the important work being carried out at the community level to ensure that state-level responses are cognizant of the impact of policies on individual communities. 9 School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data What are the numbers telling you? Review the charts and data tables presented in this report. Note your findings as you discuss the following questions. • Which 3-5 risk factors appear to be higher than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which 3-5 protective factors appear to be lower than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which levels of 30-day drug use are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which substances are your students using the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable usage levels? • Which levels of antisocial behaviors are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which behaviors are your students exhibiting the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable behavior levels? How to identify high priority problem areas. • Look across the charts – which items stand out as either much higher or much lower than the other? • Compare your data with statewide, and/or national data – differences of 5% between local and other data are probably significant. • Prioritize problems for your area – Make an assessment of the rates you’ve identified. Which can be realistically addressed with the funding available to your community? Which problems fit best with the prevention resources at hand? • Determine the standards and values held within your community – For example: Is it acceptable in your community for a percentage of high school students to drink alcohol regularly as long as that percentage is lower than the overall state rate? Use these data for planning. • Substance use and antisocial behavior data – raise awareness about the problems and promote dialogue. • Risk and protective factor data – identify exactly where the community needs to take action. • Promising approaches – access resources listed on the last page of this report for ideas about programs that have been proven effective in addressing the risk factors that are high in your community, and improving the protective factors that are low. Sample Risk Factors Protective Factors 30-day Substance Abuse Antisocial Behavior 10 6th grd Fav. Attitude to Drugs (Peer/Indiv. Scale) @ 15% (8% > 8-state av.) 10th grd - Rewards for prosocial involvm. (School Domain) 40% (down 5% from 2 yrs ago & 16% below state av.) 8th grd Binge Drinking@13% (5% above state av.) 12th grd - Drunk/High at School @ 21% ( about same as state, but remains a priority.) Priority Rate 1 Priority Rate 2 Priority Rate 3 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 La Paz County, Grade 8 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 11 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 La Paz County, Grade 10 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 12 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 La Paz County, Grade 12 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 13 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 La Paz County, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† MTF Prescription Drugs**† 14 Prescription Sedatives** **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Prescription Stimulants** State 2010 Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** County 2010 Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** County 2008 Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol County 2006 Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 La Paz County, Grade 8 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 15 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 La Paz County, Grade 10 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 16 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 La Paz County, Grade 12 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 17 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 La Paz County, All Students Surveyed 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 18 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Gambling GAMBLING 2010 La Paz County, Grade 8 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 19 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 La Paz County, Grade 10 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 20 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 La Paz County, Grade 12 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 21 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 La Paz County, All Students Surveyed Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 22 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 La Paz County, Grade 8 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 23 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 La Paz County, Grade 8 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 24 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 La Paz County, Grade 10 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 25 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 La Paz County, Grade 10 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 26 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 La Paz County, Grade 12 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 27 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 La Paz County, Grade 12 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 28 Sources Risk and of Protective Alcohol Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 La Paz County, All Students Surveyed Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 29 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 La Paz County, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 30 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 La Paz County, Grade 8 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 19 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 17 State 2010 Sample: 4,473 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 31 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 La Paz County, Grade 10 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 41 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 42 State 2010 Sample: 5,295 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 32 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 La Paz County, Grade 12 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 36 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 34 State 2010 Sample: 6,341 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 33 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 La Paz County, All Students Surveyed Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 96 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 93 State 2010 Sample: 16,109 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 34 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 La Paz County, Grade 8 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 35 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 La Paz County, Grade 10 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 36 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 La Paz County, Grade 12 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 37 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 La Paz County, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 38 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles Community Domain Risk Factors 1 Low Neighborhood Attachment Research has shown that youth who don't like the neighborhoods in which they live are more likely to become involved in juvenile crime and drug selling. Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the legal drinking age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been followed by decreases in consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have shown that shifts in normative attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence of use. Perceived Availability of Drugs and Handguns The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the use of these substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a higher risk of crime and substance use by adolescents. 1 1 1 1 Community Domain Protective Factors 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for positive participation in activities helps youth bond to the community, thus lowering their risk for substance use. Family Domain Risk Factors 1 Poor Family Management Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places them at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, parents’ failure to provide clear expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that they will engage in drug abuse whether or not there are family drug problems. 1 Family Conflict Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the conflict, appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use. 1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or ATOD use), the children are more likely to engage in these behaviors. 1 Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Antisocial Behavior & Drugs In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use, children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the refrigerator. Family Domain Protective Factors 1 Family Attachment Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors. 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things done well by their child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviors. School Domain Risk Factors 1 Academic Failure Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both drug abuse and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever reasons, increases the risk of problem behaviors. 1 Low Commitment to School Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of drugs is significantly lower among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking school, spending time on homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also negatively related to drug use. 39 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles School Domain Protective Factors 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors. Peer-Individual Risk Factors 1 Rebelliousness Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at higher risk of abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for independence and normlessness have all been linked with drug use. 1 Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use Early onset of drug use predicts misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the greater the involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use prior to the age of 15 is a consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug use has been shown to predict lower drug involvement and a greater probability of discontinuation of use. 1 Attitudes Favorable Toward During the elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes and have Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use difficulty imagining why people use drugs or engage in antisocial behaviors. However, in middle school, as more youth are exposed to others who use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior are more likely to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use. 1 Perceived Risk of Drug Use Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug use. 1 Interaction with Antisocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for engaging in antisocial behavior themselves. 1 Friends' Use of Drugs Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much more likely to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends who use drugs greatly increases the risk of that problem developing. 1 Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging further in antisocial behavior and substance use. Gang Involvement Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. 1 1 1 1 Peer-Individual Protective Factors 1 Belief in the Moral Order Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs. 1 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are more protected from engaging in antisocial behavior and substance use. 1 Prosocial Involvement Participation in positive school and community activities helps provide protection for youth. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are rewarded for working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in problem behavior. 40 Data Tables Table 4. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime In your lifetime, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 53.0 47.9 51.6 45.1 36.6 66.2 65.6 68.5 64.1 59.1 69.4 71.7 75.5 72.8 72.3 61.7 61.2 64.5 58.2 55.6 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 37.0 34.8 27.2 23.8 20.1 44.5 38.0 43.7 37.2 32.7 46.8 57.0 52.1 46.9 43.6 42.2 42.6 40.2 34.0 31.8 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 8.1 8.6 3.2 7.1 9.6 22.3 18.7 13.9 12.5 15.2 23.8 19.8 21.3 18.1 16.3 17.3 15.6 12.2 11.7 13.6 Marijuana used marijuana? 23.7 21.7 26.0 17.8 15.7 34.2 28.7 32.2 34.3 32.3 38.3 48.5 38.3 44.7 42.0 30.9 32.1 31.7 29.9 29.7 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 1.6 2.6 0.8 2.2 1.7 2.1 2.5 7.0 5.9 3.0 1.8 5.1 3.2 9.0 3.1 1.8 3.3 3.9 5.1 2.6 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 3.1 2.6 0.0 2.3 2.6 7.8 2.5 5.6 5.3 4.6 6.9 7.1 5.3 8.8 6.0 5.8 3.8 3.6 5.0 4.4 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 13.2 16.2 12.1 14.5 14.9 12.1 8.2 17.5 11.8 12.8 13.8 7.1 10.6 9.4 9.5 12.8 10.7 13.9 12.3 12.5 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 6.6 1.7 0.8 0.7 1.6 5.2 3.3 2.8 1.6 2.8 6.9 3.0 3.2 2.5 2.4 6.0 2.7 2.2 1.5 2.3 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 1.7 0.0 0.8 0.9 1.3 2.9 0.8 1.4 2.6 1.5 0.0 0.0 1.1 3.4 1.2 1.9 0.3 1.1 2.1 1.3 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 0.0 0.0 1.6 3.9 2.2 2.1 4.1 5.6 8.2 5.5 5.1 0.0 10.6 10.6 6.5 1.9 1.5 5.5 7.0 4.7 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 0.0 1.7 0.8 1.6 1.3 2.9 1.7 1.4 1.8 1.3 3.3 1.0 2.1 1.7 2.2 1.9 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 16.5 11.3 11.5 4.4 n/a 23.0 22.4 18.9 9.9 n/a 27.3 22.3 23.1 13.2 n/a 22.0 18.6 16.8 9.1 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 0.0 1.7 4.8 3.0 6.0 5.7 4.9 7.0 7.0 10.3 7.0 12.1 5.3 8.5 9.9 3.8 6.0 5.8 5.7 8.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 4.2 8.7 8.1 8.7 9.5 15.6 10.7 12.6 11.5 13.0 12.3 12.1 7.4 13.4 12.7 10.6 10.4 9.7 10.8 11.7 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 9.4 21.7 17.7 16.5 n/a 22.8 28.7 28.7 23.7 n/a 24.2 33.3 24.5 27.3 n/a 18.0 27.7 23.8 21.5 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 10.3 9.7 9.5 n/a n/a 14.9 14.0 13.2 n/a n/a 17.2 17.0 14.1 n/a n/a 14.0 13.3 11.8 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 41 Data Tables Table 5. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days In the past 30 days, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? Cigarettes Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF 28.5 23.3 20.2 21.9 14.9 37.1 39.3 32.4 34.7 30.4 42.6 38.4 45.2 45.0 43.5 34.8 33.5 31.5 31.9 29.2 smoked cigarettes? 8.7 6.1 9.6 8.9 6.5 19.9 11.7 12.7 15.6 13.1 14.3 21.9 12.8 22.9 20.1 14.7 12.7 11.6 14.7 13.0 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 1.6 2.6 3.2 2.8 3.7 7.9 5.7 7.6 5.7 6.5 8.1 3.0 7.4 8.1 8.4 5.6 3.8 6.1 5.1 6.1 Marijuana used marijuana? 14.1 9.6 10.7 8.9 6.5 11.5 13.3 12.6 17.4 15.9 16.7 21.2 7.4 21.3 20.6 13.4 14.4 10.6 14.8 14.2 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.7 1.7 2.1 2.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.0 2.4 0.5 0.6 1.2 1.1 1.6 0.5 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 1.6 1.7 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.6 0.9 3.4 2.0 0.0 2.2 1.3 1.6 1.5 0.3 1.4 1.0 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 6.5 6.0 5.6 5.6 3.8 2.2 1.6 2.8 3.0 2.2 0.0 2.0 0.0 1.5 1.2 3.4 3.3 3.0 3.7 2.4 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 4.8 1.7 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.7 1.7 0.0 0.5 0.6 5.2 2.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 3.1 1.8 0.0 0.4 0.5 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 1.4 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.4 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.4 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.6 1.4 0.0 2.1 2.9 1.3 1.8 0.0 2.1 3.4 1.8 0.9 0.0 1.4 2.5 1.2 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.7 0.5 1.6 1.0 0.0 0.6 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 7.9 3.2 5.7 1.3 n/a 14.8 8.4 8.9 3.0 n/a 10.1 12.8 9.7 4.1 n/a 11.0 7.8 7.7 2.8 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 0.0 1.7 0.8 1.4 1.9 2.2 2.5 1.4 2.8 3.3 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.5 3.0 1.3 2.1 1.4 2.1 2.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 1.7 4.3 2.4 3.6 2.5 8.0 4.9 5.6 4.7 3.9 6.8 3.0 4.3 4.7 4.2 5.4 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.5 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 3.9 10.4 4.8 8.2 n/a 10.7 18.9 11.2 11.8 n/a 12.9 13.1 14.9 12.4 n/a 8.5 14.3 10.0 10.4 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 7.8 4.8 5.4 n/a n/a 8.3 7.0 6.3 n/a n/a 8.1 10.6 6.3 n/a n/a 8.0 7.2 5.9 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 42 Data Tables Table 6. Percentage of Students With Heavy ATOD Use Drinking and Driving During the past 30 days, how many times did you: (One or more times) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? 10.5 7.7 4.1 5.0 4.2 9.4 13.7 11.9 7.6 7.4 14.8 13.7 13.8 14.1 16.6 10.7 11.7 9.7 8.2 7.7 RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? 41.8 38.5 35.5 27.7 24.9 40.6 44.7 33.1 29.1 26.3 33.9 39.0 37.6 28.9 27.5 39.9 40.9 35.1 28.5 25.0 Heavy Use Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Binge Drinking How many times have you had 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? (One or more times) 15.7 13.8 12.9 12.4 7.8 22.7 24.6 21.8 21.0 17.5 23.7 22.2 29.8 29.2 25.2 20.3 20.2 20.8 19.5 16.6 1/2 Pack (or more) of Cigarettes/Day During the past 30 days, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? (11 to 20 cigarettes, More than 20 cigarettes) 0.8 0.9 1.6 0.7 1.0 2.0 1.7 2.1 2.0 2.4 3.2 2.1 2.2 3.6 5.0 1.8 1.5 2.0 1.9 2.7 Table 7. Percentage of Students With Antisocial Behavior How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: (One or more times) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 Been Drunk or High at School 16.2 12.8 11.2 12.8 7.5 19.3 17.9 19.4 21.8 15.0 21.7 22.0 17.0 Been Suspended from School All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 22.1 17.7 18.5 17.4 16.0 18.0 13.3 18.1 17.9 22.2 18.5 15.1 11.8 24.8 18.2 14.4 12.6 11.7 10.9 17.0 9.9 9.2 14.2 18.3 19.3 15.0 12.4 Sold Illegal Drugs 6.8 8.6 4.9 5.0 2.5 4.6 9.8 9.8 10.6 6.5 7.0 7.0 5.4 10.8 7.8 5.9 8.6 7.0 8.2 5.5 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle 4.4 3.4 0.8 3.7 2.3 3.2 5.7 6.2 4.6 2.6 3.4 0.0 2.1 3.1 1.9 3.7 3.3 3.3 3.8 2.3 Been Arrested 11.5 14.5 5.6 7.1 5.2 7.2 11.6 9.7 9.9 6.7 8.3 12.9 11.7 8.7 6.1 9.0 13.0 8.8 8.4 6.0 Attacked Someone with the Idea of Seriously Hurting Them 16.0 20.5 19.2 16.6 16.0 14.5 22.1 23.1 15.5 15.1 13.3 10.9 14.0 11.5 11.9 14.9 18.2 19.4 14.9 14.4 Carried a Handgun 15.7 11.2 8.0 6.7 4.8 6.6 7.4 11.2 7.6 5.2 6.7 10.9 6.4 7.2 5.2 10.1 9.7 8.8 7.1 5.1 1.5 1.7 0.0 1.4 0.8 1.4 3.3 1.4 2.1 0.9 3.3 1.0 2.1 1.8 1.0 1.8 2.1 1.1 1.7 0.9 Carried a Handgun to School * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 43 Data Tables Table 8. Percentage of Students Gambling in the Past Year How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: (At least once in the past 12 months) Any Gambling Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 53.9 58.1 59.2 61.6 55.0 54.0 68.5 59.4 59.8 53.8 40.3 66.7 63.8 56.5 52.6 51.0 64.4 60.5 59.7 53.0 2.0 3.4 3.2 5.3 5.7 2.5 8.9 1.4 4.8 5.3 3.3 9.8 6.4 5.3 5.4 2.5 7.3 3.3 5.2 5.3 30.7 28.2 13.7 21.4 24.0 22.8 21.8 23.9 20.7 23.5 19.4 18.8 19.1 18.9 23.9 24.8 23.1 19.2 20.6 22.7 Bet on sports?* n/a 22.2 30.9 28.6 22.8 n/a 26.8 26.8 27.0 22.5 n/a 29.4 30.1 24.4 20.5 n/a 26.0 29.1 27.0 21.4 Played cards? 21.4 36.8 27.4 36.1 25.8 23.3 44.4 31.0 36.0 27.0 16.7 41.2 35.5 34.8 26.7 21.2 40.8 30.9 35.7 25.3 n/a 17.1 17.2 15.9 n/a n/a 28.2 15.4 16.6 n/a n/a 26.5 20.2 15.3 n/a n/a 23.9 17.3 16.0 n/a 12.9 19.7 21.0 26.4 22.7 10.9 26.0 14.7 20.4 17.7 1.6 16.7 10.6 14.2 14.0 9.5 21.1 15.8 21.4 19.5 Gambled on the Internet? 5.2 5.2 4.9 5.1 4.5 2.5 4.9 5.6 4.6 4.0 3.2 4.0 6.4 4.2 3.7 3.6 4.7 5.6 4.7 4.2 Played a dice game?* n/a 18.3 20.2 26.0 12.1 n/a 25.8 22.5 21.9 11.2 n/a 17.6 18.3 17.9 10.0 n/a 20.8 20.6 22.6 11.4 20.0 22.2 33.1 28.2 20.1 22.6 33.9 33.6 27.7 20.5 18.0 30.4 31.9 24.9 18.8 20.7 28.9 33.0 27.2 19.4 n/a 5.2 6.5 5.0 4.6 n/a 7.3 2.1 5.0 4.7 n/a 3.9 2.1 4.4 4.6 n/a 5.6 3.6 4.8 4.7 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bought a raffle ticket?** Played bingo? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* Bet on a horse or other animal race?* * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from table. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 44 Data Tables Table 9. Percentage of Students Reporting Risk Grade 8 Risk Factor County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed** Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm Community Domain Low Neighborhood Attachment 41.1 44.0 40.8 35.9 36.6 48.5 47.9 53.6 43.6 42.8 61.7 56.2 62.9 47.3 47.0 48.4 48.9 51.6 41.3 42.0 Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use 35.7 40.0 37.4 35.0 32.8 53.4 56.3 48.2 41.8 39.6 60.0 49.5 50.0 35.5 32.8 48.1 48.6 44.9 37.2 35.2 Perceived Availability of Drugs 33.0 35.4 34.2 36.9 29.4 43.3 45.7 40.3 42.9 40.5 49.1 49.5 49.5 43.8 42.7 40.3 43.3 40.6 40.6 37.5 Perceived Availability of Handguns 38.2 45.1 39.2 33.4 39.8 28.5 30.8 28.1 22.3 29.9 40.0 38.1 35.2 26.5 34.8 34.3 37.9 33.7 28.2 34.8 Poor Family Management 42.5 44.0 41.2 43.7 41.9 44.3 34.5 37.3 40.6 40.3 41.0 54.3 43.0 41.2 39.8 42.9 43.6 40.1 42.1 40.7 Family Conflict 53.4 50.0 55.5 53.1 51.5 40.2 46.5 38.1 42.1 41.6 48.3 36.8 44.2 39.1 38.8 46.7 44.9 45.7 45.9 44.1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 56.1 55.2 49.2 39.3 36.4 44.5 53.9 47.8 41.5 39.0 44.8 49.5 57.5 37.4 37.3 48.9 53.1 50.7 39.4 37.6 Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB 45.7 51.3 55.8 47.7 46.9 52.7 49.6 56.2 50.0 52.3 56.1 55.3 54.4 48.6 50.3 51.0 51.8 55.6 48.6 49.9 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 29.0 27.8 26.4 24.7 26.0 44.2 42.7 38.1 37.9 40.8 57.9 47.9 51.1 38.6 38.6 41.5 39.0 37.4 32.4 35.2 Academic Failure 57.0 62.9 60.9 45.5 46.6 56.8 53.8 61.4 48.5 47.9 40.7 46.6 51.1 40.6 41.8 54.2 54.4 58.5 45.1 45.6 Low Commitment to School 42.1 46.5 34.9 41.0 38.0 36.4 45.2 42.4 41.7 41.7 38.7 33.0 40.4 42.2 42.9 39.0 41.9 39.3 41.5 40.8 Rebelliousness 45.4 48.7 52.0 43.8 39.0 46.9 33.3 51.0 47.6 45.5 41.9 45.1 55.9 44.6 43.6 45.5 42.1 52.6 45.1 42.7 Early Initiation of ASB 45.5 43.0 49.6 37.6 33.7 42.9 48.4 49.0 40.6 37.0 43.3 46.1 53.2 38.6 35.4 43.9 45.9 50.3 38.8 35.4 Early Initiation of Drug Use 42.3 35.7 34.7 29.3 24.0 40.4 35.5 37.9 31.0 27.3 40.3 43.1 35.1 29.6 28.8 41.1 37.9 36.1 29.9 26.6 Attitudes Favorable to ASB 34.9 46.2 40.0 41.4 36.2 48.1 43.3 47.9 44.7 44.9 46.6 41.7 43.0 41.7 41.9 42.9 43.8 43.9 42.4 41.0 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 25.8 28.2 25.6 29.3 22.6 37.4 37.5 26.6 36.2 33.6 31.0 29.4 30.9 35.9 32.7 31.9 31.9 27.3 33.1 29.6 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 32.5 52.2 46.3 47.8 37.1 39.7 44.2 44.3 45.9 35.7 43.1 53.8 45.1 50.4 40.3 37.6 49.7 45.2 47.9 37.6 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 54.2 69.9 61.5 55.8 50.3 60.7 59.2 67.8 56.3 52.0 61.9 59.6 60.6 51.5 49.0 58.4 63.0 63.8 54.8 50.5 Friend's Use of Drugs 44.4 38.1 45.9 39.4 30.8 41.7 34.5 36.6 42.6 36.2 28.6 36.4 20.4 38.1 32.3 40.5 36.3 35.6 40.0 33.2 Rewards for ASB 48.6 37.7 47.2 48.2 36.7 35.0 35.0 40.3 46.8 42.7 42.9 45.5 57.0 57.1 55.1 41.6 39.1 46.9 50.1 44.4 Gang Involvement 25.0 28.1 26.2 20.8 17.8 16.4 22.9 18.0 20.9 15.7 18.3 22.1 16.7 16.1 13.1 19.9 24.5 20.5 19.6 15.6 35.2 46.2 46.0 37.1 29.7 30.5 39.5 42.5 34.2 30.4 32.8 39.0 40.4 32.5 29.0 32.7 41.6 43.2 35.0 29.7 Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Risk Students at High Risk* * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 45 Data Tables Table 10. Percentage of Students Reporting Protection Grade 10 Grade 8 Protective Factor Grade 12 All Students Surveyed† County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 31.5 45.2 47.5 32.9 38.3 43.4 42.0 51.1 38.0 44.2 40.7 41.7 45.5 37.0 44.1 38.5 43.0 48.4 35.6 42.2 Family Attachment 45.9 47.3 43.6 51.1 51.9 45.3 44.2 44.6 45.6 44.7 57.6 44.1 58.8 56.6 55.6 48.2 45.3 47.9 50.9 50.4 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 56.4 56.1 61.2 59.7 60.7 51.7 50.9 57.7 54.6 53.1 59.6 47.3 56.5 56.4 53.8 55.1 51.7 58.6 57.2 55.8 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 65.3 51.8 62.4 61.7 61.5 53.9 48.2 48.9 54.9 53.0 58.3 49.5 52.3 56.4 52.4 59.0 49.8 54.5 58.2 55.6 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 60.8 42.2 53.2 63.0 68.9 58.8 56.6 59.4 65.6 71.6 51.6 59.0 68.1 67.6 72.8 58.4 52.5 59.5 65.0 71.0 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 57.3 48.7 52.4 52.0 57.5 66.5 69.9 63.6 61.2 58.9 63.5 64.8 54.3 46.9 51.6 62.4 61.2 57.3 53.5 56.2 Belief in the Moral Order 56.8 63.8 61.0 60.3 64.6 66.4 69.9 75.5 69.4 68.0 55.0 49.5 58.5 56.4 53.8 60.7 61.8 66.1 62.0 62.5 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* 50.7 50.4 50.0 54.7 58.8 54.3 52.9 56.6 57.5 60.7 60.3 54.0 59.1 57.3 59.3 54.0 52.4 55.0 56.2 59.6 Prosocial Involvement 37.6 42.7 44.0 40.0 40.8 40.6 35.2 34.3 45.3 46.1 37.7 39.6 45.2 41.9 42.6 39.0 39.1 40.4 42.1 43.2 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 60.1 58.8 64.5 59.2 62.5 67.5 61.7 63.2 61.7 59.9 50.8 50.5 51.6 55.6 51.8 61.8 57.3 60.7 59.0 58.3 46.2 53.0 54.8 53.6 52.8 52.1 54.0 62.1 57.6 52.5 54.7 52.4 54.3 55.9 50.5 50.3 53.2 57.5 55.4 52.0 Community Domain Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Protection Students with High Protection** * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 46 Data Tables Table 11. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol* If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) Grade 8 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 Sample size** 17 19 4,473 42 41 5,295 34 36 6,341 93 96 16,109 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 0.0 5.3 4.9 7.1 4.9 6.3 8.8 2.8 9.9 6.5 4.2 7.3 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 0.0 0.0 2.5 2.4 0.0 2.1 14.7 0.0 3.6 6.5 0.0 2.8 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 5.9 0.0 3.0 2.4 0.0 2.2 5.9 0.0 2.5 4.3 0.0 2.6 I gave someone else money to buy it for me 35.3 36.8 19.2 35.7 36.6 32.6 44.1 52.8 42.5 38.7 42.7 32.8 My parent or guardian gave it to me 11.8 0.0 17.5 16.7 26.8 15.0 23.5 13.9 13.3 18.3 16.7 15.0 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 35.3 10.5 17.3 23.8 36.6 16.8 23.5 25.0 14.8 25.8 27.1 16.1 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 17.6 36.8 16.2 21.4 19.5 24.8 35.3 36.1 30.4 25.8 29.2 24.6 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 17.6 26.3 21.0 26.2 29.3 23.1 23.5 19.4 18.6 23.7 25.0 20.7 I got it at a party 35.3 52.6 38.7 64.3 41.5 49.6 50.0 41.7 53.8 53.8 43.8 48.2 I took it from home 29.4 15.8 30.2 19.0 19.5 21.9 17.6 19.4 13.1 20.4 18.8 20.7 I took it from a store or someone else's home 17.6 5.3 9.4 11.9 12.2 9.8 5.9 8.3 5.6 10.8 9.4 8.1 I got it some other way 35.3 26.3 25.2 23.8 26.8 18.8 20.6 25.0 13.3 24.7 26.0 18.4 * Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. ** Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 47 Data Tables Table 12. Percentage of Students Reporting School Safety Issues Grade 8 Question During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY?* County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 0 times 80.7 85.5 92.7 1 time 12.9 6.0 4.8 2-3 times 4.3 2.6 4-5 times 1.4 6-7 times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? State 2010 Grade 12 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 91.7 84.4 86.1 90.3 4.5 8.1 4.9 4.2 0.8 2.2 1.9 6.6 2.6 1.6 0.6 1.2 0.0 0.9 0.0 0.2 8-9 times 0.0 0.9 0.0 10-11 times 0.0 0.0 12 or more times 0.7 1.7 State 2010 All Students Surveyed** County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 92.7 90.5 95.0 90.3 3.7 3.2 3.0 6.5 2.1 1.9 3.2 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.2 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.8 1.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 2.5 0.0 State 2010 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 95.3 84.0 88.5 91.1 93.0 2.4 9.1 4.7 5.0 3.7 3.2 1.3 3.0 3.2 1.9 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.1 1.2 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 2.1 0.6 3.2 1.0 0.0 0.3 1.9 0.9 0.8 0.5 0 times 73.7 79.5 72.8 79.5 86.9 83.7 83.1 87.0 93.8 97.0 88.2 92.6 86.2 80.8 85.2 1 time 11.7 10.3 12.8 11.0 7.5 9.8 7.7 7.3 3.1 1.0 3.2 4.3 8.3 7.3 8.3 8.1 2-3 times 9.5 6.0 9.6 6.2 3.1 4.1 4.2 3.6 1.6 0.0 6.5 1.8 5.3 3.5 6.7 4.2 4-5 times 2.2 1.7 4.0 1.7 0.6 0.8 2.1 0.9 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.4 1.1 1.2 2.2 1.1 6-7 times 1.5 0.0 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.4 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.2 0.8 0.3 1.1 0.4 8-9 times 0.7 0.9 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.2 10-11 times 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.1 12 or more times 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.5 1.6 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.6 0 times 53.7 60.7 57.6 60.5 74.4 68.3 68.6 73.1 85.9 82.2 80.9 85.4 68.6 69.8 68.0 70.9 1 time 21.3 9.4 11.2 12.8 15.0 7.5 7.1 9.1 9.4 8.9 4.3 5.3 16.4 8.6 7.8 9.7 8.5 8.8 11.1 10.0 7.9 8.4 5.0 6.4 4.7 8.0 7.8 8.6 8.5 7.2 4.7 4.2 5.0 3.0 1.0 2.1 1.7 4.7 5.0 3.3 0.9 1.6 1.8 2.5 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.2 0.6 1.3 8-9 times 1.7 1.6 1.1 0.8 1.4 0.7 0.0 1.1 0.3 0.9 1.4 0.8 10-11 times 0.9 2.4 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.5 6.6 9.4 9.6 7.3 3.8 5.8 10.0 4.2 0.0 3.0 5.3 1.8 4.2 6.2 8.6 4.9 0 days 84.9 87.9 92.8 90.5 92.5 88.4 88.1 93.3 93.8 93.1 90.4 95.7 89.8 89.6 90.3 92.7 1 day 8.6 5.2 2.4 5.2 5.0 7.4 7.0 3.6 4.7 4.0 5.3 2.2 6.3 5.6 5.0 4.0 2-3 days 2.2 3.4 3.2 2.6 1.9 2.5 2.8 1.8 0.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.7 2.4 2.5 2.0 4-5 days 2.9 1.7 1.6 0.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.0 3.2 0.3 1.4 0.9 1.4 0.5 6 or more days 1.4 1.7 0.0 0.9 0.0 1.7 2.1 0.8 1.6 1.0 0.0 0.6 0.8 1.5 0.8 0.8 0 days 92.8 93.9 96.8 95.2 88.8 91.0 96.5 95.0 90.5 90.1 94.6 95.4 90.6 91.7 96.1 95.2 1 day 4.3 3.5 0.0 2.3 5.0 3.3 1.4 1.8 1.6 3.0 1.1 1.4 4.2 3.3 0.8 1.9 2-3 days 2.2 0.0 1.6 1.2 2.5 0.8 0.0 1.0 3.2 1.0 1.1 0.9 2.5 0.6 0.8 1.1 4-5 days 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.4 6 or more days 0.7 0.9 1.6 1.0 3.8 4.9 2.1 1.8 4.8 5.9 2.2 2.0 2.8 3.8 2.0 1.5 2-3 times 4-5 times 6-7 times 18.4 6.9 4.7 10.8 * In 2006 the choices for this question were Never , Once , Several Times and Very Often. ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 48 State 2010 83.1 12 or more times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on your way to or from school? Grade 10 Data Tables Table 13. Drug Free Communities Report - National Outcome Measures (NOMs) Outcome Definition Substance Grade 8 Percent Grade 10 Sample Percent Grade 12 Sample Percent All Students Surveyed† Sample Percent Sample Male †† Percent Female †† Sample Percent Sample drink 1 or two drinks nearly every day Alcohol 60.2 123 65.2 141 52.7 91 60.3 355 53.4 189 67.7 161 smoke 1 or more packs of cigarettes per day Cigarettes 79.0 124 80.9 141 90.2 92 82.6 357 82.0 189 84.0 162 smoke marijuana regularly Marijuana 76.7 116 71.1 135 66.3 86 71.8 337 66.7 177 78.1 155 Perception of Parent Disapproval* (Parents feel it would be Wrong or Very Wrong to... ) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 88.4 121 86.3 139 73.9 88 83.9 348 85.5 186 82.7 156 smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 95.1 122 94.9 136 75.0 88 89.9 346 87.6 186 92.9 155 smoke marijuana Marijuana 90.9 121 94.9 138 90.8 87 92.5 346 92.4 185 93.5 155 Perception of Peer Disapproval* (I think it is Wrong or Very Wrong for someone my age to...) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 76.0 125 73.1 145 58.5 94 70.3 364 75.9 195 64.0 164 Past 30-Day Use* at least one use in the past 30 days Perception of Risk* (People are at Moderate or Great Risk of harming themselves if they...) smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 92.0 125 80.4 143 70.2 94 81.8 362 82.4 193 81.1 164 smoke marijuana Marijuana 83.2 125 81.8 143 77.7 94 81.2 362 83.4 193 79.3 164 Alcohol 163 20.2 124 32.4 142 45.2 93 31.5 359 24.2 190 39.9 Cigarettes 9.6 125 12.7 142 12.8 94 11.6 361 9.4 191 14.0 164 Marijuana 10.7 122 12.6 143 7.4 94 10.6 359 11.6 190 8.6 163 Average Age of Onset** Percent (How old were you when you first…) Sample had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor? Alcohol 57.3 Average age: 12.1 years smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Cigarettes 25.6 Average age: 11.5 years Marijuana 24.0 Average age: 11.5 years smoked marijuana? 124 Percent Sample 73.8 145 13.0 years 125 45.5 32.4 12.7 years Sample 81.9 94 13.7 years 143 54.3 145 40.4 13.6 years Percent Sample 70.2 363 12.9 years 94 13.4 years 11.8 years 125 Percent 40.9 31.6 Sample 67.2 195 12.6 years 362 12.3 years 94 Percent 39.2 364 33.8 12.5 years Sample 73.0 163 13.3 years 194 42.9 163 12.6 years 12.0 years 12.7 years Percent 195 28.8 163 13.0 years * For Past 30-Day Use, Perception of Risk, and Perception of Parental/Peer Disapproval, the “Sample” column represents the sample size - the number of people who answered the question and whose responses were used to determine the percentage. The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample answering the question as specified in the definition. ** For Average Age of Onset, the “Sample” column represents the overall sample size: the total number of people that responded to the questions about Age of Onset. This includes responses that are not used to calculate the average age of onset (i.e., youth that have never used alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana). The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample reporting any age of first use for the specified substance. "Average age" is calculated by averaging the ages of first use of students reporting any use. † †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. The male and female values allow a gender comparison for youth who completed the survey. However, unless the percentage of students who participated from each grade is similar, the gender results are not necessarily representative of males and females in the community. 49 Data Tables Table 14. Additional Data for Prevention Planning In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: 52.3 33.0 41.6 50.8 57.7 14.2 17.3 18.1 26.6 13.2 21.3 17.7 17.1 13.1 15.0 4.0 0.0 2.4 3.4 1.0 2.4 5.6 3.5 6.9 7.7 2.9 5.7 8.5 5.3 8.5 10.7 4.9 8.3 5.8 2.8 5.8 6.7 2.6 4.9 82.9 8.9 80.6 8.7 71.5 9.7 68.4 10.3 69.6 14.1 62.7 10.3 74.9 10.6 72.2 9.6 4.9 1.6 5.2 2.2 6.2 4.2 8.6 3.9 8.7 2.2 9.6 4.8 6.4 2.8 7.4 3.4 0.0 1.6 1.0 2.4 2.8 5.6 2.3 6.5 0.0 5.4 2.8 9.8 1.1 4.2 1.9 5.6 76.2 8.2 75.4 8.1 67.6 12.7 58.7 11.1 64.9 11.7 56.9 11.0 69.8 10.9 65.4 9.7 7.4 2.5 1.6 6.5 3.5 1.9 4.9 5.6 2.8 10.3 6.2 3.6 9.6 4.3 2.1 10.7 6.3 3.7 7.0 4.2 2.2 8.7 5.1 2.9 4.1 95.1 4.7 88.4 6.3 82.4 10.2 81.4 7.4 81.9 11.4 81.7 5.9 86.6 8.2 84.5 1.6 1.6 5.4 2.7 8.5 4.2 7.5 4.8 8.5 4.3 7.3 4.8 6.1 3.3 6.6 3.9 0.8 0.0 1.2 0.6 2.8 1.4 2.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 2.2 1.2 1.7 0.8 1.8 0.9 2-3 times 4-6 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times More than 10 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times 0.8 1.7 0.7 2.9 3.2 2.9 1.4 2.4 Never 58.2 64.9 53.2 63.0 67.0 67.0 58.5 64.9 Once 15.6 12.3 13.6 10.3 13.5 16.3 12.7 11.9 6.4 16.0 10.9 10.8 12.3 14.8 12.6 10.9 7-10 times 4.1 1.6 3.5 1.5 2.8 3.5 4.5 1.9 4.3 0.0 4.2 2.0 3.6 2.0 4.0 1.7 More than 10 times 8.2 6.2 10.6 6.0 6.4 5.1 8.7 5.8 More than 10 times 2-3 times 4-6 times In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? State 2010 16.7 18.1 More than 10 times decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? County 2010 49.3 7-10 times give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? State 2010 12.3 9.5 Once say "No" without giving a reason why? County 2010 71.4 Never In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? State 2010 18.5 8.9 More than 10 times other drugs? County 2010 66.1 7-10 times marijuana? State 2010 All Students Surveyed* Once 4-6 times cigarettes? County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 Never 2-3 times alcohol? Grade 8 Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Grade 8 County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 36.1 21.3 30.9 14.2 34.3 16.8 33.4 17.4 34.0 12.8 33.8 17.2 34.8 17.3 32.4 16.0 3.3 2.5 5.7 5.8 2.7 5.3 10.5 4.2 7.7 8.9 4.1 8.8 7.4 9.6 12.8 10.3 5.5 10.4 7.2 5.0 8.4 8.0 3.9 7.7 31.1 35.2 41.1 35.7 26.6 36.9 27.3 38.7 23.4 42.6 22.8 39.4 27.3 37.8 32.0 37.6 13.9 6.6 10.9 5.4 13.5 7.8 13.9 8.2 5.3 12.8 15.2 10.2 11.5 8.7 13.0 7.5 5.7 6.6 2.7 4.4 5.0 7.1 4.6 7.3 7.4 6.4 5.2 7.4 5.9 6.7 3.9 6.1 32.0 38.8 41.0 37.3 29.8 39.7 27.3 45.1 25.5 45.2 22.5 50.9 29.4 40.8 31.9 43.3 13.2 4.1 2.5 10.2 3.7 2.4 12.8 7.8 2.8 12.3 5.2 2.9 12.9 5.4 3.2 11.4 5.2 3.2 13.0 5.9 2.8 11.1 4.6 2.8 9.1 32.2 4.6 41.8 5.7 31.2 6.3 28.1 7.5 25.8 5.9 23.4 7.3 30.1 5.5 32.8 41.8 8.2 40.7 8.2 44.0 12.1 49.7 9.9 52.7 8.6 55.3 9.6 45.5 9.8 47.4 9.1 4.1 2.5 3.3 1.9 5.0 4.3 4.2 2.6 5.4 2.2 4.3 2.4 4.8 3.1 3.8 2.3 9.0 34.4 3.8 42.1 5.0 29.8 5.2 28.3 6.5 24.7 4.6 23.7 6.7 30.1 4.4 33.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 50 Data Tables Table 15. Additional Data for Prevention Planning (Cont'd) Grade 8 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked or beaten up? seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? State 2010 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 Never 81.6 82.8 75.9 81.9 84.0 83.6 79.9 82.7 1 or 2 times 10.4 8.4 8.3 8.0 4.3 7.6 8.0 8.1 3 to 5 times 0.8 3.3 4.1 3.4 2.1 3.1 2.5 3.3 6 to 9 times 2.4 1.6 2.8 1.7 2.1 1.5 2.5 1.6 10 to 19 times 1.6 1.7 4.1 2.1 2.1 1.6 2.7 1.8 20 to 29 times 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.6 2.1 0.6 1.1 0.6 30 to 39 times 0.8 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.2 40+ times 1.6 1.5 3.4 1.9 3.2 1.7 2.7 1.7 Never 24.8 29.2 33.1 31.1 36.6 42.1 31.1 33.2 1 or 2 times 30.4 28.6 23.9 26.7 22.6 25.6 25.8 27.2 3 to 5 times 26.4 18.8 19.7 19.0 20.4 16.7 22.2 18.3 6 to 9 times 7.2 9.4 13.4 9.9 5.4 7.0 9.2 8.9 10 to 19 times 4.0 5.8 4.2 6.4 7.5 4.4 5.0 5.6 20 to 29 times 3.2 2.6 2.1 2.4 0.0 1.5 1.9 2.2 30 to 39 times 2.4 0.9 0.0 0.9 2.2 0.5 1.4 0.8 40+ times 1.6 4.7 3.5 3.6 5.4 2.3 3.3 3.7 Never 77.8 81.3 84.7 81.7 88.3 85.9 83.2 82.6 1 or 2 times 14.3 10.4 5.6 9.9 3.2 8.0 8.0 9.6 3 to 5 times 4.8 3.5 3.5 3.4 3.2 2.5 3.8 3.2 6 to 9 times 0.8 1.6 0.7 1.6 4.3 1.2 1.6 1.5 10 to 19 times 1.6 1.6 2.1 1.8 0.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 20 to 29 times 0.0 0.4 1.4 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.4 30 to 39 times 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 40+ times 0.8 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.7 1.1 0.9 88.8 87.2 90.9 87.7 89.4 89.8 89.8 88.1 1 or 2 times 7.2 7.7 4.2 7.1 6.4 6.1 5.8 7.1 3 to 5 times 1.6 2.1 1.4 1.9 0.0 1.7 1.1 1.9 6 to 9 times 0.8 0.9 1.4 0.9 3.2 0.7 1.7 0.8 10 to 19 times 0.0 0.8 1.4 1.2 0.0 0.8 0.6 0.9 20 to 29 times 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 30 to 39 times 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 1.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 40+ times 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.8 Never seen someone shot or shot at? County 2010 Grade 10 If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply) I've never used prescription drugs to get high Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) All Students Surveyed Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 86.4 88.1 81.7 81.7 80.9 78.5 83.1 83.6 6.4 5.5 12.0 11.2 12.8 14.0 10.2 9.5 3.2 2.2 7.0 3.7 8.5 4.2 6.1 3.2 3.2 2.5 6.3 4.9 7.4 5.5 5.5 4.0 2.4 2.9 4.2 5.0 9.6 5.2 5.0 4.1 0.8 1.3 2.8 2.8 6.4 4.4 3.0 2.6 2.4 1.6 4.9 3.7 5.3 3.6 4.2 2.8 1.6 1.8 2.1 3.0 4.3 3.1 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.7 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.3 0.8 1.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 51 Appendix Appendix - Comparability of survey administrations Issue Drug Category 2008/2010 AYS 2006 AYS On how many occasions (if any) have you: Notes regarding changes On how many occasions (if any) have you: Hallucinogens Used LSD or other psychedelics? Used LSD or other hallucinogens? Substituted "hallucinogens" for "psychedelics" in 2008 and beyond. Comparable across years. Meth Used methamphetamines (meth, speed, crank, crystal meth)? Used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription stimulants Used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription sedatives Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? In 2008 AYS added descriptor "prescription" and removed qualifier "without a doctor telling you to take them." 2006 data are cautiously comparable to 2008/2010. Ecstasy Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)? Used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2008/2010 AYS uses "ecstasy" as the primary descriptor, moving "MDMA" to examples. Comparable across years. Combined results of On how many occasions have you: Prescription drugs Gambling Category Combined results of On how many occasions have you: used prescription drugs (such as Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderall, Oxycontin, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription pain relievers (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? How often during the past 12 months have you: In 2006 there was a prescription drugs question with several examples (some of which overlapped examples from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions). In 2008/2010, the single prescription drug question was dropped, and a new question about prescription pain relievers was added. Rather than discontinuing reporting Prescription Drugs , the prescription sedative, stimulant and pain reliever questions were combined to create a single measure. . In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006 data were similarly recalculated into a composite, adding results from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions to the dedicated Prescription Drugs question. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Sports betting Bet on team sports? Bet on sports? 2006 not comparable to later data. Race betting Bet money on horse races? Bet on a horse race or other animal race? 2006 not comparable to later data. Dice Bet on dice games such as craps? Played a dice game? 2006 not comparable to later data. Games of skill Bet on games of personal skill such as pool, darts, or bowling? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Comparable across years. Protective Scale: Peer-Individual Interaction with Prosocial Peers 52 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year, how many of your best friends have: (Scale is calculated based on the average response [0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 friends] to the following questions) ...participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? ...made the commitment to stay drug-free? ...tried to do well in school? ...liked school? ...regularly attended religious services? (not used in 2008/2010) Regularly attended religious services was removed from the AYS in 2008. 2006 has been recalculated to match 2008/2010 AYS and are now comparable across all years. Due to this recalculation, current reports may differ slightly from past reports. Contacts for Prevention Regional Prevention Contacts Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai Counties Rachel Peterson Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) 928-226-6394 Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Gila, La Paz, Pinal, Yuma and Santa Cruz Counties Linda Weinberg Cenpatico Behavioral Health of Arizona 866-495-6738 Maricopa County Juan Aristizabal Magellan Health Services of Arizona 602-797-8256 Pima County Bill Burnett Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) 520-618-8807 Gila River Indian Community Julie Jimenez Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority 520-562-3321 ext. 7031 Pascua Yaqui Tribe Ralph Cota Centered Spirit Program 480-768-2063 Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Michelle Neitch/Phillip Stevenson 602-364-1173/602-364-1157 www.azcjc.gov Arizona Department of Education School Safety and Prevention www.ade.az.gov/sa/health/ Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Elise Mikkelsen 602-266-8299 ext. 351 www.problemgambling.az.gov 53 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Lisa Shumaker 602-364-4594 www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Charles Katz 602-496-1471 http://cvpcs.asu.edu/ Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families 602-542-4043 www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html Partnership for a Drug Free America, Arizona Affiliate Shelly Mowrey 602-264-5700 www.partnerupaz.org The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (Blueprints for Violence Prevention) www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) www.prevention.samhsa.gov Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Model Programs Guide www2.dsgonline.com/mpg/ Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Evidence Based Practices www.samhsa.gov/ebpwebguide/index.asp Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CAPT) casat.unr.edu/westcapt.html Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. 801-359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com Maricopa County 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Shining Light on Arizona Youth Arizona Criminal Justice Commission in partnership with Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Arizona Department of Health Services, Division of Behavioral Health Arizona Department of Health Services, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Arizona Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention Governor’s Office for Children, Youth and Families Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Leslie Bloom, The Partnership for Drug Free America, AZ Affiliate Allie Bones, Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence Tim Christensen, Office of Problem Gambling Janet Garcia, Valley of the Sun United Way Michelle Gayles, Valley of the Sun United Way Charles Katz, Arizona State University Elise Mickkelsen, Office of Problem Gambling Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Rick Pyper, Office of Problem Gambling Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University Additionally, the success of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Table of Contents Introduction The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention The Charts and Tables in this Report The Community Data Project The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data Data Charts: Lifetime and 30 Day ATOD Use Problem Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior Gambling Risk & Protective Factor Profiles Where Youth Obtained Alcohol School Safety Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions Data Tables Appendix Contacts for Prevention Introduction 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Maricopa County Summary Report This report summarizes all findings from the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) administered to 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students during spring 2010. The results for your county are presented along with comparisons to the results for the state of Arizona. The survey was designed to assess school safety, adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. All schools in Arizona are eligible to participate in the survey, Table 1. Characteristics of Participants County 2006 Number Percent County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Students by Grade 8 17,172 46.8 16,911 51.4 19,118 45.1 27,592 43.3 10 11,310 30.9 8,647 26.3 12,105 28.5 19,489 30.6 12 8,172 22.3 7,371 22.4 11,212 26.4 16,703 26.2 36,654 100.0 32,929 100.0 42,435 100.0 63,784 100.0 Male 17,228 48.2 15,699 48.6 20,301 48.8 30,645 49.0 Female 18,518 51.8 16,590 51.4 21,269 51.2 31,928 51.0 All Students Surveyed* Students by Gender Table 2. Race/Ethnicity of Participants Hispanic Student marked 'Yes' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Native American 416 3.5 681 4.4 1,207 4.9 African American 294 2.4 427 2.7 657 2.6 Asian 103 0.9 141 0.9 206 0.8 Pacific Islander 115 1.0 181 1.2 280 1.1 White 2,205 18.4 3,463 22.2 5,772 23.2 Multi-Racial Race Unmarked 494 4.1 591 3.8 1,021 4.1 8,379 69.8 10,138 64.9 15,726 63.2 Non-Hispanic Student marked 'No' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American African American Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent 441 2.3 658 2.6 2,517 6.8 1,142 5.9 1,702 6.6 2,129 5.7 804 4.1 1,361 5.3 1,551 4.2 204 1.0 274 1.1 372 1.0 15,244 78.4 19,376 75.5 27,180 73.2 1,438 7.4 1,720 6.7 2,539 6.8 173 0.9 556 2.2 824 2.2 Totals County 2008 Number Percent County 2010 Number Percent State 2010 Number Percent Hispanic Students 12,006 36.5 15,622 36.8 24,869 Non-Hispanic Students Total Students** 19,446 59.1 25,647 60.4 37,112 58.2 32,929 100.0 42,435 100.0 63,784 100.0 39.0 * Grades with fewer than 20 students participating are not included in this report. However, students from grades not making the cutoff are included in All Students Surveyed. This means the number of students reported in All Students Surveyed may exceed the sum of individual grades. (All Students Surveyed will match the grade total in reports with data drawn from a single grade.) **As a small percentage of students skipped the question Are you Hispanic or Latino? (at the state level, 1,803 students, or 2.8% of the total), the sum of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic students is less than Total Students . 5 and recruitment efforts were successful in obtaining participation by schools in all of the 15 counties. Careful planning and uniform administration of the survey have resulted in survey data that are valid and representative of the students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in Arizona. Table 1 contains the characteristics of the students who completed the survey from your county and the state of Arizona. Because not every student answered all of the questions, the number of students in the gender and ethnicity/race categories often will be less than the total number of students. To better understand the diversity of Arizona’s youth population, respondents were asked separate questions about their ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) and their race (Caucasian, African-American, Native American, etc.). This method for obtaining ethnicity and race information provides more comprehensive data on youth cultural and racial self-identification, and a more nuanced understanding of Arizona’s diverse youth population. Whenever data are obtained from a sample of students instead of the entire population, it is important to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the data. One easy way to investigate the quality of the sample is to look at the basic demographic characteristics of the students who participated in the survey and compare them to what is known about the entire population of students. This will give the user of these data a basic understanding of the degree to which the sample data can be generalized to the entire population. It is important to note that even when the characteristics of the sample do not match well to the characteristics of the population this does not mean the data lose their usefulness. The data included in this report describes the level of risk and protective factors, substance use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency of those youth who participated in the survey, which can be used to inform the development of school and community-based prevention and intervention activities that may benefit both the youth who participate in the survey and those who did not. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention Prevention is a science. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention is a proven way of reducing substance abuse and its related consequences. This model is based on the simple premise that to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing and then find ways to reduce the risks. Just as medical researchers have found risk factors for heart disease such as diets high in fat, lack of exercise, and smoking, a team of researchers at the University of Washington have defined a set of risk factors for youth problem behaviors. Protective factors exert a positive influence and buffer against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviors. Protective factors identified through research include strong bonding to family, school, community and peers, and healthy beliefs and clear standards for behavior. Research on risk and protective factors has important implications for children’s academic success, positive youth development, and prevention of health and behavior problems. In order to promote academic success and positive youth development and to prevent problem behaviors, it is necessary to address the factors that predict these outcomes. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can be identified and targeted by policies, programs, and actions shown to reduce those risk factors and to promote protective factors. Risk factors are characteristics of school, community and family environments, and of students and their peer groups known to predict increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school dropout, and violent behaviors among youth. For example, children who live in communities with physical deterioration and high rates of adult crime are more likely to become involved in delinquency and drug use than children who live in organized neighborhoods. Each risk and protective factor can be linked to specific types of interventions that have been shown to be effective in either reducing risk(s) or enhancing protection(s). The steps outlined here will help your county make key decisions regarding allocation of resources, how and when to address specific needs, and which strategies are most effective and known to produce results. The chart below shows the links between the 19 risk factors and five problem behaviors. The check marks indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Community Disorganization Extreme Economic & Social Deprivation Family History of the Problem Behavior Family Conflict Family Management Problems Favorable Parent Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Early Initiation of Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Early & Persistent Antisocial Behavior Alienation & Rebelliousness Friends Who Use Drugs & Engage in Problem Behaviors Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Gang Involvement Constitutional Factors Peer / Individual Low Neighborhood Attachment School Transitions & Mobility Family Availability of Drugs & Firearms Community Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms & Crime Risk Factors Substance Abuse T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Delinquency T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Teen Pregnancy School Drop-Out Violence T T T T T T T T Source: Communities That Care (CTC) prevention model, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) 6 Charts and Tables in this Report There are seven types of charts presented in this report: 1. Lifetime and 30 day ATOD use 2. Heavy substance use and antisocial behavior 3. Gambling 4. Risk profiles 5. Protective profiles 6. Where youth acquired alcohol 7. School safety Data from the charts are also presented in Tables 4 through 12. The additional data found in Tables 13 through 15 are explained at the end of this section. Understanding the Format of the Charts There are several graphical elements common to all the charts. Understanding the format of the charts and what these elements represent is essential in interpreting the results of the 2010 AYS. • The Bars on substance use and antisocial behavior charts represent the percentage of students in that grade who reported a given behavior. The bars on the risk and protective factor charts represent the percentage of students whose answers reflect significant risk or protection in that category. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Each set of differently colored bars represents one of the last three administrations of the AYS: 2006, 2008, and 2010. By looking at the percentages over time, it is possible to identify trends in substance use and antisocial behavior. By studying the percentage of youth at risk and with protection over time, it is possible to determine whether the percentage of students at risk or with protection is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. This information is important when deciding which risk and protective factors warrant attention. • Dots and Diamonds. The dots on the charts represent the percentage of all of the youth surveyed across Arizona who reported substance use, problem behavior, elevated risk, or elevated protection. The diamonds represent national data from either the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey or the Bach Harrison Norm. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz The Bach Harrison Norm was developed by Bach Harrison L.L.C. to provide states and communities with the ability to compare their results on risk, protection, and antisocial measures with more national measures. Survey participants from eight statewide surveys and five large regional surveys across the nation were combined into a database of approximately 460,000 students. The results were 7 weighted to make the contribution of each state and region proportional to its share of the national population. Bach Harrison analysts then calculated rates for antisocial behavior and for students at risk and with protection. The results appear on the charts as BH Norm. In order to keep the Bach Harrison Norm relevant, it is updated approximately every two years as new data become available. zzzzz zzzzzzzzz A comparison to state-wide and national results provides additional information for your community in determining the relative importance of levels of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use, antisocial behavior, risk, and protection. Information about other students in the state and the nation can be helpful in determining the seriousness of a given level of problem behavior. Scanning across the charts, it is important to observe the factors that differ the most from the Bach Harrison Norm. This is the first step in identifying the levels of risk and protection that are higher or lower than those in other communities. The risk factors that are higher than the Bach Harrison Norm and the protective factors are lower than the Bach Harrison Norm are probably the factors that your community should consider addressing when planning prevention programs. Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use • Lifetime use is a measure of the percentage of students who tried the particular substance at least once in their lifetime and is used to show the percentage of students who have had experience with a particular substance. • 30-day use is a measure of the percentage of students who used the substance at least once in the 30 days prior to taking the survey and is a more sensitive indicator of the level of current use of the substance. Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior • Heavy substance use is measured in two different ways: binge drinking (having five or more drinks in a row during the two weeks prior to the survey) and use of one-half a pack or more of cigarettes per day. • Drinking and Driving - youth indicating drinking alcohol and driving, or riding with a driver who had been drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. • Antisocial behavior (ASB) is a measure of the percentage of students who report any involvement during the past year with the eight antisocial behaviors listed in the charts. How Charts to Readand theTables Chartsininthis thisReport Report(cont’d) (cont’d) Gambling Gambling behavior charts show the percentage of students who engaged in each of the 10 types of gambling “for money, possessions, or anything of value” during the past year: played gambling machines, played the lottery, bet on sports, played cards, bought a raffle ticket, played bingo, gambled on the Internet, bet on a dice game, bet on a game of personal skill and bet on horse or other animal races. The chart also shows the percentage of students who engaged in any gambling behavior during the past year. Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Risk and protective factor scales measure specific aspects of a youth’s life experience that predict whether he/she will engage in problem behaviors. The scales, defined in Table 3, are grouped into four domains: community, family, school, and peer/individual. The risk and protective factor charts show the percentage of students at risk and with protection for each of the scales. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol This chart displays data regarding the ways that students obtained alcohol in the past 30 days. The data focus on a subgroup of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no alcohol use are not represented.) It is important to note that the charts represent a subgroup of users and not the entire survey population. Additionally, the smaller the sample, the more dramatic the influence of a student's responses. For example, if only one student in a particular grade reported where he/she obtained alcohol, each category would show up as either 0% or 100%. The chart legend indicates the sample size for each grade surveyed to help clarify the value of the data. School Safety The school safety profile charts contain the percentages of students who felt unsafe at school or on the way to school, were threatened or injured with a weapon at school, were in a physical fight at school, carried a weapon to school or were picked on or bullied at school. The complete questions and values for each response option can be seen in Table 12. Additional Data in this Report In addition to data presented in the charts and Tables 4 through 12, Tables 13 through 15 contain information useful for prevention planning. Table 13 contains the information that is required by communities with Drug Free Communities Grants, such as the perception of the risk of ATOD use, perception of parent and peer disapproval of ATOD use, past 30-day use, and average age of first use. Tables 14 and 15 contain questions new to the 2010 AYS on subjects of interest to prevention providers. The Community Data Project Supported by a grant from the Arizona Governor's Office for Children, Youth and Families, the Community Data Project is a multi-agency effort to create a central repository for Arizona's substance abuse and crime data. Through a user-friendly web site, individuals will have a one-stop portal where they can select the type of data they need, specific demographic characteristics, and their geographic level of interest. Various output options will be offered, including data tables, graphs, and maps to cover a variety of reporting and visualization needs. The web site will be a useful tool for practitioners and policymakers who are addressing substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and crime and the criminal justice system by providing them with a 8 comprehensive picture of the characteristics and needs of Arizona’s communities. Having data that are specific to the users geographic area of interest will not only lead to an enhanced understanding of the community issues related to drugs and crime, but it will also maximize data-for-decision-making capabilities for things such as the appropriate program content, identification of at-risk target areas and populations, grant writing and reporting, monitoring progress of prevention and intervention initiatives over time, and determining resource allocation. Currently, the web site is under construction, but we anticipate it will be ready by end of summer 2010. Please visit us then at: www.azcjc.gov/ACJC.Web/sac/CommunDataPrj.aspx The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership (ASAP) was established by Executive Order in June 2007. Currently chaired by the governor’s policy advisor on Health and Human Services, ASAP serves as the single statewide council on substance abuse issues. ASAP brings together stakeholders at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels to improve coordination of efforts; address identified gaps in prevention, treatment, enforcement, and recovery efforts; and improve funding allocation. ASAP utilizes data and practical expertise to develop effective methods for integrating and expanding services across Arizona, thereby maximizing available resources. ASAP also studies current policy and recommends relevant legislation for the Arizona Legislature’s consideration. It is ASAP’s mission to ensure community-driven, agency-supported outcomes to prevent and reduce the negative impacts of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs by building and sustaining partnerships between professionals in the prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement arenas. Through coordination and collaboration among its members and their respective agencies and organizations, ASAP strives to ensure that substance abuse is addressed in a comprehensive manner and funding is spent efficaciously and efficiently. ASAP’s 2010 strategic plan identifies five strategic focus areas: 1)zchild welfare/children of incarcerated parents/drug-endangered children; 2) law enforcement and drug trafficking; 3)zprescription drugs; 4)zunderage drinking; and 5)zcommunity partnerships. There are currently four sub-committees that assist ASAP in meeting its goals: • Underage Drinking Prevention Committee (UAD) – This subcommittee addresses the problem of underage drinking in Arizona by implementing a statewide underage drinking initiative that assesses statewide epidemiological data, resources, strategies and policies, and builds relationships with tribes, youth, law enforcement, government agencies, and community coalitions. By combining resources, practice, and research, the committee collaborates across state systems to reduce underage drinking. • Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group (Epi) – This work group produces a biennial Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile, which highlights trends and new substance abuse data in Arizona and an annual summary profile, entitled The Impact of Substance Abuse: A Snapshot of Arizona. The Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile is a comprehensive, informative, and functional profile of substance abuse in the state for use by community coalitions, agencies, and individuals in relevant fields. Currently, Epi conducts analyses of individual substance abuse issues, responds to ad hoc data requests and brings data to bear on ASAP’s policy decisions around its strategic plan and focus areas. • Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force (AMTF) –The Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force was created in August 2006 in response to Arizona’s decade-long increase in the number of individuals regularly using methamphetamine and the increase in the resulting social and economic costs associated with the drug. The AMTF was instructed to approach Arizona’s methamphetamine problem holistically, focusing equally on enforcement, prevention, treatment, and recovery. Specifically, the AMTF was charged with identifying specific, action-oriented recommendations to eradicate methamphetamine use in Arizona and build safe and healthy communities throughout the state. The AMTF brings together representatives from state agencies, local government, businesses, and community groups to develop collaborative efforts among the treatment, prevention, and law enforcement systems to assess and address the impact of methamphetamine statewide through information sharing, resource allocation, services coordination, and the development of statewide policy recommendations sensitive to the needs of local and tribal communities. • The Community Advisory Board – The Community Advisory Board (CAB) brings together representatives from community coalitions around the state to improve substance abuse prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement policies and programs. The CAB provides an essential link between communities, ASAP and its subcommittees. The CAB brings the community voice to the ASAP table; reports on important community issues that informs ASAP’s work; helps communities improve their capacity to identify emerging trends, as well as take action and report on them to the proper institutions/authorities; takes the data available through the Epidemiology Work Group and ASAP back to coalitions and communities to effectively target prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement activities; serves as a resource for communities and the state to identify the most effective ways to reduce substance abuse through collaborative efforts and by targeting limited resources where they are most needed; and elevates and recognizes the important work being carried out at the community level to ensure that state-level responses are cognizant of the impact of policies on individual communities. 9 School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data What are the numbers telling you? Review the charts and data tables presented in this report. Note your findings as you discuss the following questions. • Which 3-5 risk factors appear to be higher than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which 3-5 protective factors appear to be lower than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which levels of 30-day drug use are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which substances are your students using the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable usage levels? • Which levels of antisocial behaviors are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which behaviors are your students exhibiting the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable behavior levels? How to identify high priority problem areas. • Look across the charts – which items stand out as either much higher or much lower than the other? • Compare your data with statewide, and/or national data – differences of 5% between local and other data are probably significant. • Prioritize problems for your area – Make an assessment of the rates you’ve identified. Which can be realistically addressed with the funding available to your community? Which problems fit best with the prevention resources at hand? • Determine the standards and values held within your community – For example: Is it acceptable in your community for a percentage of high school students to drink alcohol regularly as long as that percentage is lower than the overall state rate? Use these data for planning. • Substance use and antisocial behavior data – raise awareness about the problems and promote dialogue. • Risk and protective factor data – identify exactly where the community needs to take action. • Promising approaches – access resources listed on the last page of this report for ideas about programs that have been proven effective in addressing the risk factors that are high in your community, and improving the protective factors that are low. Sample Risk Factors Protective Factors 30-day Substance Abuse Antisocial Behavior 10 6th grd Fav. Attitude to Drugs (Peer/Indiv. Scale) @ 15% (8% > 8-state av.) 10th grd - Rewards for prosocial involvm. (School Domain) 40% (down 5% from 2 yrs ago & 16% below state av.) 8th grd Binge Drinking@13% (5% above state av.) 12th grd - Drunk/High at School @ 21% ( about same as state, but remains a priority.) Priority Rate 1 Priority Rate 2 Priority Rate 3 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 8 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 11 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 10 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 12 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 12 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 13 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Maricopa County, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† MTF Prescription Drugs**† 14 Prescription Sedatives** **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Prescription Stimulants** State 2010 Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** County 2010 Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** County 2008 Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol County 2006 Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 8 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 15 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 10 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 16 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 12 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 17 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Maricopa County, All Students Surveyed 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 18 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 8 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 19 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 10 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 20 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 12 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 21 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Maricopa County, All Students Surveyed Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 22 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 8 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 23 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 8 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 24 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 10 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 25 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 10 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 26 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 12 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 27 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 12 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 28 Sources Risk and of Protective Alcohol Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Maricopa County, All Students Surveyed Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 29 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Maricopa County, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 30 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 8 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 2,971 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 2,826 State 2010 Sample: 4,473 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 31 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 10 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 3,268 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 2,553 State 2010 Sample: 5,295 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 32 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 12 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 4,332 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 2,913 State 2010 Sample: 6,341 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 33 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Maricopa County, All Students Surveyed Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 10,571 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 8,292 State 2010 Sample: 16,109 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 34 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 8 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 35 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 10 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 36 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Maricopa County, Grade 12 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 37 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Maricopa County, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 38 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles Community Domain Risk Factors 1 Low Neighborhood Attachment Research has shown that youth who don't like the neighborhoods in which they live are more likely to become involved in juvenile crime and drug selling. Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the legal drinking age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been followed by decreases in consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have shown that shifts in normative attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence of use. Perceived Availability of Drugs and Handguns The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the use of these substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a higher risk of crime and substance use by adolescents. 1 1 1 1 Community Domain Protective Factors 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for positive participation in activities helps youth bond to the community, thus lowering their risk for substance use. Family Domain Risk Factors 1 Poor Family Management Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places them at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, parents’ failure to provide clear expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that they will engage in drug abuse whether or not there are family drug problems. 1 Family Conflict Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the conflict, appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use. 1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or ATOD use), the children are more likely to engage in these behaviors. 1 Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Antisocial Behavior & Drugs In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use, children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the refrigerator. Family Domain Protective Factors 1 Family Attachment Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors. 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things done well by their child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviors. School Domain Risk Factors 1 Academic Failure Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both drug abuse and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever reasons, increases the risk of problem behaviors. 1 Low Commitment to School Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of drugs is significantly lower among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking school, spending time on homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also negatively related to drug use. 39 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles School Domain Protective Factors 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors. Peer-Individual Risk Factors 1 Rebelliousness Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at higher risk of abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for independence and normlessness have all been linked with drug use. 1 Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use Early onset of drug use predicts misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the greater the involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use prior to the age of 15 is a consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug use has been shown to predict lower drug involvement and a greater probability of discontinuation of use. 1 Attitudes Favorable Toward During the elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes and have Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use difficulty imagining why people use drugs or engage in antisocial behaviors. However, in middle school, as more youth are exposed to others who use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior are more likely to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use. 1 Perceived Risk of Drug Use Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug use. 1 Interaction with Antisocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for engaging in antisocial behavior themselves. 1 Friends' Use of Drugs Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much more likely to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends who use drugs greatly increases the risk of that problem developing. 1 Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging further in antisocial behavior and substance use. Gang Involvement Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. 1 1 1 1 Peer-Individual Protective Factors 1 Belief in the Moral Order Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs. 1 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are more protected from engaging in antisocial behavior and substance use. 1 Prosocial Involvement Participation in positive school and community activities helps provide protection for youth. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are rewarded for working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in problem behavior. 40 Data Tables Table 4. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime In your lifetime, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 49.1 46.5 42.9 45.1 36.6 64.7 64.6 63.2 64.1 59.1 72.8 73.8 71.9 72.8 72.3 59.4 57.4 56.4 58.2 55.6 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 28.0 23.9 20.9 23.8 20.1 39.9 37.1 34.5 37.2 32.7 47.5 48.4 44.0 46.9 43.6 36.2 32.9 30.9 34.0 31.8 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 6.5 5.8 5.6 7.1 9.6 9.6 10.8 10.6 12.5 15.2 13.7 15.7 15.7 18.1 16.3 9.1 9.4 9.7 11.7 13.6 Marijuana used marijuana? 16.6 14.7 16.1 17.8 15.7 31.1 31.1 33.0 34.3 32.3 41.1 42.5 44.2 44.7 42.0 26.7 25.3 28.4 29.9 29.7 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 1.7 3.7 5.1 5.9 5.9 3.0 5.4 8.5 9.5 9.0 3.1 3.2 4.2 5.1 5.1 2.6 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 3.4 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.6 6.3 6.2 5.0 5.3 4.6 10.8 10.8 8.0 8.8 6.0 6.0 5.4 4.6 5.0 4.4 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 14.6 13.7 13.9 14.5 14.9 10.8 12.1 11.2 11.8 12.8 9.2 8.3 8.5 9.4 9.5 12.2 12.1 11.7 12.3 12.5 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 2.3 1.1 0.6 0.7 1.6 4.1 2.0 1.5 1.6 2.8 6.0 3.8 2.2 2.5 2.4 3.7 2.0 1.3 1.5 2.3 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 1.3 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.3 2.0 1.9 2.6 2.6 1.5 3.1 3.3 3.6 3.4 1.2 1.9 1.8 2.1 2.1 1.3 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 1.7 2.1 3.8 3.9 2.2 2.8 4.5 8.2 8.2 5.5 4.2 7.5 10.8 10.6 6.5 2.6 4.0 6.9 7.0 4.7 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 1.6 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.9 2.3 1.8 1.8 1.3 2.4 2.4 1.7 1.7 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 11.3 11.0 11.5 4.4 n/a 19.8 17.7 18.9 9.9 n/a 24.4 22.9 23.1 13.2 n/a 16.5 16.1 16.8 9.1 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 3.2 3.7 3.0 3.0 6.0 7.1 8.5 7.8 7.0 10.3 9.0 8.8 9.6 8.5 9.9 5.8 6.1 6.1 5.7 8.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 9.6 7.8 8.5 8.7 9.5 14.1 12.2 11.7 11.5 13.0 18.2 14.3 14.0 13.4 12.7 13.0 10.4 10.9 10.8 11.7 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 14.0 16.1 15.9 16.5 n/a 20.4 25.4 23.0 23.7 n/a 24.8 28.8 27.4 27.3 n/a 18.5 21.4 21.0 21.5 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 9.1 9.0 9.5 n/a n/a 12.3 12.8 13.2 n/a n/a 13.4 14.2 14.1 n/a n/a 10.9 11.5 11.8 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 41 Data Tables Table 5. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days In the past 30 days, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? Cigarettes Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF 23.0 22.6 20.6 21.9 14.9 36.5 36.6 34.2 34.7 30.4 45.9 47.0 44.9 45.0 43.5 32.5 31.8 30.9 31.9 29.2 smoked cigarettes? 9.3 8.2 7.5 8.9 6.5 15.3 16.0 14.6 15.6 13.1 21.3 23.6 21.2 22.9 20.1 13.9 13.7 13.2 14.7 13.0 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.8 3.7 3.2 3.8 4.9 5.7 6.5 4.9 6.0 6.9 8.1 8.4 3.1 3.5 4.2 5.1 6.1 Marijuana used marijuana? 7.7 7.1 8.1 8.9 6.5 14.5 15.0 17.2 17.4 15.9 18.1 19.5 21.9 21.3 20.6 12.2 11.9 14.3 14.8 14.2 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.5 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.0 0.5 1.5 2.6 2.7 2.4 0.5 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.6 0.5 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 1.7 1.1 0.8 0.8 0.8 2.2 2.0 1.5 1.6 0.9 3.0 3.2 1.9 2.2 1.3 2.2 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.0 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 5.9 5.3 5.5 5.6 3.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.2 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.2 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.7 2.4 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.5 1.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.3 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.5 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.5 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.1 1.1 0.4 0.8 1.1 1.3 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.8 0.4 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 0.7 0.9 1.7 1.7 0.6 0.8 1.4 3.1 2.9 1.3 0.9 2.3 3.7 3.4 1.8 0.8 1.3 2.6 2.5 1.2 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 5.5 5.5 5.7 1.3 n/a 8.9 8.3 8.9 3.0 n/a 10.6 9.4 9.7 4.1 n/a 7.5 7.3 7.7 2.8 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.9 2.9 3.3 3.2 2.8 3.3 2.7 2.3 2.8 2.5 3.0 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 4.4 3.3 3.5 3.6 2.5 6.4 4.8 4.8 4.7 3.9 7.4 5.5 5.0 4.7 4.2 5.7 4.2 4.2 4.2 3.5 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 6.8 8.1 7.9 8.2 n/a 9.9 12.0 11.5 11.8 n/a 10.7 13.7 12.4 12.4 n/a 8.6 10.4 10.1 10.4 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 5.3 5.4 5.4 n/a n/a 5.7 5.9 6.3 n/a n/a 5.7 6.1 6.3 n/a n/a 5.5 5.7 5.9 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 42 Data Tables Table 6. Percentage of Students With Heavy ATOD Use Drinking and Driving During the past 30 days, how many times did you: (One or more times) DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 5.6 5.2 4.5 5.0 4.2 7.3 6.7 6.5 7.6 7.4 16.2 15.0 13.3 14.1 16.6 8.5 7.8 7.4 8.2 7.7 29.8 28.3 26.5 27.7 24.9 28.8 26.7 27.8 29.1 26.3 30.0 26.9 26.8 28.9 27.5 29.5 27.6 27.0 28.5 25.0 Heavy Use Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Binge Drinking How many times have you had 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? (One or more times) 12.3 12.8 11.4 12.4 7.8 20.4 21.2 20.0 21.0 17.5 26.8 30.5 28.9 29.2 25.2 18.3 19.0 18.5 19.5 16.6 1/2 Pack (or more) of Cigarettes/Day During the past 30 days, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? (11 to 20 cigarettes, More than 20 cigarettes) 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.0 2.1 2.1 1.8 2.0 2.4 4.2 4.3 3.6 3.6 5.0 2.1 1.9 1.7 1.9 2.7 Table 7. Percentage of Students With Antisocial Behavior How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: (One or more times) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 Been Drunk or High at School 11.7 11.3 11.6 12.8 7.5 18.8 19.0 20.5 21.8 15.0 20.2 Been Suspended from School 22.0 20.9 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 22.1 17.7 15.9 15.7 16.6 18.0 13.3 19.4 20.3 17.4 18.5 15.1 14.7 12.7 13.2 14.4 12.6 8.7 9.0 8.4 9.9 9.2 15.6 15.8 13.8 15.0 12.4 Sold Illegal Drugs 4.7 4.6 4.7 5.0 2.5 8.6 9.4 10.5 10.6 6.5 9.8 10.7 10.6 10.8 7.8 7.1 7.2 7.9 8.2 5.5 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle 4.4 3.6 3.3 3.7 2.3 4.4 3.2 4.2 4.6 2.6 3.0 2.7 2.7 3.1 1.9 4.0 3.3 3.4 3.8 2.3 Been Arrested 7.1 6.6 6.2 7.1 5.2 8.0 7.8 8.7 9.9 6.7 6.8 7.5 7.7 8.7 6.1 7.3 7.1 7.3 8.4 6.0 17.2 17.5 15.6 16.6 16.0 15.2 15.1 14.7 15.5 15.1 12.6 12.1 10.3 11.5 11.9 15.6 15.7 14.0 14.9 14.4 Carried a Handgun 7.3 7.4 6.1 6.7 4.8 7.1 6.2 7.0 7.6 5.2 6.3 7.7 6.2 7.2 5.2 7.0 7.2 6.4 7.1 5.1 Carried a Handgun to School 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 0.8 1.6 1.2 2.1 2.1 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.7 1.8 1.0 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.7 0.9 Attacked Someone with the Idea of Seriously Hurting Them * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 43 Data Tables Table 8. Percentage of Students Gambling in the Past Year How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: (At least once in the past 12 months) Any Gambling Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 53.4 68.9 61.5 61.6 55.0 51.0 65.0 59.6 59.8 53.8 45.6 59.5 56.1 56.5 52.6 50.6 65.8 59.5 59.7 53.0 2.6 6.7 5.6 5.3 5.7 2.6 6.6 4.9 4.8 5.3 3.0 6.0 5.3 5.3 5.4 2.7 6.5 5.3 5.2 5.3 26.0 24.8 22.1 21.4 24.0 21.0 21.7 20.7 20.7 23.5 16.5 18.4 19.1 18.9 23.9 22.0 22.6 20.9 20.6 22.7 Bet on sports?* n/a 31.8 28.2 28.6 22.8 n/a 30.0 27.2 27.0 22.5 n/a 24.7 23.9 24.4 20.5 n/a 29.8 26.7 27.0 21.4 Played cards? 24.4 43.5 36.0 36.1 25.8 26.4 43.9 36.1 36.0 27.0 25.1 40.1 35.2 34.8 26.7 25.2 42.8 35.8 35.7 25.3 n/a 19.1 15.8 15.9 n/a n/a 18.9 15.5 16.6 n/a n/a 16.6 14.1 15.3 n/a n/a 18.5 15.3 16.0 n/a 18.0 34.0 27.1 26.4 22.7 12.1 24.0 21.1 20.4 17.7 6.8 14.6 13.8 14.2 14.0 13.2 27.0 21.9 21.4 19.5 Gambled on the Internet? 5.7 6.5 4.9 5.1 4.5 4.9 4.8 4.5 4.6 4.0 4.5 4.6 4.1 4.2 3.7 5.1 5.6 4.6 4.7 4.2 Played a dice game?* n/a 31.7 26.3 26.0 12.1 n/a 24.9 21.9 21.9 11.2 n/a 18.1 17.7 17.9 10.0 n/a 26.8 22.8 22.6 11.4 20.0 32.5 27.7 28.2 20.1 20.9 30.8 27.5 27.7 20.5 18.3 26.7 24.6 24.9 18.8 19.8 30.8 26.8 27.2 19.4 n/a 6.3 4.7 5.0 4.6 n/a 5.0 4.6 5.0 4.7 n/a 4.2 3.7 4.4 4.6 n/a 5.5 4.4 4.8 4.7 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bought a raffle ticket?** Played bingo? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* Bet on a horse or other animal race?* * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from table. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 44 Data Tables Table 9. Percentage of Students Reporting Risk Grade 8 Risk Factor County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed** Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm Community Domain Low Neighborhood Attachment 39.2 36.8 33.7 35.9 36.6 44.2 43.2 41.5 43.6 42.8 48.1 48.1 44.0 47.3 47.0 43.0 41.1 38.7 41.3 42.0 Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use 36.5 36.0 32.8 35.0 32.8 39.5 39.1 39.1 41.8 39.6 32.0 34.1 33.4 35.5 32.8 36.3 36.4 34.7 37.2 35.2 Perceived Availability of Drugs 37.6 38.4 36.0 36.9 29.4 47.1 50.2 43.1 42.9 40.5 50.3 53.1 43.7 43.8 42.7 43.6 44.9 40.1 40.6 37.5 Perceived Availability of Handguns 36.0 36.5 31.6 33.4 39.8 26.3 24.6 20.4 22.3 29.9 33.4 32.0 24.1 26.5 34.8 32.3 32.3 26.4 28.2 34.8 Poor Family Management 47.2 45.4 42.5 43.7 41.9 43.1 42.0 39.9 40.6 40.3 44.8 45.4 40.5 41.2 39.8 45.3 44.5 41.2 42.1 40.7 Family Conflict 52.0 52.9 53.0 53.1 51.5 42.1 43.5 42.3 42.1 41.6 38.2 38.8 39.5 39.1 38.8 45.4 47.1 46.2 45.9 44.1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 39.4 38.2 36.2 39.3 36.4 39.9 37.4 38.4 41.5 39.0 35.5 34.4 34.5 37.4 37.3 38.6 37.1 36.4 39.4 37.6 Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB 47.9 48.9 46.9 47.7 46.9 48.5 52.9 49.5 50.0 52.3 45.1 48.7 47.8 48.6 50.3 47.4 49.9 47.9 48.6 49.9 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 28.3 26.2 23.7 24.7 26.0 39.0 40.6 37.5 37.9 40.8 39.0 41.1 38.0 38.6 38.6 34.4 33.4 31.5 32.4 35.2 Academic Failure 45.8 45.6 43.5 45.5 46.6 48.5 46.7 46.4 48.5 47.9 42.6 42.8 38.8 40.6 41.8 45.9 45.2 43.0 45.1 45.6 Low Commitment to School 40.6 40.2 40.6 41.0 38.0 38.5 44.2 42.0 41.7 41.7 43.8 47.1 43.5 42.2 42.9 40.7 42.8 41.8 41.5 40.8 Rebelliousness 43.1 42.7 42.6 43.8 39.0 46.0 45.5 47.4 47.6 45.5 43.5 42.5 43.4 44.6 43.6 44.1 43.4 44.2 45.1 42.7 Early Initiation of ASB 39.0 38.9 35.7 37.6 33.7 40.3 38.2 38.7 40.6 37.0 36.4 38.3 35.4 38.6 35.4 38.8 38.6 36.5 38.8 35.4 Early Initiation of Drug Use 32.7 28.7 26.5 29.3 24.0 33.2 30.3 29.2 31.0 27.3 32.1 30.8 27.9 29.6 28.8 32.7 29.6 27.7 29.9 26.6 Attitudes Favorable to ASB 46.0 44.3 40.7 41.4 36.2 47.6 49.7 44.0 44.7 44.9 45.4 46.2 41.3 41.7 41.9 46.3 46.2 41.8 42.4 41.0 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 31.0 28.4 28.0 29.3 22.6 34.4 37.5 36.5 36.2 33.6 34.7 38.5 36.4 35.9 32.7 32.9 33.0 32.7 33.1 29.6 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 44.3 43.4 46.1 47.8 37.1 38.7 42.0 45.5 45.9 35.7 40.6 47.8 50.7 50.4 40.3 41.7 44.0 47.2 47.9 37.6 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 56.9 57.6 53.2 55.8 50.3 55.1 54.1 53.5 56.3 52.0 50.2 50.5 48.5 51.5 49.0 54.8 55.1 52.1 54.8 50.5 Friend's Use of Drugs 39.2 38.4 36.8 39.4 30.8 40.5 41.3 41.3 42.6 36.2 34.9 37.4 37.7 38.1 32.3 38.7 38.9 38.3 40.0 33.2 Rewards for ASB 48.5 45.9 47.5 48.2 36.7 44.4 45.4 48.1 46.8 42.7 53.6 55.4 58.5 57.1 55.1 48.4 47.9 50.6 50.1 44.4 Gang Involvement 24.9 26.7 19.4 20.8 17.8 22.0 21.2 19.9 20.9 15.7 15.3 15.7 14.9 16.1 13.1 21.7 22.7 18.3 19.6 15.6 35.4 37.9 35.2 37.1 29.7 33.2 35.0 33.1 34.2 30.4 32.9 34.2 31.2 32.5 29.0 34.2 36.3 33.6 35.0 29.7 Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Risk Students at High Risk* * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 45 Data Tables Table 10. Percentage of Students Reporting Protection Grade 10 Grade 8 Protective Factor Grade 12 All Students Surveyed† County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 30.5 31.0 33.5 32.9 38.3 36.2 35.2 36.6 38.0 44.2 34.7 32.4 36.4 37.0 44.1 33.3 32.4 35.2 35.6 42.2 Family Attachment 49.7 51.6 52.6 51.1 51.9 44.8 47.1 45.8 45.6 44.7 57.7 55.8 57.2 56.6 55.6 50.1 51.4 51.9 50.9 50.4 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 58.1 59.7 60.5 59.7 60.7 54.1 54.4 55.1 54.6 53.1 56.1 54.8 57.3 56.4 53.8 56.3 57.1 58.1 57.2 55.8 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 61.1 61.5 63.0 61.7 61.5 55.4 56.4 54.9 54.9 53.0 56.3 55.9 56.7 56.4 52.4 58.0 58.8 58.9 58.2 55.6 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 59.9 60.7 63.5 63.0 68.9 66.8 65.7 67.4 65.6 71.6 67.5 67.0 69.4 67.6 72.8 63.7 63.4 66.2 65.0 71.0 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 51.1 51.1 53.0 52.0 57.5 63.5 60.1 61.0 61.2 58.9 47.5 43.9 45.9 46.9 51.6 54.1 51.8 53.4 53.5 56.2 Belief in the Moral Order 54.4 59.3 60.8 60.3 64.6 63.4 66.4 69.1 69.4 68.0 51.6 54.0 56.4 56.4 53.8 56.5 60.0 62.0 62.0 62.5 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* 50.4 53.3 55.5 54.7 58.8 54.8 56.4 57.9 57.5 60.7 53.2 51.6 57.1 57.3 59.3 52.4 53.7 56.6 56.2 59.6 Prosocial Involvement 37.4 38.6 40.3 40.0 40.8 40.9 44.9 46.7 45.3 46.1 40.4 38.0 43.6 41.9 42.6 39.2 40.1 43.0 42.1 43.2 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 57.7 58.5 58.4 59.2 62.5 61.3 58.7 61.4 61.7 59.9 53.9 51.7 54.9 55.6 51.8 58.0 57.1 58.3 59.0 58.3 45.8 52.5 54.9 53.6 52.8 54.1 57.7 58.4 57.6 52.5 53.5 52.0 56.7 55.9 50.5 50.1 53.7 56.4 55.4 52.0 Community Domain Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Protection Students with High Protection** * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 46 Data Tables Table 11. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol* If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) Sample size** Grade 8 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 2,826 2,971 4,473 2,553 3,268 5,295 2,913 4,332 6,341 8,292 10,571 16,109 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 5.1 4.7 4.9 6.9 6.0 6.3 11.6 9.0 9.9 7.9 6.9 7.3 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 3.3 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.1 5.7 3.4 3.6 3.9 2.8 2.8 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.6 2.0 2.2 4.2 2.3 2.5 3.3 2.4 2.6 I gave someone else money to buy it for me 20.3 17.6 19.2 32.0 30.9 32.6 42.8 40.9 42.5 31.8 31.3 32.8 My parent or guardian gave it to me 19.7 19.2 17.5 14.9 15.9 15.0 14.4 14.4 13.3 16.4 16.2 15.0 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 20.0 17.1 17.3 16.4 16.2 16.8 17.9 14.1 14.8 18.1 15.6 16.1 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 18.4 15.4 16.2 27.7 23.9 24.8 39.9 30.6 30.4 28.8 24.3 24.6 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 23.7 21.7 21.0 26.1 23.6 23.1 23.5 19.4 18.6 24.4 21.3 20.7 I got it at a party 42.1 39.3 38.7 54.5 50.6 49.6 58.9 56.6 53.8 51.8 49.9 48.2 I took it from home 32.8 31.1 30.2 26.2 23.8 21.9 14.7 14.2 13.1 24.4 21.9 20.7 I took it from a store or someone else's home 12.1 9.8 9.4 12.8 10.6 9.8 9.0 5.9 5.6 11.2 8.4 8.1 I got it some other way 28.1 24.5 25.2 22.8 17.5 18.8 16.3 12.4 13.3 22.3 17.4 18.4 * Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. ** Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 47 Data Tables Table 12. Percentage of Students Reporting School Safety Issues Grade 8 Question During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY?* County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 0 times 85.0 87.1 92.1 1 time 7.3 6.8 4.4 2-3 times 4.1 3.4 4-5 times 1.2 6-7 times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? State 2010 Grade 12 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 91.7 86.5 88.8 93.1 4.5 6.4 6.0 3.6 2.0 2.2 3.9 2.6 1.0 0.6 0.6 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 8-9 times 0.3 0.3 0.1 10-11 times 0.3 0.2 12 or more times 1.2 0.9 State 2010 All Students Surveyed** County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 92.7 90.9 92.8 95.6 3.7 4.1 3.6 2.3 1.9 1.9 3.0 2.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5 1.1 1.0 State 2010 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 95.3 86.8 88.8 93.3 93.0 2.4 6.3 5.9 3.6 3.7 1.2 1.3 3.8 2.9 1.7 1.9 0.5 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.3 1.1 0.8 0.5 0.5 0 times 77.1 77.5 81.2 79.5 85.9 86.8 88.6 87.0 92.0 92.4 93.5 92.6 83.3 86.6 85.2 1 time 12.4 12.4 10.3 11.0 8.1 8.0 6.5 7.3 5.0 4.5 3.8 4.3 9.4 9.5 7.5 8.1 2-3 times 6.7 6.6 5.5 6.2 3.9 3.4 3.1 3.6 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.8 4.7 4.7 3.8 4.2 4-5 times 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.7 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.1 6-7 times 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 8-9 times 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 10-11 times 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 12 or more times 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0 times 62.6 60.1 61.3 60.5 76.9 69.4 74.0 73.1 86.3 83.7 86.1 85.4 72.4 67.9 71.5 70.9 1 time 19.1 12.9 13.0 12.8 12.9 10.7 8.9 9.1 7.9 6.3 5.3 5.3 14.7 10.9 9.8 9.7 11.3 11.0 11.1 9.6 8.2 8.4 5.4 4.5 4.7 9.5 8.4 8.6 4.4 4.5 4.7 3.1 2.9 3.0 1.2 1.6 1.7 3.4 3.3 3.3 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.4 1.4 1.3 8-9 times 1.2 0.9 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.8 10-11 times 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.5 4.7 7.5 6.8 7.3 2.2 4.2 3.7 4.2 1.3 1.9 1.4 1.8 3.1 5.4 4.5 4.9 0 days 90.0 90.4 91.4 90.5 92.5 92.3 93.8 93.3 95.4 94.1 96.2 95.7 92.0 91.7 93.3 92.7 1 day 5.6 5.6 4.9 5.2 4.0 4.5 3.4 3.6 2.3 3.1 2.0 2.2 4.4 4.8 3.7 4.0 2-3 days 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.6 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.7 0.9 1.1 2.1 2.1 1.8 2.0 4-5 days 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 6 or more days 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 0 days 93.4 94.0 95.6 95.2 93.8 95.0 96.0 95.0 95.2 95.5 96.0 95.4 93.9 94.6 95.8 95.2 1 day 3.1 2.9 2.1 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.4 2.4 2.3 1.8 1.9 2-3 days 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.3 0.9 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.1 4-5 days 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 6 or more days 1.5 1.2 0.8 1.0 2.1 1.5 1.2 1.8 2.3 1.9 1.6 2.0 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.5 2-3 times 4-5 times 6-7 times 13.6 7.9 4.5 9.8 * In 2006 the choices for this question were Never , Once , Several Times and Very Often. ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 48 State 2010 83.2 12 or more times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on your way to or from school? Grade 10 Data Tables Table 13. Drug Free Communities Report - National Outcome Measures (NOMs) Outcome Definition Substance Grade 8 Percent Grade 10 Sample Percent Grade 12 Sample Percent All Students Surveyed† Sample Percent Sample Male †† Percent Female †† Sample Percent Sample drink 1 or two drinks nearly every day Alcohol 62.6 17,587 64.1 11,091 66.1 10,586 64.0 39,264 58.3 18,544 69.4 19,970 smoke 1 or more packs of cigarettes per day Cigarettes 83.8 17,718 87.6 11,172 90.3 10,641 86.6 39,531 84.8 18,655 88.5 20,122 smoke marijuana regularly Marijuana 78.9 17,071 69.2 10,823 62.8 10,371 71.8 38,265 66.3 18,066 77.0 19,477 Perception of Parent Disapproval* (Parents feel it would be Wrong or Very Wrong to... ) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 92.3 16,909 85.9 10,873 77.6 10,361 86.5 38,143 85.6 17,958 87.4 19,456 smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 97.0 16,743 94.9 10,816 89.0 10,285 94.2 37,844 93.6 17,806 94.9 19,320 smoke marijuana Marijuana 96.3 17,063 92.8 10,989 90.1 10,425 93.6 38,477 92.7 18,183 94.5 19,555 Perception of Peer Disapproval* (I think it is Wrong or Very Wrong for someone my age to...) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 79.2 18,927 65.3 11,979 57.0 11,116 69.4 42,022 69.0 20,065 69.8 21,122 Past 30-Day Use* at least one use in the past 30 days Perception of Risk* (People are at Moderate or Great Risk of harming themselves if they...) smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 87.4 18,884 77.6 11,947 66.1 11,078 79.0 41,909 78.3 20,019 79.7 21,062 smoke marijuana Marijuana 84.8 18,873 71.1 11,954 63.6 11,073 75.3 41,900 72.7 20,011 77.9 21,058 Alcohol 20,673 20.6 18,368 34.2 11,565 44.9 10,895 30.9 40,828 29.6 19,360 32.1 Cigarettes 7.5 17,882 14.6 11,252 21.2 10,681 13.2 39,815 13.9 18,796 12.4 20,262 Marijuana 8.1 18,258 17.2 11,463 21.9 10,813 14.3 40,534 15.7 19,203 13.0 20,546 Average Age of Onset** Percent (How old were you when you first…) Sample had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor? Alcohol 47.7 Average age: 11.8 years smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Cigarettes 22.3 Average age: 11.8 years Marijuana 15.8 Average age: 12.3 years smoked marijuana? 18,763 Percent Sample 66.0 11,885 13.2 years 18,809 37.7 33.9 13.6 years Sample 73.8 11,045 14.3 years 11,911 47.1 11,920 45.3 14.7 years Percent Sample 59.8 41,693 13.1 years 11,056 14.1 years 13.0 years 18,846 Percent 33.3 28.8 Sample 59.4 19,919 12.9 years 41,776 13.0 years 11,065 Percent 34.4 41,831 30.7 Sample 60.2 20,962 13.2 years 19,939 32.1 21,019 13.2 years 12.9 years 13.7 years Percent 19,963 13.6 years 26.9 21,047 13.9 years * For Past 30-Day Use, Perception of Risk, and Perception of Parental/Peer Disapproval, the “Sample” column represents the sample size - the number of people who answered the question and whose responses were used to determine the percentage. The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample answering the question as specified in the definition. ** For Average Age of Onset, the “Sample” column represents the overall sample size: the total number of people that responded to the questions about Age of Onset. This includes responses that are not used to calculate the average age of onset (i.e., youth that have never used alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana). The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample reporting any age of first use for the specified substance. "Average age" is calculated by averaging the ages of first use of students reporting any use. † †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. The male and female values allow a gender comparison for youth who completed the survey. However, unless the percentage of students who participated from each grade is similar, the gender results are not necessarily representative of males and females in the community. 49 Data Tables Table 14. Additional Data for Prevention Planning In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: 52.3 42.3 41.6 59.5 57.7 14.2 17.3 13.1 21.2 13.2 21.3 12.6 14.3 13.1 15.0 3.1 0.9 2.2 3.4 1.0 2.4 7.6 2.8 5.4 7.7 2.9 5.7 10.7 4.7 8.1 10.7 4.9 8.3 6.4 2.5 4.7 6.7 2.6 4.9 82.2 8.0 80.6 8.7 69.7 10.0 68.4 10.3 64.2 10.0 62.7 10.3 73.9 9.1 72.2 9.6 4.7 1.9 5.2 2.2 8.2 3.8 8.6 3.9 9.1 4.5 9.6 4.8 6.9 3.2 7.4 3.4 1.0 2.1 1.0 2.4 2.1 6.2 2.3 6.5 2.6 9.5 2.8 9.8 1.7 5.2 1.9 5.6 76.5 7.7 75.4 8.1 58.8 11.1 58.7 11.1 56.0 11.0 56.9 11.0 66.0 9.5 65.4 9.7 6.2 3.5 1.7 6.5 3.5 1.9 10.5 6.0 3.7 10.3 6.2 3.6 11.1 6.6 3.8 10.7 6.3 3.7 8.7 5.0 2.8 8.7 5.1 2.9 4.5 88.3 4.7 88.4 10.0 80.7 10.2 81.4 11.4 81.4 11.4 81.7 7.9 84.3 8.2 84.5 5.5 2.8 5.4 2.7 7.8 5.1 7.5 4.8 7.6 5.0 7.3 4.8 6.7 4.1 6.6 3.9 1.3 0.5 1.2 0.6 2.2 1.3 2.2 1.2 2.1 1.1 2.2 1.2 1.8 0.9 1.8 0.9 2-3 times 4-6 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times More than 10 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times 1.7 1.7 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.9 2.3 2.4 Never 65.6 64.9 63.8 63.0 67.9 67.0 65.7 64.9 Once 13.6 10.1 13.6 10.3 12.6 12.1 12.7 11.9 10.8 10.7 10.9 10.8 12.6 10.9 12.6 10.9 7-10 times 3.4 1.3 3.5 1.5 4.2 1.7 4.5 1.9 4.0 2.0 4.2 2.0 3.8 1.6 4.0 1.7 More than 10 times 5.9 6.2 5.5 6.0 4.6 5.1 5.4 5.8 More than 10 times 2-3 times 4-6 times In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? State 2010 13.7 16.8 More than 10 times decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? County 2010 53.7 7-10 times give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? State 2010 12.3 9.5 Once say "No" without giving a reason why? County 2010 71.4 Never In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? State 2010 11.7 8.7 More than 10 times other drugs? County 2010 73.4 7-10 times marijuana? State 2010 All Students Surveyed* Once 4-6 times cigarettes? County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 Never 2-3 times alcohol? Grade 8 Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Grade 8 County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 30.2 13.6 30.9 14.2 33.0 17.4 33.4 17.4 34.4 17.0 33.8 17.2 32.1 15.6 32.4 16.0 5.4 2.4 5.0 5.8 2.7 5.3 8.6 4.1 8.4 8.9 4.1 8.8 10.2 5.2 9.7 10.3 5.5 10.4 7.6 3.7 7.2 8.0 3.9 7.7 43.3 35.0 41.1 35.7 28.5 38.6 27.3 38.7 23.4 38.8 22.8 39.4 33.8 37.0 32.0 37.6 10.2 4.9 10.9 5.4 13.6 7.8 13.9 8.2 15.5 10.3 15.2 10.2 12.6 7.2 13.0 7.5 2.4 4.1 2.7 4.4 4.5 7.1 4.6 7.3 5.1 7.2 5.2 7.4 3.7 5.8 3.9 6.1 43.4 36.5 41.0 37.3 28.4 45.3 27.3 45.1 23.1 51.8 22.5 50.9 33.7 43.1 31.9 43.3 9.4 3.5 2.1 10.2 3.7 2.4 11.7 4.9 2.8 12.3 5.2 2.9 11.2 5.0 2.8 11.4 5.2 3.2 10.6 4.3 2.5 11.1 4.6 2.8 4.4 44.1 4.6 41.8 6.1 29.2 6.3 28.1 5.2 24.0 5.9 23.4 5.1 34.5 5.5 32.8 39.9 7.7 40.7 8.2 49.9 9.8 49.7 9.9 56.4 9.0 55.3 9.6 47.2 8.6 47.4 9.1 2.8 1.7 3.3 1.9 3.8 2.3 4.2 2.6 4.1 2.2 4.3 2.4 3.4 2.0 3.8 2.3 3.5 44.5 3.8 42.1 4.8 29.5 5.2 28.3 4.0 24.3 4.6 23.7 4.0 34.8 4.4 33.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 50 Data Tables Table 15. Additional Data for Prevention Planning (Cont'd) Grade 8 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked or beaten up? seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 83.9 82.8 83.2 81.9 85.1 83.6 84.0 82.7 8.0 8.4 7.7 8.0 7.1 7.6 7.7 8.1 3 to 5 times 3.0 3.3 3.1 3.4 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.3 6 to 9 times 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.6 10 to 19 times 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.1 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.8 20 to 29 times 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 30 to 39 times 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 40+ times 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.4 1.7 1.5 1.7 Never 30.3 29.2 31.7 31.1 43.7 42.1 34.2 33.2 1 or 2 times 29.0 28.6 27.2 26.7 25.7 25.6 27.6 27.2 3 to 5 times 18.3 18.8 18.9 19.0 16.2 16.7 17.9 18.3 6 to 9 times 8.9 9.4 9.5 9.9 6.6 7.0 8.5 8.9 10 to 19 times 5.6 5.8 6.2 6.4 4.0 4.4 5.4 5.6 20 to 29 times 2.4 2.6 2.2 2.4 1.4 1.5 2.1 2.2 30 to 39 times 0.9 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 40+ times 4.5 4.7 3.5 3.6 2.0 2.3 3.6 3.7 Never 81.8 81.3 82.4 81.7 86.9 85.9 83.3 82.6 1 or 2 times 10.2 10.4 9.7 9.9 7.6 8.0 9.4 9.6 3 to 5 times 3.4 3.5 3.2 3.4 2.3 2.5 3.1 3.2 6 to 9 times 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.6 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 10 to 19 times 1.4 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 20 to 29 times 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 30 to 39 times 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 40+ times 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.9 87.2 87.2 87.7 87.7 90.1 89.8 88.1 88.1 1 or 2 times 7.7 7.7 7.0 7.1 5.9 6.1 7.0 7.1 3 to 5 times 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.9 1.9 6 to 9 times 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 10 to 19 times 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.2 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.9 20 to 29 times 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 30 to 39 times 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 40+ times 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 Never seen someone shot or shot at? State 2010 Grade 12 1 or 2 times Never been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? County 2010 Grade 10 If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply) I've never used prescription drugs to get high Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) All Students Surveyed Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 89.1 88.1 82.2 81.7 78.5 78.5 84.3 83.6 5.1 5.5 10.9 11.2 14.2 14.0 9.2 9.5 1.9 2.2 3.3 3.7 3.9 4.2 2.8 3.2 2.4 2.5 4.8 4.9 5.4 5.5 3.8 4.0 2.7 2.9 4.9 5.0 5.4 5.2 4.0 4.1 1.1 1.3 2.6 2.8 4.5 4.4 2.4 2.6 1.4 1.6 3.8 3.7 3.2 3.6 2.6 2.8 1.6 1.8 2.6 3.0 2.9 3.1 2.2 2.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.3 0.9 1.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 51 Appendix Appendix - Comparability of survey administrations Issue Drug Category 2008/2010 AYS 2006 AYS On how many occasions (if any) have you: Notes regarding changes On how many occasions (if any) have you: Hallucinogens Used LSD or other psychedelics? Used LSD or other hallucinogens? Substituted "hallucinogens" for "psychedelics" in 2008 and beyond. Comparable across years. Meth Used methamphetamines (meth, speed, crank, crystal meth)? Used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription stimulants Used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription sedatives Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? In 2008 AYS added descriptor "prescription" and removed qualifier "without a doctor telling you to take them." 2006 data are cautiously comparable to 2008/2010. Ecstasy Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)? Used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2008/2010 AYS uses "ecstasy" as the primary descriptor, moving "MDMA" to examples. Comparable across years. Combined results of On how many occasions have you: Prescription drugs Gambling Category Combined results of On how many occasions have you: used prescription drugs (such as Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderall, Oxycontin, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription pain relievers (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? How often during the past 12 months have you: In 2006 there was a prescription drugs question with several examples (some of which overlapped examples from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions). In 2008/2010, the single prescription drug question was dropped, and a new question about prescription pain relievers was added. Rather than discontinuing reporting Prescription Drugs , the prescription sedative, stimulant and pain reliever questions were combined to create a single measure. . In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006 data were similarly recalculated into a composite, adding results from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions to the dedicated Prescription Drugs question. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Sports betting Bet on team sports? Bet on sports? 2006 not comparable to later data. Race betting Bet money on horse races? Bet on a horse race or other animal race? 2006 not comparable to later data. Dice Bet on dice games such as craps? Played a dice game? 2006 not comparable to later data. Games of skill Bet on games of personal skill such as pool, darts, or bowling? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Comparable across years. Protective Scale: Peer-Individual Interaction with Prosocial Peers 52 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year, how many of your best friends have: (Scale is calculated based on the average response [0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 friends] to the following questions) ...participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? ...made the commitment to stay drug-free? ...tried to do well in school? ...liked school? ...regularly attended religious services? (not used in 2008/2010) Regularly attended religious services was removed from the AYS in 2008. 2006 has been recalculated to match 2008/2010 AYS and are now comparable across all years. Due to this recalculation, current reports may differ slightly from past reports. Contacts for Prevention Regional Prevention Contacts Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai Counties Rachel Peterson Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) 928-226-6394 Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Gila, La Paz, Pinal, Yuma and Santa Cruz Counties Linda Weinberg Cenpatico Behavioral Health of Arizona 866-495-6738 Maricopa County Juan Aristizabal Magellan Health Services of Arizona 602-797-8256 Pima County Bill Burnett Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) 520-618-8807 Gila River Indian Community Julie Jimenez Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority 520-562-3321 ext. 7031 Pascua Yaqui Tribe Ralph Cota Centered Spirit Program 480-768-2063 Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Michelle Neitch/Phillip Stevenson 602-364-1173/602-364-1157 www.azcjc.gov Arizona Department of Education School Safety and Prevention www.ade.az.gov/sa/health/ Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Elise Mikkelsen 602-266-8299 ext. 351 www.problemgambling.az.gov 53 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Lisa Shumaker 602-364-4594 www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Charles Katz 602-496-1471 http://cvpcs.asu.edu/ Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families 602-542-4043 www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html Partnership for a Drug Free America, Arizona Affiliate Shelly Mowrey 602-264-5700 www.partnerupaz.org The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (Blueprints for Violence Prevention) www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) www.prevention.samhsa.gov Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Model Programs Guide www2.dsgonline.com/mpg/ Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Evidence Based Practices www.samhsa.gov/ebpwebguide/index.asp Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CAPT) casat.unr.edu/westcapt.html Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. 801-359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com Mohave County 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Shining Light on Arizona Youth Arizona Criminal Justice Commission in partnership with Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Arizona Department of Health Services, Division of Behavioral Health Arizona Department of Health Services, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Arizona Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention Governor’s Office for Children, Youth and Families Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Leslie Bloom, The Partnership for Drug Free America, AZ Affiliate Allie Bones, Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence Tim Christensen, Office of Problem Gambling Janet Garcia, Valley of the Sun United Way Michelle Gayles, Valley of the Sun United Way Charles Katz, Arizona State University Elise Mickkelsen, Office of Problem Gambling Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Rick Pyper, Office of Problem Gambling Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University Additionally, the success of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Table of Contents Introduction The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention The Charts and Tables in this Report The Community Data Project The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data Data Charts: Lifetime and 30 Day ATOD Use Problem Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior Gambling Risk & Protective Factor Profiles Where Youth Obtained Alcohol School Safety Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions Data Tables Appendix Contacts for Prevention Introduction 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Mohave County Summary Report This report summarizes all findings from the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) administered to 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students during spring 2010. The results for your county are presented along with comparisons to the results for the state of Arizona. The survey was designed to assess school safety, adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. All schools in Arizona are eligible to participate in the survey, Table 1. Characteristics of Participants County 2006 Number Percent County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Students by Grade 8 459 24.5 549 31.0 1,061 47.0 27,592 43.3 10 835 44.5 701 39.6 776 34.4 19,489 30.6 12 583 31.1 522 29.5 420 18.6 16,703 26.2 1,877 100.0 1,772 100.0 2,257 100.0 63,784 100.0 Male 894 48.9 851 48.9 1,067 48.0 30,645 49.0 Female 934 51.1 890 51.1 1,157 52.0 31,928 51.0 All Students Surveyed* Students by Gender Table 2. Race/Ethnicity of Participants Hispanic Student marked 'Yes' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Native American 24 7.0 34 6.6 1,207 4.9 African American 5 1.5 5 1.0 657 2.6 Asian 4 1.2 6 1.2 206 0.8 Pacific Islander 7 2.0 8 1.6 280 1.1 White 115 33.4 178 34.6 5,772 23.2 Multi-Racial Race Unmarked 29 8.4 38 7.4 1,021 4.1 160 46.5 246 47.8 15,726 63.2 Non-Hispanic Student marked 'No' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American African American Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent 26 1.9 36 2.1 2,517 6.8 12 0.9 25 1.5 2,129 5.7 21 1.5 27 1.6 1,551 4.2 5 0.4 14 0.8 372 1.0 1,195 87.9 1,397 83.3 27,180 73.2 89 6.5 104 6.2 2,539 6.8 11 0.8 74 4.4 824 2.2 Totals County 2008 Number Hispanic Students Non-Hispanic Students Total Students** Percent County 2010 Number Percent State 2010 Number Percent 344 19.4 515 22.8 24,869 1,359 76.7 1,677 74.3 37,112 39.0 58.2 1,772 100.0 2,257 100.0 63,784 100.0 * Grades with fewer than 20 students participating are not included in this report. However, students from grades not making the cutoff are included in All Students Surveyed. This means the number of students reported in All Students Surveyed may exceed the sum of individual grades. (All Students Surveyed will match the grade total in reports with data drawn from a single grade.) **As a small percentage of students skipped the question Are you Hispanic or Latino? (at the state level, 1,803 students, or 2.8% of the total), the sum of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic students is less than Total Students . 5 and recruitment efforts were successful in obtaining participation by schools in all of the 15 counties. Careful planning and uniform administration of the survey have resulted in survey data that are valid and representative of the students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in Arizona. Table 1 contains the characteristics of the students who completed the survey from your county and the state of Arizona. Because not every student answered all of the questions, the number of students in the gender and ethnicity/race categories often will be less than the total number of students. To better understand the diversity of Arizona’s youth population, respondents were asked separate questions about their ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) and their race (Caucasian, African-American, Native American, etc.). This method for obtaining ethnicity and race information provides more comprehensive data on youth cultural and racial self-identification, and a more nuanced understanding of Arizona’s diverse youth population. Whenever data are obtained from a sample of students instead of the entire population, it is important to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the data. One easy way to investigate the quality of the sample is to look at the basic demographic characteristics of the students who participated in the survey and compare them to what is known about the entire population of students. This will give the user of these data a basic understanding of the degree to which the sample data can be generalized to the entire population. It is important to note that even when the characteristics of the sample do not match well to the characteristics of the population this does not mean the data lose their usefulness. The data included in this report describes the level of risk and protective factors, substance use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency of those youth who participated in the survey, which can be used to inform the development of school and community-based prevention and intervention activities that may benefit both the youth who participate in the survey and those who did not. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention Prevention is a science. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention is a proven way of reducing substance abuse and its related consequences. This model is based on the simple premise that to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing and then find ways to reduce the risks. Just as medical researchers have found risk factors for heart disease such as diets high in fat, lack of exercise, and smoking, a team of researchers at the University of Washington have defined a set of risk factors for youth problem behaviors. Protective factors exert a positive influence and buffer against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviors. Protective factors identified through research include strong bonding to family, school, community and peers, and healthy beliefs and clear standards for behavior. Research on risk and protective factors has important implications for children’s academic success, positive youth development, and prevention of health and behavior problems. In order to promote academic success and positive youth development and to prevent problem behaviors, it is necessary to address the factors that predict these outcomes. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can be identified and targeted by policies, programs, and actions shown to reduce those risk factors and to promote protective factors. Risk factors are characteristics of school, community and family environments, and of students and their peer groups known to predict increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school dropout, and violent behaviors among youth. For example, children who live in communities with physical deterioration and high rates of adult crime are more likely to become involved in delinquency and drug use than children who live in organized neighborhoods. Each risk and protective factor can be linked to specific types of interventions that have been shown to be effective in either reducing risk(s) or enhancing protection(s). The steps outlined here will help your county make key decisions regarding allocation of resources, how and when to address specific needs, and which strategies are most effective and known to produce results. The chart below shows the links between the 19 risk factors and five problem behaviors. The check marks indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Community Disorganization Extreme Economic & Social Deprivation Family History of the Problem Behavior Family Conflict Family Management Problems Favorable Parent Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Early Initiation of Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Early & Persistent Antisocial Behavior Alienation & Rebelliousness Friends Who Use Drugs & Engage in Problem Behaviors Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Gang Involvement Constitutional Factors Peer / Individual Low Neighborhood Attachment School Transitions & Mobility Family Availability of Drugs & Firearms Community Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms & Crime Risk Factors Substance Abuse T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Delinquency T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Teen Pregnancy School Drop-Out Violence T T T T T T T T Source: Communities That Care (CTC) prevention model, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) 6 Charts and Tables in this Report There are seven types of charts presented in this report: 1. Lifetime and 30 day ATOD use 2. Heavy substance use and antisocial behavior 3. Gambling 4. Risk profiles 5. Protective profiles 6. Where youth acquired alcohol 7. School safety Data from the charts are also presented in Tables 4 through 12. The additional data found in Tables 13 through 15 are explained at the end of this section. Understanding the Format of the Charts There are several graphical elements common to all the charts. Understanding the format of the charts and what these elements represent is essential in interpreting the results of the 2010 AYS. • The Bars on substance use and antisocial behavior charts represent the percentage of students in that grade who reported a given behavior. The bars on the risk and protective factor charts represent the percentage of students whose answers reflect significant risk or protection in that category. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Each set of differently colored bars represents one of the last three administrations of the AYS: 2006, 2008, and 2010. By looking at the percentages over time, it is possible to identify trends in substance use and antisocial behavior. By studying the percentage of youth at risk and with protection over time, it is possible to determine whether the percentage of students at risk or with protection is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. This information is important when deciding which risk and protective factors warrant attention. • Dots and Diamonds. The dots on the charts represent the percentage of all of the youth surveyed across Arizona who reported substance use, problem behavior, elevated risk, or elevated protection. The diamonds represent national data from either the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey or the Bach Harrison Norm. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz The Bach Harrison Norm was developed by Bach Harrison L.L.C. to provide states and communities with the ability to compare their results on risk, protection, and antisocial measures with more national measures. Survey participants from eight statewide surveys and five large regional surveys across the nation were combined into a database of approximately 460,000 students. The results were 7 weighted to make the contribution of each state and region proportional to its share of the national population. Bach Harrison analysts then calculated rates for antisocial behavior and for students at risk and with protection. The results appear on the charts as BH Norm. In order to keep the Bach Harrison Norm relevant, it is updated approximately every two years as new data become available. zzzzz zzzzzzzzz A comparison to state-wide and national results provides additional information for your community in determining the relative importance of levels of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use, antisocial behavior, risk, and protection. Information about other students in the state and the nation can be helpful in determining the seriousness of a given level of problem behavior. Scanning across the charts, it is important to observe the factors that differ the most from the Bach Harrison Norm. This is the first step in identifying the levels of risk and protection that are higher or lower than those in other communities. The risk factors that are higher than the Bach Harrison Norm and the protective factors are lower than the Bach Harrison Norm are probably the factors that your community should consider addressing when planning prevention programs. Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use • Lifetime use is a measure of the percentage of students who tried the particular substance at least once in their lifetime and is used to show the percentage of students who have had experience with a particular substance. • 30-day use is a measure of the percentage of students who used the substance at least once in the 30 days prior to taking the survey and is a more sensitive indicator of the level of current use of the substance. Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior • Heavy substance use is measured in two different ways: binge drinking (having five or more drinks in a row during the two weeks prior to the survey) and use of one-half a pack or more of cigarettes per day. • Drinking and Driving - youth indicating drinking alcohol and driving, or riding with a driver who had been drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. • Antisocial behavior (ASB) is a measure of the percentage of students who report any involvement during the past year with the eight antisocial behaviors listed in the charts. How Charts to Readand theTables Chartsininthis thisReport Report(cont’d) (cont’d) Gambling Gambling behavior charts show the percentage of students who engaged in each of the 10 types of gambling “for money, possessions, or anything of value” during the past year: played gambling machines, played the lottery, bet on sports, played cards, bought a raffle ticket, played bingo, gambled on the Internet, bet on a dice game, bet on a game of personal skill and bet on horse or other animal races. The chart also shows the percentage of students who engaged in any gambling behavior during the past year. Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Risk and protective factor scales measure specific aspects of a youth’s life experience that predict whether he/she will engage in problem behaviors. The scales, defined in Table 3, are grouped into four domains: community, family, school, and peer/individual. The risk and protective factor charts show the percentage of students at risk and with protection for each of the scales. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol This chart displays data regarding the ways that students obtained alcohol in the past 30 days. The data focus on a subgroup of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no alcohol use are not represented.) It is important to note that the charts represent a subgroup of users and not the entire survey population. Additionally, the smaller the sample, the more dramatic the influence of a student's responses. For example, if only one student in a particular grade reported where he/she obtained alcohol, each category would show up as either 0% or 100%. The chart legend indicates the sample size for each grade surveyed to help clarify the value of the data. School Safety The school safety profile charts contain the percentages of students who felt unsafe at school or on the way to school, were threatened or injured with a weapon at school, were in a physical fight at school, carried a weapon to school or were picked on or bullied at school. The complete questions and values for each response option can be seen in Table 12. Additional Data in this Report In addition to data presented in the charts and Tables 4 through 12, Tables 13 through 15 contain information useful for prevention planning. Table 13 contains the information that is required by communities with Drug Free Communities Grants, such as the perception of the risk of ATOD use, perception of parent and peer disapproval of ATOD use, past 30-day use, and average age of first use. Tables 14 and 15 contain questions new to the 2010 AYS on subjects of interest to prevention providers. The Community Data Project Supported by a grant from the Arizona Governor's Office for Children, Youth and Families, the Community Data Project is a multi-agency effort to create a central repository for Arizona's substance abuse and crime data. Through a user-friendly web site, individuals will have a one-stop portal where they can select the type of data they need, specific demographic characteristics, and their geographic level of interest. Various output options will be offered, including data tables, graphs, and maps to cover a variety of reporting and visualization needs. The web site will be a useful tool for practitioners and policymakers who are addressing substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and crime and the criminal justice system by providing them with a 8 comprehensive picture of the characteristics and needs of Arizona’s communities. Having data that are specific to the users geographic area of interest will not only lead to an enhanced understanding of the community issues related to drugs and crime, but it will also maximize data-for-decision-making capabilities for things such as the appropriate program content, identification of at-risk target areas and populations, grant writing and reporting, monitoring progress of prevention and intervention initiatives over time, and determining resource allocation. Currently, the web site is under construction, but we anticipate it will be ready by end of summer 2010. Please visit us then at: www.azcjc.gov/ACJC.Web/sac/CommunDataPrj.aspx The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership (ASAP) was established by Executive Order in June 2007. Currently chaired by the governor’s policy advisor on Health and Human Services, ASAP serves as the single statewide council on substance abuse issues. ASAP brings together stakeholders at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels to improve coordination of efforts; address identified gaps in prevention, treatment, enforcement, and recovery efforts; and improve funding allocation. ASAP utilizes data and practical expertise to develop effective methods for integrating and expanding services across Arizona, thereby maximizing available resources. ASAP also studies current policy and recommends relevant legislation for the Arizona Legislature’s consideration. It is ASAP’s mission to ensure community-driven, agency-supported outcomes to prevent and reduce the negative impacts of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs by building and sustaining partnerships between professionals in the prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement arenas. Through coordination and collaboration among its members and their respective agencies and organizations, ASAP strives to ensure that substance abuse is addressed in a comprehensive manner and funding is spent efficaciously and efficiently. ASAP’s 2010 strategic plan identifies five strategic focus areas: 1)zchild welfare/children of incarcerated parents/drug-endangered children; 2) law enforcement and drug trafficking; 3)zprescription drugs; 4)zunderage drinking; and 5)zcommunity partnerships. There are currently four sub-committees that assist ASAP in meeting its goals: • Underage Drinking Prevention Committee (UAD) – This subcommittee addresses the problem of underage drinking in Arizona by implementing a statewide underage drinking initiative that assesses statewide epidemiological data, resources, strategies and policies, and builds relationships with tribes, youth, law enforcement, government agencies, and community coalitions. By combining resources, practice, and research, the committee collaborates across state systems to reduce underage drinking. • Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group (Epi) – This work group produces a biennial Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile, which highlights trends and new substance abuse data in Arizona and an annual summary profile, entitled The Impact of Substance Abuse: A Snapshot of Arizona. The Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile is a comprehensive, informative, and functional profile of substance abuse in the state for use by community coalitions, agencies, and individuals in relevant fields. Currently, Epi conducts analyses of individual substance abuse issues, responds to ad hoc data requests and brings data to bear on ASAP’s policy decisions around its strategic plan and focus areas. • Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force (AMTF) –The Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force was created in August 2006 in response to Arizona’s decade-long increase in the number of individuals regularly using methamphetamine and the increase in the resulting social and economic costs associated with the drug. The AMTF was instructed to approach Arizona’s methamphetamine problem holistically, focusing equally on enforcement, prevention, treatment, and recovery. Specifically, the AMTF was charged with identifying specific, action-oriented recommendations to eradicate methamphetamine use in Arizona and build safe and healthy communities throughout the state. The AMTF brings together representatives from state agencies, local government, businesses, and community groups to develop collaborative efforts among the treatment, prevention, and law enforcement systems to assess and address the impact of methamphetamine statewide through information sharing, resource allocation, services coordination, and the development of statewide policy recommendations sensitive to the needs of local and tribal communities. • The Community Advisory Board – The Community Advisory Board (CAB) brings together representatives from community coalitions around the state to improve substance abuse prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement policies and programs. The CAB provides an essential link between communities, ASAP and its subcommittees. The CAB brings the community voice to the ASAP table; reports on important community issues that informs ASAP’s work; helps communities improve their capacity to identify emerging trends, as well as take action and report on them to the proper institutions/authorities; takes the data available through the Epidemiology Work Group and ASAP back to coalitions and communities to effectively target prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement activities; serves as a resource for communities and the state to identify the most effective ways to reduce substance abuse through collaborative efforts and by targeting limited resources where they are most needed; and elevates and recognizes the important work being carried out at the community level to ensure that state-level responses are cognizant of the impact of policies on individual communities. 9 School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data What are the numbers telling you? Review the charts and data tables presented in this report. Note your findings as you discuss the following questions. • Which 3-5 risk factors appear to be higher than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which 3-5 protective factors appear to be lower than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which levels of 30-day drug use are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which substances are your students using the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable usage levels? • Which levels of antisocial behaviors are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which behaviors are your students exhibiting the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable behavior levels? How to identify high priority problem areas. • Look across the charts – which items stand out as either much higher or much lower than the other? • Compare your data with statewide, and/or national data – differences of 5% between local and other data are probably significant. • Prioritize problems for your area – Make an assessment of the rates you’ve identified. Which can be realistically addressed with the funding available to your community? Which problems fit best with the prevention resources at hand? • Determine the standards and values held within your community – For example: Is it acceptable in your community for a percentage of high school students to drink alcohol regularly as long as that percentage is lower than the overall state rate? Use these data for planning. • Substance use and antisocial behavior data – raise awareness about the problems and promote dialogue. • Risk and protective factor data – identify exactly where the community needs to take action. • Promising approaches – access resources listed on the last page of this report for ideas about programs that have been proven effective in addressing the risk factors that are high in your community, and improving the protective factors that are low. Sample Risk Factors Protective Factors 30-day Substance Abuse Antisocial Behavior 10 6th grd Fav. Attitude to Drugs (Peer/Indiv. Scale) @ 15% (8% > 8-state av.) 10th grd - Rewards for prosocial involvm. (School Domain) 40% (down 5% from 2 yrs ago & 16% below state av.) 8th grd Binge Drinking@13% (5% above state av.) 12th grd - Drunk/High at School @ 21% ( about same as state, but remains a priority.) Priority Rate 1 Priority Rate 2 Priority Rate 3 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Mohave County, Grade 8 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 11 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Mohave County, Grade 10 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 12 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Mohave County, Grade 12 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 13 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Mohave County, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† MTF Prescription Drugs**† 14 Prescription Sedatives** **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Prescription Stimulants** State 2010 Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** County 2010 Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** County 2008 Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol County 2006 Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Mohave County, Grade 8 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 15 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Mohave County, Grade 10 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 16 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Mohave County, Grade 12 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 17 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Mohave County, All Students Surveyed 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 18 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Mohave County, Grade 8 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 19 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Mohave County, Grade 10 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 20 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Mohave County, Grade 12 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 21 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Mohave County, All Students Surveyed Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 22 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Mohave County, Grade 8 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 23 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Mohave County, Grade 8 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 24 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Mohave County, Grade 10 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 25 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Mohave County, Grade 10 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 26 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Mohave County, Grade 12 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 27 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Mohave County, Grade 12 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 28 Sources Risk and of Protective Alcohol Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Mohave County, All Students Surveyed Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 29 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Mohave County, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 30 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Mohave County, Grade 8 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 216 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 119 State 2010 Sample: 4,473 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 31 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Mohave County, Grade 10 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 219 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 246 State 2010 Sample: 5,295 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 32 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Mohave County, Grade 12 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 172 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 194 State 2010 Sample: 6,341 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 33 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Mohave County, All Students Surveyed Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 607 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 559 State 2010 Sample: 16,109 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 34 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Mohave County, Grade 8 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 35 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Mohave County, Grade 10 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 36 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Mohave County, Grade 12 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 37 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Mohave County, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 38 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles Community Domain Risk Factors 1 Low Neighborhood Attachment Research has shown that youth who don't like the neighborhoods in which they live are more likely to become involved in juvenile crime and drug selling. Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the legal drinking age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been followed by decreases in consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have shown that shifts in normative attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence of use. Perceived Availability of Drugs and Handguns The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the use of these substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a higher risk of crime and substance use by adolescents. 1 1 1 1 Community Domain Protective Factors 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for positive participation in activities helps youth bond to the community, thus lowering their risk for substance use. Family Domain Risk Factors 1 Poor Family Management Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places them at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, parents’ failure to provide clear expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that they will engage in drug abuse whether or not there are family drug problems. 1 Family Conflict Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the conflict, appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use. 1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or ATOD use), the children are more likely to engage in these behaviors. 1 Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Antisocial Behavior & Drugs In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use, children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the refrigerator. Family Domain Protective Factors 1 Family Attachment Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors. 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things done well by their child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviors. School Domain Risk Factors 1 Academic Failure Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both drug abuse and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever reasons, increases the risk of problem behaviors. 1 Low Commitment to School Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of drugs is significantly lower among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking school, spending time on homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also negatively related to drug use. 39 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles School Domain Protective Factors 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors. Peer-Individual Risk Factors 1 Rebelliousness Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at higher risk of abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for independence and normlessness have all been linked with drug use. 1 Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use Early onset of drug use predicts misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the greater the involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use prior to the age of 15 is a consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug use has been shown to predict lower drug involvement and a greater probability of discontinuation of use. 1 Attitudes Favorable Toward During the elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes and have Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use difficulty imagining why people use drugs or engage in antisocial behaviors. However, in middle school, as more youth are exposed to others who use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior are more likely to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use. 1 Perceived Risk of Drug Use Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug use. 1 Interaction with Antisocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for engaging in antisocial behavior themselves. 1 Friends' Use of Drugs Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much more likely to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends who use drugs greatly increases the risk of that problem developing. 1 Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging further in antisocial behavior and substance use. Gang Involvement Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. 1 1 1 1 Peer-Individual Protective Factors 1 Belief in the Moral Order Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs. 1 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are more protected from engaging in antisocial behavior and substance use. 1 Prosocial Involvement Participation in positive school and community activities helps provide protection for youth. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are rewarded for working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in problem behavior. 40 Data Tables Table 4. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime In your lifetime, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 64.1 53.8 57.3 45.1 36.6 75.5 73.3 68.5 64.1 59.1 78.3 78.0 77.1 72.8 72.3 73.5 68.7 65.1 58.2 55.6 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 36.8 26.1 32.0 23.8 20.1 47.1 43.1 36.0 37.2 32.7 52.3 49.6 47.6 46.9 43.6 46.1 39.8 36.5 34.0 31.8 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 5.6 7.3 11.8 7.1 9.6 11.6 14.4 13.6 12.5 15.2 17.2 18.4 19.6 18.1 16.3 11.8 13.4 13.9 11.7 13.6 Marijuana used marijuana? 23.4 13.2 24.5 17.8 15.7 40.8 36.3 33.7 34.3 32.3 46.1 41.5 44.4 44.7 42.0 38.2 30.7 31.6 29.9 29.7 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 2.7 1.7 4.6 2.2 1.7 6.6 6.6 6.0 5.9 3.0 7.0 7.5 9.2 9.0 3.1 5.8 5.3 6.0 5.1 2.6 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 3.0 1.5 1.5 2.3 2.6 8.8 4.4 3.3 5.3 4.6 10.4 8.1 4.8 8.8 6.0 7.9 4.6 2.8 5.0 4.4 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 16.6 19.3 18.9 14.5 14.9 13.3 12.2 12.8 11.8 12.8 11.2 9.4 13.1 9.4 9.5 13.5 13.6 15.6 12.3 12.5 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 3.8 1.3 0.9 0.7 1.6 9.7 2.8 1.6 1.6 2.8 9.2 4.9 1.4 2.5 2.4 8.1 3.0 1.3 1.5 2.3 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 1.3 1.7 0.7 0.9 1.3 2.9 2.1 2.4 2.6 1.5 2.6 3.6 2.7 3.4 1.2 2.4 2.4 1.7 2.1 1.3 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 1.8 2.5 7.0 3.9 2.2 6.0 5.0 8.7 8.2 5.5 5.7 7.1 11.2 10.6 6.5 4.9 4.8 8.4 7.0 4.7 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 1.0 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.3 1.9 3.1 2.9 1.8 1.3 3.2 2.0 2.4 1.7 2.2 2.1 2.4 2.4 1.7 1.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 17.2 17.1 11.5 4.4 n/a 24.9 23.3 18.9 9.9 n/a 27.5 27.7 23.1 13.2 n/a 23.3 21.3 16.8 9.1 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 4.4 4.0 4.0 3.0 6.0 8.9 6.6 6.1 7.0 10.3 8.1 3.4 5.8 8.5 9.9 7.6 4.8 5.1 5.7 8.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 12.7 12.5 14.1 8.7 9.5 18.8 16.2 15.0 11.5 13.0 21.1 14.3 15.7 13.4 12.7 18.0 14.5 14.7 10.8 11.7 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 19.0 23.4 23.1 16.5 n/a 25.3 29.1 27.5 23.7 n/a 27.2 30.4 31.5 27.3 n/a 24.3 27.7 26.3 21.5 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 13.6 12.8 9.5 n/a n/a 14.8 12.8 13.2 n/a n/a 13.3 17.4 14.1 n/a n/a 14.0 13.7 11.8 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 41 Data Tables Table 5. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days In the past 30 days, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 34.6 24.3 29.8 21.9 14.9 46.2 40.4 34.4 34.7 30.4 50.7 43.6 43.7 45.0 43.5 44.7 36.4 34.1 31.9 29.2 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 13.1 7.6 13.0 8.9 6.5 19.9 17.9 13.9 15.6 13.1 20.6 20.8 21.3 22.9 20.1 18.4 15.6 15.0 14.7 13.0 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 1.6 1.5 3.9 2.8 3.7 3.1 6.1 4.7 5.7 6.5 5.9 6.1 8.7 8.1 8.4 3.6 4.7 5.1 5.1 6.1 Marijuana used marijuana? 10.0 5.1 13.2 8.9 6.5 19.1 16.8 17.8 17.4 15.9 18.4 16.5 20.1 21.3 20.6 16.7 13.1 16.2 14.8 14.2 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 1.0 0.4 1.8 0.9 0.5 2.3 2.8 3.2 2.0 0.5 4.5 2.0 1.9 2.4 0.5 2.6 1.8 2.3 1.6 0.5 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.8 2.7 1.2 1.3 1.6 0.9 4.0 2.4 1.5 2.2 1.3 2.6 1.3 1.0 1.4 1.0 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 6.4 5.3 7.5 5.6 3.8 3.3 3.4 4.1 3.0 2.2 1.8 1.8 2.9 1.5 1.2 3.6 3.5 5.4 3.7 2.4 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.5 3.6 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.6 2.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 2.5 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.5 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 1.0 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.4 1.0 0.4 1.3 1.1 0.4 0.8 1.0 1.5 1.2 0.4 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.4 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 0.8 1.0 3.0 1.7 0.6 1.4 1.5 3.4 2.9 1.3 1.4 2.6 4.6 3.4 1.8 1.3 1.6 3.5 2.5 1.2 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 0.5 1.1 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.5 1.4 0.6 1.2 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 7.6 8.2 5.7 1.3 n/a 11.2 13.1 8.9 3.0 n/a 12.7 12.1 9.7 4.1 n/a 10.5 10.7 7.7 2.8 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 1.5 1.3 1.9 1.4 1.9 3.7 2.2 1.9 2.8 3.3 2.9 1.2 1.9 2.5 3.0 2.9 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 5.0 4.3 5.2 3.6 2.5 9.8 4.7 7.3 4.7 3.9 10.1 5.0 7.1 4.7 4.2 8.7 4.7 6.3 4.2 3.5 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 9.5 10.9 11.5 8.2 n/a 13.4 13.1 15.7 11.8 n/a 15.0 13.1 14.3 12.4 n/a 13.0 12.4 13.5 10.4 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 7.3 6.6 5.4 n/a n/a 8.1 5.3 6.3 n/a n/a 6.7 10.7 6.3 n/a n/a 7.5 6.9 5.9 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 42 Data Tables Table 6. Percentage of Students With Heavy ATOD Use Drinking and Driving During the past 30 days, how many times did you: (One or more times) DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 7.9 6.3 6.2 5.0 4.2 9.4 8.0 8.0 7.6 7.4 20.3 15.6 14.2 14.1 16.6 12.4 9.7 8.4 8.2 7.7 39.9 32.5 33.6 27.7 24.9 36.7 28.0 28.9 29.1 26.3 32.0 26.4 30.9 28.9 27.5 36.0 28.9 31.4 28.5 25.0 Heavy Use Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Binge Drinking How many times have you had 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? (One or more times) 21.3 13.5 16.5 12.4 7.8 28.5 25.7 20.9 21.0 17.5 33.1 28.3 29.4 29.2 25.2 28.1 22.7 20.6 19.5 16.6 1/2 Pack (or more) of Cigarettes/Day During the past 30 days, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? (11 to 20 cigarettes, More than 20 cigarettes) 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.7 1.0 5.4 3.3 2.8 2.0 2.4 6.7 3.8 4.6 3.6 5.0 4.8 2.8 2.5 1.9 2.7 Table 7. Percentage of Students With Antisocial Behavior How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: (One or more times) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 Been Drunk or High at School 16.0 11.7 19.9 12.8 7.5 23.0 22.2 18.0 21.8 15.0 22.3 19.2 23.9 Been Suspended from School All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 22.1 17.7 21.1 18.1 20.0 18.0 13.3 24.0 16.7 23.0 18.5 15.1 17.3 14.0 15.2 14.4 12.6 11.0 13.0 14.0 9.9 9.2 17.0 14.5 18.6 15.0 12.4 Sold Illegal Drugs 4.2 3.0 7.4 5.0 2.5 9.8 9.2 9.9 10.6 6.5 10.1 7.4 10.6 10.8 7.8 8.5 6.7 8.9 8.2 5.5 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle 6.7 4.1 7.1 3.7 2.3 4.1 3.9 3.8 4.6 2.6 3.2 1.9 3.3 3.1 1.9 4.4 3.4 5.2 3.8 2.3 Been Arrested 11.9 8.2 11.8 7.1 5.2 10.3 10.2 10.3 9.9 6.7 8.1 9.7 9.3 8.7 6.1 10.0 9.5 10.8 8.4 6.0 Attacked Someone with the Idea of Seriously Hurting Them 19.3 20.3 24.2 16.6 16.0 19.9 16.7 17.8 15.5 15.1 12.7 13.8 11.4 11.5 11.9 17.6 16.9 19.5 14.9 14.4 Carried a Handgun 6.3 7.8 9.1 6.7 4.8 5.9 6.4 5.3 7.6 5.2 7.7 5.6 7.2 7.2 5.2 6.5 6.6 7.4 7.1 5.1 Carried a Handgun to School 1.5 0.4 2.0 1.4 0.8 1.0 1.0 1.7 2.1 0.9 1.7 0.8 1.7 1.8 1.0 1.3 0.7 1.8 1.7 0.9 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 43 Data Tables Table 8. Percentage of Students Gambling in the Past Year How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: (At least once in the past 12 months) Any Gambling Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 57.9 69.7 60.0 61.6 55.0 51.8 67.5 57.6 59.8 53.8 49.9 59.9 52.9 56.5 52.6 52.6 65.9 57.8 59.7 53.0 3.1 5.8 5.4 5.3 5.7 3.0 6.4 4.1 4.8 5.3 4.8 5.9 6.0 5.3 5.4 3.6 6.1 5.1 5.2 5.3 32.1 26.4 24.6 21.4 24.0 28.5 21.7 21.5 20.7 23.5 25.4 22.9 17.3 18.9 23.9 28.3 23.5 22.1 20.6 22.7 Bet on sports?* n/a 31.6 26.9 28.6 22.8 n/a 28.3 20.3 27.0 22.5 n/a 18.9 19.1 24.4 20.5 n/a 26.6 23.1 27.0 21.4 Played cards? 28.3 46.6 35.9 36.1 25.8 27.9 46.1 35.0 36.0 27.0 27.2 38.4 30.2 34.8 26.7 27.8 44.0 34.5 35.7 25.3 n/a 25.0 18.5 15.9 n/a n/a 27.7 17.3 16.6 n/a n/a 21.2 16.4 15.3 n/a n/a 25.0 17.7 16.0 n/a 14.8 25.0 22.8 26.4 22.7 9.5 19.4 15.7 20.4 17.7 5.5 13.3 11.6 14.2 14.0 9.4 19.3 18.2 21.4 19.5 Gambled on the Internet? 6.1 6.2 6.2 5.1 4.5 6.0 7.0 4.6 4.6 4.0 5.7 2.9 6.0 4.2 3.7 5.9 5.5 5.6 4.7 4.2 Played a dice game?* n/a 33.1 26.8 26.0 12.1 n/a 23.2 21.7 21.9 11.2 n/a 19.8 17.6 17.9 10.0 n/a 25.3 23.2 22.6 11.4 23.3 33.7 28.8 28.2 20.1 22.3 31.6 24.0 27.7 20.5 18.6 24.7 22.7 24.9 18.8 21.3 30.2 26.0 27.2 19.4 n/a 5.0 4.0 5.0 4.6 n/a 6.2 4.5 5.0 4.7 n/a 2.7 4.1 4.4 4.6 n/a 4.8 4.2 4.8 4.7 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bought a raffle ticket?** Played bingo? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* Bet on a horse or other animal race?* * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from table. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 44 Data Tables Table 9. Percentage of Students Reporting Risk Grade 8 Risk Factor County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed** Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm Community Domain Low Neighborhood Attachment 47.8 47.0 47.4 35.9 36.6 53.9 56.9 54.2 43.6 42.8 62.9 61.9 58.6 47.3 47.0 55.1 55.3 52.2 41.3 42.0 Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use 48.4 38.6 48.0 35.0 32.8 50.9 48.2 47.2 41.8 39.6 45.0 43.3 47.0 35.5 32.8 48.5 43.8 47.5 37.2 35.2 Perceived Availability of Drugs 46.6 36.5 46.6 36.9 29.4 58.9 53.0 45.6 42.9 40.5 58.5 50.9 52.7 43.8 42.7 55.7 47.4 47.5 40.6 37.5 Perceived Availability of Handguns 43.6 42.4 42.3 33.4 39.8 33.2 29.3 23.6 22.3 29.9 36.1 36.5 33.9 26.5 34.8 36.7 35.4 33.9 28.2 34.8 Poor Family Management 49.3 38.4 51.7 43.7 41.9 45.2 40.9 43.1 40.6 40.3 49.6 42.2 42.1 41.2 39.8 47.5 40.5 46.6 42.1 40.7 Family Conflict 58.4 58.6 56.3 53.1 51.5 46.6 43.5 47.1 42.1 41.6 43.8 41.7 43.7 39.1 38.8 48.4 47.6 50.3 45.9 44.1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 56.7 46.8 54.3 39.3 36.4 53.4 49.2 48.1 41.5 39.0 48.2 39.3 42.1 37.4 37.3 52.5 45.6 49.5 39.4 37.6 Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB 55.8 52.1 54.1 47.7 46.9 58.7 56.5 55.2 50.0 52.3 55.5 53.1 51.9 48.6 50.3 57.0 54.1 54.1 48.6 49.9 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 40.4 30.9 34.3 24.7 26.0 53.4 51.1 46.1 37.9 40.8 54.3 47.6 50.0 38.6 38.6 50.6 43.9 41.6 32.4 35.2 Academic Failure 54.1 48.5 50.7 45.5 46.6 56.7 50.7 51.1 48.5 47.9 45.6 43.6 43.7 40.6 41.8 52.6 47.9 49.5 45.1 45.6 Low Commitment to School 51.2 48.8 56.7 41.0 38.0 49.2 45.8 46.0 41.7 41.7 48.1 45.0 42.7 42.2 42.9 49.3 46.5 50.4 41.5 40.8 Rebelliousness 50.5 44.2 50.7 43.8 39.0 51.2 48.7 49.5 47.6 45.5 46.2 45.0 44.0 44.6 43.6 49.5 46.2 49.0 45.1 42.7 Early Initiation of ASB 46.0 39.8 47.6 37.6 33.7 48.3 45.1 43.8 40.6 37.0 39.6 45.0 47.8 38.6 35.4 45.1 43.4 46.3 38.8 35.4 Early Initiation of Drug Use 42.6 30.9 38.2 29.3 24.0 44.0 35.5 29.0 31.0 27.3 37.9 35.9 34.1 29.6 28.8 41.8 34.2 34.2 29.9 26.6 Attitudes Favorable to ASB 52.9 40.1 48.7 41.4 36.2 55.6 51.5 46.2 44.7 44.9 49.3 44.6 42.1 41.7 41.9 53.0 46.0 46.6 42.4 41.0 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 42.6 28.8 38.4 29.3 22.6 42.9 42.2 35.5 36.2 33.6 37.3 32.0 37.7 35.9 32.7 41.1 35.1 37.3 33.1 29.6 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 50.1 42.4 57.7 47.8 37.1 43.9 44.9 52.0 45.9 35.7 44.6 45.3 54.3 50.4 40.3 45.7 44.2 54.9 47.9 37.6 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 66.3 57.0 66.2 55.8 50.3 61.3 65.1 61.5 56.3 52.0 53.0 58.3 62.9 51.5 49.0 59.9 60.6 64.0 54.8 50.5 Friend's Use of Drugs 52.4 37.3 53.7 39.4 30.8 48.5 47.0 40.7 42.6 36.2 35.9 33.5 36.0 38.1 32.3 45.5 40.0 45.9 40.0 33.2 Rewards for ASB 57.0 43.0 61.2 48.2 36.7 47.8 43.9 43.8 46.8 42.7 54.7 51.5 57.9 57.1 55.1 52.2 45.9 54.6 50.1 44.4 Gang Involvement 19.8 19.5 20.0 20.8 17.8 19.0 16.4 15.7 20.9 15.7 15.2 10.0 13.5 16.1 13.1 18.0 15.5 17.1 19.6 15.6 49.2 39.1 49.0 37.1 29.7 46.2 43.3 38.4 34.2 30.4 40.9 40.5 44.0 32.5 29.0 45.3 41.2 44.4 35.0 29.7 Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Risk Students at High Risk* * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 45 Data Tables Table 10. Percentage of Students Reporting Protection Grade 10 Grade 8 Protective Factor Grade 12 All Students Surveyed† County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 27.6 28.7 27.0 32.9 38.3 33.0 30.6 35.0 38.0 44.2 27.0 31.8 32.1 37.0 44.1 29.9 30.4 30.9 35.6 42.2 Family Attachment 42.7 53.6 45.3 51.1 51.9 43.2 42.9 43.6 45.6 44.7 51.5 58.3 60.5 56.6 55.6 45.7 50.8 47.9 50.9 50.4 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 54.5 59.2 52.6 59.7 60.7 48.2 51.7 50.0 54.6 53.1 49.2 53.8 55.8 56.4 53.8 50.0 54.6 52.3 57.2 55.8 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 56.7 62.7 53.7 61.7 61.5 51.7 55.1 50.1 54.9 53.0 49.9 56.1 57.1 56.4 52.4 52.3 57.7 53.1 58.2 55.6 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 54.0 55.4 51.8 63.0 68.9 53.5 56.6 57.6 65.6 71.6 56.6 63.6 60.9 67.6 72.8 54.6 58.3 55.5 65.0 71.0 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 46.2 54.8 38.9 52.0 57.5 52.7 57.6 56.8 61.2 58.9 40.2 47.0 47.6 46.9 51.6 47.3 53.6 46.7 53.5 56.2 Belief in the Moral Order 45.1 62.6 51.4 60.3 64.6 57.5 66.9 68.8 69.4 68.0 46.1 52.5 56.1 56.4 53.8 51.0 61.4 58.5 62.0 62.5 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* 41.2 52.8 44.2 54.7 58.8 44.9 48.8 50.0 57.5 60.7 43.5 51.6 52.8 57.3 59.3 43.6 50.8 47.9 56.2 59.6 Prosocial Involvement 30.0 36.5 36.7 40.0 40.8 32.8 39.4 41.6 45.3 46.1 29.2 32.0 34.8 41.9 42.6 31.0 36.3 38.1 42.1 43.2 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 52.7 58.4 50.8 59.2 62.5 54.2 58.1 62.3 61.7 59.9 40.6 49.7 51.0 55.6 51.8 49.6 55.7 54.8 59.0 58.3 41.0 54.5 40.6 53.6 52.8 45.6 55.2 53.4 57.6 52.5 39.4 55.1 57.8 55.9 50.5 42.5 54.9 48.2 55.4 52.0 Community Domain Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Protection Students with High Protection** * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 46 Data Tables Table 11. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol* If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) Sample size** Grade 8 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 119 216 4,473 246 219 5,295 194 172 6,341 559 607 16,109 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 0.8 2.3 4.9 6.5 5.9 6.3 10.3 9.9 9.9 6.6 5.8 7.3 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 0.8 1.9 2.5 2.0 0.5 2.1 3.6 4.1 3.6 2.3 2.0 2.8 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 0.8 3.7 3.0 2.4 0.9 2.2 2.6 4.7 2.5 2.1 3.0 2.6 I gave someone else money to buy it for me 24.4 17.6 19.2 42.3 36.5 32.6 54.6 47.7 42.5 42.8 32.9 32.8 My parent or guardian gave it to me 28.6 18.5 17.5 21.1 22.4 15.0 18.6 18.6 13.3 21.8 19.9 15.0 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 10.9 14.8 17.3 13.4 16.0 16.8 17.5 12.8 14.8 14.3 14.7 16.1 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 22.7 19.4 16.2 32.9 30.6 24.8 41.8 33.7 30.4 33.8 27.5 24.6 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 22.7 21.3 21.0 26.0 21.5 23.1 21.6 19.2 18.6 23.8 20.8 20.7 I got it at a party 43.7 37.5 38.7 51.6 50.2 49.6 57.2 41.9 53.8 51.9 43.3 48.2 I took it from home 39.5 31.0 30.2 19.9 22.4 21.9 16.0 13.4 13.1 22.7 22.9 20.7 I took it from a store or someone else's home 11.8 13.9 9.4 13.0 7.3 9.8 6.2 6.4 5.6 10.4 9.4 8.1 I got it some other way 19.3 31.5 25.2 22.8 15.1 18.8 20.1 13.4 13.3 21.1 20.4 18.4 * Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. ** Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 47 Data Tables Table 12. Percentage of Students Reporting School Safety Issues Grade 8 Question During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY?* County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 0 times 82.6 88.2 87.1 1 time 7.7 5.4 7.0 2-3 times 5.4 4.1 4-5 times 1.1 6-7 times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? State 2010 Grade 12 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 91.7 83.4 88.3 90.7 4.5 7.2 5.7 5.0 3.4 2.2 5.6 3.3 1.3 0.9 0.6 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.2 8-9 times 0.7 0.0 0.2 10-11 times 0.2 0.0 12 or more times 1.8 0.4 State 2010 All Students Surveyed** County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 92.7 91.7 92.7 94.5 3.7 3.5 4.1 2.9 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.4 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.5 2.2 1.7 State 2010 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 95.3 85.7 89.6 89.8 93.0 2.4 6.2 5.1 5.5 3.7 1.9 1.3 4.5 3.3 2.6 1.9 0.4 0.0 0.3 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.2 0.7 0.3 1.8 0.9 0.9 0.5 0 times 70.8 75.8 73.7 79.5 82.0 86.6 85.8 87.0 91.3 89.8 92.0 92.6 84.2 81.5 85.2 1 time 16.3 12.2 13.4 11.0 10.3 8.3 7.6 7.3 4.4 6.5 4.6 4.3 10.0 8.9 9.7 8.1 2-3 times 8.8 8.1 9.1 6.2 5.3 3.1 4.0 3.6 2.6 2.2 2.2 1.8 5.4 4.3 6.0 4.2 4-5 times 1.8 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.0 0.6 1.7 0.9 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.4 1.1 0.9 1.4 1.1 6-7 times 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.4 8-9 times 0.2 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 10-11 times 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 12 or more times 0.9 0.6 1.6 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.1 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.6 0 times 61.0 55.1 50.5 60.5 68.4 69.4 70.3 73.1 85.2 79.5 82.7 85.4 71.7 68.0 63.7 70.9 1 time 19.1 13.6 12.1 12.8 14.8 8.7 10.1 9.1 6.1 8.0 5.0 5.3 13.2 10.0 10.0 9.7 12.0 12.6 11.1 10.3 8.4 8.4 6.1 4.8 4.7 9.6 9.6 8.6 4.1 5.4 4.7 2.6 2.0 3.0 2.2 1.7 1.7 2.9 3.5 3.3 1.1 2.6 1.8 1.0 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.9 0.7 1.1 2.1 1.3 8-9 times 0.6 2.2 1.1 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.4 0.8 10-11 times 0.6 0.8 0.7 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.5 6.2 12.9 13.7 7.3 5.2 6.4 6.2 4.2 1.8 2.3 3.4 1.8 4.4 7.2 9.1 4.9 0 days 88.9 90.8 84.5 90.5 94.9 92.9 95.5 93.3 96.3 95.3 95.7 95.7 93.9 92.9 90.5 92.7 1 day 6.3 5.1 8.1 5.2 2.6 4.2 2.2 3.6 2.0 3.1 1.7 2.2 3.3 4.2 4.8 4.0 2-3 days 1.6 2.8 4.5 2.6 1.5 1.9 1.0 1.8 0.4 0.8 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.9 2.7 2.0 4-5 days 0.7 0.4 1.4 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.5 6 or more days 2.5 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.4 1.2 0.6 1.2 0.7 1.2 0.8 0 days 93.4 96.0 93.8 95.2 93.7 95.0 96.0 95.0 93.5 96.3 94.5 95.4 93.6 95.7 94.7 95.2 1 day 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.3 2.0 1.6 1.3 1.8 1.7 2.0 1.2 1.4 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.9 2-3 days 1.6 1.1 1.9 1.2 1.0 0.7 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.4 1.9 0.9 1.1 0.8 1.4 1.1 4-5 days 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 6 or more days 2.1 0.4 1.8 1.0 3.1 2.2 2.1 1.8 3.7 1.4 1.9 2.0 3.0 1.4 1.9 1.5 2-3 times 4-5 times 6-7 times 13.7 11.6 6.8 10.7 * In 2006 the choices for this question were Never , Once , Several Times and Very Often. ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 48 State 2010 82.1 12 or more times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on your way to or from school? Grade 10 Data Tables Table 13. Drug Free Communities Report - National Outcome Measures (NOMs) Outcome Definition Substance Grade 8 Percent Grade 10 Sample Percent Grade 12 Sample Percent All Students Surveyed† Sample Percent Sample Male †† Percent Female †† Sample Percent Sample drink 1 or two drinks nearly every day Alcohol 52.1 889 55.6 738 57.8 410 54.5 2,037 47.5 948 60.3 1,059 smoke 1 or more packs of cigarettes per day Cigarettes 83.1 897 88.7 743 88.0 409 86.1 2,049 83.2 951 88.7 1,068 smoke marijuana regularly Marijuana 70.5 864 65.7 726 58.5 390 66.4 1,980 59.3 928 73.1 1,023 Perception of Parent Disapproval* (Parents feel it would be Wrong or Very Wrong to... ) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 87.4 889 79.3 714 66.5 403 80.3 2,006 78.2 926 82.2 1,051 smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 96.3 876 92.4 715 83.7 404 92.4 1,995 92.3 920 92.7 1,045 smoke marijuana Marijuana 93.2 914 90.9 725 85.8 408 90.9 2,047 90.5 955 91.4 1,061 Perception of Peer Disapproval* (I think it is Wrong or Very Wrong for someone my age to...) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 70.7 1,040 60.5 770 55.8 419 64.4 2,229 63.3 1,050 65.3 1,146 Past 30-Day Use* at least one use in the past 30 days Perception of Risk* (People are at Moderate or Great Risk of harming themselves if they...) smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 83.0 1,034 78.6 771 65.4 419 78.1 2,224 76.5 1,046 79.3 1,145 smoke marijuana Marijuana 75.1 1,037 70.7 771 65.9 419 71.8 2,227 69.4 1,046 74.0 1,148 Alcohol 29.8 978 34.4 762 43.7 414 34.1 2,154 33.5 1,006 34.3 1,118 Cigarettes 13.0 915 13.9 746 21.3 404 15.0 2,065 15.7 962 14.4 1,073 Marijuana 13.2 964 17.8 759 20.1 412 16.2 2,135 18.2 998 14.1 1,107 Average Age of Onset** Percent (How old were you when you first…) Sample had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor? Alcohol 62.0 Average age: 11.9 years smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Cigarettes 33.1 Average age: 11.7 years Marijuana 24.8 Average age: 12.5 years smoked marijuana? 1,025 Percent Sample 70.3 768 13.1 years 1,031 37.4 33.4 13.5 years Sample 78.8 416 14.0 years 768 51.6 767 46.2 14.6 years Percent Sample 68.0 2,209 12.8 years 417 13.9 years 12.7 years 1,031 Percent 38.0 31.8 Sample 66.7 1,038 12.7 years 2,216 12.6 years 416 Percent 38.5 2,214 34.6 13.4 years Sample 69.4 1,139 13.0 years 1,040 37.5 1,144 12.6 years 12.6 years 13.4 years Percent 1,039 28.7 1,143 13.5 years * For Past 30-Day Use, Perception of Risk, and Perception of Parental/Peer Disapproval, the “Sample” column represents the sample size - the number of people who answered the question and whose responses were used to determine the percentage. The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample answering the question as specified in the definition. ** For Average Age of Onset, the “Sample” column represents the overall sample size: the total number of people that responded to the questions about Age of Onset. This includes responses that are not used to calculate the average age of onset (i.e., youth that have never used alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana). The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample reporting any age of first use for the specified substance. "Average age" is calculated by averaging the ages of first use of students reporting any use. † †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. The male and female values allow a gender comparison for youth who completed the survey. However, unless the percentage of students who participated from each grade is similar, the gender results are not necessarily representative of males and females in the community. 49 Data Tables Table 14. Additional Data for Prevention Planning In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: 52.3 40.6 41.6 54.0 57.7 14.2 17.3 14.3 20.5 13.2 21.3 13.6 17.0 13.1 15.0 5.7 1.2 3.5 3.4 1.0 2.4 7.0 3.3 6.4 7.7 2.9 5.7 8.9 5.6 10.1 10.7 4.9 8.3 6.8 2.8 5.8 6.7 2.6 4.9 76.4 8.9 80.6 8.7 69.4 10.0 68.4 10.3 65.9 9.0 62.7 10.3 71.9 9.3 72.2 9.6 6.8 2.7 5.2 2.2 8.2 2.1 8.6 3.9 8.0 3.9 9.6 4.8 7.5 2.7 7.4 3.4 1.7 3.5 1.0 2.4 2.2 8.0 2.3 6.5 1.9 11.4 2.8 9.8 1.9 6.7 1.9 5.6 68.5 8.1 75.4 8.1 62.8 9.2 58.7 11.1 58.4 11.4 56.9 11.0 64.5 9.2 65.4 9.7 7.5 4.9 2.5 6.5 3.5 1.9 9.2 4.4 2.8 10.3 6.2 3.6 8.0 6.8 2.4 10.7 6.3 3.7 8.2 5.1 2.6 8.7 5.1 2.9 8.4 85.6 4.7 88.4 11.6 82.9 10.2 81.4 12.9 81.8 11.4 81.7 10.4 83.9 8.2 84.5 6.3 2.6 5.4 2.7 6.0 3.7 7.5 4.8 8.5 2.4 7.3 4.8 6.6 3.0 6.6 3.9 1.6 0.8 1.2 0.6 2.4 1.1 2.2 1.2 2.2 1.7 2.2 1.2 2.0 1.1 1.8 0.9 2-3 times 4-6 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times More than 10 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times 3.0 1.7 3.9 2.9 3.4 2.9 3.4 2.4 Never 65.4 64.9 65.5 63.0 66.7 67.0 65.7 64.9 Once 11.5 11.9 13.6 10.3 10.9 11.5 12.7 11.9 8.4 12.3 10.9 10.8 10.7 11.9 12.6 10.9 7-10 times 2.8 1.8 3.5 1.5 5.8 1.2 4.5 1.9 5.4 1.7 4.2 2.0 4.4 1.6 4.0 1.7 More than 10 times 6.5 6.2 5.1 6.0 5.4 5.1 5.8 5.8 More than 10 times 2-3 times 4-6 times In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? State 2010 13.9 17.9 More than 10 times decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? County 2010 51.4 7-10 times give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? State 2010 12.3 9.5 Once say "No" without giving a reason why? County 2010 71.4 Never In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? State 2010 13.1 14.7 More than 10 times other drugs? County 2010 61.7 7-10 times marijuana? State 2010 All Students Surveyed* Once 4-6 times cigarettes? County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 Never 2-3 times alcohol? Grade 8 Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Grade 8 County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 32.1 15.7 30.9 14.2 35.1 14.7 33.4 17.4 36.7 15.2 33.8 17.2 34.1 15.2 32.4 16.0 6.0 3.1 5.7 5.8 2.7 5.3 8.8 2.8 9.3 8.9 4.1 8.8 9.0 6.4 11.5 10.3 5.5 10.4 7.6 3.6 8.2 8.0 3.9 7.7 37.4 35.4 41.1 35.7 29.2 37.3 27.3 38.7 21.3 45.5 22.8 39.4 31.3 38.1 32.0 37.6 10.6 7.3 10.9 5.4 15.0 8.0 13.9 8.2 11.3 7.6 15.2 10.2 12.3 7.6 13.0 7.5 4.3 5.5 2.7 4.4 3.8 6.5 4.6 7.3 5.7 8.1 5.2 7.4 4.4 6.4 3.9 6.1 36.9 38.3 41.0 37.3 29.5 43.3 27.3 45.1 21.9 50.6 22.5 50.9 31.3 42.5 31.9 43.3 10.8 4.4 3.5 10.2 3.7 2.4 13.2 4.1 2.6 12.3 5.2 2.9 11.5 4.2 4.9 11.4 5.2 3.2 11.8 4.2 3.5 11.1 4.6 2.8 4.9 38.1 4.6 41.8 6.2 30.7 6.3 28.1 6.4 22.5 5.9 23.4 5.7 32.3 5.5 32.8 44.2 8.0 40.7 8.2 51.0 7.9 49.7 9.9 58.3 9.3 55.3 9.6 49.5 8.2 47.4 9.1 3.5 2.2 3.3 1.9 4.1 2.4 4.2 2.6 3.7 2.4 4.3 2.4 3.7 2.3 3.8 2.3 3.8 38.2 3.8 42.1 4.5 30.1 5.2 28.3 4.1 22.2 4.6 23.7 4.1 32.1 4.4 33.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 50 Data Tables Table 15. Additional Data for Prevention Planning (Cont'd) Grade 8 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked or beaten up? seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 76.8 82.8 80.6 81.9 79.0 83.6 78.6 82.7 9.9 8.4 6.5 8.0 9.8 7.6 8.7 8.1 3 to 5 times 4.3 3.3 5.6 3.4 4.1 3.1 4.7 3.3 6 to 9 times 2.1 1.6 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.8 1.6 10 to 19 times 3.3 1.7 1.9 2.1 1.4 1.6 2.5 1.8 20 to 29 times 0.8 0.5 1.3 0.6 1.2 0.6 1.0 0.6 30 to 39 times 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 40+ times 2.6 1.5 2.5 1.9 2.6 1.7 2.6 1.7 Never 18.6 29.2 28.3 31.1 36.6 42.1 25.3 33.2 1 or 2 times 23.5 28.6 27.8 26.7 22.7 25.6 24.9 27.2 3 to 5 times 23.7 18.8 18.8 19.0 21.5 16.7 21.6 18.3 6 to 9 times 12.4 9.4 12.2 9.9 9.1 7.0 11.7 8.9 10 to 19 times 8.7 5.8 5.3 6.4 5.3 4.4 6.9 5.6 20 to 29 times 3.9 2.6 3.1 2.4 1.4 1.5 3.2 2.2 30 to 39 times 1.7 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.5 1.1 0.8 40+ times 7.4 4.7 3.6 3.6 3.1 2.3 5.3 3.7 Never 79.6 81.3 82.9 81.7 87.9 85.9 82.3 82.6 1 or 2 times 10.0 10.4 9.3 9.9 6.7 8.0 9.1 9.6 3 to 5 times 2.8 3.5 3.7 3.4 1.7 2.5 2.9 3.2 6 to 9 times 1.9 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.9 1.2 1.9 1.5 10 to 19 times 3.7 1.6 1.0 1.8 1.2 1.2 2.3 1.6 20 to 29 times 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.4 30 to 39 times 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 40+ times 1.3 0.9 1.0 1.1 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.9 86.8 87.2 93.8 87.7 91.4 89.8 90.1 88.1 1 or 2 times 8.3 7.7 3.4 7.1 6.5 6.1 6.2 7.1 3 to 5 times 1.3 2.1 1.0 1.9 1.2 1.7 1.2 1.9 6 to 9 times 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.9 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.8 10 to 19 times 1.7 0.8 0.4 1.2 0.2 0.8 1.0 0.9 20 to 29 times 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 30 to 39 times 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 40+ times 1.2 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.8 Never seen someone shot or shot at? State 2010 Grade 12 1 or 2 times Never been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? County 2010 Grade 10 If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply) I've never used prescription drugs to get high Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) All Students Surveyed Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 82.5 88.1 81.4 81.7 76.0 78.5 80.8 83.6 9.0 5.5 12.7 11.2 17.5 14.0 12.0 9.5 3.4 2.2 5.5 3.7 5.1 4.2 4.5 3.2 5.3 2.5 7.4 4.9 8.7 5.5 6.7 4.0 4.3 2.9 7.1 5.0 6.1 5.2 5.7 4.1 2.0 1.3 4.1 2.8 6.8 4.4 3.7 2.6 3.7 1.6 4.8 3.7 6.6 3.6 4.7 2.8 3.1 1.8 3.9 3.0 4.6 3.1 3.7 2.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 1.7 0.3 0.8 0.3 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.7 1.3 1.1 1.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 51 Appendix Appendix - Comparability of survey administrations Issue Drug Category 2008/2010 AYS 2006 AYS On how many occasions (if any) have you: Notes regarding changes On how many occasions (if any) have you: Hallucinogens Used LSD or other psychedelics? Used LSD or other hallucinogens? Substituted "hallucinogens" for "psychedelics" in 2008 and beyond. Comparable across years. Meth Used methamphetamines (meth, speed, crank, crystal meth)? Used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription stimulants Used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription sedatives Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? In 2008 AYS added descriptor "prescription" and removed qualifier "without a doctor telling you to take them." 2006 data are cautiously comparable to 2008/2010. Ecstasy Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)? Used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2008/2010 AYS uses "ecstasy" as the primary descriptor, moving "MDMA" to examples. Comparable across years. Combined results of On how many occasions have you: Prescription drugs Gambling Category Combined results of On how many occasions have you: used prescription drugs (such as Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderall, Oxycontin, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription pain relievers (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? How often during the past 12 months have you: In 2006 there was a prescription drugs question with several examples (some of which overlapped examples from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions). In 2008/2010, the single prescription drug question was dropped, and a new question about prescription pain relievers was added. Rather than discontinuing reporting Prescription Drugs , the prescription sedative, stimulant and pain reliever questions were combined to create a single measure. . In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006 data were similarly recalculated into a composite, adding results from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions to the dedicated Prescription Drugs question. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Sports betting Bet on team sports? Bet on sports? 2006 not comparable to later data. Race betting Bet money on horse races? Bet on a horse race or other animal race? 2006 not comparable to later data. Dice Bet on dice games such as craps? Played a dice game? 2006 not comparable to later data. Games of skill Bet on games of personal skill such as pool, darts, or bowling? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Comparable across years. Protective Scale: Peer-Individual Interaction with Prosocial Peers 52 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year, how many of your best friends have: (Scale is calculated based on the average response [0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 friends] to the following questions) ...participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? ...made the commitment to stay drug-free? ...tried to do well in school? ...liked school? ...regularly attended religious services? (not used in 2008/2010) Regularly attended religious services was removed from the AYS in 2008. 2006 has been recalculated to match 2008/2010 AYS and are now comparable across all years. Due to this recalculation, current reports may differ slightly from past reports. Contacts for Prevention Regional Prevention Contacts Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai Counties Rachel Peterson Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) 928-226-6394 Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Gila, La Paz, Pinal, Yuma and Santa Cruz Counties Linda Weinberg Cenpatico Behavioral Health of Arizona 866-495-6738 Maricopa County Juan Aristizabal Magellan Health Services of Arizona 602-797-8256 Pima County Bill Burnett Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) 520-618-8807 Gila River Indian Community Julie Jimenez Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority 520-562-3321 ext. 7031 Pascua Yaqui Tribe Ralph Cota Centered Spirit Program 480-768-2063 Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Michelle Neitch/Phillip Stevenson 602-364-1173/602-364-1157 www.azcjc.gov Arizona Department of Education School Safety and Prevention www.ade.az.gov/sa/health/ Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Elise Mikkelsen 602-266-8299 ext. 351 www.problemgambling.az.gov 53 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Lisa Shumaker 602-364-4594 www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Charles Katz 602-496-1471 http://cvpcs.asu.edu/ Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families 602-542-4043 www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html Partnership for a Drug Free America, Arizona Affiliate Shelly Mowrey 602-264-5700 www.partnerupaz.org The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (Blueprints for Violence Prevention) www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) www.prevention.samhsa.gov Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Model Programs Guide www2.dsgonline.com/mpg/ Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Evidence Based Practices www.samhsa.gov/ebpwebguide/index.asp Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CAPT) casat.unr.edu/westcapt.html Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. 801-359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com Navajo County 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Shining Light on Arizona Youth Arizona Criminal Justice Commission in partnership with Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Arizona Department of Health Services, Division of Behavioral Health Arizona Department of Health Services, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Arizona Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention Governor’s Office for Children, Youth and Families Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Leslie Bloom, The Partnership for Drug Free America, AZ Affiliate Allie Bones, Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence Tim Christensen, Office of Problem Gambling Janet Garcia, Valley of the Sun United Way Michelle Gayles, Valley of the Sun United Way Charles Katz, Arizona State University Elise Mickkelsen, Office of Problem Gambling Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Rick Pyper, Office of Problem Gambling Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University Additionally, the success of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Table of Contents Introduction The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention The Charts and Tables in this Report The Community Data Project The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data Data Charts: Lifetime and 30 Day ATOD Use Problem Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior Gambling Risk & Protective Factor Profiles Where Youth Obtained Alcohol School Safety Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions Data Tables Appendix Contacts for Prevention Introduction 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Navajo County Summary Report This report summarizes all findings from the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) administered to 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students during spring 2010. The results for your county are presented along with comparisons to the results for the state of Arizona. The survey was designed to assess school safety, adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. All schools in Arizona are eligible to participate in the survey, Table 1. Characteristics of Participants County 2006 Number Percent County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Students by Grade 8 558 39.4 489 28.7 586 38.1 27,592 43.3 10 496 35.1 682 40.0 494 32.1 19,489 30.6 12 361 25.5 535 31.4 459 29.8 16,703 26.2 1,415 100.0 1,706 100.0 1,539 100.0 63,784 100.0 Male 664 47.7 800 47.4 764 50.6 30,645 49.0 Female 727 52.3 886 52.6 746 49.4 31,928 51.0 All Students Surveyed* Students by Gender Table 2. Race/Ethnicity of Participants Hispanic Student marked 'Yes' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Native American 38 15.1 24 8.7 1,207 4.9 African American 11 4.4 5 1.8 657 2.6 Asian 2 0.8 1 0.4 206 0.8 Pacific Islander 2 0.8 3 1.1 280 1.1 84 33.3 117 42.5 5,772 23.2 White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked 10 4.0 16 5.8 1,021 4.1 105 41.7 109 39.6 15,726 63.2 Non-Hispanic Student marked 'No' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American African American Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent 589 44.1 270 22.7 2,517 6.8 10 0.7 10 0.8 2,129 5.7 11 0.8 8 0.7 1,551 4.2 2 0.1 7 0.6 372 1.0 651 48.8 784 65.8 27,180 73.2 61 4.6 70 5.9 2,539 6.8 11 0.8 43 3.6 824 2.2 Totals County 2008 Number Hispanic Students Non-Hispanic Students Total Students** Percent County 2010 Number Percent State 2010 Number Percent 252 14.8 275 17.9 24,869 1,335 78.3 1,192 77.5 37,112 39.0 58.2 1,706 100.0 1,539 100.0 63,784 100.0 * Grades with fewer than 20 students participating are not included in this report. However, students from grades not making the cutoff are included in All Students Surveyed. This means the number of students reported in All Students Surveyed may exceed the sum of individual grades. (All Students Surveyed will match the grade total in reports with data drawn from a single grade.) **As a small percentage of students skipped the question Are you Hispanic or Latino? (at the state level, 1,803 students, or 2.8% of the total), the sum of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic students is less than Total Students . 5 and recruitment efforts were successful in obtaining participation by schools in all of the 15 counties. Careful planning and uniform administration of the survey have resulted in survey data that are valid and representative of the students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in Arizona. Table 1 contains the characteristics of the students who completed the survey from your county and the state of Arizona. Because not every student answered all of the questions, the number of students in the gender and ethnicity/race categories often will be less than the total number of students. To better understand the diversity of Arizona’s youth population, respondents were asked separate questions about their ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) and their race (Caucasian, African-American, Native American, etc.). This method for obtaining ethnicity and race information provides more comprehensive data on youth cultural and racial self-identification, and a more nuanced understanding of Arizona’s diverse youth population. Whenever data are obtained from a sample of students instead of the entire population, it is important to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the data. One easy way to investigate the quality of the sample is to look at the basic demographic characteristics of the students who participated in the survey and compare them to what is known about the entire population of students. This will give the user of these data a basic understanding of the degree to which the sample data can be generalized to the entire population. It is important to note that even when the characteristics of the sample do not match well to the characteristics of the population this does not mean the data lose their usefulness. The data included in this report describes the level of risk and protective factors, substance use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency of those youth who participated in the survey, which can be used to inform the development of school and community-based prevention and intervention activities that may benefit both the youth who participate in the survey and those who did not. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention Prevention is a science. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention is a proven way of reducing substance abuse and its related consequences. This model is based on the simple premise that to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing and then find ways to reduce the risks. Just as medical researchers have found risk factors for heart disease such as diets high in fat, lack of exercise, and smoking, a team of researchers at the University of Washington have defined a set of risk factors for youth problem behaviors. Protective factors exert a positive influence and buffer against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviors. Protective factors identified through research include strong bonding to family, school, community and peers, and healthy beliefs and clear standards for behavior. Research on risk and protective factors has important implications for children’s academic success, positive youth development, and prevention of health and behavior problems. In order to promote academic success and positive youth development and to prevent problem behaviors, it is necessary to address the factors that predict these outcomes. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can be identified and targeted by policies, programs, and actions shown to reduce those risk factors and to promote protective factors. Risk factors are characteristics of school, community and family environments, and of students and their peer groups known to predict increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school dropout, and violent behaviors among youth. For example, children who live in communities with physical deterioration and high rates of adult crime are more likely to become involved in delinquency and drug use than children who live in organized neighborhoods. Each risk and protective factor can be linked to specific types of interventions that have been shown to be effective in either reducing risk(s) or enhancing protection(s). The steps outlined here will help your county make key decisions regarding allocation of resources, how and when to address specific needs, and which strategies are most effective and known to produce results. The chart below shows the links between the 19 risk factors and five problem behaviors. The check marks indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Community Disorganization Extreme Economic & Social Deprivation Family History of the Problem Behavior Family Conflict Family Management Problems Favorable Parent Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Early Initiation of Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Early & Persistent Antisocial Behavior Alienation & Rebelliousness Friends Who Use Drugs & Engage in Problem Behaviors Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Gang Involvement Constitutional Factors Peer / Individual Low Neighborhood Attachment School Transitions & Mobility Family Availability of Drugs & Firearms Community Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms & Crime Risk Factors Substance Abuse T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Delinquency T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Teen Pregnancy School Drop-Out Violence T T T T T T T T Source: Communities That Care (CTC) prevention model, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) 6 Charts and Tables in this Report There are seven types of charts presented in this report: 1. Lifetime and 30 day ATOD use 2. Heavy substance use and antisocial behavior 3. Gambling 4. Risk profiles 5. Protective profiles 6. Where youth acquired alcohol 7. School safety Data from the charts are also presented in Tables 4 through 12. The additional data found in Tables 13 through 15 are explained at the end of this section. Understanding the Format of the Charts There are several graphical elements common to all the charts. Understanding the format of the charts and what these elements represent is essential in interpreting the results of the 2010 AYS. • The Bars on substance use and antisocial behavior charts represent the percentage of students in that grade who reported a given behavior. The bars on the risk and protective factor charts represent the percentage of students whose answers reflect significant risk or protection in that category. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Each set of differently colored bars represents one of the last three administrations of the AYS: 2006, 2008, and 2010. By looking at the percentages over time, it is possible to identify trends in substance use and antisocial behavior. By studying the percentage of youth at risk and with protection over time, it is possible to determine whether the percentage of students at risk or with protection is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. This information is important when deciding which risk and protective factors warrant attention. • Dots and Diamonds. The dots on the charts represent the percentage of all of the youth surveyed across Arizona who reported substance use, problem behavior, elevated risk, or elevated protection. The diamonds represent national data from either the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey or the Bach Harrison Norm. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz The Bach Harrison Norm was developed by Bach Harrison L.L.C. to provide states and communities with the ability to compare their results on risk, protection, and antisocial measures with more national measures. Survey participants from eight statewide surveys and five large regional surveys across the nation were combined into a database of approximately 460,000 students. The results were 7 weighted to make the contribution of each state and region proportional to its share of the national population. Bach Harrison analysts then calculated rates for antisocial behavior and for students at risk and with protection. The results appear on the charts as BH Norm. In order to keep the Bach Harrison Norm relevant, it is updated approximately every two years as new data become available. zzzzz zzzzzzzzz A comparison to state-wide and national results provides additional information for your community in determining the relative importance of levels of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use, antisocial behavior, risk, and protection. Information about other students in the state and the nation can be helpful in determining the seriousness of a given level of problem behavior. Scanning across the charts, it is important to observe the factors that differ the most from the Bach Harrison Norm. This is the first step in identifying the levels of risk and protection that are higher or lower than those in other communities. The risk factors that are higher than the Bach Harrison Norm and the protective factors are lower than the Bach Harrison Norm are probably the factors that your community should consider addressing when planning prevention programs. Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use • Lifetime use is a measure of the percentage of students who tried the particular substance at least once in their lifetime and is used to show the percentage of students who have had experience with a particular substance. • 30-day use is a measure of the percentage of students who used the substance at least once in the 30 days prior to taking the survey and is a more sensitive indicator of the level of current use of the substance. Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior • Heavy substance use is measured in two different ways: binge drinking (having five or more drinks in a row during the two weeks prior to the survey) and use of one-half a pack or more of cigarettes per day. • Drinking and Driving - youth indicating drinking alcohol and driving, or riding with a driver who had been drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. • Antisocial behavior (ASB) is a measure of the percentage of students who report any involvement during the past year with the eight antisocial behaviors listed in the charts. How Charts to Readand theTables Chartsininthis thisReport Report(cont’d) (cont’d) Gambling Gambling behavior charts show the percentage of students who engaged in each of the 10 types of gambling “for money, possessions, or anything of value” during the past year: played gambling machines, played the lottery, bet on sports, played cards, bought a raffle ticket, played bingo, gambled on the Internet, bet on a dice game, bet on a game of personal skill and bet on horse or other animal races. The chart also shows the percentage of students who engaged in any gambling behavior during the past year. Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Risk and protective factor scales measure specific aspects of a youth’s life experience that predict whether he/she will engage in problem behaviors. The scales, defined in Table 3, are grouped into four domains: community, family, school, and peer/individual. The risk and protective factor charts show the percentage of students at risk and with protection for each of the scales. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol This chart displays data regarding the ways that students obtained alcohol in the past 30 days. The data focus on a subgroup of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no alcohol use are not represented.) It is important to note that the charts represent a subgroup of users and not the entire survey population. Additionally, the smaller the sample, the more dramatic the influence of a student's responses. For example, if only one student in a particular grade reported where he/she obtained alcohol, each category would show up as either 0% or 100%. The chart legend indicates the sample size for each grade surveyed to help clarify the value of the data. School Safety The school safety profile charts contain the percentages of students who felt unsafe at school or on the way to school, were threatened or injured with a weapon at school, were in a physical fight at school, carried a weapon to school or were picked on or bullied at school. The complete questions and values for each response option can be seen in Table 12. Additional Data in this Report In addition to data presented in the charts and Tables 4 through 12, Tables 13 through 15 contain information useful for prevention planning. Table 13 contains the information that is required by communities with Drug Free Communities Grants, such as the perception of the risk of ATOD use, perception of parent and peer disapproval of ATOD use, past 30-day use, and average age of first use. Tables 14 and 15 contain questions new to the 2010 AYS on subjects of interest to prevention providers. The Community Data Project Supported by a grant from the Arizona Governor's Office for Children, Youth and Families, the Community Data Project is a multi-agency effort to create a central repository for Arizona's substance abuse and crime data. Through a user-friendly web site, individuals will have a one-stop portal where they can select the type of data they need, specific demographic characteristics, and their geographic level of interest. Various output options will be offered, including data tables, graphs, and maps to cover a variety of reporting and visualization needs. The web site will be a useful tool for practitioners and policymakers who are addressing substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and crime and the criminal justice system by providing them with a 8 comprehensive picture of the characteristics and needs of Arizona’s communities. Having data that are specific to the users geographic area of interest will not only lead to an enhanced understanding of the community issues related to drugs and crime, but it will also maximize data-for-decision-making capabilities for things such as the appropriate program content, identification of at-risk target areas and populations, grant writing and reporting, monitoring progress of prevention and intervention initiatives over time, and determining resource allocation. Currently, the web site is under construction, but we anticipate it will be ready by end of summer 2010. Please visit us then at: www.azcjc.gov/ACJC.Web/sac/CommunDataPrj.aspx The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership (ASAP) was established by Executive Order in June 2007. Currently chaired by the governor’s policy advisor on Health and Human Services, ASAP serves as the single statewide council on substance abuse issues. ASAP brings together stakeholders at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels to improve coordination of efforts; address identified gaps in prevention, treatment, enforcement, and recovery efforts; and improve funding allocation. ASAP utilizes data and practical expertise to develop effective methods for integrating and expanding services across Arizona, thereby maximizing available resources. ASAP also studies current policy and recommends relevant legislation for the Arizona Legislature’s consideration. It is ASAP’s mission to ensure community-driven, agency-supported outcomes to prevent and reduce the negative impacts of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs by building and sustaining partnerships between professionals in the prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement arenas. Through coordination and collaboration among its members and their respective agencies and organizations, ASAP strives to ensure that substance abuse is addressed in a comprehensive manner and funding is spent efficaciously and efficiently. ASAP’s 2010 strategic plan identifies five strategic focus areas: 1)zchild welfare/children of incarcerated parents/drug-endangered children; 2) law enforcement and drug trafficking; 3)zprescription drugs; 4)zunderage drinking; and 5)zcommunity partnerships. There are currently four sub-committees that assist ASAP in meeting its goals: • Underage Drinking Prevention Committee (UAD) – This subcommittee addresses the problem of underage drinking in Arizona by implementing a statewide underage drinking initiative that assesses statewide epidemiological data, resources, strategies and policies, and builds relationships with tribes, youth, law enforcement, government agencies, and community coalitions. By combining resources, practice, and research, the committee collaborates across state systems to reduce underage drinking. • Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group (Epi) – This work group produces a biennial Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile, which highlights trends and new substance abuse data in Arizona and an annual summary profile, entitled The Impact of Substance Abuse: A Snapshot of Arizona. The Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile is a comprehensive, informative, and functional profile of substance abuse in the state for use by community coalitions, agencies, and individuals in relevant fields. Currently, Epi conducts analyses of individual substance abuse issues, responds to ad hoc data requests and brings data to bear on ASAP’s policy decisions around its strategic plan and focus areas. • Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force (AMTF) –The Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force was created in August 2006 in response to Arizona’s decade-long increase in the number of individuals regularly using methamphetamine and the increase in the resulting social and economic costs associated with the drug. The AMTF was instructed to approach Arizona’s methamphetamine problem holistically, focusing equally on enforcement, prevention, treatment, and recovery. Specifically, the AMTF was charged with identifying specific, action-oriented recommendations to eradicate methamphetamine use in Arizona and build safe and healthy communities throughout the state. The AMTF brings together representatives from state agencies, local government, businesses, and community groups to develop collaborative efforts among the treatment, prevention, and law enforcement systems to assess and address the impact of methamphetamine statewide through information sharing, resource allocation, services coordination, and the development of statewide policy recommendations sensitive to the needs of local and tribal communities. • The Community Advisory Board – The Community Advisory Board (CAB) brings together representatives from community coalitions around the state to improve substance abuse prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement policies and programs. The CAB provides an essential link between communities, ASAP and its subcommittees. The CAB brings the community voice to the ASAP table; reports on important community issues that informs ASAP’s work; helps communities improve their capacity to identify emerging trends, as well as take action and report on them to the proper institutions/authorities; takes the data available through the Epidemiology Work Group and ASAP back to coalitions and communities to effectively target prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement activities; serves as a resource for communities and the state to identify the most effective ways to reduce substance abuse through collaborative efforts and by targeting limited resources where they are most needed; and elevates and recognizes the important work being carried out at the community level to ensure that state-level responses are cognizant of the impact of policies on individual communities. 9 School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data What are the numbers telling you? Review the charts and data tables presented in this report. Note your findings as you discuss the following questions. • Which 3-5 risk factors appear to be higher than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which 3-5 protective factors appear to be lower than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which levels of 30-day drug use are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which substances are your students using the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable usage levels? • Which levels of antisocial behaviors are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which behaviors are your students exhibiting the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable behavior levels? How to identify high priority problem areas. • Look across the charts – which items stand out as either much higher or much lower than the other? • Compare your data with statewide, and/or national data – differences of 5% between local and other data are probably significant. • Prioritize problems for your area – Make an assessment of the rates you’ve identified. Which can be realistically addressed with the funding available to your community? Which problems fit best with the prevention resources at hand? • Determine the standards and values held within your community – For example: Is it acceptable in your community for a percentage of high school students to drink alcohol regularly as long as that percentage is lower than the overall state rate? Use these data for planning. • Substance use and antisocial behavior data – raise awareness about the problems and promote dialogue. • Risk and protective factor data – identify exactly where the community needs to take action. • Promising approaches – access resources listed on the last page of this report for ideas about programs that have been proven effective in addressing the risk factors that are high in your community, and improving the protective factors that are low. Sample Risk Factors Protective Factors 30-day Substance Abuse Antisocial Behavior 10 6th grd Fav. Attitude to Drugs (Peer/Indiv. Scale) @ 15% (8% > 8-state av.) 10th grd - Rewards for prosocial involvm. (School Domain) 40% (down 5% from 2 yrs ago & 16% below state av.) 8th grd Binge Drinking@13% (5% above state av.) 12th grd - Drunk/High at School @ 21% ( about same as state, but remains a priority.) Priority Rate 1 Priority Rate 2 Priority Rate 3 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Navajo County, Grade 8 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 11 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Navajo County, Grade 10 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 12 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Navajo County, Grade 12 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 13 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Navajo County, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† MTF Prescription Drugs**† 14 Prescription Sedatives** **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Prescription Stimulants** State 2010 Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** County 2010 Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** County 2008 Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol County 2006 Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Navajo County, Grade 8 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 15 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Navajo County, Grade 10 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 16 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Navajo County, Grade 12 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 17 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Navajo County, All Students Surveyed 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 18 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Navajo County, Grade 8 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 19 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Navajo County, Grade 10 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 20 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Navajo County, Grade 12 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 21 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Navajo County, All Students Surveyed Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 22 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Navajo County, Grade 8 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 23 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Navajo County, Grade 8 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 24 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Navajo County, Grade 10 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 25 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Navajo County, Grade 10 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 26 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Navajo County, Grade 12 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 27 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Navajo County, Grade 12 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 28 Sources Risk and of Protective Alcohol Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Navajo County, All Students Surveyed Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 29 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Navajo County, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 30 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Navajo County, Grade 8 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 70 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 96 State 2010 Sample: 4,473 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 31 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Navajo County, Grade 10 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 116 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 184 State 2010 Sample: 5,295 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 32 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Navajo County, Grade 12 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 131 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 179 State 2010 Sample: 6,341 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 33 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Navajo County, All Students Surveyed Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 317 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 459 State 2010 Sample: 16,109 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 34 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Navajo County, Grade 8 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 35 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Navajo County, Grade 10 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 36 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Navajo County, Grade 12 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 37 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Navajo County, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 38 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles Community Domain Risk Factors 1 Low Neighborhood Attachment Research has shown that youth who don't like the neighborhoods in which they live are more likely to become involved in juvenile crime and drug selling. Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the legal drinking age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been followed by decreases in consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have shown that shifts in normative attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence of use. Perceived Availability of Drugs and Handguns The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the use of these substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a higher risk of crime and substance use by adolescents. 1 1 1 1 Community Domain Protective Factors 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for positive participation in activities helps youth bond to the community, thus lowering their risk for substance use. Family Domain Risk Factors 1 Poor Family Management Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places them at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, parents’ failure to provide clear expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that they will engage in drug abuse whether or not there are family drug problems. 1 Family Conflict Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the conflict, appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use. 1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or ATOD use), the children are more likely to engage in these behaviors. 1 Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Antisocial Behavior & Drugs In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use, children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the refrigerator. Family Domain Protective Factors 1 Family Attachment Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors. 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things done well by their child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviors. School Domain Risk Factors 1 Academic Failure Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both drug abuse and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever reasons, increases the risk of problem behaviors. 1 Low Commitment to School Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of drugs is significantly lower among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking school, spending time on homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also negatively related to drug use. 39 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles School Domain Protective Factors 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors. Peer-Individual Risk Factors 1 Rebelliousness Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at higher risk of abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for independence and normlessness have all been linked with drug use. 1 Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use Early onset of drug use predicts misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the greater the involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use prior to the age of 15 is a consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug use has been shown to predict lower drug involvement and a greater probability of discontinuation of use. 1 Attitudes Favorable Toward During the elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes and have Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use difficulty imagining why people use drugs or engage in antisocial behaviors. However, in middle school, as more youth are exposed to others who use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior are more likely to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use. 1 Perceived Risk of Drug Use Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug use. 1 Interaction with Antisocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for engaging in antisocial behavior themselves. 1 Friends' Use of Drugs Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much more likely to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends who use drugs greatly increases the risk of that problem developing. 1 Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging further in antisocial behavior and substance use. Gang Involvement Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. 1 1 1 1 Peer-Individual Protective Factors 1 Belief in the Moral Order Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs. 1 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are more protected from engaging in antisocial behavior and substance use. 1 Prosocial Involvement Participation in positive school and community activities helps provide protection for youth. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are rewarded for working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in problem behavior. 40 Data Tables Table 4. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime In your lifetime, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 49.7 45.9 36.4 45.1 36.6 61.8 61.2 55.9 64.1 59.1 61.5 72.9 64.2 72.8 72.3 57.2 60.5 50.9 58.2 55.6 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 46.5 33.5 24.4 23.8 20.1 51.7 49.1 39.7 37.2 32.7 50.3 57.1 49.3 46.9 43.6 49.4 47.1 36.7 34.0 31.8 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 18.4 12.1 13.6 7.1 9.6 22.6 19.5 20.0 12.5 15.2 25.9 26.5 28.6 18.1 16.3 21.9 19.5 20.1 11.7 13.6 Marijuana used marijuana? 31.2 26.7 17.3 17.8 15.7 43.9 42.5 33.3 34.3 32.3 44.7 55.7 40.4 44.7 42.0 39.3 42.1 29.2 29.9 29.7 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 4.1 2.3 1.4 2.2 1.7 4.3 4.1 4.9 5.9 3.0 6.3 5.6 5.3 9.0 3.1 4.8 4.1 3.7 5.1 2.6 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 4.8 2.5 1.6 2.3 2.6 11.5 9.2 5.7 5.3 4.6 15.2 12.7 8.9 8.8 6.0 9.9 8.3 5.1 5.0 4.4 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 14.4 13.2 10.8 14.5 14.9 13.8 13.3 10.5 11.8 12.8 11.6 7.9 11.6 9.4 9.5 13.5 11.5 10.9 12.3 12.5 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 5.2 1.3 0.3 0.7 1.6 10.6 6.3 1.5 1.6 2.8 16.5 7.7 3.3 2.5 2.4 10.1 5.3 1.6 1.5 2.3 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.9 1.3 2.0 1.7 3.2 2.6 1.5 2.9 1.9 2.9 3.4 1.2 1.9 1.5 2.0 2.1 1.3 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2.8 1.5 1.9 3.9 2.2 3.4 4.0 5.3 8.2 5.5 5.1 3.8 6.5 10.6 6.5 3.6 3.2 4.4 7.0 4.7 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 2.4 1.0 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.6 2.3 1.7 1.8 1.3 3.1 2.7 1.8 1.7 2.2 2.3 2.1 1.7 1.7 1.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 13.4 10.3 11.5 4.4 n/a 22.3 17.3 18.9 9.9 n/a 29.4 21.8 23.1 13.2 n/a 21.9 16.0 16.8 9.1 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 4.4 4.6 2.1 3.0 6.0 5.0 5.8 4.7 7.0 10.3 7.8 5.6 3.8 8.5 9.9 5.5 5.4 3.4 5.7 8.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 11.5 9.0 7.2 8.7 9.5 12.9 10.6 9.8 11.5 13.0 13.1 10.0 10.9 13.4 12.7 12.4 9.9 9.1 10.8 11.7 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 14.1 18.4 13.4 16.5 n/a 20.5 26.3 21.4 23.7 n/a 22.8 32.1 24.7 27.3 n/a 18.7 25.8 19.3 21.5 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 7.7 8.0 9.5 n/a n/a 12.8 11.3 13.2 n/a n/a 15.0 12.1 14.1 n/a n/a 12.0 10.2 11.8 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 41 Data Tables Table 5. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days In the past 30 days, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 26.6 24.0 17.0 21.9 14.9 33.7 32.3 30.4 34.7 30.4 30.4 39.3 34.9 45.0 43.5 30.2 32.1 26.6 31.9 29.2 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 20.4 13.3 10.5 8.9 6.5 20.4 18.9 18.0 15.6 13.1 18.3 23.9 24.3 22.9 20.1 19.8 18.9 17.0 14.7 13.0 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 5.3 3.7 4.2 2.8 3.7 7.8 7.3 7.8 5.7 6.5 6.5 10.5 15.6 8.1 8.4 6.5 7.3 8.8 5.1 6.1 Marijuana used marijuana? 17.6 13.5 9.9 8.9 6.5 20.8 20.5 15.4 17.4 15.9 17.1 23.0 17.9 21.3 20.6 18.6 19.3 14.0 14.8 14.2 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 1.7 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.5 2.2 2.0 1.3 2.0 0.5 0.3 1.5 0.7 2.4 0.5 1.5 1.4 0.8 1.6 0.5 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 2.5 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.8 3.3 3.4 2.6 1.6 0.9 2.1 3.3 2.2 2.2 1.3 2.7 2.6 1.7 1.4 1.0 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 5.7 4.6 3.0 5.6 3.8 3.1 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.2 2.1 1.5 2.2 1.5 1.2 3.8 2.9 2.7 3.7 2.4 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 2.6 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.5 3.7 1.2 1.1 0.5 0.6 2.5 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.5 3.0 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.5 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.8 1.1 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.8 1.8 1.2 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.4 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 1.1 0.6 0.3 1.7 0.6 1.4 1.5 1.7 2.9 1.3 0.0 0.6 1.1 3.4 1.8 0.9 1.0 1.0 2.5 1.2 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.7 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.3 1.3 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 6.5 5.2 5.7 1.3 n/a 10.7 7.8 8.9 3.0 n/a 13.5 10.5 9.7 4.1 n/a 10.4 7.6 7.7 2.8 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 1.3 2.1 0.7 1.4 1.9 2.7 1.8 1.3 2.8 3.3 2.1 2.3 1.1 2.5 3.0 2.0 2.1 1.0 2.1 2.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 5.5 4.0 1.9 3.6 2.5 4.5 4.0 4.0 4.7 3.9 3.8 4.6 4.2 4.7 4.2 4.7 4.2 3.3 4.2 3.5 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 6.4 9.6 6.6 8.2 n/a 7.7 12.5 9.3 11.8 n/a 8.6 16.1 12.2 12.4 n/a 7.5 12.8 9.2 10.4 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 4.2 3.0 5.4 n/a n/a 6.0 5.1 6.3 n/a n/a 6.6 5.4 6.3 n/a n/a 5.6 4.4 5.9 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 42 Data Tables Table 6. Percentage of Students With Heavy ATOD Use Drinking and Driving During the past 30 days, how many times did you: (One or more times) DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 9.5 8.3 5.4 5.0 4.2 8.7 9.6 11.4 7.6 7.4 12.4 14.8 10.9 14.1 16.6 10.0 10.9 8.9 8.2 7.7 30.2 30.5 22.4 27.7 24.9 30.5 27.3 26.7 29.1 26.3 22.8 31.9 24.5 28.9 27.5 28.4 29.7 24.4 28.5 25.0 Heavy Use Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Binge Drinking How many times have you had 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? (One or more times) 15.7 15.8 9.5 12.4 7.8 22.4 22.7 20.3 21.0 17.5 19.4 25.9 22.4 29.2 25.2 19.2 21.7 16.8 19.5 16.6 1/2 Pack (or more) of Cigarettes/Day During the past 30 days, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? (11 to 20 cigarettes, More than 20 cigarettes) 1.4 1.1 0.7 0.7 1.0 2.3 1.6 1.9 2.0 2.4 1.7 2.5 1.8 3.6 5.0 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.9 2.7 Table 7. Percentage of Students With Antisocial Behavior How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: (One or more times) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 Been Drunk or High at School 21.6 20.1 12.6 12.8 7.5 32.4 29.9 23.3 21.8 15.0 25.1 29.5 24.7 Been Suspended from School All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 22.1 17.7 26.3 26.9 19.7 18.0 13.3 23.5 16.9 14.0 18.5 15.1 17.1 19.8 16.0 14.4 12.6 10.9 13.4 17.0 9.9 9.2 18.0 16.9 15.5 15.0 12.4 Sold Illegal Drugs 6.0 5.4 3.3 5.0 2.5 7.4 10.9 7.4 10.6 6.5 8.4 12.3 10.0 10.8 7.8 7.1 9.7 6.6 8.2 5.5 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle 4.6 1.7 3.6 3.7 2.3 4.9 5.5 5.7 4.6 2.6 4.3 3.4 3.5 3.1 1.9 4.6 3.8 4.3 3.8 2.3 Been Arrested 13.2 7.5 6.9 7.1 5.2 10.0 11.0 12.9 9.9 6.7 9.2 11.8 11.7 8.7 6.1 11.1 10.3 10.3 8.4 6.0 Attacked Someone with the Idea of Seriously Hurting Them 18.8 15.6 17.5 16.6 16.0 15.2 15.6 11.9 15.5 15.1 11.1 15.2 13.5 11.5 11.9 15.6 15.5 14.5 14.9 14.4 Carried a Handgun 9.5 8.7 10.7 6.7 4.8 8.8 8.6 7.4 7.6 5.2 8.8 8.7 9.5 7.2 5.2 9.1 8.6 9.3 7.1 5.1 Carried a Handgun to School 1.4 0.4 1.4 1.4 0.8 1.3 1.4 1.4 2.1 0.9 1.2 0.6 2.0 1.8 1.0 1.3 0.8 1.6 1.7 0.9 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 43 Data Tables Table 8. Percentage of Students Gambling in the Past Year How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: (At least once in the past 12 months) Any Gambling Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 55.2 74.1 60.6 61.6 55.0 51.8 64.8 57.5 59.8 53.8 41.5 64.4 50.2 56.5 52.6 49.8 67.3 56.5 59.7 53.0 2.7 4.0 2.2 5.3 5.7 2.5 4.2 1.2 4.8 5.3 2.6 4.0 4.2 5.3 5.4 2.6 4.1 2.5 5.2 5.3 29.1 20.6 15.4 21.4 24.0 18.5 15.9 13.9 20.7 23.5 17.7 17.8 12.8 18.9 23.9 21.4 17.9 14.2 20.6 22.7 Bet on sports?* n/a 34.2 23.8 28.6 22.8 n/a 29.1 27.1 27.0 22.5 n/a 34.4 21.4 24.4 20.5 n/a 32.2 24.1 27.0 21.4 Played cards? 21.7 44.0 35.4 36.1 25.8 20.7 39.3 32.7 36.0 27.0 14.9 40.9 31.5 34.8 26.7 19.3 41.2 33.4 35.7 25.3 n/a 30.8 11.1 15.9 n/a n/a 24.9 19.1 16.6 n/a n/a 26.8 13.5 15.3 n/a n/a 27.2 14.3 16.0 n/a 24.5 31.6 23.3 26.4 22.7 12.6 22.9 18.8 20.4 17.7 12.3 21.9 12.2 14.2 14.0 16.1 25.1 18.5 21.4 19.5 Gambled on the Internet? 5.1 5.9 4.7 5.1 4.5 4.1 4.1 4.4 4.6 4.0 2.3 4.4 4.4 4.2 3.7 3.9 4.7 4.5 4.7 4.2 Played a dice game?* n/a 31.7 28.0 26.0 12.1 n/a 26.1 21.1 21.9 11.2 n/a 25.2 17.4 17.9 10.0 n/a 27.4 22.6 22.6 11.4 26.8 31.5 24.1 28.2 20.1 20.3 25.4 26.2 27.7 20.5 15.1 29.2 24.3 24.9 18.8 20.8 28.4 24.8 27.2 19.4 n/a 6.2 4.3 5.0 4.6 n/a 3.5 4.4 5.0 4.7 n/a 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.6 n/a 4.3 4.2 4.8 4.7 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bought a raffle ticket?** Played bingo? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* Bet on a horse or other animal race?* * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from table. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 44 Data Tables Table 9. Percentage of Students Reporting Risk Grade 8 Risk Factor County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed** Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm Community Domain Low Neighborhood Attachment 36.3 40.3 35.5 35.9 36.6 46.0 48.6 46.3 43.6 42.8 53.3 55.5 52.8 47.3 47.0 44.6 48.4 44.1 41.3 42.0 Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use 38.4 37.7 32.1 35.0 32.8 51.2 41.5 41.5 41.8 39.6 30.0 38.3 34.5 35.5 32.8 40.9 39.4 35.8 37.2 35.2 Perceived Availability of Drugs 36.0 35.5 33.8 36.9 29.4 48.8 43.7 38.4 42.9 40.5 44.9 47.9 39.7 43.8 42.7 43.1 42.7 37.1 40.6 37.5 Perceived Availability of Handguns 33.9 38.5 41.3 33.4 39.8 32.7 28.7 33.5 22.3 29.9 44.2 36.0 38.4 26.5 34.8 36.2 33.8 37.9 28.2 34.8 Poor Family Management 45.9 45.8 38.5 43.7 41.9 39.8 40.5 35.2 40.6 40.3 37.2 39.0 36.3 41.2 39.8 41.0 41.5 36.8 42.1 40.7 Family Conflict 47.2 53.3 54.0 53.1 51.5 36.1 39.8 39.6 42.1 41.6 35.3 35.0 35.7 39.1 38.8 39.4 42.1 43.9 45.9 44.1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 51.9 48.3 37.0 39.3 36.4 53.3 52.9 41.7 41.5 39.0 45.7 49.7 42.5 37.4 37.3 50.7 50.5 40.2 39.4 37.6 Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB 48.4 47.3 42.8 47.7 46.9 46.5 50.2 45.0 50.0 52.3 39.6 50.1 46.9 48.6 50.3 45.2 49.4 44.7 48.6 49.9 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 29.6 27.6 18.3 24.7 26.0 32.3 34.9 28.3 37.9 40.8 26.3 34.5 33.5 38.6 38.6 29.7 32.7 26.0 32.4 35.2 Academic Failure 52.4 47.6 47.5 45.5 46.6 48.3 56.6 52.6 48.5 47.9 45.4 48.9 46.1 40.6 41.8 49.1 51.6 48.7 45.1 45.6 Low Commitment to School 38.4 38.8 38.9 41.0 38.0 34.5 40.1 41.3 41.7 41.7 36.3 36.3 38.5 42.2 42.9 36.5 38.6 39.6 41.5 40.8 Rebelliousness 41.4 38.4 39.1 43.8 39.0 40.6 45.6 45.9 47.6 45.5 42.2 47.4 49.3 44.6 43.6 41.3 44.1 44.3 45.1 42.7 Early Initiation of ASB 45.6 34.9 34.6 37.6 33.7 44.5 45.6 41.5 40.6 37.0 45.3 46.7 45.1 38.6 35.4 45.1 42.9 39.9 38.8 35.4 Early Initiation of Drug Use 45.0 37.1 26.6 29.3 24.0 42.6 41.2 30.7 31.0 27.3 37.7 41.2 32.2 29.6 28.8 42.3 40.0 29.6 29.9 26.6 Attitudes Favorable to ASB 45.1 41.3 31.7 41.4 36.2 49.4 46.9 43.9 44.7 44.9 37.1 47.2 42.6 41.7 41.9 44.6 45.4 38.9 42.4 41.0 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 32.9 32.2 21.8 29.3 22.6 31.6 33.1 29.8 36.2 33.6 25.7 28.4 31.8 35.9 32.7 30.6 31.4 27.3 33.1 29.6 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 46.1 47.1 39.6 47.8 37.1 34.6 34.6 39.1 45.9 35.7 27.7 37.4 45.6 50.4 40.3 37.0 39.1 41.3 47.9 37.6 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 65.1 54.4 50.3 55.8 50.3 59.1 63.6 62.7 56.3 52.0 53.0 61.0 57.0 51.5 49.0 59.8 60.2 56.3 54.8 50.5 Friend's Use of Drugs 46.4 44.1 34.2 39.4 30.8 46.0 46.2 42.6 42.6 36.2 35.8 41.0 33.7 38.1 32.3 43.5 44.0 36.8 40.0 33.2 Rewards for ASB 46.7 41.0 38.6 48.2 36.7 41.3 39.8 37.9 46.8 42.7 45.4 51.2 47.6 57.1 55.1 44.4 43.8 41.1 50.1 44.4 Gang Involvement 26.5 22.0 16.0 20.8 17.8 21.8 26.6 20.4 20.9 15.7 16.7 17.7 21.7 16.1 13.1 22.1 22.4 19.1 19.6 15.6 37.4 39.3 33.3 37.1 29.7 36.3 39.3 32.5 34.2 30.4 32.4 39.0 35.2 32.5 29.0 35.7 39.2 33.6 35.0 29.7 Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Risk Students at High Risk* * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 45 Data Tables Table 10. Percentage of Students Reporting Protection Grade 10 Grade 8 Protective Factor Grade 12 All Students Surveyed† County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 40.4 44.0 41.5 32.9 38.3 48.0 48.8 52.4 38.0 44.2 57.0 45.4 48.0 37.0 44.1 47.8 46.3 46.9 35.6 42.2 Family Attachment 47.2 54.1 55.8 51.1 51.9 46.4 47.2 50.1 45.6 44.7 63.1 57.1 60.6 56.6 55.6 51.5 52.4 55.5 50.9 50.4 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 60.9 61.8 67.6 59.7 60.7 50.9 55.1 56.9 54.6 53.1 60.0 57.6 57.2 56.4 53.8 56.6 57.8 61.1 57.2 55.8 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 65.1 67.1 65.0 61.7 61.5 60.6 57.5 58.8 54.9 53.0 62.3 61.2 58.5 56.4 52.4 62.5 61.4 61.1 58.2 55.6 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 64.8 67.0 70.3 63.0 68.9 63.1 61.6 61.4 65.6 71.6 65.5 65.9 68.6 67.6 72.8 64.4 64.5 67.0 65.0 71.0 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 56.4 60.3 64.1 52.0 57.5 66.2 58.7 60.2 61.2 58.9 51.0 52.7 52.5 46.9 51.6 58.5 57.3 59.4 53.5 56.2 Belief in the Moral Order 58.8 68.6 68.6 60.3 64.6 68.0 71.8 71.5 69.4 68.0 59.7 53.4 62.6 56.4 53.8 62.4 65.1 67.7 62.0 62.5 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* 53.0 58.8 64.2 54.7 58.8 60.0 61.1 62.6 57.5 60.7 61.2 60.6 61.2 57.3 59.3 57.6 60.3 62.8 56.2 59.6 Prosocial Involvement 44.3 52.5 46.5 40.0 40.8 38.9 40.6 45.2 45.3 46.1 36.6 34.3 41.4 41.9 42.6 40.4 42.0 44.5 42.1 43.2 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 65.2 66.4 68.2 59.2 62.5 60.8 64.4 61.9 61.7 59.9 57.3 56.1 58.5 55.6 51.8 61.6 62.3 63.3 59.0 58.3 50.8 64.6 69.1 53.6 52.8 62.3 61.0 62.8 57.6 52.5 62.9 61.8 60.9 55.9 50.5 57.9 62.3 64.6 55.4 52.0 Community Domain Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Protection Students with High Protection** * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 46 Data Tables Table 11. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol* If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) Grade 8 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 Sample size** 96 70 4,473 184 116 5,295 179 131 6,341 459 317 16,109 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 4.2 5.7 4.9 11.4 5.2 6.3 5.6 9.9 9.9 7.6 7.3 7.3 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 1.0 1.4 2.5 2.7 3.4 2.1 1.1 1.5 3.6 1.7 2.2 2.8 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 5.2 5.7 3.0 2.7 2.6 2.2 2.8 2.3 2.5 3.3 3.2 2.6 I gave someone else money to buy it for me 27.1 35.7 19.2 49.5 37.9 32.6 48.6 52.7 42.5 44.4 43.5 32.8 My parent or guardian gave it to me 17.7 2.9 17.5 5.4 10.3 15.0 8.4 11.5 13.3 9.2 9.1 15.0 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 21.9 18.6 17.3 25.0 20.7 16.8 22.9 11.5 14.8 23.5 16.4 16.1 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 24.0 22.9 16.2 36.4 29.3 24.8 40.8 24.4 30.4 35.5 25.9 24.6 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 32.3 17.1 21.0 23.4 26.7 23.1 17.9 19.1 18.6 23.1 21.5 20.7 I got it at a party 29.2 35.7 38.7 41.3 42.2 49.6 44.7 38.9 53.8 40.1 39.4 48.2 I took it from home 28.1 18.6 30.2 12.0 16.4 21.9 8.9 5.3 13.1 14.2 12.3 20.7 8.3 8.6 9.4 9.2 8.6 9.8 6.7 4.6 5.6 8.1 6.9 8.1 40.6 34.3 25.2 38.6 32.8 18.8 33.5 19.8 13.3 37.0 27.8 18.4 I took it from a store or someone else's home I got it some other way * Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. ** Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 47 Data Tables Table 12. Percentage of Students Reporting School Safety Issues Grade 8 Question During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY?* County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 0 times 85.0 88.0 92.9 1 time 7.4 5.2 4.5 2-3 times 4.3 4.4 4-5 times 1.2 6-7 times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? State 2010 Grade 12 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 91.7 86.5 87.4 91.6 4.5 7.9 5.2 4.6 1.2 2.2 2.7 3.9 0.8 0.5 0.6 1.2 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 8-9 times 0.4 0.0 0.0 10-11 times 0.2 0.2 12 or more times 1.0 1.2 State 2010 All Students Surveyed** County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 92.7 90.8 92.6 94.9 3.7 3.3 4.2 2.4 1.5 1.9 3.1 1.7 1.2 0.8 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.5 1.2 1.5 State 2010 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 95.3 87.1 89.2 93.1 93.0 2.4 6.5 4.9 3.9 3.7 1.6 1.3 3.4 3.4 1.4 1.9 0.8 0.4 0.3 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.6 1.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.5 0 times 70.4 73.4 79.4 79.5 84.6 84.6 82.7 87.0 89.4 90.3 91.8 92.6 83.1 84.2 85.2 1 time 13.8 15.2 11.2 11.0 10.1 8.5 8.8 7.3 6.2 4.6 6.0 4.3 10.5 9.2 8.9 8.1 2-3 times 9.4 8.1 6.2 6.2 2.9 4.4 4.6 3.6 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.8 5.1 4.7 4.4 4.2 4-5 times 2.9 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.2 0.5 1.3 0.9 1.1 1.3 0.0 0.4 1.8 1.1 1.1 1.1 6-7 times 1.3 0.8 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.1 0.4 8-9 times 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 10-11 times 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 12 or more times 1.3 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.4 1.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.6 0 times 60.2 56.3 59.7 60.5 76.4 62.4 67.8 73.1 83.4 82.6 79.6 85.4 72.1 67.0 68.2 70.9 1 time 18.7 14.8 13.0 12.8 11.1 11.9 8.8 9.1 8.2 6.7 7.1 5.3 13.2 11.1 9.9 9.7 13.9 10.6 11.1 12.6 9.8 8.4 5.2 6.7 4.7 10.7 9.2 8.6 5.4 4.0 4.7 5.2 4.4 3.0 1.5 1.3 1.7 4.1 3.3 3.3 2.1 1.7 1.8 0.6 1.5 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.3 8-9 times 2.5 1.4 1.1 1.4 1.3 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.3 1.5 1.2 0.8 10-11 times 0.4 1.2 0.7 0.2 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.5 5.8 4.6 8.3 7.3 3.1 5.8 5.9 4.2 2.8 2.3 3.1 1.8 4.0 4.3 6.0 4.9 0 days 86.7 89.8 92.9 90.5 92.6 89.4 91.2 93.3 96.9 92.7 91.8 95.7 91.5 90.6 92.0 92.7 1 day 7.1 5.4 3.7 5.2 3.7 4.8 4.4 3.6 1.4 1.9 4.0 2.2 4.4 4.1 4.0 4.0 2-3 days 2.7 2.7 2.3 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.9 1.8 0.8 3.2 2.0 1.1 2.2 2.8 2.4 2.0 4-5 days 2.1 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.0 0.8 1.1 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.5 6 or more days 1.3 1.2 0.5 0.9 1.0 2.3 1.1 0.8 0.8 1.3 1.1 0.6 1.1 1.7 0.9 0.8 0 days 92.0 93.9 94.1 95.2 89.3 91.8 89.9 95.0 88.1 91.4 95.6 95.4 90.0 92.3 93.2 95.2 1 day 2.7 2.7 3.3 2.3 2.7 2.1 3.4 1.8 2.0 2.1 1.1 1.4 2.5 2.3 2.7 1.9 2-3 days 1.9 1.5 1.2 1.2 2.5 2.6 2.3 1.0 2.3 1.9 0.7 0.9 2.2 2.0 1.4 1.1 4-5 days 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.9 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.4 6 or more days 2.7 1.7 1.4 1.0 4.5 3.0 3.8 1.8 6.8 4.2 2.4 2.0 4.4 3.0 2.5 1.5 2-3 times 4-5 times 6-7 times 15.3 9.4 5.6 10.7 * In 2006 the choices for this question were Never , Once , Several Times and Very Often. ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 48 State 2010 80.4 12 or more times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on your way to or from school? Grade 10 Data Tables Table 13. Drug Free Communities Report - National Outcome Measures (NOMs) Outcome Definition Substance Grade 8 Percent Grade 10 Sample Percent Grade 12 Sample Percent All Students Surveyed† Sample Percent Sample Male †† Percent Female †† Sample Percent Sample drink 1 or two drinks nearly every day Alcohol 65.2 561 68.9 469 67.3 441 67.0 1,471 64.4 724 69.7 722 smoke 1 or more packs of cigarettes per day Cigarettes 82.6 563 82.8 471 84.7 445 83.3 1,479 82.2 730 84.7 724 smoke marijuana regularly Marijuana 79.2 530 69.9 445 67.3 428 72.6 1,403 69.6 685 75.8 693 Perception of Parent Disapproval* (Parents feel it would be Wrong or Very Wrong to... ) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 95.4 567 87.9 464 82.2 437 89.1 1,468 87.9 721 90.6 720 smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 97.3 562 92.7 464 85.8 436 92.4 1,462 90.3 722 94.3 715 smoke marijuana Marijuana 96.8 568 91.7 457 88.4 439 92.7 1,464 91.4 720 94.2 719 Perception of Peer Disapproval* (I think it is Wrong or Very Wrong for someone my age to...) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 83.9 583 73.1 487 68.7 454 75.9 1,524 75.1 752 76.5 745 Past 30-Day Use* at least one use in the past 30 days Perception of Risk* (People are at Moderate or Great Risk of harming themselves if they...) smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 88.1 580 78.0 487 63.9 454 77.6 1,521 78.1 752 77.1 742 smoke marijuana Marijuana 86.4 581 77.2 486 68.9 453 78.2 1,520 77.7 753 78.7 742 Alcohol 17.0 578 30.4 473 34.9 450 26.6 1,501 26.8 740 26.4 736 Cigarettes 10.5 569 18.0 471 24.3 444 17.0 1,484 17.6 731 16.2 727 Marijuana 9.9 577 15.4 468 17.9 447 14.0 1,492 14.5 736 13.5 731 Average Age of Onset** Percent (How old were you when you first…) Sample had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor? Alcohol 39.2 Average age: 11.9 years smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Cigarettes 25.6 Average age: 11.7 years Marijuana 17.3 Average age: 12.1 years smoked marijuana? 574 Percent Sample 54.2 483 13.2 years 578 40.1 35.4 13.4 years Sample 65.3 455 14.1 years 484 52.0 486 42.3 14.1 years Percent Sample 51.9 1,512 13.2 years 456 13.6 years 12.6 years 577 Percent 38.1 30.6 Sample 51.1 747 13.0 years 1,518 12.8 years 456 Percent 39.2 1,519 31.6 13.2 years Sample 52.7 740 13.4 years 752 37.1 741 12.9 years 12.7 years 13.4 years Percent 751 29.7 743 13.7 years * For Past 30-Day Use, Perception of Risk, and Perception of Parental/Peer Disapproval, the “Sample” column represents the sample size - the number of people who answered the question and whose responses were used to determine the percentage. The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample answering the question as specified in the definition. ** For Average Age of Onset, the “Sample” column represents the overall sample size: the total number of people that responded to the questions about Age of Onset. This includes responses that are not used to calculate the average age of onset (i.e., youth that have never used alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana). The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample reporting any age of first use for the specified substance. "Average age" is calculated by averaging the ages of first use of students reporting any use. † †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. The male and female values allow a gender comparison for youth who completed the survey. However, unless the percentage of students who participated from each grade is similar, the gender results are not necessarily representative of males and females in the community. 49 Data Tables Table 14. Additional Data for Prevention Planning In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: 52.3 48.9 41.6 60.6 57.7 14.2 17.3 11.1 17.8 13.2 21.3 11.8 13.4 13.1 15.0 2.3 1.9 1.6 3.4 1.0 2.4 7.7 3.0 6.4 7.7 2.9 5.7 10.2 5.3 6.7 10.7 4.9 8.3 6.4 3.3 4.6 6.7 2.6 4.9 83.0 6.3 80.6 8.7 68.3 10.6 68.4 10.3 62.4 9.1 62.7 10.3 72.1 8.5 72.2 9.6 4.0 2.5 5.2 2.2 6.8 4.7 8.6 3.9 11.1 5.1 9.6 4.8 7.0 4.0 7.4 3.4 1.4 2.8 1.0 2.4 2.6 7.0 2.3 6.5 3.1 9.1 2.8 9.8 2.3 6.0 1.9 5.6 79.9 7.2 75.4 8.1 63.7 10.5 58.7 11.1 62.7 8.0 56.9 11.0 69.7 8.5 65.4 9.7 4.9 3.5 1.9 6.5 3.5 1.9 8.8 4.5 2.8 10.3 6.2 3.6 8.7 6.5 2.0 10.7 6.3 3.7 7.3 4.7 2.2 8.7 5.1 2.9 2.6 90.5 4.7 88.4 9.7 87.1 10.2 81.4 12.1 82.9 11.4 81.7 7.7 87.1 8.2 84.5 5.7 1.6 5.4 2.7 6.0 2.1 7.5 4.8 7.9 2.5 7.3 4.8 6.4 2.0 6.6 3.9 0.4 0.5 1.2 0.6 1.9 0.6 2.2 1.2 2.9 1.1 2.2 1.2 1.6 0.7 1.8 0.9 2-3 times 4-6 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times More than 10 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.0 2.4 Never 61.0 64.9 61.9 63.0 60.6 67.0 61.2 64.9 Once 15.2 11.4 13.6 10.3 11.0 12.6 12.7 11.9 11.9 10.8 10.9 10.8 12.9 11.6 12.6 10.9 7-10 times 4.1 1.1 3.5 1.5 4.8 2.0 4.5 1.9 5.9 3.2 4.2 2.0 4.9 2.0 4.0 1.7 More than 10 times 7.2 6.2 7.7 6.0 7.7 5.1 7.5 5.8 More than 10 times 2-3 times 4-6 times In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? State 2010 11.5 17.4 More than 10 times decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? County 2010 54.0 7-10 times give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? State 2010 12.3 9.5 Once say "No" without giving a reason why? County 2010 71.4 Never In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? State 2010 12.5 6.6 More than 10 times other drugs? County 2010 75.1 7-10 times marijuana? State 2010 All Students Surveyed* Once 4-6 times cigarettes? County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 Never 2-3 times alcohol? Grade 8 Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Grade 8 County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 32.9 12.2 30.9 14.2 37.0 16.2 33.4 17.4 31.5 15.8 33.8 17.2 33.8 14.5 32.4 16.0 3.9 3.4 4.8 5.8 2.7 5.3 7.9 3.4 6.8 8.9 4.1 8.8 8.1 5.4 10.8 10.3 5.5 10.4 6.4 4.0 7.2 8.0 3.9 7.7 42.9 36.4 41.1 35.7 28.6 36.5 27.3 38.7 28.4 38.7 22.8 39.4 34.0 37.1 32.0 37.6 8.4 4.3 10.9 5.4 15.2 9.0 13.9 8.2 14.0 7.7 15.2 10.2 12.2 6.8 13.0 7.5 3.4 3.4 2.7 4.4 5.2 5.6 4.6 7.3 5.0 7.4 5.2 7.4 4.4 5.3 3.9 6.1 44.1 37.4 41.0 37.3 28.5 43.1 27.3 45.1 27.3 41.8 22.5 50.9 34.1 40.5 31.9 43.3 8.6 1.8 3.4 10.2 3.7 2.4 11.0 7.1 3.4 12.3 5.2 2.9 10.3 5.4 4.7 11.4 5.2 3.2 9.9 4.6 3.8 11.1 4.6 2.8 4.3 44.5 4.6 41.8 5.8 29.5 6.3 28.1 9.2 28.5 5.9 23.4 6.3 34.9 5.5 32.8 39.7 6.3 40.7 8.2 45.3 11.4 49.7 9.9 47.3 7.0 55.3 9.6 43.8 8.1 47.4 9.1 4.5 1.4 3.3 1.9 5.6 2.4 4.2 2.6 4.7 3.6 4.3 2.4 4.9 2.4 3.8 2.3 4.3 43.8 3.8 42.1 5.6 29.7 5.2 28.3 7.2 30.2 4.6 23.7 5.6 35.2 4.4 33.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 50 Data Tables Table 15. Additional Data for Prevention Planning (Cont'd) Grade 8 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked or beaten up? State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 82.8 81.0 81.9 78.0 83.6 80.3 82.7 7.9 8.4 7.8 8.0 10.1 7.6 8.5 8.1 3 to 5 times 4.6 3.3 2.9 3.4 5.5 3.1 4.3 3.3 6 to 9 times 2.2 1.6 2.5 1.7 2.2 1.5 2.3 1.6 10 to 19 times 1.7 1.7 0.8 2.1 1.1 1.6 1.2 1.8 20 to 29 times 1.2 0.5 1.6 0.6 0.9 0.6 1.2 0.6 30 to 39 times 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 40+ times 0.7 1.5 2.5 1.9 2.2 1.7 1.7 1.7 Never 35.7 29.2 36.4 31.1 40.6 42.1 37.4 33.2 1 or 2 times 26.5 28.6 25.4 26.7 26.9 25.6 26.3 27.2 3 to 5 times 14.9 18.8 19.0 19.0 16.8 16.7 16.8 18.3 6 to 9 times 9.3 9.4 7.0 9.9 7.3 7.0 8.0 8.9 10 to 19 times 5.3 5.8 6.4 6.4 3.3 4.4 5.1 5.6 20 to 29 times 2.7 2.6 2.9 2.4 2.2 1.5 2.6 2.2 30 to 39 times 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.8 40+ times 5.2 4.7 2.3 3.6 2.4 2.3 3.4 3.7 83.6 81.3 85.0 81.7 85.4 85.9 84.6 82.6 1 or 2 times 8.3 10.4 6.6 9.9 7.1 8.0 7.4 9.6 3 to 5 times 2.9 3.5 2.5 3.4 4.2 2.5 3.2 3.2 6 to 9 times 1.7 1.6 2.7 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.8 1.5 10 to 19 times 1.6 1.6 1.0 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.6 20 to 29 times 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 30 to 39 times 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.2 40+ times 0.5 0.9 1.2 1.1 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.9 88.3 87.2 91.6 87.7 92.7 89.8 90.7 88.1 1 or 2 times 8.2 7.7 4.1 7.1 4.6 6.1 5.8 7.1 3 to 5 times 1.9 2.1 1.2 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.9 6 to 9 times 0.3 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.8 10 to 19 times 0.0 0.8 0.6 1.2 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.9 20 to 29 times 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 30 to 39 times 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 40+ times 0.7 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.8 Never seen someone shot or shot at? County 2010 All Students Surveyed* 81.5 Never seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? State 2010 Grade 12 1 or 2 times Never been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? County 2010 Grade 10 If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply) I've never used prescription drugs to get high Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) All Students Surveyed Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 89.8 88.1 85.0 81.7 82.3 78.5 86.0 83.6 4.4 5.5 9.7 11.2 11.2 14.0 8.1 9.5 1.4 2.2 3.6 3.7 3.8 4.2 2.8 3.2 1.6 2.5 4.0 4.9 3.8 5.5 3.0 4.0 2.3 2.9 3.2 5.0 3.6 5.2 3.0 4.1 2.1 1.3 2.5 2.8 3.8 4.4 2.7 2.6 1.9 1.6 2.5 3.7 3.8 3.6 2.7 2.8 1.4 1.8 2.7 3.0 2.2 3.1 2.1 2.5 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 1.1 0.7 1.7 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 51 Appendix Appendix - Comparability of survey administrations Issue Drug Category 2008/2010 AYS 2006 AYS On how many occasions (if any) have you: Notes regarding changes On how many occasions (if any) have you: Hallucinogens Used LSD or other psychedelics? Used LSD or other hallucinogens? Substituted "hallucinogens" for "psychedelics" in 2008 and beyond. Comparable across years. Meth Used methamphetamines (meth, speed, crank, crystal meth)? Used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription stimulants Used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription sedatives Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? In 2008 AYS added descriptor "prescription" and removed qualifier "without a doctor telling you to take them." 2006 data are cautiously comparable to 2008/2010. Ecstasy Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)? Used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2008/2010 AYS uses "ecstasy" as the primary descriptor, moving "MDMA" to examples. Comparable across years. Combined results of On how many occasions have you: Prescription drugs Gambling Category Combined results of On how many occasions have you: used prescription drugs (such as Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderall, Oxycontin, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription pain relievers (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? How often during the past 12 months have you: In 2006 there was a prescription drugs question with several examples (some of which overlapped examples from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions). In 2008/2010, the single prescription drug question was dropped, and a new question about prescription pain relievers was added. Rather than discontinuing reporting Prescription Drugs , the prescription sedative, stimulant and pain reliever questions were combined to create a single measure. . In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006 data were similarly recalculated into a composite, adding results from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions to the dedicated Prescription Drugs question. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Sports betting Bet on team sports? Bet on sports? 2006 not comparable to later data. Race betting Bet money on horse races? Bet on a horse race or other animal race? 2006 not comparable to later data. Dice Bet on dice games such as craps? Played a dice game? 2006 not comparable to later data. Games of skill Bet on games of personal skill such as pool, darts, or bowling? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Comparable across years. Protective Scale: Peer-Individual Interaction with Prosocial Peers 52 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year, how many of your best friends have: (Scale is calculated based on the average response [0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 friends] to the following questions) ...participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? ...made the commitment to stay drug-free? ...tried to do well in school? ...liked school? ...regularly attended religious services? (not used in 2008/2010) Regularly attended religious services was removed from the AYS in 2008. 2006 has been recalculated to match 2008/2010 AYS and are now comparable across all years. Due to this recalculation, current reports may differ slightly from past reports. Contacts for Prevention Regional Prevention Contacts Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai Counties Rachel Peterson Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) 928-226-6394 Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Gila, La Paz, Pinal, Yuma and Santa Cruz Counties Linda Weinberg Cenpatico Behavioral Health of Arizona 866-495-6738 Maricopa County Juan Aristizabal Magellan Health Services of Arizona 602-797-8256 Pima County Bill Burnett Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) 520-618-8807 Gila River Indian Community Julie Jimenez Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority 520-562-3321 ext. 7031 Pascua Yaqui Tribe Ralph Cota Centered Spirit Program 480-768-2063 Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Michelle Neitch/Phillip Stevenson 602-364-1173/602-364-1157 www.azcjc.gov Arizona Department of Education School Safety and Prevention www.ade.az.gov/sa/health/ Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Elise Mikkelsen 602-266-8299 ext. 351 www.problemgambling.az.gov 53 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Lisa Shumaker 602-364-4594 www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Charles Katz 602-496-1471 http://cvpcs.asu.edu/ Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families 602-542-4043 www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html Partnership for a Drug Free America, Arizona Affiliate Shelly Mowrey 602-264-5700 www.partnerupaz.org The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (Blueprints for Violence Prevention) www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) www.prevention.samhsa.gov Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Model Programs Guide www2.dsgonline.com/mpg/ Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Evidence Based Practices www.samhsa.gov/ebpwebguide/index.asp Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CAPT) casat.unr.edu/westcapt.html Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. 801-359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com Pima County 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Shining Light on Arizona Youth Arizona Criminal Justice Commission in partnership with Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Arizona Department of Health Services, Division of Behavioral Health Arizona Department of Health Services, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Arizona Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention Governor’s Office for Children, Youth and Families Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Leslie Bloom, The Partnership for Drug Free America, AZ Affiliate Allie Bones, Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence Tim Christensen, Office of Problem Gambling Janet Garcia, Valley of the Sun United Way Michelle Gayles, Valley of the Sun United Way Charles Katz, Arizona State University Elise Mickkelsen, Office of Problem Gambling Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Rick Pyper, Office of Problem Gambling Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University Additionally, the success of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Table of Contents Introduction The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention The Charts and Tables in this Report The Community Data Project The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data Data Charts: Lifetime and 30 Day ATOD Use Problem Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior Gambling Risk & Protective Factor Profiles Where Youth Obtained Alcohol School Safety Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions Data Tables Appendix Contacts for Prevention Introduction 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Pima County Summary Report This report summarizes all findings from the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) administered to 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students during spring 2010. The results for your county are presented along with comparisons to the results for the state of Arizona. The survey was designed to assess school safety, adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. All schools in Arizona are eligible to participate in the survey, Table 1. Characteristics of Participants County 2006 Number Percent County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Students by Grade 8 2,563 33.7 1,515 30.5 845 23.6 27,592 43.3 10 2,686 35.3 1,828 36.8 1,487 41.6 19,489 30.6 12 2,351 30.9 1,618 32.6 1,242 34.8 16,703 26.2 7,600 100.0 4,961 100.0 3,574 100.0 63,784 100.0 Male 3,514 47.6 2,388 49.1 1,666 47.6 30,645 49.0 Female 3,862 52.4 2,472 50.9 1,834 52.4 31,928 51.0 All Students Surveyed* Students by Gender Table 2. Race/Ethnicity of Participants Hispanic Student marked 'Yes' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Native American 111 4.5 117 5.4 1,207 4.9 African American 83 3.4 67 3.1 657 2.6 Asian 19 0.8 19 0.9 206 0.8 Pacific Islander 20 0.8 24 1.1 280 1.1 507 20.6 420 19.4 5,772 23.2 White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked 98 4.0 83 3.8 1,021 4.1 1,624 66.0 1,430 66.2 15,726 63.2 Non-Hispanic Student marked 'No' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American African American Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent 122 5.3 74 5.5 2,517 6.8 149 6.5 89 6.6 2,129 5.7 82 3.6 45 3.4 1,551 4.2 23 1.0 9 0.7 372 1.0 1,694 73.9 986 73.6 27,180 73.2 207 9.0 101 7.5 2,539 6.8 15 0.7 36 2.7 824 2.2 Totals County 2008 Number Percent County 2010 Number Percent State 2010 Number Percent Hispanic Students 2,462 49.6 2,160 60.4 24,869 Non-Hispanic Students Total Students** 2,292 46.2 1,340 37.5 37,112 58.2 4,961 100.0 3,574 100.0 63,784 100.0 39.0 * Grades with fewer than 20 students participating are not included in this report. However, students from grades not making the cutoff are included in All Students Surveyed. This means the number of students reported in All Students Surveyed may exceed the sum of individual grades. (All Students Surveyed will match the grade total in reports with data drawn from a single grade.) **As a small percentage of students skipped the question Are you Hispanic or Latino? (at the state level, 1,803 students, or 2.8% of the total), the sum of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic students is less than Total Students . 5 and recruitment efforts were successful in obtaining participation by schools in all of the 15 counties. Careful planning and uniform administration of the survey have resulted in survey data that are valid and representative of the students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in Arizona. Table 1 contains the characteristics of the students who completed the survey from your county and the state of Arizona. Because not every student answered all of the questions, the number of students in the gender and ethnicity/race categories often will be less than the total number of students. To better understand the diversity of Arizona’s youth population, respondents were asked separate questions about their ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) and their race (Caucasian, African-American, Native American, etc.). This method for obtaining ethnicity and race information provides more comprehensive data on youth cultural and racial self-identification, and a more nuanced understanding of Arizona’s diverse youth population. Whenever data are obtained from a sample of students instead of the entire population, it is important to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the data. One easy way to investigate the quality of the sample is to look at the basic demographic characteristics of the students who participated in the survey and compare them to what is known about the entire population of students. This will give the user of these data a basic understanding of the degree to which the sample data can be generalized to the entire population. It is important to note that even when the characteristics of the sample do not match well to the characteristics of the population this does not mean the data lose their usefulness. The data included in this report describes the level of risk and protective factors, substance use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency of those youth who participated in the survey, which can be used to inform the development of school and community-based prevention and intervention activities that may benefit both the youth who participate in the survey and those who did not. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention Prevention is a science. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention is a proven way of reducing substance abuse and its related consequences. This model is based on the simple premise that to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing and then find ways to reduce the risks. Just as medical researchers have found risk factors for heart disease such as diets high in fat, lack of exercise, and smoking, a team of researchers at the University of Washington have defined a set of risk factors for youth problem behaviors. Protective factors exert a positive influence and buffer against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviors. Protective factors identified through research include strong bonding to family, school, community and peers, and healthy beliefs and clear standards for behavior. Research on risk and protective factors has important implications for children’s academic success, positive youth development, and prevention of health and behavior problems. In order to promote academic success and positive youth development and to prevent problem behaviors, it is necessary to address the factors that predict these outcomes. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can be identified and targeted by policies, programs, and actions shown to reduce those risk factors and to promote protective factors. Risk factors are characteristics of school, community and family environments, and of students and their peer groups known to predict increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school dropout, and violent behaviors among youth. For example, children who live in communities with physical deterioration and high rates of adult crime are more likely to become involved in delinquency and drug use than children who live in organized neighborhoods. Each risk and protective factor can be linked to specific types of interventions that have been shown to be effective in either reducing risk(s) or enhancing protection(s). The steps outlined here will help your county make key decisions regarding allocation of resources, how and when to address specific needs, and which strategies are most effective and known to produce results. The chart below shows the links between the 19 risk factors and five problem behaviors. The check marks indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Community Disorganization Extreme Economic & Social Deprivation Family History of the Problem Behavior Family Conflict Family Management Problems Favorable Parent Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Early Initiation of Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Early & Persistent Antisocial Behavior Alienation & Rebelliousness Friends Who Use Drugs & Engage in Problem Behaviors Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Gang Involvement Constitutional Factors Peer / Individual Low Neighborhood Attachment School Transitions & Mobility Family Availability of Drugs & Firearms Community Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms & Crime Risk Factors Substance Abuse T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Delinquency T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Teen Pregnancy School Drop-Out Violence T T T T T T T T Source: Communities That Care (CTC) prevention model, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) 6 Charts and Tables in this Report There are seven types of charts presented in this report: 1. Lifetime and 30 day ATOD use 2. Heavy substance use and antisocial behavior 3. Gambling 4. Risk profiles 5. Protective profiles 6. Where youth acquired alcohol 7. School safety Data from the charts are also presented in Tables 4 through 12. The additional data found in Tables 13 through 15 are explained at the end of this section. Understanding the Format of the Charts There are several graphical elements common to all the charts. Understanding the format of the charts and what these elements represent is essential in interpreting the results of the 2010 AYS. • The Bars on substance use and antisocial behavior charts represent the percentage of students in that grade who reported a given behavior. The bars on the risk and protective factor charts represent the percentage of students whose answers reflect significant risk or protection in that category. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Each set of differently colored bars represents one of the last three administrations of the AYS: 2006, 2008, and 2010. By looking at the percentages over time, it is possible to identify trends in substance use and antisocial behavior. By studying the percentage of youth at risk and with protection over time, it is possible to determine whether the percentage of students at risk or with protection is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. This information is important when deciding which risk and protective factors warrant attention. • Dots and Diamonds. The dots on the charts represent the percentage of all of the youth surveyed across Arizona who reported substance use, problem behavior, elevated risk, or elevated protection. The diamonds represent national data from either the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey or the Bach Harrison Norm. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz The Bach Harrison Norm was developed by Bach Harrison L.L.C. to provide states and communities with the ability to compare their results on risk, protection, and antisocial measures with more national measures. Survey participants from eight statewide surveys and five large regional surveys across the nation were combined into a database of approximately 460,000 students. The results were 7 weighted to make the contribution of each state and region proportional to its share of the national population. Bach Harrison analysts then calculated rates for antisocial behavior and for students at risk and with protection. The results appear on the charts as BH Norm. In order to keep the Bach Harrison Norm relevant, it is updated approximately every two years as new data become available. zzzzz zzzzzzzzz A comparison to state-wide and national results provides additional information for your community in determining the relative importance of levels of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use, antisocial behavior, risk, and protection. Information about other students in the state and the nation can be helpful in determining the seriousness of a given level of problem behavior. Scanning across the charts, it is important to observe the factors that differ the most from the Bach Harrison Norm. This is the first step in identifying the levels of risk and protection that are higher or lower than those in other communities. The risk factors that are higher than the Bach Harrison Norm and the protective factors are lower than the Bach Harrison Norm are probably the factors that your community should consider addressing when planning prevention programs. Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use • Lifetime use is a measure of the percentage of students who tried the particular substance at least once in their lifetime and is used to show the percentage of students who have had experience with a particular substance. • 30-day use is a measure of the percentage of students who used the substance at least once in the 30 days prior to taking the survey and is a more sensitive indicator of the level of current use of the substance. Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior • Heavy substance use is measured in two different ways: binge drinking (having five or more drinks in a row during the two weeks prior to the survey) and use of one-half a pack or more of cigarettes per day. • Drinking and Driving - youth indicating drinking alcohol and driving, or riding with a driver who had been drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. • Antisocial behavior (ASB) is a measure of the percentage of students who report any involvement during the past year with the eight antisocial behaviors listed in the charts. How Charts to Readand theTables Chartsininthis thisReport Report(cont’d) (cont’d) Gambling Gambling behavior charts show the percentage of students who engaged in each of the 10 types of gambling “for money, possessions, or anything of value” during the past year: played gambling machines, played the lottery, bet on sports, played cards, bought a raffle ticket, played bingo, gambled on the Internet, bet on a dice game, bet on a game of personal skill and bet on horse or other animal races. The chart also shows the percentage of students who engaged in any gambling behavior during the past year. Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Risk and protective factor scales measure specific aspects of a youth’s life experience that predict whether he/she will engage in problem behaviors. The scales, defined in Table 3, are grouped into four domains: community, family, school, and peer/individual. The risk and protective factor charts show the percentage of students at risk and with protection for each of the scales. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol This chart displays data regarding the ways that students obtained alcohol in the past 30 days. The data focus on a subgroup of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no alcohol use are not represented.) It is important to note that the charts represent a subgroup of users and not the entire survey population. Additionally, the smaller the sample, the more dramatic the influence of a student's responses. For example, if only one student in a particular grade reported where he/she obtained alcohol, each category would show up as either 0% or 100%. The chart legend indicates the sample size for each grade surveyed to help clarify the value of the data. School Safety The school safety profile charts contain the percentages of students who felt unsafe at school or on the way to school, were threatened or injured with a weapon at school, were in a physical fight at school, carried a weapon to school or were picked on or bullied at school. The complete questions and values for each response option can be seen in Table 12. Additional Data in this Report In addition to data presented in the charts and Tables 4 through 12, Tables 13 through 15 contain information useful for prevention planning. Table 13 contains the information that is required by communities with Drug Free Communities Grants, such as the perception of the risk of ATOD use, perception of parent and peer disapproval of ATOD use, past 30-day use, and average age of first use. Tables 14 and 15 contain questions new to the 2010 AYS on subjects of interest to prevention providers. The Community Data Project Supported by a grant from the Arizona Governor's Office for Children, Youth and Families, the Community Data Project is a multi-agency effort to create a central repository for Arizona's substance abuse and crime data. Through a user-friendly web site, individuals will have a one-stop portal where they can select the type of data they need, specific demographic characteristics, and their geographic level of interest. Various output options will be offered, including data tables, graphs, and maps to cover a variety of reporting and visualization needs. The web site will be a useful tool for practitioners and policymakers who are addressing substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and crime and the criminal justice system by providing them with a 8 comprehensive picture of the characteristics and needs of Arizona’s communities. Having data that are specific to the users geographic area of interest will not only lead to an enhanced understanding of the community issues related to drugs and crime, but it will also maximize data-for-decision-making capabilities for things such as the appropriate program content, identification of at-risk target areas and populations, grant writing and reporting, monitoring progress of prevention and intervention initiatives over time, and determining resource allocation. Currently, the web site is under construction, but we anticipate it will be ready by end of summer 2010. Please visit us then at: www.azcjc.gov/ACJC.Web/sac/CommunDataPrj.aspx The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership (ASAP) was established by Executive Order in June 2007. Currently chaired by the governor’s policy advisor on Health and Human Services, ASAP serves as the single statewide council on substance abuse issues. ASAP brings together stakeholders at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels to improve coordination of efforts; address identified gaps in prevention, treatment, enforcement, and recovery efforts; and improve funding allocation. ASAP utilizes data and practical expertise to develop effective methods for integrating and expanding services across Arizona, thereby maximizing available resources. ASAP also studies current policy and recommends relevant legislation for the Arizona Legislature’s consideration. It is ASAP’s mission to ensure community-driven, agency-supported outcomes to prevent and reduce the negative impacts of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs by building and sustaining partnerships between professionals in the prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement arenas. Through coordination and collaboration among its members and their respective agencies and organizations, ASAP strives to ensure that substance abuse is addressed in a comprehensive manner and funding is spent efficaciously and efficiently. ASAP’s 2010 strategic plan identifies five strategic focus areas: 1)zchild welfare/children of incarcerated parents/drug-endangered children; 2) law enforcement and drug trafficking; 3)zprescription drugs; 4)zunderage drinking; and 5)zcommunity partnerships. There are currently four sub-committees that assist ASAP in meeting its goals: • Underage Drinking Prevention Committee (UAD) – This subcommittee addresses the problem of underage drinking in Arizona by implementing a statewide underage drinking initiative that assesses statewide epidemiological data, resources, strategies and policies, and builds relationships with tribes, youth, law enforcement, government agencies, and community coalitions. By combining resources, practice, and research, the committee collaborates across state systems to reduce underage drinking. • Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group (Epi) – This work group produces a biennial Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile, which highlights trends and new substance abuse data in Arizona and an annual summary profile, entitled The Impact of Substance Abuse: A Snapshot of Arizona. The Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile is a comprehensive, informative, and functional profile of substance abuse in the state for use by community coalitions, agencies, and individuals in relevant fields. Currently, Epi conducts analyses of individual substance abuse issues, responds to ad hoc data requests and brings data to bear on ASAP’s policy decisions around its strategic plan and focus areas. • Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force (AMTF) –The Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force was created in August 2006 in response to Arizona’s decade-long increase in the number of individuals regularly using methamphetamine and the increase in the resulting social and economic costs associated with the drug. The AMTF was instructed to approach Arizona’s methamphetamine problem holistically, focusing equally on enforcement, prevention, treatment, and recovery. Specifically, the AMTF was charged with identifying specific, action-oriented recommendations to eradicate methamphetamine use in Arizona and build safe and healthy communities throughout the state. The AMTF brings together representatives from state agencies, local government, businesses, and community groups to develop collaborative efforts among the treatment, prevention, and law enforcement systems to assess and address the impact of methamphetamine statewide through information sharing, resource allocation, services coordination, and the development of statewide policy recommendations sensitive to the needs of local and tribal communities. • The Community Advisory Board – The Community Advisory Board (CAB) brings together representatives from community coalitions around the state to improve substance abuse prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement policies and programs. The CAB provides an essential link between communities, ASAP and its subcommittees. The CAB brings the community voice to the ASAP table; reports on important community issues that informs ASAP’s work; helps communities improve their capacity to identify emerging trends, as well as take action and report on them to the proper institutions/authorities; takes the data available through the Epidemiology Work Group and ASAP back to coalitions and communities to effectively target prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement activities; serves as a resource for communities and the state to identify the most effective ways to reduce substance abuse through collaborative efforts and by targeting limited resources where they are most needed; and elevates and recognizes the important work being carried out at the community level to ensure that state-level responses are cognizant of the impact of policies on individual communities. 9 School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data What are the numbers telling you? Review the charts and data tables presented in this report. Note your findings as you discuss the following questions. • Which 3-5 risk factors appear to be higher than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which 3-5 protective factors appear to be lower than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which levels of 30-day drug use are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which substances are your students using the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable usage levels? • Which levels of antisocial behaviors are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which behaviors are your students exhibiting the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable behavior levels? How to identify high priority problem areas. • Look across the charts – which items stand out as either much higher or much lower than the other? • Compare your data with statewide, and/or national data – differences of 5% between local and other data are probably significant. • Prioritize problems for your area – Make an assessment of the rates you’ve identified. Which can be realistically addressed with the funding available to your community? Which problems fit best with the prevention resources at hand? • Determine the standards and values held within your community – For example: Is it acceptable in your community for a percentage of high school students to drink alcohol regularly as long as that percentage is lower than the overall state rate? Use these data for planning. • Substance use and antisocial behavior data – raise awareness about the problems and promote dialogue. • Risk and protective factor data – identify exactly where the community needs to take action. • Promising approaches – access resources listed on the last page of this report for ideas about programs that have been proven effective in addressing the risk factors that are high in your community, and improving the protective factors that are low. Sample Risk Factors Protective Factors 30-day Substance Abuse Antisocial Behavior 10 6th grd Fav. Attitude to Drugs (Peer/Indiv. Scale) @ 15% (8% > 8-state av.) 10th grd - Rewards for prosocial involvm. (School Domain) 40% (down 5% from 2 yrs ago & 16% below state av.) 8th grd Binge Drinking@13% (5% above state av.) 12th grd - Drunk/High at School @ 21% ( about same as state, but remains a priority.) Priority Rate 1 Priority Rate 2 Priority Rate 3 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Pima County, Grade 8 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 11 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Pima County, Grade 10 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 12 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Pima County, Grade 12 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 13 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Pima County, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† MTF Prescription Drugs**† 14 Prescription Sedatives** **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Prescription Stimulants** State 2010 Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** County 2010 Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** County 2008 Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol County 2006 Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Pima County, Grade 8 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 15 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Pima County, Grade 10 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 16 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Pima County, Grade 12 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 17 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Pima County, All Students Surveyed 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 18 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Pima County, Grade 8 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 19 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Pima County, Grade 10 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 20 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Pima County, Grade 12 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 21 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Pima County, All Students Surveyed Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 22 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Pima County, Grade 8 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 23 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Pima County, Grade 8 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 24 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Pima County, Grade 10 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 25 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Pima County, Grade 10 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 26 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Pima County, Grade 12 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 27 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Pima County, Grade 12 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 28 Sources Risk and of Protective Alcohol Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Pima County, All Students Surveyed Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 29 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Pima County, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 30 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Pima County, Grade 8 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 144 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 220 State 2010 Sample: 4,473 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 31 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Pima County, Grade 10 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 414 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 557 State 2010 Sample: 5,295 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 32 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Pima County, Grade 12 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 471 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 641 State 2010 Sample: 6,341 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 33 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Pima County, All Students Surveyed Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 1,029 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 1,418 State 2010 Sample: 16,109 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 34 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Pima County, Grade 8 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 35 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Pima County, Grade 10 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 36 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Pima County, Grade 12 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 37 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Pima County, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 38 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles Community Domain Risk Factors 1 Low Neighborhood Attachment Research has shown that youth who don't like the neighborhoods in which they live are more likely to become involved in juvenile crime and drug selling. Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the legal drinking age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been followed by decreases in consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have shown that shifts in normative attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence of use. Perceived Availability of Drugs and Handguns The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the use of these substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a higher risk of crime and substance use by adolescents. 1 1 1 1 Community Domain Protective Factors 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for positive participation in activities helps youth bond to the community, thus lowering their risk for substance use. Family Domain Risk Factors 1 Poor Family Management Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places them at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, parents’ failure to provide clear expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that they will engage in drug abuse whether or not there are family drug problems. 1 Family Conflict Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the conflict, appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use. 1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or ATOD use), the children are more likely to engage in these behaviors. 1 Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Antisocial Behavior & Drugs In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use, children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the refrigerator. Family Domain Protective Factors 1 Family Attachment Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors. 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things done well by their child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviors. School Domain Risk Factors 1 Academic Failure Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both drug abuse and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever reasons, increases the risk of problem behaviors. 1 Low Commitment to School Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of drugs is significantly lower among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking school, spending time on homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also negatively related to drug use. 39 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles School Domain Protective Factors 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors. Peer-Individual Risk Factors 1 Rebelliousness Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at higher risk of abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for independence and normlessness have all been linked with drug use. 1 Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use Early onset of drug use predicts misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the greater the involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use prior to the age of 15 is a consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug use has been shown to predict lower drug involvement and a greater probability of discontinuation of use. 1 Attitudes Favorable Toward During the elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes and have Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use difficulty imagining why people use drugs or engage in antisocial behaviors. However, in middle school, as more youth are exposed to others who use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior are more likely to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use. 1 Perceived Risk of Drug Use Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug use. 1 Interaction with Antisocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for engaging in antisocial behavior themselves. 1 Friends' Use of Drugs Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much more likely to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends who use drugs greatly increases the risk of that problem developing. 1 Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging further in antisocial behavior and substance use. Gang Involvement Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. 1 1 1 1 Peer-Individual Protective Factors 1 Belief in the Moral Order Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs. 1 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are more protected from engaging in antisocial behavior and substance use. 1 Prosocial Involvement Participation in positive school and community activities helps provide protection for youth. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are rewarded for working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in problem behavior. 40 Data Tables Table 4. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime In your lifetime, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 50.7 43.6 52.8 45.1 36.6 73.0 66.9 67.4 64.1 59.1 78.5 76.3 78.8 72.8 72.3 67.4 63.1 68.1 58.2 55.6 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 32.1 24.1 32.0 23.8 20.1 45.6 40.5 41.0 37.2 32.7 49.3 51.5 53.7 46.9 43.6 42.4 39.3 43.5 34.0 31.8 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 7.2 6.7 6.2 7.1 9.6 8.1 10.5 8.9 12.5 15.2 11.9 15.1 17.4 18.1 16.3 9.0 10.9 11.3 11.7 13.6 Marijuana used marijuana? 21.7 17.4 27.7 17.8 15.7 39.8 34.4 41.4 34.3 32.3 44.9 42.3 48.8 44.7 42.0 35.6 32.0 40.9 29.9 29.7 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 2.6 2.3 3.6 2.2 1.7 5.0 6.6 7.8 5.9 3.0 6.1 7.9 9.6 9.0 3.1 4.6 5.7 7.4 5.1 2.6 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 4.2 2.8 3.6 2.3 2.6 10.7 9.0 8.2 5.3 4.6 11.6 12.3 13.9 8.8 6.0 8.9 8.2 9.1 5.0 4.4 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 17.1 13.5 17.9 14.5 14.9 12.3 12.5 11.6 11.8 12.8 9.2 8.9 11.0 9.4 9.5 12.8 11.6 12.9 12.3 12.5 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 2.0 1.1 1.1 0.7 1.6 3.9 2.1 1.2 1.6 2.8 4.8 2.7 2.3 2.5 2.4 3.6 2.0 1.6 1.5 2.3 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 1.4 1.1 1.1 0.9 1.3 2.4 2.7 3.7 2.6 1.5 3.1 2.9 4.2 3.4 1.2 2.3 2.3 3.3 2.1 1.3 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 3.0 3.2 6.5 3.9 2.2 4.7 7.0 12.7 8.2 5.5 5.1 7.7 15.0 10.6 6.5 4.3 6.1 12.1 7.0 4.7 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 1.7 0.8 1.5 1.6 1.3 2.0 1.9 1.3 1.8 1.3 1.5 2.1 1.5 1.7 2.2 1.8 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 10.6 14.3 11.5 4.4 n/a 20.9 21.5 18.9 9.9 n/a 23.4 25.8 23.1 13.2 n/a 18.7 21.4 16.8 9.1 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 4.4 3.2 3.9 3.0 6.0 8.6 8.4 6.6 7.0 10.3 9.0 7.8 8.4 8.5 9.9 7.4 6.7 6.6 5.7 8.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 10.3 7.0 10.1 8.7 9.5 15.8 10.7 12.8 11.5 13.0 16.8 11.6 13.4 13.4 12.7 14.3 9.9 12.4 10.8 11.7 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 15.3 15.6 18.4 16.5 n/a 22.6 25.2 26.2 23.7 n/a 23.5 27.9 29.8 27.3 n/a 20.5 23.3 25.7 21.5 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 9.1 10.2 9.5 n/a n/a 13.7 12.9 13.2 n/a n/a 13.5 14.7 14.1 n/a n/a 12.3 12.9 11.8 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 41 Data Tables Table 5. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days In the past 30 days, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 24.2 20.2 29.0 21.9 14.9 43.3 38.7 37.2 34.7 30.4 49.8 47.4 48.2 45.0 43.5 39.1 36.1 39.3 31.9 29.2 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 11.5 8.0 12.0 8.9 6.5 16.4 16.3 17.2 15.6 13.1 20.5 23.2 28.6 22.9 20.1 16.1 16.2 20.1 14.7 13.0 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 2.3 2.3 2.7 2.8 3.7 2.2 3.2 4.2 5.7 6.5 3.7 5.1 8.0 8.1 8.4 2.7 3.6 5.2 5.1 6.1 Marijuana used marijuana? 10.6 7.2 13.4 8.9 6.5 18.1 15.7 18.8 17.4 15.9 18.7 17.6 22.4 21.3 20.6 15.8 13.8 18.8 14.8 14.2 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 1.3 0.9 1.5 0.9 0.5 1.9 2.3 2.6 2.0 0.5 2.0 2.6 2.8 2.4 0.5 1.7 2.0 2.4 1.6 0.5 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 1.9 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 4.3 2.8 1.9 1.6 0.9 3.7 3.5 4.8 2.2 1.3 3.3 2.5 2.7 1.4 1.0 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 7.5 5.4 8.1 5.6 3.8 3.4 2.8 2.4 3.0 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.5 1.2 4.2 3.3 3.5 3.7 2.4 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 1.2 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.1 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.2 0.4 1.0 0.8 1.2 0.8 0.4 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 1.2 1.3 2.5 1.7 0.6 1.4 2.1 3.3 2.9 1.3 1.3 2.1 3.5 3.4 1.8 1.3 1.9 3.2 2.5 1.2 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.4 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 5.2 7.2 5.7 1.3 n/a 9.5 9.5 8.9 3.0 n/a 8.6 10.4 9.7 4.1 n/a 7.9 9.3 7.7 2.8 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.4 1.9 3.6 3.0 2.5 2.8 3.3 2.2 1.8 2.3 2.5 3.0 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.1 2.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 4.4 3.0 4.8 3.6 2.5 7.2 4.4 5.3 4.7 3.9 6.1 4.4 4.0 4.7 4.2 6.0 4.0 4.7 4.2 3.5 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 7.9 7.6 9.2 8.2 n/a 11.7 11.8 12.9 11.8 n/a 9.1 11.1 12.8 12.4 n/a 9.6 10.3 12.0 10.4 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 5.9 6.5 5.4 n/a n/a 7.0 6.6 6.3 n/a n/a 5.5 5.8 6.3 n/a n/a 6.2 6.3 5.9 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 42 Data Tables Table 6. Percentage of Students With Heavy ATOD Use Drinking and Driving During the past 30 days, how many times did you: (One or more times) DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 7.9 5.5 8.0 5.0 4.2 9.1 8.9 10.0 7.6 7.4 18.2 15.6 16.8 14.1 16.6 11.6 10.1 11.9 8.2 7.7 34.0 27.6 36.9 27.7 24.9 36.6 31.3 34.5 29.1 26.3 33.7 31.3 37.1 28.9 27.5 34.9 30.2 36.0 28.5 25.0 Heavy Use Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Binge Drinking How many times have you had 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? (One or more times) 14.0 10.7 17.5 12.4 7.8 22.1 22.1 24.8 21.0 17.5 30.0 29.2 33.2 29.2 25.2 22.1 21.1 26.1 19.5 16.6 1/2 Pack (or more) of Cigarettes/Day During the past 30 days, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? (11 to 20 cigarettes, More than 20 cigarettes) 0.6 0.3 1.6 0.7 1.0 2.1 1.4 2.1 2.0 2.4 3.4 3.8 4.1 3.6 5.0 2.0 1.9 2.7 1.9 2.7 Table 7. Percentage of Students With Antisocial Behavior How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: (One or more times) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 Been Drunk or High at School 15.0 11.5 21.8 12.8 7.5 23.2 20.8 26.1 21.8 15.0 21.1 19.0 25.1 Been Suspended from School All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 22.1 17.7 19.8 17.4 24.7 18.0 13.3 19.8 17.5 26.2 18.5 15.1 13.8 15.7 18.6 14.4 12.6 8.9 10.2 13.9 9.9 9.2 14.3 14.4 18.8 15.0 12.4 Sold Illegal Drugs 7.0 4.9 9.0 5.0 2.5 11.2 11.4 13.7 10.6 6.5 9.6 10.4 12.3 10.8 7.8 9.3 9.1 12.1 8.2 5.5 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle 6.1 3.8 5.3 3.7 2.3 4.8 4.0 7.0 4.6 2.6 3.1 1.8 5.3 3.1 1.9 4.7 3.2 6.0 3.8 2.3 Been Arrested 12.4 10.1 13.6 7.1 5.2 11.8 12.0 14.9 9.9 6.7 9.8 10.6 12.9 8.7 6.1 11.4 11.0 13.9 8.4 6.0 Attacked Someone with the Idea of Seriously Hurting Them 19.9 19.8 20.9 16.6 16.0 18.4 18.9 18.5 15.5 15.1 12.8 13.1 15.8 11.5 11.9 17.1 17.3 18.1 14.9 14.4 Carried a Handgun 9.0 7.6 9.6 6.7 4.8 8.4 8.7 9.3 7.6 5.2 7.2 7.9 9.7 7.2 5.2 8.2 8.1 9.5 7.1 5.1 Carried a Handgun to School 2.9 2.2 2.2 1.4 0.8 2.0 1.6 2.7 2.1 0.9 1.7 1.0 2.2 1.8 1.0 2.2 1.6 2.4 1.7 0.9 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 43 Data Tables Table 8. Percentage of Students Gambling in the Past Year How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: (At least once in the past 12 months) Any Gambling Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 53.2 65.3 59.6 61.6 55.0 52.4 63.1 59.9 59.8 53.8 46.5 58.4 55.3 56.5 52.6 50.7 62.2 58.2 59.7 53.0 2.6 5.3 4.6 5.3 5.7 2.5 5.0 5.0 4.8 5.3 3.2 5.0 5.9 5.3 5.4 2.8 5.1 5.2 5.2 5.3 24.0 23.0 16.8 21.4 24.0 23.6 20.6 22.7 20.7 23.5 18.1 17.5 17.1 18.9 23.9 21.9 20.3 19.3 20.6 22.7 Bet on sports?* n/a 27.6 30.1 28.6 22.8 n/a 28.2 27.0 27.0 22.5 n/a 23.4 25.4 24.4 20.5 n/a 26.4 27.2 27.0 21.4 Played cards? 26.9 42.2 34.7 36.1 25.8 26.0 40.0 34.9 36.0 27.0 25.0 38.4 29.9 34.8 26.7 26.0 40.1 33.1 35.7 25.3 n/a 19.4 14.8 15.9 n/a n/a 18.7 16.8 16.6 n/a n/a 19.2 15.5 15.3 n/a n/a 19.1 15.9 16.0 n/a 18.1 26.3 27.2 26.4 22.7 11.2 20.1 21.0 20.4 17.7 6.0 11.6 13.0 14.2 14.0 11.5 19.1 19.7 21.4 19.5 Gambled on the Internet? 7.1 5.8 5.2 5.1 4.5 6.0 5.0 4.6 4.6 4.0 4.5 4.3 4.9 4.2 3.7 5.8 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.2 Played a dice game?* n/a 24.9 23.1 26.0 12.1 n/a 20.8 20.2 21.9 11.2 n/a 17.5 14.7 17.9 10.0 n/a 20.9 18.9 22.6 11.4 22.0 31.8 31.5 28.2 20.1 21.6 30.2 28.1 27.7 20.5 18.7 24.8 24.4 24.9 18.8 20.7 28.9 27.6 27.2 19.4 n/a 8.9 10.6 5.0 4.6 n/a 7.6 7.8 5.0 4.7 n/a 5.9 6.9 4.4 4.6 n/a 7.4 8.1 4.8 4.7 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bought a raffle ticket?** Played bingo? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* Bet on a horse or other animal race?* * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from table. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 44 Data Tables Table 9. Percentage of Students Reporting Risk Grade 8 Risk Factor County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed** Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm Community Domain Low Neighborhood Attachment 46.1 38.5 45.4 35.9 36.6 49.8 49.2 46.6 43.6 42.8 49.1 53.6 53.9 47.3 47.0 48.4 47.6 49.0 41.3 42.0 Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use 43.9 37.7 50.5 35.0 32.8 45.3 44.2 45.3 41.8 39.6 37.3 37.2 38.6 35.5 32.8 42.3 40.0 44.0 37.2 35.2 Perceived Availability of Drugs 39.0 36.0 39.8 36.9 29.4 50.9 49.0 43.1 42.9 40.5 53.6 52.1 45.6 43.8 42.7 48.0 46.3 43.3 40.6 37.5 Perceived Availability of Handguns 37.8 39.8 35.9 33.4 39.8 27.9 25.6 20.2 22.3 29.9 33.6 31.2 29.6 26.5 34.8 32.9 31.5 27.2 28.2 34.8 Poor Family Management 51.6 46.9 54.6 43.7 41.9 49.6 45.5 45.2 40.6 40.3 46.9 44.5 45.9 41.2 39.8 49.3 45.5 47.5 42.1 40.7 Family Conflict 52.2 51.7 53.8 53.1 51.5 44.5 39.9 39.9 42.1 41.6 38.6 38.3 39.5 39.1 38.8 44.9 42.6 42.8 45.9 44.1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 47.2 39.2 50.3 39.3 36.4 46.2 44.5 47.0 41.5 39.0 39.6 39.3 42.6 37.4 37.3 44.3 41.2 46.1 39.4 37.6 Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB 48.7 44.6 46.5 47.7 46.9 52.1 54.5 49.5 50.0 52.3 47.5 52.4 49.7 48.6 50.3 49.6 51.0 48.9 48.6 49.9 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 28.2 24.9 27.3 24.7 26.0 43.2 41.4 39.2 37.9 40.8 42.9 40.3 40.0 38.6 38.6 38.6 36.4 36.8 32.4 35.2 Academic Failure 55.1 49.7 53.2 45.5 46.6 55.7 53.1 51.4 48.5 47.9 45.2 46.8 44.9 40.6 41.8 52.2 50.0 49.5 45.1 45.6 Low Commitment to School 44.1 42.4 42.4 41.0 38.0 44.6 42.9 37.7 41.7 41.7 48.1 43.2 37.6 42.2 42.9 45.5 42.8 38.8 41.5 40.8 Rebelliousness 46.6 43.6 50.3 43.8 39.0 50.7 46.8 48.1 47.6 45.5 45.8 44.7 47.5 44.6 43.6 47.8 45.2 48.4 45.1 42.7 Early Initiation of ASB 43.7 37.9 47.2 37.6 33.7 43.9 46.4 43.0 40.6 37.0 41.8 44.0 47.2 38.6 35.4 43.2 43.0 45.5 38.8 35.4 Early Initiation of Drug Use 38.4 29.7 42.5 29.3 24.0 39.8 34.1 33.2 31.0 27.3 33.3 32.8 33.2 29.6 28.8 37.3 32.4 35.4 29.9 26.6 Attitudes Favorable to ASB 49.0 43.9 47.7 41.4 36.2 52.5 52.4 44.0 44.7 44.9 47.2 45.6 39.5 41.7 41.9 49.6 47.6 43.3 42.4 41.0 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 37.2 30.2 39.1 29.3 22.6 37.4 38.3 37.9 36.2 33.6 35.0 33.5 35.8 35.9 32.7 36.6 34.3 37.4 33.1 29.6 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 51.2 48.3 59.6 47.8 37.1 39.7 46.3 51.0 45.9 35.7 42.3 47.5 51.6 50.4 40.3 44.2 47.3 53.2 47.9 37.6 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 62.7 58.6 68.8 55.8 50.3 61.6 58.6 60.6 56.3 52.0 54.7 53.3 58.0 51.5 49.0 59.8 56.9 61.7 54.8 50.5 Friend's Use of Drugs 42.9 40.7 51.9 39.4 30.8 47.7 42.1 48.6 42.6 36.2 37.3 37.1 42.1 38.1 32.3 42.8 40.0 47.1 40.0 33.2 Rewards for ASB 50.9 45.6 55.4 48.2 36.7 47.7 42.9 47.5 46.8 42.7 55.4 53.9 56.9 57.1 55.1 51.2 47.4 52.7 50.1 44.4 Gang Involvement 30.8 26.5 33.2 20.8 17.8 25.7 25.1 22.1 20.9 15.7 17.0 17.4 21.6 16.1 13.1 24.5 22.9 24.4 19.6 15.6 39.3 36.9 44.1 37.1 29.7 38.3 40.2 33.0 34.2 30.4 34.4 35.3 33.4 32.5 29.0 37.4 37.6 35.7 35.0 29.7 Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Risk Students at High Risk* * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 45 Data Tables Table 10. Percentage of Students Reporting Protection Grade 10 Grade 8 Protective Factor Grade 12 All Students Surveyed† County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 27.7 29.8 29.8 32.9 38.3 31.5 30.6 35.8 38.0 44.2 30.0 29.2 32.3 37.0 44.1 29.8 29.9 33.2 35.6 42.2 Family Attachment 46.6 53.5 44.5 51.1 51.9 43.3 44.0 45.1 45.6 44.7 54.4 56.6 53.3 56.6 55.6 48.0 50.9 48.1 50.9 50.4 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 55.8 61.4 54.9 59.7 60.7 52.7 52.6 55.5 54.6 53.1 54.9 57.9 53.1 56.4 53.8 54.4 56.8 54.5 57.2 55.8 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 59.1 62.8 55.8 61.7 61.5 55.5 53.8 58.5 54.9 53.0 56.2 55.3 53.6 56.4 52.4 56.8 56.8 56.0 58.2 55.6 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 56.8 58.4 56.6 63.0 68.9 61.3 62.8 67.5 65.6 71.6 64.1 64.4 66.6 67.6 72.8 60.6 62.0 64.6 65.0 71.0 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 48.4 51.9 50.0 52.0 57.5 59.8 64.6 67.8 61.2 58.9 47.0 49.9 54.8 46.9 51.6 52.0 55.9 59.1 53.5 56.2 Belief in the Moral Order 53.9 61.4 53.8 60.3 64.6 61.4 67.8 72.4 69.4 68.0 48.6 54.9 56.9 56.4 53.8 54.9 61.6 62.5 62.0 62.5 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* 44.9 50.1 47.5 54.7 58.8 53.6 53.1 57.0 57.5 60.7 53.7 53.9 56.3 57.3 59.3 50.7 52.5 54.5 56.2 59.6 Prosocial Involvement 36.6 40.2 36.9 40.0 40.8 40.8 37.0 46.2 45.3 46.1 39.4 36.2 38.5 41.9 42.6 39.0 37.7 41.3 42.1 43.2 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 59.9 58.3 57.3 59.2 62.5 62.2 60.3 64.6 61.7 59.9 54.5 53.5 59.4 55.6 51.8 59.0 57.4 61.0 59.0 58.3 43.4 50.2 43.2 53.6 52.8 52.4 55.9 55.9 57.6 52.5 50.9 54.6 52.3 55.9 50.5 48.9 53.8 51.6 55.4 52.0 Community Domain Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Protection Students with High Protection** * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 46 Data Tables Table 11. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol* If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) Sample size** Grade 8 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 220 144 4,473 557 414 5,295 641 471 6,341 1,418 1,029 16,109 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 7.3 9.7 4.9 6.8 7.5 6.3 12.9 18.5 9.9 9.7 12.8 7.3 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 2.3 4.9 2.5 2.3 1.7 2.1 6.7 5.5 3.6 4.3 3.9 2.8 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 1.4 4.2 3.0 2.7 3.1 2.2 3.3 4.0 2.5 2.8 3.7 2.6 I gave someone else money to buy it for me 17.7 22.2 19.2 32.1 34.8 32.6 41.7 41.4 42.5 34.2 36.1 32.8 My parent or guardian gave it to me 18.6 16.7 17.5 14.7 12.1 15.0 10.6 11.0 13.3 13.5 12.2 15.0 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 18.2 23.6 17.3 23.9 15.7 16.8 18.9 17.6 14.8 20.7 17.7 16.1 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 18.6 16.0 16.2 28.0 24.9 24.8 38.1 30.8 30.4 31.1 26.3 24.6 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 20.5 15.3 21.0 21.4 21.5 23.1 19.8 19.7 18.6 20.5 19.8 20.7 I got it at a party 42.7 34.7 38.7 54.0 51.7 49.6 56.9 55.0 53.8 53.6 50.8 48.2 I took it from home 28.6 26.4 30.2 20.3 18.4 21.9 13.1 12.7 13.1 18.3 16.9 20.7 8.6 6.9 9.4 7.4 10.1 9.8 6.6 5.7 5.6 7.2 7.7 8.1 26.8 23.6 25.2 18.7 19.8 18.8 16.2 15.9 13.3 18.8 18.6 18.4 I took it from a store or someone else's home I got it some other way * Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. ** Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 47 Data Tables Table 12. Percentage of Students Reporting School Safety Issues Grade 8 Question During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY?* County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 0 times 83.5 87.2 91.3 1 time 8.3 6.8 4.5 2-3 times 4.4 3.8 4-5 times 1.2 6-7 times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? State 2010 Grade 12 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 91.7 84.7 87.9 92.4 4.5 8.0 5.8 3.9 2.7 2.2 3.7 3.4 0.9 0.5 0.6 1.1 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.2 8-9 times 0.5 0.1 0.0 10-11 times 0.3 0.1 12 or more times 1.3 0.8 State 2010 All Students Surveyed** County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 92.7 88.9 92.6 94.4 3.7 5.2 3.4 2.7 1.8 1.9 3.7 1.9 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.5 1.5 1.0 State 2010 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 95.3 85.6 89.2 92.9 93.0 2.4 7.2 5.3 3.6 3.7 1.3 1.3 3.9 3.0 1.8 1.9 0.8 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.3 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.5 0 times 73.4 79.3 74.4 79.5 84.7 84.3 85.9 87.0 91.1 92.0 90.5 92.6 85.4 84.9 85.2 1 time 14.2 10.3 13.5 11.0 9.0 9.0 7.9 7.3 5.6 4.6 5.6 4.3 9.7 7.9 8.4 8.1 2-3 times 7.0 6.2 6.7 6.2 4.0 5.2 3.6 3.6 2.0 2.3 2.2 1.8 4.4 4.6 3.8 4.2 4-5 times 2.5 1.8 2.7 1.7 1.0 0.7 1.3 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9 1.4 1.1 6-7 times 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 8-9 times 0.6 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 10-11 times 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 12 or more times 1.1 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.6 0 times 60.2 60.5 65.9 60.5 75.1 70.2 73.9 73.1 85.0 80.6 83.6 85.4 73.3 70.7 75.5 70.9 1 time 19.4 13.3 11.5 12.8 13.2 9.5 8.8 9.1 8.1 7.1 5.2 5.3 13.7 9.8 8.2 9.7 11.6 8.0 11.1 9.7 8.5 8.4 5.5 5.3 4.7 8.9 7.2 8.6 2.6 4.6 4.7 3.0 2.6 3.0 1.7 1.9 1.7 2.4 2.8 3.3 1.3 0.5 1.8 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.2 0.7 1.3 0.7 1.3 8-9 times 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.7 0.8 10-11 times 0.8 1.2 0.7 1.0 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.5 5.7 8.9 7.1 7.3 2.8 4.0 4.0 4.2 1.9 3.4 3.1 1.8 3.5 5.3 4.4 4.9 0 days 86.8 88.8 84.2 90.5 90.9 90.8 92.4 93.3 94.1 94.1 94.3 95.7 90.5 91.3 91.2 92.7 1 day 7.3 5.7 8.2 5.2 5.0 5.1 4.3 3.6 3.1 3.4 2.9 2.2 5.2 4.7 4.7 4.0 2-3 days 3.0 3.1 4.7 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.7 1.9 1.1 2.2 2.3 2.7 2.0 4-5 days 1.2 0.7 1.2 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.5 6 or more days 1.8 1.7 1.8 0.9 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.3 0.6 1.3 1.1 0.8 0.8 0 days 92.3 93.8 93.2 95.2 92.2 93.1 94.9 95.0 94.3 94.6 94.0 95.4 92.9 93.8 94.2 95.2 1 day 3.5 2.7 3.7 2.3 2.7 2.3 1.5 1.8 1.6 1.9 2.0 1.4 2.6 2.3 2.2 1.9 2-3 days 1.9 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.5 1.3 1.2 1.1 4-5 days 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 6 or more days 1.6 1.7 1.3 1.0 3.0 2.3 2.0 1.8 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.0 2.4 2.2 1.9 1.5 2-3 times 4-5 times 6-7 times 14.6 8.9 4.9 9.6 * In 2006 the choices for this question were Never , Once , Several Times and Very Often. ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 48 State 2010 83.0 12 or more times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on your way to or from school? Grade 10 Data Tables Table 13. Drug Free Communities Report - National Outcome Measures (NOMs) Outcome Definition Substance Grade 8 Percent Grade 10 Sample Percent Grade 12 Sample Percent All Students Surveyed† Sample Percent Sample Male †† Percent Female †† Sample Percent Sample drink 1 or two drinks nearly every day Alcohol 55.4 697 61.4 1,244 64.8 1,115 61.3 3,056 53.8 1,391 68.1 1,604 smoke 1 or more packs of cigarettes per day Cigarettes 73.1 707 86.1 1,259 85.9 1,120 83.1 3,086 79.7 1,403 85.9 1,622 smoke marijuana regularly Marijuana 67.6 678 64.6 1,213 61.7 1,081 64.2 2,972 55.3 1,353 72.2 1,562 Perception of Parent Disapproval* (Parents feel it would be Wrong or Very Wrong to... ) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 91.6 653 87.7 1,200 78.2 1,079 85.1 2,932 83.6 1,322 86.4 1,546 smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 96.3 646 95.0 1,183 84.0 1,064 91.3 2,893 89.2 1,295 92.8 1,532 smoke marijuana Marijuana 92.6 674 92.7 1,255 87.5 1,101 90.8 3,030 89.2 1,367 92.0 1,593 Perception of Peer Disapproval* (I think it is Wrong or Very Wrong for someone my age to...) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 73.2 831 66.0 1,471 61.5 1,231 66.1 3,533 65.0 1,648 66.9 1,814 Past 30-Day Use* at least one use in the past 30 days Perception of Risk* (People are at Moderate or Great Risk of harming themselves if they...) smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 83.2 828 77.7 1,453 63.4 1,221 74.0 3,502 73.0 1,624 74.8 1,805 smoke marijuana Marijuana 76.8 829 68.8 1,449 65.8 1,221 69.6 3,499 65.4 1,626 73.7 1,801 Alcohol 29.0 756 37.2 1,332 48.2 1,167 39.3 3,255 39.4 1,485 39.3 1,707 Cigarettes 12.0 718 17.2 1,277 28.6 1,125 20.1 3,120 21.3 1,419 19.3 1,639 Marijuana 13.4 752 18.8 1,308 22.4 1,161 18.8 3,221 22.3 1,468 15.8 1,691 Average Age of Onset** Percent (How old were you when you first…) Sample had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor? Alcohol 61.9 Average age: 12.0 years smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Cigarettes 35.4 Average age: 11.7 years Marijuana 30.5 Average age: 12.0 years smoked marijuana? 826 Percent Sample 71.2 1,432 13.3 years 834 44.1 42.2 13.5 years Sample 82.5 1,215 14.3 years 1,433 57.1 1,437 50.3 14.3 years Percent Sample 72.9 3,473 13.5 years 1,218 14.0 years 13.0 years 832 Percent 46.5 42.2 Sample 71.7 1,616 13.2 years 3,485 13.2 years 1,220 Percent 48.1 3,489 45.4 13.4 years Sample 74.3 1,785 13.6 years 1,620 45.0 1,793 13.4 years 13.0 years 13.5 years Percent 1,624 39.1 1,794 13.7 years * For Past 30-Day Use, Perception of Risk, and Perception of Parental/Peer Disapproval, the “Sample” column represents the sample size - the number of people who answered the question and whose responses were used to determine the percentage. The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample answering the question as specified in the definition. ** For Average Age of Onset, the “Sample” column represents the overall sample size: the total number of people that responded to the questions about Age of Onset. This includes responses that are not used to calculate the average age of onset (i.e., youth that have never used alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana). The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample reporting any age of first use for the specified substance. "Average age" is calculated by averaging the ages of first use of students reporting any use. † †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. The male and female values allow a gender comparison for youth who completed the survey. However, unless the percentage of students who participated from each grade is similar, the gender results are not necessarily representative of males and females in the community. 49 Data Tables Table 14. Additional Data for Prevention Planning In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: 52.3 37.8 41.6 48.4 57.7 14.2 17.3 14.2 22.0 13.2 21.3 15.5 18.2 13.1 15.0 3.9 0.7 3.1 3.4 1.0 2.4 8.2 2.5 6.0 7.7 2.9 5.7 10.9 6.4 8.7 10.7 4.9 8.3 8.2 3.4 6.3 6.7 2.6 4.9 79.1 10.1 80.6 8.7 67.3 10.2 68.4 10.3 58.5 11.0 62.7 10.3 66.9 10.4 72.2 9.6 5.2 2.7 5.2 2.2 9.9 3.8 8.6 3.9 10.8 4.9 9.6 4.8 9.1 4.0 7.4 3.4 0.4 2.5 1.0 2.4 1.6 7.2 2.3 6.5 3.7 11.1 2.8 9.8 2.1 7.5 1.9 5.6 62.2 12.6 75.4 8.1 52.5 13.6 58.7 11.1 57.3 10.5 56.9 11.0 56.5 12.3 65.4 9.7 9.5 3.9 3.3 6.5 3.5 1.9 12.3 6.4 3.8 10.3 6.2 3.6 10.5 5.7 3.3 10.7 6.3 3.7 11.0 5.6 3.5 8.7 5.1 2.9 8.5 86.3 4.7 88.4 11.5 78.8 10.2 81.4 12.7 81.3 11.4 81.7 11.2 81.4 8.2 84.5 6.0 2.5 5.4 2.7 8.4 5.6 7.5 4.8 6.9 4.8 7.3 4.8 7.3 4.6 6.6 3.9 1.7 1.2 1.2 0.6 2.8 1.1 2.2 1.2 2.4 1.0 2.2 1.2 2.4 1.1 1.8 0.9 2-3 times 4-6 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times More than 10 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times 2.2 1.7 3.3 2.9 3.6 2.9 3.2 2.4 Never 62.2 64.9 60.8 63.0 66.7 67.0 63.3 64.9 Once 13.8 9.8 13.6 10.3 13.2 12.9 12.7 11.9 12.3 10.0 10.9 10.8 13.0 11.1 12.6 10.9 7-10 times 3.5 2.9 3.5 1.5 5.2 2.0 4.5 1.9 4.4 1.9 4.2 2.0 4.5 2.2 4.0 1.7 More than 10 times 7.7 6.2 5.8 6.0 4.7 5.1 5.9 5.8 More than 10 times 2-3 times 4-6 times In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? State 2010 17.0 18.2 More than 10 times decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? County 2010 48.2 7-10 times give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? State 2010 12.3 9.5 Once say "No" without giving a reason why? County 2010 71.4 Never In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? State 2010 15.0 12.3 More than 10 times other drugs? County 2010 65.0 7-10 times marijuana? State 2010 All Students Surveyed* Once 4-6 times cigarettes? County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 Never 2-3 times alcohol? Grade 8 Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Grade 8 County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 33.1 17.0 30.9 14.2 33.4 21.1 33.4 17.4 35.0 18.1 33.8 17.2 33.9 19.1 32.4 16.0 8.0 4.1 9.3 5.8 2.7 5.3 9.2 4.5 9.9 8.9 4.1 8.8 10.2 6.6 12.0 10.3 5.5 10.4 9.3 5.2 10.5 8.0 3.9 7.7 28.5 39.4 41.1 35.7 21.8 39.7 27.3 38.7 18.1 43.1 22.8 39.4 22.0 40.8 32.0 37.6 14.0 7.0 10.9 5.4 16.4 9.7 13.9 8.2 15.6 10.1 15.2 10.2 15.6 9.2 13.0 7.5 3.6 8.0 2.7 4.4 4.6 7.8 4.6 7.3 5.7 7.3 5.2 7.4 4.8 7.6 3.9 6.1 28.1 42.5 41.0 37.3 21.8 48.9 27.3 45.1 18.3 53.6 22.5 50.9 22.0 49.1 31.9 43.3 12.1 4.5 3.3 10.2 3.7 2.4 13.5 4.8 3.4 12.3 5.2 2.9 12.2 5.3 3.8 11.4 5.2 3.2 12.7 4.9 3.5 11.1 4.6 2.8 8.9 28.6 4.6 41.8 6.6 22.8 6.3 28.1 6.4 18.7 5.9 23.4 7.0 22.7 5.5 32.8 46.7 9.5 40.7 8.2 51.0 11.8 49.7 9.9 54.7 11.1 55.3 9.6 51.4 11.0 47.4 9.1 5.0 3.2 3.3 1.9 5.2 3.2 4.2 2.6 5.9 3.3 4.3 2.4 5.4 3.2 3.8 2.3 6.3 29.2 3.8 42.1 5.9 22.9 5.2 28.3 5.8 19.3 4.6 23.7 6.0 23.0 4.4 33.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 50 Data Tables Table 15. Additional Data for Prevention Planning (Cont'd) Grade 8 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked or beaten up? seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? seen someone shot or shot at? State 2010 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 81.8 82.8 79.9 81.9 81.2 83.6 80.8 82.7 1 or 2 times 9.3 8.4 8.3 8.0 8.7 7.6 8.7 8.1 3 to 5 times 2.9 3.3 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.3 6 to 9 times 1.2 1.6 2.4 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.9 1.6 10 to 19 times 2.1 1.7 3.5 2.1 1.6 1.6 2.5 1.8 20 to 29 times 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 30 to 39 times 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 40+ times 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.9 2.3 1.7 1.8 1.7 Never 27.9 29.2 32.9 31.1 41.3 42.1 34.7 33.2 1 or 2 times 24.7 28.6 25.8 26.7 26.4 25.6 25.8 27.2 3 to 5 times 19.6 18.8 18.6 19.0 15.1 16.7 17.6 18.3 6 to 9 times 10.2 9.4 9.5 9.9 6.4 7.0 8.5 8.9 10 to 19 times 7.1 5.8 7.4 6.4 5.2 4.4 6.5 5.6 20 to 29 times 3.3 2.6 1.9 2.4 1.8 1.5 2.2 2.2 30 to 39 times 1.3 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.8 40+ times 5.9 4.7 3.0 3.6 3.1 2.3 3.7 3.7 Never 75.6 81.3 78.2 81.7 79.6 85.9 78.1 82.6 1 or 2 times 12.6 10.4 9.9 9.9 12.1 8.0 11.3 9.6 3 to 5 times 4.9 3.5 4.1 3.4 3.2 2.5 4.0 3.2 6 to 9 times 2.2 1.6 1.9 1.6 1.9 1.2 2.0 1.5 10 to 19 times 2.3 1.6 3.9 1.8 1.6 1.2 2.8 1.6 20 to 29 times 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 30 to 39 times 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 40+ times 1.5 0.9 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.7 1.3 0.9 Never 79.3 87.2 82.7 87.7 84.1 89.8 82.4 88.1 1 or 2 times 11.8 7.7 10.5 7.1 9.6 6.1 10.5 7.1 3 to 5 times 3.2 2.1 2.8 1.9 3.1 1.7 3.0 1.9 6 to 9 times 1.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.1 0.7 1.2 0.8 10 to 19 times 1.2 0.8 1.8 1.2 1.2 0.8 1.5 0.9 20 to 29 times 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 30 to 39 times 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 40+ times 1.5 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.8 Never been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? County 2010 Grade 10 If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply) I've never used prescription drugs to get high Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) All Students Surveyed Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 80.2 88.1 78.3 81.7 75.9 78.5 77.9 83.6 9.8 5.5 12.7 11.2 16.5 14.0 13.4 9.5 3.7 2.2 5.0 3.7 5.0 4.2 4.7 3.2 3.6 2.5 4.7 4.9 6.1 5.5 5.0 4.0 3.8 2.9 4.6 5.0 5.1 5.2 4.6 4.1 1.8 1.3 2.7 2.8 4.5 4.4 3.1 2.6 3.0 1.6 3.2 3.7 5.5 3.6 4.0 2.8 2.9 1.8 4.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.5 2.5 0.7 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 1.4 0.7 1.1 1.0 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 51 Appendix Appendix - Comparability of survey administrations Issue Drug Category 2008/2010 AYS 2006 AYS On how many occasions (if any) have you: Notes regarding changes On how many occasions (if any) have you: Hallucinogens Used LSD or other psychedelics? Used LSD or other hallucinogens? Substituted "hallucinogens" for "psychedelics" in 2008 and beyond. Comparable across years. Meth Used methamphetamines (meth, speed, crank, crystal meth)? Used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription stimulants Used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription sedatives Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? In 2008 AYS added descriptor "prescription" and removed qualifier "without a doctor telling you to take them." 2006 data are cautiously comparable to 2008/2010. Ecstasy Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)? Used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2008/2010 AYS uses "ecstasy" as the primary descriptor, moving "MDMA" to examples. Comparable across years. Combined results of On how many occasions have you: Prescription drugs Gambling Category Combined results of On how many occasions have you: used prescription drugs (such as Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderall, Oxycontin, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription pain relievers (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? How often during the past 12 months have you: In 2006 there was a prescription drugs question with several examples (some of which overlapped examples from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions). In 2008/2010, the single prescription drug question was dropped, and a new question about prescription pain relievers was added. Rather than discontinuing reporting Prescription Drugs , the prescription sedative, stimulant and pain reliever questions were combined to create a single measure. . In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006 data were similarly recalculated into a composite, adding results from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions to the dedicated Prescription Drugs question. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Sports betting Bet on team sports? Bet on sports? 2006 not comparable to later data. Race betting Bet money on horse races? Bet on a horse race or other animal race? 2006 not comparable to later data. Dice Bet on dice games such as craps? Played a dice game? 2006 not comparable to later data. Games of skill Bet on games of personal skill such as pool, darts, or bowling? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Comparable across years. Protective Scale: Peer-Individual Interaction with Prosocial Peers 52 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year, how many of your best friends have: (Scale is calculated based on the average response [0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 friends] to the following questions) ...participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? ...made the commitment to stay drug-free? ...tried to do well in school? ...liked school? ...regularly attended religious services? (not used in 2008/2010) Regularly attended religious services was removed from the AYS in 2008. 2006 has been recalculated to match 2008/2010 AYS and are now comparable across all years. Due to this recalculation, current reports may differ slightly from past reports. Contacts for Prevention Regional Prevention Contacts Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai Counties Rachel Peterson Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) 928-226-6394 Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Gila, La Paz, Pinal, Yuma and Santa Cruz Counties Linda Weinberg Cenpatico Behavioral Health of Arizona 866-495-6738 Maricopa County Juan Aristizabal Magellan Health Services of Arizona 602-797-8256 Pima County Bill Burnett Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) 520-618-8807 Gila River Indian Community Julie Jimenez Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority 520-562-3321 ext. 7031 Pascua Yaqui Tribe Ralph Cota Centered Spirit Program 480-768-2063 Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Michelle Neitch/Phillip Stevenson 602-364-1173/602-364-1157 www.azcjc.gov Arizona Department of Education School Safety and Prevention www.ade.az.gov/sa/health/ Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Elise Mikkelsen 602-266-8299 ext. 351 www.problemgambling.az.gov 53 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Lisa Shumaker 602-364-4594 www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Charles Katz 602-496-1471 http://cvpcs.asu.edu/ Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families 602-542-4043 www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html Partnership for a Drug Free America, Arizona Affiliate Shelly Mowrey 602-264-5700 www.partnerupaz.org The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (Blueprints for Violence Prevention) www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) www.prevention.samhsa.gov Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Model Programs Guide www2.dsgonline.com/mpg/ Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Evidence Based Practices www.samhsa.gov/ebpwebguide/index.asp Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CAPT) casat.unr.edu/westcapt.html Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. 801-359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com Pinal County 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Shining Light on Arizona Youth Arizona Criminal Justice Commission in partnership with Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Arizona Department of Health Services, Division of Behavioral Health Arizona Department of Health Services, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Arizona Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention Governor’s Office for Children, Youth and Families Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Leslie Bloom, The Partnership for Drug Free America, AZ Affiliate Allie Bones, Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence Tim Christensen, Office of Problem Gambling Janet Garcia, Valley of the Sun United Way Michelle Gayles, Valley of the Sun United Way Charles Katz, Arizona State University Elise Mickkelsen, Office of Problem Gambling Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Rick Pyper, Office of Problem Gambling Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University Additionally, the success of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Table of Contents Introduction The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention The Charts and Tables in this Report The Community Data Project The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data Data Charts: Lifetime and 30 Day ATOD Use Problem Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior Gambling Risk & Protective Factor Profiles Where Youth Obtained Alcohol School Safety Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions Data Tables Appendix Contacts for Prevention Introduction 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Pinal County Summary Report This report summarizes all findings from the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) administered to 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students during spring 2010. The results for your county are presented along with comparisons to the results for the state of Arizona. The survey was designed to assess school safety, adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. All schools in Arizona are eligible to participate in the survey, Table 1. Characteristics of Participants County 2006 Number Percent County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Students by Grade 8 1,079 58.4 1,609 55.6 1,633 45.9 27,592 43.3 10 481 26.0 936 32.3 1,170 32.9 19,489 30.6 12 288 15.6 351 12.1 757 21.3 16,703 26.2 1,848 100.0 2,896 100.0 3,560 100.0 63,784 100.0 Male 862 48.1 1,426 50.0 1,756 50.1 30,645 49.0 Female 931 51.9 1,425 50.0 1,749 49.9 31,928 51.0 All Students Surveyed* Students by Gender Table 2. Race/Ethnicity of Participants Hispanic Student marked 'Yes' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Native American 105 6.6 102 5.6 1,207 4.9 African American 45 2.8 44 2.4 657 2.6 Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked 8 0.5 10 0.6 206 0.8 11 0.7 21 1.2 280 1.1 316 19.8 404 22.3 5,772 23.2 68 4.3 92 5.1 1,021 4.1 1,047 65.4 1,140 62.9 15,726 63.2 Non-Hispanic Student marked 'No' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American African American Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent 85 7.4 132 8.2 2,517 6.8 136 11.9 180 11.2 2,129 5.7 35 3.1 44 2.7 1,551 4.2 13 1.1 24 1.5 372 1.0 734 64.1 1,060 65.8 27,180 73.2 136 11.9 144 8.9 2,539 6.8 6 0.5 27 1.7 824 2.2 Totals County 2008 Number Percent County 2010 Number Percent State 2010 Number Percent Hispanic Students 1,600 55.2 1,813 50.9 24,869 Non-Hispanic Students Total Students** 1,145 39.5 1,611 45.3 37,112 58.2 2,896 100.0 3,560 100.0 63,784 100.0 39.0 * Grades with fewer than 20 students participating are not included in this report. However, students from grades not making the cutoff are included in All Students Surveyed. This means the number of students reported in All Students Surveyed may exceed the sum of individual grades. (All Students Surveyed will match the grade total in reports with data drawn from a single grade.) **As a small percentage of students skipped the question Are you Hispanic or Latino? (at the state level, 1,803 students, or 2.8% of the total), the sum of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic students is less than Total Students . 5 and recruitment efforts were successful in obtaining participation by schools in all of the 15 counties. Careful planning and uniform administration of the survey have resulted in survey data that are valid and representative of the students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in Arizona. Table 1 contains the characteristics of the students who completed the survey from your county and the state of Arizona. Because not every student answered all of the questions, the number of students in the gender and ethnicity/race categories often will be less than the total number of students. To better understand the diversity of Arizona’s youth population, respondents were asked separate questions about their ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) and their race (Caucasian, African-American, Native American, etc.). This method for obtaining ethnicity and race information provides more comprehensive data on youth cultural and racial self-identification, and a more nuanced understanding of Arizona’s diverse youth population. Whenever data are obtained from a sample of students instead of the entire population, it is important to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the data. One easy way to investigate the quality of the sample is to look at the basic demographic characteristics of the students who participated in the survey and compare them to what is known about the entire population of students. This will give the user of these data a basic understanding of the degree to which the sample data can be generalized to the entire population. It is important to note that even when the characteristics of the sample do not match well to the characteristics of the population this does not mean the data lose their usefulness. The data included in this report describes the level of risk and protective factors, substance use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency of those youth who participated in the survey, which can be used to inform the development of school and community-based prevention and intervention activities that may benefit both the youth who participate in the survey and those who did not. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention Prevention is a science. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention is a proven way of reducing substance abuse and its related consequences. This model is based on the simple premise that to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing and then find ways to reduce the risks. Just as medical researchers have found risk factors for heart disease such as diets high in fat, lack of exercise, and smoking, a team of researchers at the University of Washington have defined a set of risk factors for youth problem behaviors. Protective factors exert a positive influence and buffer against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviors. Protective factors identified through research include strong bonding to family, school, community and peers, and healthy beliefs and clear standards for behavior. Research on risk and protective factors has important implications for children’s academic success, positive youth development, and prevention of health and behavior problems. In order to promote academic success and positive youth development and to prevent problem behaviors, it is necessary to address the factors that predict these outcomes. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can be identified and targeted by policies, programs, and actions shown to reduce those risk factors and to promote protective factors. Risk factors are characteristics of school, community and family environments, and of students and their peer groups known to predict increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school dropout, and violent behaviors among youth. For example, children who live in communities with physical deterioration and high rates of adult crime are more likely to become involved in delinquency and drug use than children who live in organized neighborhoods. Each risk and protective factor can be linked to specific types of interventions that have been shown to be effective in either reducing risk(s) or enhancing protection(s). The steps outlined here will help your county make key decisions regarding allocation of resources, how and when to address specific needs, and which strategies are most effective and known to produce results. The chart below shows the links between the 19 risk factors and five problem behaviors. The check marks indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Community Disorganization Extreme Economic & Social Deprivation Family History of the Problem Behavior Family Conflict Family Management Problems Favorable Parent Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Early Initiation of Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Early & Persistent Antisocial Behavior Alienation & Rebelliousness Friends Who Use Drugs & Engage in Problem Behaviors Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Gang Involvement Constitutional Factors Peer / Individual Low Neighborhood Attachment School Transitions & Mobility Family Availability of Drugs & Firearms Community Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms & Crime Risk Factors Substance Abuse T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Delinquency T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Teen Pregnancy School Drop-Out Violence T T T T T T T T Source: Communities That Care (CTC) prevention model, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) 6 Charts and Tables in this Report There are seven types of charts presented in this report: 1. Lifetime and 30 day ATOD use 2. Heavy substance use and antisocial behavior 3. Gambling 4. Risk profiles 5. Protective profiles 6. Where youth acquired alcohol 7. School safety Data from the charts are also presented in Tables 4 through 12. The additional data found in Tables 13 through 15 are explained at the end of this section. Understanding the Format of the Charts There are several graphical elements common to all the charts. Understanding the format of the charts and what these elements represent is essential in interpreting the results of the 2010 AYS. • The Bars on substance use and antisocial behavior charts represent the percentage of students in that grade who reported a given behavior. The bars on the risk and protective factor charts represent the percentage of students whose answers reflect significant risk or protection in that category. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Each set of differently colored bars represents one of the last three administrations of the AYS: 2006, 2008, and 2010. By looking at the percentages over time, it is possible to identify trends in substance use and antisocial behavior. By studying the percentage of youth at risk and with protection over time, it is possible to determine whether the percentage of students at risk or with protection is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. This information is important when deciding which risk and protective factors warrant attention. • Dots and Diamonds. The dots on the charts represent the percentage of all of the youth surveyed across Arizona who reported substance use, problem behavior, elevated risk, or elevated protection. The diamonds represent national data from either the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey or the Bach Harrison Norm. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz The Bach Harrison Norm was developed by Bach Harrison L.L.C. to provide states and communities with the ability to compare their results on risk, protection, and antisocial measures with more national measures. Survey participants from eight statewide surveys and five large regional surveys across the nation were combined into a database of approximately 460,000 students. The results were 7 weighted to make the contribution of each state and region proportional to its share of the national population. Bach Harrison analysts then calculated rates for antisocial behavior and for students at risk and with protection. The results appear on the charts as BH Norm. In order to keep the Bach Harrison Norm relevant, it is updated approximately every two years as new data become available. zzzzz zzzzzzzzz A comparison to state-wide and national results provides additional information for your community in determining the relative importance of levels of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use, antisocial behavior, risk, and protection. Information about other students in the state and the nation can be helpful in determining the seriousness of a given level of problem behavior. Scanning across the charts, it is important to observe the factors that differ the most from the Bach Harrison Norm. This is the first step in identifying the levels of risk and protection that are higher or lower than those in other communities. The risk factors that are higher than the Bach Harrison Norm and the protective factors are lower than the Bach Harrison Norm are probably the factors that your community should consider addressing when planning prevention programs. Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use • Lifetime use is a measure of the percentage of students who tried the particular substance at least once in their lifetime and is used to show the percentage of students who have had experience with a particular substance. • 30-day use is a measure of the percentage of students who used the substance at least once in the 30 days prior to taking the survey and is a more sensitive indicator of the level of current use of the substance. Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior • Heavy substance use is measured in two different ways: binge drinking (having five or more drinks in a row during the two weeks prior to the survey) and use of one-half a pack or more of cigarettes per day. • Drinking and Driving - youth indicating drinking alcohol and driving, or riding with a driver who had been drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. • Antisocial behavior (ASB) is a measure of the percentage of students who report any involvement during the past year with the eight antisocial behaviors listed in the charts. How Charts to Readand theTables Chartsininthis thisReport Report(cont’d) (cont’d) Gambling Gambling behavior charts show the percentage of students who engaged in each of the 10 types of gambling “for money, possessions, or anything of value” during the past year: played gambling machines, played the lottery, bet on sports, played cards, bought a raffle ticket, played bingo, gambled on the Internet, bet on a dice game, bet on a game of personal skill and bet on horse or other animal races. The chart also shows the percentage of students who engaged in any gambling behavior during the past year. Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Risk and protective factor scales measure specific aspects of a youth’s life experience that predict whether he/she will engage in problem behaviors. The scales, defined in Table 3, are grouped into four domains: community, family, school, and peer/individual. The risk and protective factor charts show the percentage of students at risk and with protection for each of the scales. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol This chart displays data regarding the ways that students obtained alcohol in the past 30 days. The data focus on a subgroup of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no alcohol use are not represented.) It is important to note that the charts represent a subgroup of users and not the entire survey population. Additionally, the smaller the sample, the more dramatic the influence of a student's responses. For example, if only one student in a particular grade reported where he/she obtained alcohol, each category would show up as either 0% or 100%. The chart legend indicates the sample size for each grade surveyed to help clarify the value of the data. School Safety The school safety profile charts contain the percentages of students who felt unsafe at school or on the way to school, were threatened or injured with a weapon at school, were in a physical fight at school, carried a weapon to school or were picked on or bullied at school. The complete questions and values for each response option can be seen in Table 12. Additional Data in this Report In addition to data presented in the charts and Tables 4 through 12, Tables 13 through 15 contain information useful for prevention planning. Table 13 contains the information that is required by communities with Drug Free Communities Grants, such as the perception of the risk of ATOD use, perception of parent and peer disapproval of ATOD use, past 30-day use, and average age of first use. Tables 14 and 15 contain questions new to the 2010 AYS on subjects of interest to prevention providers. The Community Data Project Supported by a grant from the Arizona Governor's Office for Children, Youth and Families, the Community Data Project is a multi-agency effort to create a central repository for Arizona's substance abuse and crime data. Through a user-friendly web site, individuals will have a one-stop portal where they can select the type of data they need, specific demographic characteristics, and their geographic level of interest. Various output options will be offered, including data tables, graphs, and maps to cover a variety of reporting and visualization needs. The web site will be a useful tool for practitioners and policymakers who are addressing substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and crime and the criminal justice system by providing them with a 8 comprehensive picture of the characteristics and needs of Arizona’s communities. Having data that are specific to the users geographic area of interest will not only lead to an enhanced understanding of the community issues related to drugs and crime, but it will also maximize data-for-decision-making capabilities for things such as the appropriate program content, identification of at-risk target areas and populations, grant writing and reporting, monitoring progress of prevention and intervention initiatives over time, and determining resource allocation. Currently, the web site is under construction, but we anticipate it will be ready by end of summer 2010. Please visit us then at: www.azcjc.gov/ACJC.Web/sac/CommunDataPrj.aspx The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership (ASAP) was established by Executive Order in June 2007. Currently chaired by the governor’s policy advisor on Health and Human Services, ASAP serves as the single statewide council on substance abuse issues. ASAP brings together stakeholders at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels to improve coordination of efforts; address identified gaps in prevention, treatment, enforcement, and recovery efforts; and improve funding allocation. ASAP utilizes data and practical expertise to develop effective methods for integrating and expanding services across Arizona, thereby maximizing available resources. ASAP also studies current policy and recommends relevant legislation for the Arizona Legislature’s consideration. It is ASAP’s mission to ensure community-driven, agency-supported outcomes to prevent and reduce the negative impacts of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs by building and sustaining partnerships between professionals in the prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement arenas. Through coordination and collaboration among its members and their respective agencies and organizations, ASAP strives to ensure that substance abuse is addressed in a comprehensive manner and funding is spent efficaciously and efficiently. ASAP’s 2010 strategic plan identifies five strategic focus areas: 1)zchild welfare/children of incarcerated parents/drug-endangered children; 2) law enforcement and drug trafficking; 3)zprescription drugs; 4)zunderage drinking; and 5)zcommunity partnerships. There are currently four sub-committees that assist ASAP in meeting its goals: • Underage Drinking Prevention Committee (UAD) – This subcommittee addresses the problem of underage drinking in Arizona by implementing a statewide underage drinking initiative that assesses statewide epidemiological data, resources, strategies and policies, and builds relationships with tribes, youth, law enforcement, government agencies, and community coalitions. By combining resources, practice, and research, the committee collaborates across state systems to reduce underage drinking. • Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group (Epi) – This work group produces a biennial Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile, which highlights trends and new substance abuse data in Arizona and an annual summary profile, entitled The Impact of Substance Abuse: A Snapshot of Arizona. The Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile is a comprehensive, informative, and functional profile of substance abuse in the state for use by community coalitions, agencies, and individuals in relevant fields. Currently, Epi conducts analyses of individual substance abuse issues, responds to ad hoc data requests and brings data to bear on ASAP’s policy decisions around its strategic plan and focus areas. • Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force (AMTF) –The Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force was created in August 2006 in response to Arizona’s decade-long increase in the number of individuals regularly using methamphetamine and the increase in the resulting social and economic costs associated with the drug. The AMTF was instructed to approach Arizona’s methamphetamine problem holistically, focusing equally on enforcement, prevention, treatment, and recovery. Specifically, the AMTF was charged with identifying specific, action-oriented recommendations to eradicate methamphetamine use in Arizona and build safe and healthy communities throughout the state. The AMTF brings together representatives from state agencies, local government, businesses, and community groups to develop collaborative efforts among the treatment, prevention, and law enforcement systems to assess and address the impact of methamphetamine statewide through information sharing, resource allocation, services coordination, and the development of statewide policy recommendations sensitive to the needs of local and tribal communities. • The Community Advisory Board – The Community Advisory Board (CAB) brings together representatives from community coalitions around the state to improve substance abuse prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement policies and programs. The CAB provides an essential link between communities, ASAP and its subcommittees. The CAB brings the community voice to the ASAP table; reports on important community issues that informs ASAP’s work; helps communities improve their capacity to identify emerging trends, as well as take action and report on them to the proper institutions/authorities; takes the data available through the Epidemiology Work Group and ASAP back to coalitions and communities to effectively target prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement activities; serves as a resource for communities and the state to identify the most effective ways to reduce substance abuse through collaborative efforts and by targeting limited resources where they are most needed; and elevates and recognizes the important work being carried out at the community level to ensure that state-level responses are cognizant of the impact of policies on individual communities. 9 School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data What are the numbers telling you? Review the charts and data tables presented in this report. Note your findings as you discuss the following questions. • Which 3-5 risk factors appear to be higher than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which 3-5 protective factors appear to be lower than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which levels of 30-day drug use are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which substances are your students using the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable usage levels? • Which levels of antisocial behaviors are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which behaviors are your students exhibiting the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable behavior levels? How to identify high priority problem areas. • Look across the charts – which items stand out as either much higher or much lower than the other? • Compare your data with statewide, and/or national data – differences of 5% between local and other data are probably significant. • Prioritize problems for your area – Make an assessment of the rates you’ve identified. Which can be realistically addressed with the funding available to your community? Which problems fit best with the prevention resources at hand? • Determine the standards and values held within your community – For example: Is it acceptable in your community for a percentage of high school students to drink alcohol regularly as long as that percentage is lower than the overall state rate? Use these data for planning. • Substance use and antisocial behavior data – raise awareness about the problems and promote dialogue. • Risk and protective factor data – identify exactly where the community needs to take action. • Promising approaches – access resources listed on the last page of this report for ideas about programs that have been proven effective in addressing the risk factors that are high in your community, and improving the protective factors that are low. Sample Risk Factors Protective Factors 30-day Substance Abuse Antisocial Behavior 10 6th grd Fav. Attitude to Drugs (Peer/Indiv. Scale) @ 15% (8% > 8-state av.) 10th grd - Rewards for prosocial involvm. (School Domain) 40% (down 5% from 2 yrs ago & 16% below state av.) 8th grd Binge Drinking@13% (5% above state av.) 12th grd - Drunk/High at School @ 21% ( about same as state, but remains a priority.) Priority Rate 1 Priority Rate 2 Priority Rate 3 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Pinal County, Grade 8 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 11 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Pinal County, Grade 10 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 12 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Pinal County, Grade 12 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 13 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Pinal County, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† MTF Prescription Drugs**† 14 Prescription Sedatives** **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Prescription Stimulants** State 2010 Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** County 2010 Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** County 2008 Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol County 2006 Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Pinal County, Grade 8 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 15 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Pinal County, Grade 10 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 16 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Pinal County, Grade 12 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 17 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Pinal County, All Students Surveyed 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 18 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Pinal County, Grade 8 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 19 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Pinal County, Grade 10 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 20 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Pinal County, Grade 12 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 21 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Pinal County, All Students Surveyed Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 22 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Pinal County, Grade 8 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 23 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Pinal County, Grade 8 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 24 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Pinal County, Grade 10 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 25 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Pinal County, Grade 10 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 26 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Pinal County, Grade 12 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 27 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Pinal County, Grade 12 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 28 Sources Risk and of Protective Alcohol Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Pinal County, All Students Surveyed Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 29 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Pinal County, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 30 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Pinal County, Grade 8 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 308 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 331 State 2010 Sample: 4,473 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 31 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Pinal County, Grade 10 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 309 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 308 State 2010 Sample: 5,295 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 32 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Pinal County, Grade 12 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 309 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 153 State 2010 Sample: 6,341 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 33 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Pinal County, All Students Surveyed Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 926 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 792 State 2010 Sample: 16,109 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 34 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Pinal County, Grade 8 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 35 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Pinal County, Grade 10 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 36 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Pinal County, Grade 12 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 37 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Pinal County, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 38 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles Community Domain Risk Factors 1 Low Neighborhood Attachment Research has shown that youth who don't like the neighborhoods in which they live are more likely to become involved in juvenile crime and drug selling. Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the legal drinking age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been followed by decreases in consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have shown that shifts in normative attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence of use. Perceived Availability of Drugs and Handguns The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the use of these substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a higher risk of crime and substance use by adolescents. 1 1 1 1 Community Domain Protective Factors 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for positive participation in activities helps youth bond to the community, thus lowering their risk for substance use. Family Domain Risk Factors 1 Poor Family Management Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places them at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, parents’ failure to provide clear expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that they will engage in drug abuse whether or not there are family drug problems. 1 Family Conflict Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the conflict, appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use. 1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or ATOD use), the children are more likely to engage in these behaviors. 1 Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Antisocial Behavior & Drugs In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use, children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the refrigerator. Family Domain Protective Factors 1 Family Attachment Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors. 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things done well by their child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviors. School Domain Risk Factors 1 Academic Failure Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both drug abuse and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever reasons, increases the risk of problem behaviors. 1 Low Commitment to School Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of drugs is significantly lower among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking school, spending time on homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also negatively related to drug use. 39 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles School Domain Protective Factors 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors. Peer-Individual Risk Factors 1 Rebelliousness Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at higher risk of abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for independence and normlessness have all been linked with drug use. 1 Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use Early onset of drug use predicts misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the greater the involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use prior to the age of 15 is a consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug use has been shown to predict lower drug involvement and a greater probability of discontinuation of use. 1 Attitudes Favorable Toward During the elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes and have Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use difficulty imagining why people use drugs or engage in antisocial behaviors. However, in middle school, as more youth are exposed to others who use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior are more likely to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use. 1 Perceived Risk of Drug Use Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug use. 1 Interaction with Antisocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for engaging in antisocial behavior themselves. 1 Friends' Use of Drugs Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much more likely to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends who use drugs greatly increases the risk of that problem developing. 1 Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging further in antisocial behavior and substance use. Gang Involvement Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. 1 1 1 1 Peer-Individual Protective Factors 1 Belief in the Moral Order Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs. 1 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are more protected from engaging in antisocial behavior and substance use. 1 Prosocial Involvement Participation in positive school and community activities helps provide protection for youth. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are rewarded for working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in problem behavior. 40 Data Tables Table 4. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime In your lifetime, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 57.9 56.9 53.4 45.1 36.6 72.8 71.8 70.4 64.1 59.1 78.8 77.6 77.8 72.8 72.3 65.0 64.2 64.0 58.2 55.6 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 38.7 34.1 31.6 23.8 20.1 56.5 44.1 44.7 37.2 32.7 60.1 56.0 55.6 46.9 43.6 46.7 40.0 41.0 34.0 31.8 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 10.5 8.1 9.2 7.1 9.6 14.8 14.8 13.8 12.5 15.2 16.7 20.6 23.2 18.1 16.3 12.6 11.8 13.7 11.7 13.6 Marijuana used marijuana? 23.0 23.2 21.9 17.8 15.7 47.2 40.9 37.7 34.3 32.3 56.0 47.3 51.0 44.7 42.0 34.4 31.8 33.2 29.9 29.7 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 3.1 2.0 2.3 2.2 1.7 5.8 6.2 4.9 5.9 3.0 7.3 9.6 8.1 9.0 3.1 4.5 4.3 4.4 5.1 2.6 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 4.1 3.1 3.0 2.3 2.6 12.7 8.8 7.4 5.3 4.6 17.6 13.8 13.2 8.8 6.0 8.5 6.2 6.6 5.0 4.4 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 19.4 17.7 19.3 14.5 14.9 16.8 14.3 14.9 11.8 12.8 15.2 14.8 14.4 9.4 9.5 18.0 16.2 16.9 12.3 12.5 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 3.8 1.4 1.0 0.7 1.6 11.3 2.4 2.3 1.6 2.8 12.8 7.6 4.9 2.5 2.4 7.3 2.5 2.3 1.5 2.3 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 2.6 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.2 2.4 2.4 2.6 1.5 3.5 3.3 2.8 3.4 1.2 2.4 1.7 1.8 2.1 1.3 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2.5 2.6 4.3 3.9 2.2 5.2 6.8 7.3 8.2 5.5 6.2 9.4 10.5 10.6 6.5 3.9 4.8 6.6 7.0 4.7 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 1.7 2.0 1.2 1.6 1.3 2.2 3.5 1.8 1.8 1.3 2.0 3.3 2.6 1.7 2.2 1.9 2.6 1.7 1.7 1.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 14.1 12.3 11.5 4.4 n/a 24.9 20.8 18.9 9.9 n/a 25.6 26.9 23.1 13.2 n/a 18.9 18.2 16.8 9.1 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 3.3 5.3 3.5 3.0 6.0 9.8 6.8 5.7 7.0 10.3 11.9 9.3 7.2 8.5 9.9 6.5 6.3 5.0 5.7 8.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 10.9 9.9 8.2 8.7 9.5 15.6 11.8 9.6 11.5 13.0 19.0 13.2 14.2 13.4 12.7 13.5 10.9 10.0 10.8 11.7 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 15.1 20.1 17.3 16.5 n/a 22.0 29.3 24.2 23.7 n/a 26.7 28.8 30.1 27.3 n/a 18.8 24.1 22.3 21.5 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 12.9 11.1 9.5 n/a n/a 15.3 16.7 13.2 n/a n/a 15.6 16.5 14.1 n/a n/a 14.0 14.0 11.8 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 41 Data Tables Table 5. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days In the past 30 days, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 30.3 29.5 25.9 21.9 14.9 44.1 41.6 38.1 34.7 30.4 51.1 52.8 47.4 45.0 43.5 37.2 36.2 34.4 31.9 29.2 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 14.6 11.4 12.2 8.9 6.5 18.6 17.5 16.4 15.6 13.1 23.1 24.5 27.7 22.9 20.1 17.0 15.0 17.0 14.7 13.0 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 3.5 2.8 3.8 2.8 3.7 5.0 5.6 5.6 5.7 6.5 5.9 7.5 9.9 8.1 8.4 4.3 4.2 5.7 5.1 6.1 Marijuana used marijuana? 13.6 11.3 10.2 8.9 6.5 23.5 15.9 17.5 17.4 15.9 19.6 20.5 22.3 21.3 20.6 17.1 13.9 15.1 14.8 14.2 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 1.3 0.8 1.1 0.9 0.5 2.6 2.7 1.4 2.0 0.5 4.3 2.7 1.4 2.4 0.5 2.1 1.6 1.2 1.6 0.5 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 1.7 0.9 1.2 0.8 0.8 6.0 4.1 2.3 1.6 0.9 4.7 4.5 3.6 2.2 1.3 3.3 2.3 2.1 1.4 1.0 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 8.9 6.6 6.4 5.6 3.8 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.0 2.2 1.5 4.5 1.6 1.5 1.2 6.4 5.4 4.5 3.7 2.4 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 1.1 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 4.6 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.6 1.6 1.8 0.5 0.6 0.5 2.1 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.2 0.7 1.1 0.4 0.4 1.5 0.5 1.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.8 0.4 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 1.0 1.0 1.6 1.7 0.6 1.2 1.9 2.0 2.9 1.3 0.8 3.0 3.6 3.4 1.8 1.0 1.5 2.2 2.5 1.2 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 0.8 1.0 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 1.2 1.1 0.7 0.5 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 8.1 5.6 5.7 1.3 n/a 12.4 9.7 8.9 3.0 n/a 13.0 13.5 9.7 4.1 n/a 10.1 8.6 7.7 2.8 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 1.7 2.5 1.2 1.4 1.9 3.7 2.9 2.0 2.8 3.3 2.7 2.4 2.0 2.5 3.0 2.4 2.6 1.6 2.1 2.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 5.2 4.5 3.3 3.6 2.5 7.4 4.1 2.8 4.7 3.9 8.5 6.0 5.5 4.7 4.2 6.3 4.6 3.7 4.2 3.5 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 8.0 10.9 8.4 8.2 n/a 12.3 14.3 11.0 11.8 n/a 12.5 13.8 15.4 12.4 n/a 9.9 12.3 10.8 10.4 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 6.2 5.6 5.4 n/a n/a 9.9 9.0 6.3 n/a n/a 9.3 8.4 6.3 n/a n/a 7.8 7.2 5.9 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 42 Data Tables Table 6. Percentage of Students With Heavy ATOD Use Drinking and Driving During the past 30 days, how many times did you: (One or more times) DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 8.8 6.9 5.5 5.0 4.2 15.5 9.7 8.7 7.6 7.4 22.3 20.3 17.7 14.1 16.6 12.6 9.4 9.2 8.2 7.7 36.7 32.6 30.2 27.7 24.9 42.0 36.9 32.3 29.1 26.3 38.6 41.4 34.9 28.9 27.5 38.4 35.1 31.9 28.5 25.0 Heavy Use Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Binge Drinking How many times have you had 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? (One or more times) 16.9 16.8 14.6 12.4 7.8 24.8 25.9 24.1 21.0 17.5 30.2 34.5 31.5 29.2 25.2 21.1 21.8 21.2 19.5 16.6 1/2 Pack (or more) of Cigarettes/Day During the past 30 days, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? (11 to 20 cigarettes, More than 20 cigarettes) 1.4 1.0 1.3 0.7 1.0 3.6 2.6 2.1 2.0 2.4 4.1 6.5 3.0 3.6 5.0 2.4 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.7 Table 7. Percentage of Students With Antisocial Behavior How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: (One or more times) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 Been Drunk or High at School 19.4 17.0 14.3 12.8 7.5 33.5 29.3 27.0 21.8 15.0 32.1 30.0 26.0 Been Suspended from School All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 22.1 17.7 25.0 22.5 20.8 18.0 13.3 24.3 25.2 22.8 18.5 15.1 30.1 21.4 18.4 14.4 12.6 19.5 14.3 11.7 9.9 9.2 25.1 22.6 19.0 15.0 12.4 Sold Illegal Drugs 6.1 5.9 4.9 5.0 2.5 12.2 11.7 11.8 10.6 6.5 14.4 13.0 10.9 10.8 7.8 9.1 8.6 8.3 8.2 5.5 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle 4.2 4.2 4.0 3.7 2.3 9.9 5.1 6.7 4.6 2.6 7.1 6.2 2.9 3.1 1.9 6.2 4.8 4.6 3.8 2.3 Been Arrested 11.9 11.1 7.2 7.1 5.2 15.7 12.9 14.5 9.9 6.7 14.2 13.2 11.3 8.7 6.1 13.3 11.9 10.3 8.4 6.0 Attacked Someone with the Idea of Seriously Hurting Them 22.4 20.6 18.9 16.6 16.0 23.7 21.0 18.8 15.5 15.1 20.8 19.1 16.2 11.5 11.9 22.5 20.5 18.2 14.9 14.4 Carried a Handgun 9.1 8.6 7.3 6.7 4.8 8.9 9.9 10.4 7.6 5.2 9.9 12.3 10.4 7.2 5.2 9.2 9.5 8.9 7.1 5.1 Carried a Handgun to School 1.6 1.6 1.1 1.4 0.8 2.2 1.7 3.2 2.1 0.9 3.0 3.2 1.5 1.8 1.0 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.7 0.9 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 43 Data Tables Table 8. Percentage of Students Gambling in the Past Year How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: (At least once in the past 12 months) Any Gambling Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 56.7 71.9 62.2 61.6 55.0 55.0 67.3 59.3 59.8 53.8 47.3 67.6 62.0 56.5 52.6 54.6 69.9 61.3 59.7 53.0 2.1 5.8 5.3 5.3 5.7 1.5 5.4 5.1 4.8 5.3 2.8 7.2 6.3 5.3 5.4 2.0 5.8 5.5 5.2 5.3 29.5 28.1 20.7 21.4 24.0 25.8 21.4 21.4 20.7 23.5 17.1 26.6 23.9 18.9 23.9 26.4 25.8 21.6 20.6 22.7 Bet on sports?* n/a 30.9 30.8 28.6 22.8 n/a 31.0 23.8 27.0 22.5 n/a 28.4 27.5 24.4 20.5 n/a 30.6 28.0 27.0 21.4 Played cards? 24.4 45.1 35.5 36.1 25.8 25.4 42.9 33.9 36.0 27.0 20.6 43.8 37.3 34.8 26.7 24.1 44.2 35.4 35.7 25.3 n/a 19.2 15.7 15.9 n/a n/a 19.8 16.0 16.6 n/a n/a 23.2 19.6 15.3 n/a n/a 19.9 16.7 16.0 n/a 18.8 33.5 27.2 26.4 22.7 14.2 24.5 19.6 20.4 17.7 8.9 17.8 17.9 14.2 14.0 15.9 28.8 22.8 21.4 19.5 Gambled on the Internet? 7.0 7.2 5.7 5.1 4.5 6.5 4.7 5.1 4.6 4.0 5.6 6.6 5.2 4.2 3.7 6.6 6.3 5.4 4.7 4.2 Played a dice game?* n/a 33.9 27.1 26.0 12.1 n/a 28.3 21.3 21.9 11.2 n/a 25.7 22.6 17.9 10.0 n/a 31.1 24.4 22.6 11.4 23.1 34.3 29.9 28.2 20.1 23.9 33.7 27.9 27.7 20.5 22.4 31.0 31.1 24.9 18.8 23.2 33.7 29.6 27.2 19.4 n/a 5.5 4.6 5.0 4.6 n/a 5.4 4.6 5.0 4.7 n/a 4.8 3.8 4.4 4.6 n/a 5.4 4.4 4.8 4.7 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bought a raffle ticket?** Played bingo? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* Bet on a horse or other animal race?* * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from table. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 44 Data Tables Table 9. Percentage of Students Reporting Risk Grade 8 Risk Factor County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed** Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm Community Domain Low Neighborhood Attachment 44.5 44.6 42.1 35.9 36.6 56.7 53.8 47.3 43.6 42.8 60.6 57.9 55.5 47.3 47.0 50.4 49.2 46.8 41.3 42.0 Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use 44.4 41.1 42.2 35.0 32.8 55.0 52.2 51.2 41.8 39.6 51.2 47.8 44.8 35.5 32.8 48.3 45.5 45.4 37.2 35.2 Perceived Availability of Drugs 42.8 44.5 44.3 36.9 29.4 54.2 56.8 46.8 42.9 40.5 60.9 56.5 50.3 43.8 42.7 48.8 49.9 46.5 40.6 37.5 Perceived Availability of Handguns 40.4 41.9 38.9 33.4 39.8 29.6 35.0 28.1 22.3 29.9 44.5 37.8 32.6 26.5 34.8 38.3 39.2 34.2 28.2 34.8 Poor Family Management 50.3 46.8 48.7 43.7 41.9 53.6 47.5 47.8 40.6 40.3 48.3 43.4 46.2 41.2 39.8 50.9 46.6 47.9 42.1 40.7 Family Conflict 53.6 58.0 59.0 53.1 51.5 47.1 43.9 43.6 42.1 41.6 41.3 42.1 41.1 39.1 38.8 49.7 51.3 50.1 45.9 44.1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 49.5 52.9 50.3 39.3 36.4 59.9 50.3 53.5 41.5 39.0 55.0 49.5 47.7 37.4 37.3 53.3 51.6 50.6 39.4 37.6 Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB 45.9 52.5 54.2 47.7 46.9 55.0 53.3 51.8 50.0 52.3 51.0 55.0 51.2 48.6 50.3 49.2 53.1 52.7 48.6 49.9 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 33.5 30.0 28.4 24.7 26.0 42.1 40.5 39.7 37.9 40.8 45.2 42.7 41.9 38.6 38.6 37.8 35.0 35.1 32.4 35.2 Academic Failure 53.3 51.0 52.8 45.5 46.6 59.1 57.9 57.4 48.5 47.9 48.5 49.5 43.0 40.6 41.8 54.1 53.1 52.0 45.1 45.6 Low Commitment to School 44.5 43.0 43.5 41.0 38.0 45.3 43.6 43.3 41.7 41.7 44.0 50.6 45.4 42.2 42.9 44.6 44.1 43.8 41.5 40.8 Rebelliousness 48.0 47.6 47.5 43.8 39.0 54.5 54.4 47.5 47.6 45.5 44.4 54.6 50.0 44.6 43.6 49.1 50.6 48.0 45.1 42.7 Early Initiation of ASB 48.6 46.1 46.9 37.6 33.7 59.8 54.6 48.5 40.6 37.0 53.3 54.7 50.3 38.6 35.4 52.3 49.9 48.2 38.8 35.4 Early Initiation of Drug Use 43.8 38.6 36.6 29.3 24.0 49.4 40.9 37.8 31.0 27.3 46.2 40.2 38.3 29.6 28.8 45.6 39.6 37.4 29.9 26.6 Attitudes Favorable to ASB 49.8 48.3 46.6 41.4 36.2 54.5 56.4 46.0 44.7 44.9 47.6 50.6 44.3 41.7 41.9 50.7 51.2 45.9 42.4 41.0 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 37.3 35.7 33.9 29.3 22.6 44.4 39.8 37.5 36.2 33.6 38.7 35.5 37.2 35.9 32.7 39.3 37.0 35.7 33.1 29.6 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 52.2 51.2 54.0 47.8 37.1 47.4 49.1 49.5 45.9 35.7 47.1 50.6 53.4 50.4 40.3 50.1 50.5 52.5 47.9 37.6 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 65.8 67.1 65.2 55.8 50.3 73.4 70.9 66.1 56.3 52.0 65.3 69.3 65.3 51.5 49.0 67.7 68.6 65.5 54.8 50.5 Friend's Use of Drugs 50.2 48.6 48.4 39.4 30.8 51.2 50.2 45.9 42.6 36.2 44.8 43.0 41.3 38.1 32.3 49.6 48.5 46.1 40.0 33.2 Rewards for ASB 51.3 52.8 51.3 48.2 36.7 50.3 44.8 47.6 46.8 42.7 52.9 56.0 58.8 57.1 55.1 51.3 50.6 51.9 50.1 44.4 Gang Involvement 29.7 33.1 26.7 20.8 17.8 37.6 35.7 29.2 20.9 15.7 22.9 23.3 22.1 16.1 13.1 30.7 32.7 26.4 19.6 15.6 44.3 47.5 45.7 37.1 29.7 45.2 45.5 37.6 34.2 30.4 45.1 44.4 42.6 32.5 29.0 44.7 46.5 42.5 35.0 29.7 Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Risk Students at High Risk* * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 45 Data Tables Table 10. Percentage of Students Reporting Protection Grade 10 Grade 8 Protective Factor Grade 12 All Students Surveyed† County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 26.8 29.2 24.2 32.9 38.3 39.3 32.0 35.5 38.0 44.2 32.8 38.3 35.0 37.0 44.1 31.1 31.3 30.1 35.6 42.2 Family Attachment 44.1 47.9 42.5 51.1 51.9 33.8 42.1 40.5 45.6 44.7 52.2 52.2 50.0 56.6 55.6 42.7 46.6 43.7 50.9 50.4 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 50.8 56.8 55.1 59.7 60.7 44.0 51.7 50.5 54.6 53.1 49.4 55.9 50.1 56.4 53.8 48.7 55.0 52.5 57.2 55.8 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 55.1 58.3 55.5 61.7 61.5 44.6 49.5 50.1 54.9 53.0 50.4 51.0 51.4 56.4 52.4 51.4 54.5 52.9 58.2 55.6 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 58.0 59.6 62.4 63.0 68.9 52.8 50.8 59.2 65.6 71.6 53.7 49.4 54.6 67.6 72.8 56.0 55.6 59.7 65.0 71.0 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 50.4 48.2 43.5 52.0 57.5 58.8 53.1 53.3 61.2 58.9 42.9 42.4 38.1 46.9 51.6 51.4 49.0 45.4 53.5 56.2 Belief in the Moral Order 50.2 54.9 54.6 60.3 64.6 57.0 63.7 68.2 69.4 68.0 45.7 48.5 50.3 56.4 53.8 51.3 56.9 57.6 62.0 62.5 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* 51.8 50.9 51.6 54.7 58.8 48.5 49.4 53.4 57.5 60.7 44.0 45.2 50.2 57.3 59.3 49.7 49.8 51.8 56.2 59.6 Prosocial Involvement 40.6 37.2 35.7 40.0 40.8 31.1 30.9 38.3 45.3 46.1 28.7 28.4 30.1 41.9 42.6 36.3 34.1 35.2 42.1 43.2 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 59.3 58.4 60.9 59.2 62.5 58.5 58.2 59.8 61.7 59.9 51.1 52.0 51.9 55.6 51.8 57.8 57.6 58.5 59.0 58.3 44.1 49.3 47.3 53.6 52.8 43.3 46.3 47.6 57.6 52.5 45.3 47.1 46.4 55.9 50.5 44.1 48.1 47.2 55.4 52.0 Community Domain Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Protection Students with High Protection** * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 46 Data Tables Table 11. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol* If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) Sample size** Grade 8 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 331 308 4,473 308 309 5,295 153 309 6,341 792 926 16,109 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 4.2 5.2 4.9 7.1 8.7 6.3 11.1 13.6 9.9 6.7 9.2 7.3 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 1.5 1.9 2.5 5.5 3.2 2.1 3.9 3.2 3.6 3.5 2.8 2.8 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 2.1 3.2 3.0 4.9 4.2 2.2 2.6 3.2 2.5 3.3 3.6 2.6 I gave someone else money to buy it for me 24.8 19.2 19.2 35.1 28.8 32.6 47.1 50.5 42.5 33.1 32.8 32.8 My parent or guardian gave it to me 15.1 15.6 17.5 14.0 11.7 15.0 10.5 10.4 13.3 13.8 12.5 15.0 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 22.1 15.9 17.3 27.3 17.2 16.8 24.2 18.4 14.8 24.5 17.2 16.1 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 22.1 17.9 16.2 28.2 26.9 24.8 37.9 30.7 30.4 27.5 25.2 24.6 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 25.7 23.1 21.0 22.1 22.7 23.1 19.6 17.2 18.6 23.1 21.0 20.7 I got it at a party 37.5 35.7 38.7 52.9 46.0 49.6 49.0 46.9 53.8 45.7 42.9 48.2 I took it from home 30.8 35.4 30.2 19.5 22.0 21.9 9.8 10.4 13.1 22.3 22.6 20.7 I took it from a store or someone else's home 15.4 10.7 9.4 8.1 9.1 9.8 2.6 4.5 5.6 10.1 8.1 8.1 I got it some other way 32.3 26.6 25.2 23.7 21.0 18.8 19.0 15.9 13.3 26.4 21.2 18.4 * Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. ** Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 47 Data Tables Table 12. Percentage of Students Reporting School Safety Issues Grade 8 Question During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY?* County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 0 times 80.3 86.4 90.4 1 time 9.2 5.6 4.3 2-3 times 5.6 4.1 4-5 times 1.9 6-7 times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? State 2010 Grade 12 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 91.7 81.6 86.1 91.3 4.5 9.3 6.2 4.1 3.1 2.2 4.1 4.0 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 8-9 times 0.7 0.3 0.3 10-11 times 0.4 0.0 12 or more times 1.5 1.9 State 2010 All Students Surveyed** County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 92.7 89.2 90.4 94.4 3.7 5.8 4.2 2.7 2.6 1.9 1.8 3.3 0.9 0.6 0.5 1.1 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.5 2.6 1.7 State 2010 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 95.3 82.0 86.8 91.6 93.0 2.4 8.7 5.6 3.9 3.7 2.1 1.3 4.6 3.9 2.7 1.9 0.0 0.1 0.3 1.5 1.0 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.9 0.4 0.3 1.7 1.7 0.6 0.5 0 times 72.2 72.0 76.4 79.5 76.7 78.6 85.7 87.0 86.5 89.2 90.6 92.6 76.2 82.4 85.2 1 time 14.4 14.5 12.3 11.0 12.4 11.1 7.4 7.3 6.9 4.8 5.9 4.3 12.7 12.2 9.4 8.1 2-3 times 7.9 8.5 7.0 6.2 7.2 5.8 4.1 3.6 4.7 3.9 2.0 1.8 7.2 7.1 5.0 4.2 4-5 times 2.2 2.9 2.3 1.7 1.3 1.5 1.3 0.9 0.4 0.9 0.5 0.4 1.7 2.2 1.6 1.1 6-7 times 1.0 0.4 0.8 0.5 1.1 1.2 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.4 8-9 times 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 10-11 times 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.1 12 or more times 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.4 1.4 0.7 0.5 1.1 1.2 0.7 0.4 1.2 1.2 0.8 0.6 0 times 59.9 58.9 57.7 60.5 72.0 73.4 74.8 73.1 85.5 83.7 85.4 85.4 67.1 66.5 69.1 70.9 1 time 19.5 13.2 11.6 12.8 12.6 7.6 9.6 9.1 8.0 3.6 4.9 5.3 15.9 10.3 9.5 9.7 11.2 12.3 11.1 7.1 7.4 8.4 5.7 3.9 4.7 9.3 8.9 8.6 3.9 5.7 4.7 4.0 2.7 3.0 2.1 1.9 1.7 3.7 3.9 3.3 2.8 1.7 1.8 1.4 0.8 1.2 1.5 0.7 0.7 2.2 1.2 1.3 8-9 times 0.6 1.1 1.1 1.4 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 10-11 times 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.5 6.1 8.7 9.2 7.3 4.0 4.8 3.4 4.2 1.8 3.0 2.4 1.8 4.9 6.8 5.9 4.9 0 days 87.0 85.2 87.6 90.5 91.7 85.8 92.8 93.3 93.8 91.5 95.3 95.7 89.3 86.2 90.9 92.7 1 day 7.1 8.5 7.1 5.2 3.1 7.8 3.5 3.6 4.4 3.6 2.3 2.2 5.6 7.7 4.9 4.0 2-3 days 3.8 4.1 3.7 2.6 2.8 3.2 1.9 1.8 1.1 2.7 1.5 1.1 3.1 3.6 2.7 2.0 4-5 days 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.7 1.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.5 6 or more days 1.4 1.4 1.1 0.9 1.3 2.5 1.3 0.8 0.7 1.5 0.7 0.6 1.2 1.7 1.1 0.8 0 days 92.7 92.7 94.6 95.2 90.9 91.2 94.1 95.0 93.0 92.8 93.6 95.4 92.3 92.3 94.2 95.2 1 day 3.6 3.8 2.8 2.3 2.0 3.4 2.7 1.8 0.7 1.8 2.0 1.4 2.7 3.4 2.6 1.9 2-3 days 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.2 2.7 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.7 1.2 1.6 0.9 1.8 1.2 1.3 1.1 4-5 days 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.4 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.4 6 or more days 1.3 1.5 0.9 1.0 3.8 3.5 1.5 1.8 4.4 3.6 2.5 2.0 2.4 2.4 1.5 1.5 2-3 times 4-5 times 6-7 times 14.5 11.5 4.7 12.2 * In 2006 the choices for this question were Never , Once , Several Times and Very Often. ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 48 State 2010 75.6 12 or more times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on your way to or from school? Grade 10 Data Tables Table 13. Drug Free Communities Report - National Outcome Measures (NOMs) Outcome Definition Substance Grade 8 Percent Grade 10 Sample Percent Grade 12 Sample Percent All Students Surveyed† Sample Percent Sample Male †† Percent Female †† Sample Percent Sample drink 1 or two drinks nearly every day Alcohol 57.6 1,462 57.0 919 59.7 725 57.9 3,106 53.1 1,514 62.9 1,549 smoke 1 or more packs of cigarettes per day Cigarettes 80.0 1,473 81.4 927 86.5 726 82.0 3,126 80.3 1,521 83.7 1,561 smoke marijuana regularly Marijuana 74.3 1,397 67.3 893 60.9 698 69.1 2,988 64.1 1,458 74.4 1,490 Perception of Parent Disapproval* (Parents feel it would be Wrong or Very Wrong to... ) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 90.2 1,414 84.0 915 75.4 737 84.8 3,066 85.0 1,493 84.8 1,528 smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 96.1 1,401 94.4 905 85.2 732 93.0 3,038 91.6 1,481 94.6 1,513 smoke marijuana Marijuana 96.1 1,420 92.5 926 90.3 739 93.6 3,085 93.1 1,503 94.2 1,538 Perception of Peer Disapproval* (I think it is Wrong or Very Wrong for someone my age to...) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 74.8 1,597 63.4 1,019 57.5 755 67.5 3,371 68.0 1,658 67.0 1,663 Past 30-Day Use* at least one use in the past 30 days Perception of Risk* (People are at Moderate or Great Risk of harming themselves if they...) smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 82.5 1,596 75.7 1,018 61.2 752 75.7 3,366 74.7 1,653 76.8 1,663 smoke marijuana Marijuana 82.0 1,591 72.4 1,020 65.1 751 75.3 3,362 74.3 1,653 76.4 1,659 Alcohol 25.9 1,535 38.1 949 47.4 741 34.4 3,225 32.9 1,574 35.7 1,602 Cigarettes 12.2 1,495 16.4 931 27.7 732 17.0 3,158 18.9 1,531 15.2 1,583 Marijuana 10.2 1,527 17.5 938 22.3 731 15.1 3,196 16.7 1,560 13.7 1,587 Average Age of Onset** Percent (How old were you when you first…) Sample had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor? Alcohol 57.0 Average age: 11.8 years smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Cigarettes 33.0 Average age: 11.7 years Marijuana 21.3 Average age: 12.1 years smoked marijuana? 1,588 Percent Sample 74.3 1,000 13.1 years 1,590 46.7 38.3 13.1 years Sample 81.3 748 14.0 years 1,005 59.2 1,002 51.4 14.3 years Percent Sample 67.6 3,336 12.8 years 750 13.6 years 12.5 years 1,593 Percent 43.0 33.2 Sample 64.8 1,637 12.6 years 3,345 12.5 years 751 Percent 44.4 3,346 35.0 13.1 years Sample 70.7 1,651 13.0 years 1,644 41.8 1,652 12.6 years 12.5 years 13.2 years Percent 1,647 31.6 1,651 13.4 years * For Past 30-Day Use, Perception of Risk, and Perception of Parental/Peer Disapproval, the “Sample” column represents the sample size - the number of people who answered the question and whose responses were used to determine the percentage. The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample answering the question as specified in the definition. ** For Average Age of Onset, the “Sample” column represents the overall sample size: the total number of people that responded to the questions about Age of Onset. This includes responses that are not used to calculate the average age of onset (i.e., youth that have never used alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana). The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample reporting any age of first use for the specified substance. "Average age" is calculated by averaging the ages of first use of students reporting any use. † †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. The male and female values allow a gender comparison for youth who completed the survey. However, unless the percentage of students who participated from each grade is similar, the gender results are not necessarily representative of males and females in the community. 49 Data Tables Table 14. Additional Data for Prevention Planning In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: 52.3 35.7 41.6 53.3 57.7 14.2 17.3 14.9 20.5 13.2 21.3 14.1 16.5 13.1 15.0 4.6 1.4 3.0 3.4 1.0 2.4 7.9 2.4 7.1 7.7 2.9 5.7 13.0 5.9 10.1 10.7 4.9 8.3 7.5 2.7 5.8 6.7 2.6 4.9 75.0 11.3 80.6 8.7 67.3 11.6 68.4 10.3 55.8 12.5 62.7 10.3 68.3 11.7 72.2 9.6 7.1 2.5 5.2 2.2 8.8 3.7 8.6 3.9 11.0 5.4 9.6 4.8 8.5 3.5 7.4 3.4 0.9 3.2 1.0 2.4 2.0 6.6 2.3 6.5 3.6 11.7 2.8 9.8 1.8 6.1 1.9 5.6 72.0 8.6 75.4 8.1 56.5 10.1 58.7 11.1 53.7 9.8 56.9 11.0 63.2 9.3 65.4 9.7 8.6 4.0 2.1 6.5 3.5 1.9 10.8 7.2 4.3 10.3 6.2 3.6 11.9 6.6 3.9 10.7 6.3 3.7 10.0 5.5 3.2 8.7 5.1 2.9 4.8 87.4 4.7 88.4 11.0 83.4 10.2 81.4 14.1 78.6 11.4 81.7 8.8 84.2 8.2 84.5 6.1 3.3 5.4 2.7 6.3 4.8 7.5 4.8 8.2 5.4 7.3 4.8 6.6 4.2 6.6 3.9 1.2 0.6 1.2 0.6 1.2 0.8 2.2 1.2 2.4 2.0 2.2 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.8 0.9 2-3 times 4-6 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times More than 10 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times 1.4 1.7 3.5 2.9 3.4 2.9 2.5 2.4 Never 63.9 64.9 62.6 63.0 66.4 67.0 64.1 64.9 Once 11.9 11.1 13.6 10.3 12.2 10.5 12.7 11.9 11.6 8.8 10.9 10.8 11.9 10.4 12.6 10.9 7-10 times 4.5 2.2 3.5 1.5 5.7 2.4 4.5 1.9 5.0 2.0 4.2 2.0 5.0 2.2 4.0 1.7 More than 10 times 6.4 6.2 6.7 6.0 6.2 5.1 6.4 5.8 More than 10 times 2-3 times 4-6 times In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? State 2010 15.1 20.4 More than 10 times decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? County 2010 47.1 7-10 times give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? State 2010 12.3 9.5 Once say "No" without giving a reason why? County 2010 71.4 Never In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? State 2010 13.2 12.2 More than 10 times other drugs? County 2010 65.7 7-10 times marijuana? State 2010 All Students Surveyed* Once 4-6 times cigarettes? County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 Never 2-3 times alcohol? Grade 8 Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Grade 8 County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 33.0 16.5 30.9 14.2 34.4 16.4 33.4 17.4 29.5 18.7 33.8 17.2 32.6 17.0 32.4 16.0 7.6 3.7 6.3 5.8 2.7 5.3 9.4 4.1 12.1 8.9 4.1 8.8 11.9 4.9 14.3 10.3 5.5 10.4 9.1 4.1 9.9 8.0 3.9 7.7 32.9 38.8 41.1 35.7 23.7 41.1 27.3 38.7 20.6 40.9 22.8 39.4 27.3 40.0 32.0 37.6 13.4 7.7 10.9 5.4 13.3 10.0 13.9 8.2 13.1 12.0 15.2 10.2 13.3 9.4 13.0 7.5 2.9 4.5 2.7 4.4 4.4 7.8 4.6 7.3 5.6 8.2 5.2 7.4 4.0 6.3 3.9 6.1 32.7 40.2 41.0 37.3 23.4 44.4 27.3 45.1 20.2 50.0 22.5 50.9 27.0 43.7 31.9 43.3 13.5 4.4 3.0 10.2 3.7 2.4 13.5 7.0 3.4 12.3 5.2 2.9 13.8 5.8 3.7 11.4 5.2 3.2 13.6 5.5 3.3 11.1 4.6 2.8 5.2 33.7 4.6 41.8 7.8 23.9 6.3 28.1 6.2 20.5 5.9 23.4 6.2 27.7 5.5 32.8 43.8 10.4 40.7 8.2 49.8 11.4 49.7 9.9 55.1 11.4 55.3 9.6 48.2 10.9 47.4 9.1 4.8 2.6 3.3 1.9 4.8 3.0 4.2 2.6 3.8 3.0 4.3 2.4 4.6 2.8 3.8 2.3 4.6 33.8 3.8 42.1 6.7 24.2 5.2 28.3 5.5 21.2 4.6 23.7 5.4 28.0 4.4 33.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 50 Data Tables Table 15. Additional Data for Prevention Planning (Cont'd) Grade 8 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked or beaten up? seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? State 2010 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 Never 79.1 82.8 77.9 81.9 81.4 83.6 79.2 82.7 1 or 2 times 10.3 8.4 10.4 8.0 8.5 7.6 9.9 8.1 3 to 5 times 3.6 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.9 3.1 3.5 3.3 6 to 9 times 2.0 1.6 2.1 1.7 1.7 1.5 2.0 1.6 10 to 19 times 1.6 1.7 3.7 2.1 1.7 1.6 2.2 1.8 20 to 29 times 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.6 30 to 39 times 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 40+ times 2.3 1.5 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.7 2.1 1.7 Never 23.5 29.2 26.1 31.1 30.0 42.1 25.7 33.2 1 or 2 times 27.3 28.6 24.7 26.7 24.7 25.6 26.0 27.2 3 to 5 times 21.2 18.8 20.4 19.0 19.0 16.7 20.5 18.3 6 to 9 times 12.0 9.4 11.2 9.9 11.8 7.0 11.7 8.9 10 to 19 times 6.1 5.8 9.4 6.4 7.7 4.4 7.4 5.6 20 to 29 times 3.1 2.6 3.2 2.4 2.8 1.5 3.1 2.2 30 to 39 times 1.3 0.9 0.3 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.9 0.8 40+ times 5.5 4.7 4.7 3.6 3.1 2.3 4.7 3.7 Never 78.5 81.3 78.5 81.7 80.1 85.9 78.8 82.6 1 or 2 times 12.4 10.4 10.6 9.9 10.6 8.0 11.4 9.6 3 to 5 times 4.5 3.5 4.1 3.4 5.5 2.5 4.6 3.2 6 to 9 times 1.3 1.6 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.5 1.5 10 to 19 times 1.3 1.6 3.1 1.8 1.6 1.2 1.9 1.6 20 to 29 times 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 30 to 39 times 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 40+ times 0.9 0.9 1.4 1.1 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.9 86.8 87.2 84.5 87.7 86.0 89.8 85.9 88.1 1 or 2 times 7.8 7.7 9.0 7.1 8.5 6.1 8.3 7.1 3 to 5 times 2.7 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.7 2.4 1.9 6 to 9 times 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.3 0.7 1.0 0.8 10 to 19 times 0.8 0.8 1.7 1.2 1.3 0.8 1.2 0.9 20 to 29 times 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 30 to 39 times 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 40+ times 0.7 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 Never seen someone shot or shot at? County 2010 Grade 10 If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply) I've never used prescription drugs to get high Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) All Students Surveyed Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 87.2 88.1 79.5 81.7 77.7 78.5 82.7 83.6 5.5 5.5 12.6 11.2 13.9 14.0 9.5 9.5 2.6 2.2 4.4 3.7 4.6 4.2 3.6 3.2 3.0 2.5 5.0 4.9 6.0 5.5 4.3 4.0 3.6 2.9 5.9 5.0 5.3 5.2 4.6 4.1 1.7 1.3 2.9 2.8 4.9 4.4 2.8 2.6 1.7 1.6 3.5 3.7 4.8 3.6 2.9 2.8 2.5 1.8 3.9 3.0 4.6 3.1 3.4 2.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.4 1.0 0.4 1.3 0.8 1.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 51 Appendix Appendix - Comparability of survey administrations Issue Drug Category 2008/2010 AYS 2006 AYS On how many occasions (if any) have you: Notes regarding changes On how many occasions (if any) have you: Hallucinogens Used LSD or other psychedelics? Used LSD or other hallucinogens? Substituted "hallucinogens" for "psychedelics" in 2008 and beyond. Comparable across years. Meth Used methamphetamines (meth, speed, crank, crystal meth)? Used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription stimulants Used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription sedatives Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? In 2008 AYS added descriptor "prescription" and removed qualifier "without a doctor telling you to take them." 2006 data are cautiously comparable to 2008/2010. Ecstasy Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)? Used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2008/2010 AYS uses "ecstasy" as the primary descriptor, moving "MDMA" to examples. Comparable across years. Combined results of On how many occasions have you: Prescription drugs Gambling Category Combined results of On how many occasions have you: used prescription drugs (such as Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderall, Oxycontin, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription pain relievers (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? How often during the past 12 months have you: In 2006 there was a prescription drugs question with several examples (some of which overlapped examples from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions). In 2008/2010, the single prescription drug question was dropped, and a new question about prescription pain relievers was added. Rather than discontinuing reporting Prescription Drugs , the prescription sedative, stimulant and pain reliever questions were combined to create a single measure. . In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006 data were similarly recalculated into a composite, adding results from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions to the dedicated Prescription Drugs question. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Sports betting Bet on team sports? Bet on sports? 2006 not comparable to later data. Race betting Bet money on horse races? Bet on a horse race or other animal race? 2006 not comparable to later data. Dice Bet on dice games such as craps? Played a dice game? 2006 not comparable to later data. Games of skill Bet on games of personal skill such as pool, darts, or bowling? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Comparable across years. Protective Scale: Peer-Individual Interaction with Prosocial Peers 52 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year, how many of your best friends have: (Scale is calculated based on the average response [0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 friends] to the following questions) ...participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? ...made the commitment to stay drug-free? ...tried to do well in school? ...liked school? ...regularly attended religious services? (not used in 2008/2010) Regularly attended religious services was removed from the AYS in 2008. 2006 has been recalculated to match 2008/2010 AYS and are now comparable across all years. Due to this recalculation, current reports may differ slightly from past reports. Contacts for Prevention Regional Prevention Contacts Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai Counties Rachel Peterson Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) 928-226-6394 Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Gila, La Paz, Pinal, Yuma and Santa Cruz Counties Linda Weinberg Cenpatico Behavioral Health of Arizona 866-495-6738 Maricopa County Juan Aristizabal Magellan Health Services of Arizona 602-797-8256 Pima County Bill Burnett Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) 520-618-8807 Gila River Indian Community Julie Jimenez Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority 520-562-3321 ext. 7031 Pascua Yaqui Tribe Ralph Cota Centered Spirit Program 480-768-2063 Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Michelle Neitch/Phillip Stevenson 602-364-1173/602-364-1157 www.azcjc.gov Arizona Department of Education School Safety and Prevention www.ade.az.gov/sa/health/ Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Elise Mikkelsen 602-266-8299 ext. 351 www.problemgambling.az.gov 53 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Lisa Shumaker 602-364-4594 www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Charles Katz 602-496-1471 http://cvpcs.asu.edu/ Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families 602-542-4043 www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html Partnership for a Drug Free America, Arizona Affiliate Shelly Mowrey 602-264-5700 www.partnerupaz.org The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (Blueprints for Violence Prevention) www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) www.prevention.samhsa.gov Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Model Programs Guide www2.dsgonline.com/mpg/ Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Evidence Based Practices www.samhsa.gov/ebpwebguide/index.asp Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CAPT) casat.unr.edu/westcapt.html Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. 801-359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com Santa Cruz County 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Shining Light on Arizona Youth Arizona Criminal Justice Commission in partnership with Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Arizona Department of Health Services, Division of Behavioral Health Arizona Department of Health Services, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Arizona Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention Governor’s Office for Children, Youth and Families Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Leslie Bloom, The Partnership for Drug Free America, AZ Affiliate Allie Bones, Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence Tim Christensen, Office of Problem Gambling Janet Garcia, Valley of the Sun United Way Michelle Gayles, Valley of the Sun United Way Charles Katz, Arizona State University Elise Mickkelsen, Office of Problem Gambling Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Rick Pyper, Office of Problem Gambling Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University Additionally, the success of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Table of Contents Introduction The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention The Charts and Tables in this Report The Community Data Project The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data Data Charts: Lifetime and 30 Day ATOD Use Problem Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior Gambling Risk & Protective Factor Profiles Where Youth Obtained Alcohol School Safety Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions Data Tables Appendix Contacts for Prevention Introduction 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Santa Cruz County Summary Report This report summarizes all findings from the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) administered to 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students during spring 2010. The results for your county are presented along with comparisons to the results for the state of Arizona. The survey was designed to assess school safety, adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. All schools in Arizona are eligible to participate in the survey, Table 1. Characteristics of Participants County 2006 Number Percent County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Students by Grade 8 341 25.2 221 18.8 221 22.2 27,592 43.3 10 553 40.8 538 45.8 371 37.3 19,489 30.6 12 461 34.0 416 35.4 402 40.4 16,703 26.2 1,355 100.0 1,175 100.0 994 100.0 63,784 100.0 Male 638 47.8 564 48.7 449 45.7 30,645 49.0 Female 697 52.2 594 51.3 533 54.3 31,928 51.0 All Students Surveyed* Students by Gender Table 2. Race/Ethnicity of Participants Hispanic Student marked 'Yes' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Native American 47 4.2 15 1.6 1,207 4.9 African American 25 2.2 25 2.6 657 2.6 Asian 6 0.5 5 0.5 206 0.8 Pacific Islander 9 0.8 11 1.2 280 1.1 242 21.7 254 26.8 5,772 23.2 16 1.4 15 1.6 1,021 4.1 771 69.1 623 65.7 15,726 63.2 White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked Non-Hispanic Student marked 'No' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American African American Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent 2 4.2 2 5.4 2,517 6.8 1 2.1 0 0.0 2,129 5.7 2 4.2 1 2.7 1,551 4.2 2 4.2 1 2.7 372 1.0 33 68.8 27 73.0 27,180 73.2 4 8.3 1 2.7 2,539 6.8 4 8.3 5 13.5 824 2.2 Totals County 2008 Number Hispanic Students Non-Hispanic Students Total Students** County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent 1,116 95.0 948 95.4 24,869 48 4.1 37 3.7 37,112 39.0 58.2 1,175 100.0 994 100.0 63,784 100.0 * Grades with fewer than 20 students participating are not included in this report. However, students from grades not making the cutoff are included in All Students Surveyed. This means the number of students reported in All Students Surveyed may exceed the sum of individual grades. (All Students Surveyed will match the grade total in reports with data drawn from a single grade.) **As a small percentage of students skipped the question Are you Hispanic or Latino? (at the state level, 1,803 students, or 2.8% of the total), the sum of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic students is less than Total Students . 5 and recruitment efforts were successful in obtaining participation by schools in all of the 15 counties. Careful planning and uniform administration of the survey have resulted in survey data that are valid and representative of the students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in Arizona. Table 1 contains the characteristics of the students who completed the survey from your county and the state of Arizona. Because not every student answered all of the questions, the number of students in the gender and ethnicity/race categories often will be less than the total number of students. To better understand the diversity of Arizona’s youth population, respondents were asked separate questions about their ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) and their race (Caucasian, African-American, Native American, etc.). This method for obtaining ethnicity and race information provides more comprehensive data on youth cultural and racial self-identification, and a more nuanced understanding of Arizona’s diverse youth population. Whenever data are obtained from a sample of students instead of the entire population, it is important to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the data. One easy way to investigate the quality of the sample is to look at the basic demographic characteristics of the students who participated in the survey and compare them to what is known about the entire population of students. This will give the user of these data a basic understanding of the degree to which the sample data can be generalized to the entire population. It is important to note that even when the characteristics of the sample do not match well to the characteristics of the population this does not mean the data lose their usefulness. The data included in this report describes the level of risk and protective factors, substance use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency of those youth who participated in the survey, which can be used to inform the development of school and community-based prevention and intervention activities that may benefit both the youth who participate in the survey and those who did not. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention Prevention is a science. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention is a proven way of reducing substance abuse and its related consequences. This model is based on the simple premise that to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing and then find ways to reduce the risks. Just as medical researchers have found risk factors for heart disease such as diets high in fat, lack of exercise, and smoking, a team of researchers at the University of Washington have defined a set of risk factors for youth problem behaviors. Protective factors exert a positive influence and buffer against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviors. Protective factors identified through research include strong bonding to family, school, community and peers, and healthy beliefs and clear standards for behavior. Research on risk and protective factors has important implications for children’s academic success, positive youth development, and prevention of health and behavior problems. In order to promote academic success and positive youth development and to prevent problem behaviors, it is necessary to address the factors that predict these outcomes. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can be identified and targeted by policies, programs, and actions shown to reduce those risk factors and to promote protective factors. Risk factors are characteristics of school, community and family environments, and of students and their peer groups known to predict increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school dropout, and violent behaviors among youth. For example, children who live in communities with physical deterioration and high rates of adult crime are more likely to become involved in delinquency and drug use than children who live in organized neighborhoods. Each risk and protective factor can be linked to specific types of interventions that have been shown to be effective in either reducing risk(s) or enhancing protection(s). The steps outlined here will help your county make key decisions regarding allocation of resources, how and when to address specific needs, and which strategies are most effective and known to produce results. The chart below shows the links between the 19 risk factors and five problem behaviors. The check marks indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Community Disorganization Extreme Economic & Social Deprivation Family History of the Problem Behavior Family Conflict Family Management Problems Favorable Parent Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Early Initiation of Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Early & Persistent Antisocial Behavior Alienation & Rebelliousness Friends Who Use Drugs & Engage in Problem Behaviors Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Gang Involvement Constitutional Factors Peer / Individual Low Neighborhood Attachment School Transitions & Mobility Family Availability of Drugs & Firearms Community Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms & Crime Risk Factors Substance Abuse T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Delinquency T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Teen Pregnancy School Drop-Out Violence T T T T T T T T Source: Communities That Care (CTC) prevention model, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) 6 Charts and Tables in this Report There are seven types of charts presented in this report: 1. Lifetime and 30 day ATOD use 2. Heavy substance use and antisocial behavior 3. Gambling 4. Risk profiles 5. Protective profiles 6. Where youth acquired alcohol 7. School safety Data from the charts are also presented in Tables 4 through 12. The additional data found in Tables 13 through 15 are explained at the end of this section. Understanding the Format of the Charts There are several graphical elements common to all the charts. Understanding the format of the charts and what these elements represent is essential in interpreting the results of the 2010 AYS. • The Bars on substance use and antisocial behavior charts represent the percentage of students in that grade who reported a given behavior. The bars on the risk and protective factor charts represent the percentage of students whose answers reflect significant risk or protection in that category. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Each set of differently colored bars represents one of the last three administrations of the AYS: 2006, 2008, and 2010. By looking at the percentages over time, it is possible to identify trends in substance use and antisocial behavior. By studying the percentage of youth at risk and with protection over time, it is possible to determine whether the percentage of students at risk or with protection is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. This information is important when deciding which risk and protective factors warrant attention. • Dots and Diamonds. The dots on the charts represent the percentage of all of the youth surveyed across Arizona who reported substance use, problem behavior, elevated risk, or elevated protection. The diamonds represent national data from either the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey or the Bach Harrison Norm. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz The Bach Harrison Norm was developed by Bach Harrison L.L.C. to provide states and communities with the ability to compare their results on risk, protection, and antisocial measures with more national measures. Survey participants from eight statewide surveys and five large regional surveys across the nation were combined into a database of approximately 460,000 students. The results were 7 weighted to make the contribution of each state and region proportional to its share of the national population. Bach Harrison analysts then calculated rates for antisocial behavior and for students at risk and with protection. The results appear on the charts as BH Norm. In order to keep the Bach Harrison Norm relevant, it is updated approximately every two years as new data become available. zzzzz zzzzzzzzz A comparison to state-wide and national results provides additional information for your community in determining the relative importance of levels of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use, antisocial behavior, risk, and protection. Information about other students in the state and the nation can be helpful in determining the seriousness of a given level of problem behavior. Scanning across the charts, it is important to observe the factors that differ the most from the Bach Harrison Norm. This is the first step in identifying the levels of risk and protection that are higher or lower than those in other communities. The risk factors that are higher than the Bach Harrison Norm and the protective factors are lower than the Bach Harrison Norm are probably the factors that your community should consider addressing when planning prevention programs. Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use • Lifetime use is a measure of the percentage of students who tried the particular substance at least once in their lifetime and is used to show the percentage of students who have had experience with a particular substance. • 30-day use is a measure of the percentage of students who used the substance at least once in the 30 days prior to taking the survey and is a more sensitive indicator of the level of current use of the substance. Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior • Heavy substance use is measured in two different ways: binge drinking (having five or more drinks in a row during the two weeks prior to the survey) and use of one-half a pack or more of cigarettes per day. • Drinking and Driving - youth indicating drinking alcohol and driving, or riding with a driver who had been drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. • Antisocial behavior (ASB) is a measure of the percentage of students who report any involvement during the past year with the eight antisocial behaviors listed in the charts. How Charts to Readand theTables Chartsininthis thisReport Report(cont’d) (cont’d) Gambling Gambling behavior charts show the percentage of students who engaged in each of the 10 types of gambling “for money, possessions, or anything of value” during the past year: played gambling machines, played the lottery, bet on sports, played cards, bought a raffle ticket, played bingo, gambled on the Internet, bet on a dice game, bet on a game of personal skill and bet on horse or other animal races. The chart also shows the percentage of students who engaged in any gambling behavior during the past year. Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Risk and protective factor scales measure specific aspects of a youth’s life experience that predict whether he/she will engage in problem behaviors. The scales, defined in Table 3, are grouped into four domains: community, family, school, and peer/individual. The risk and protective factor charts show the percentage of students at risk and with protection for each of the scales. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol This chart displays data regarding the ways that students obtained alcohol in the past 30 days. The data focus on a subgroup of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no alcohol use are not represented.) It is important to note that the charts represent a subgroup of users and not the entire survey population. Additionally, the smaller the sample, the more dramatic the influence of a student's responses. For example, if only one student in a particular grade reported where he/she obtained alcohol, each category would show up as either 0% or 100%. The chart legend indicates the sample size for each grade surveyed to help clarify the value of the data. School Safety The school safety profile charts contain the percentages of students who felt unsafe at school or on the way to school, were threatened or injured with a weapon at school, were in a physical fight at school, carried a weapon to school or were picked on or bullied at school. The complete questions and values for each response option can be seen in Table 12. Additional Data in this Report In addition to data presented in the charts and Tables 4 through 12, Tables 13 through 15 contain information useful for prevention planning. Table 13 contains the information that is required by communities with Drug Free Communities Grants, such as the perception of the risk of ATOD use, perception of parent and peer disapproval of ATOD use, past 30-day use, and average age of first use. Tables 14 and 15 contain questions new to the 2010 AYS on subjects of interest to prevention providers. The Community Data Project Supported by a grant from the Arizona Governor's Office for Children, Youth and Families, the Community Data Project is a multi-agency effort to create a central repository for Arizona's substance abuse and crime data. Through a user-friendly web site, individuals will have a one-stop portal where they can select the type of data they need, specific demographic characteristics, and their geographic level of interest. Various output options will be offered, including data tables, graphs, and maps to cover a variety of reporting and visualization needs. The web site will be a useful tool for practitioners and policymakers who are addressing substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and crime and the criminal justice system by providing them with a 8 comprehensive picture of the characteristics and needs of Arizona’s communities. Having data that are specific to the users geographic area of interest will not only lead to an enhanced understanding of the community issues related to drugs and crime, but it will also maximize data-for-decision-making capabilities for things such as the appropriate program content, identification of at-risk target areas and populations, grant writing and reporting, monitoring progress of prevention and intervention initiatives over time, and determining resource allocation. Currently, the web site is under construction, but we anticipate it will be ready by end of summer 2010. Please visit us then at: www.azcjc.gov/ACJC.Web/sac/CommunDataPrj.aspx The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership (ASAP) was established by Executive Order in June 2007. Currently chaired by the governor’s policy advisor on Health and Human Services, ASAP serves as the single statewide council on substance abuse issues. ASAP brings together stakeholders at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels to improve coordination of efforts; address identified gaps in prevention, treatment, enforcement, and recovery efforts; and improve funding allocation. ASAP utilizes data and practical expertise to develop effective methods for integrating and expanding services across Arizona, thereby maximizing available resources. ASAP also studies current policy and recommends relevant legislation for the Arizona Legislature’s consideration. It is ASAP’s mission to ensure community-driven, agency-supported outcomes to prevent and reduce the negative impacts of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs by building and sustaining partnerships between professionals in the prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement arenas. Through coordination and collaboration among its members and their respective agencies and organizations, ASAP strives to ensure that substance abuse is addressed in a comprehensive manner and funding is spent efficaciously and efficiently. ASAP’s 2010 strategic plan identifies five strategic focus areas: 1)zchild welfare/children of incarcerated parents/drug-endangered children; 2) law enforcement and drug trafficking; 3)zprescription drugs; 4)zunderage drinking; and 5)zcommunity partnerships. There are currently four sub-committees that assist ASAP in meeting its goals: • Underage Drinking Prevention Committee (UAD) – This subcommittee addresses the problem of underage drinking in Arizona by implementing a statewide underage drinking initiative that assesses statewide epidemiological data, resources, strategies and policies, and builds relationships with tribes, youth, law enforcement, government agencies, and community coalitions. By combining resources, practice, and research, the committee collaborates across state systems to reduce underage drinking. • Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group (Epi) – This work group produces a biennial Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile, which highlights trends and new substance abuse data in Arizona and an annual summary profile, entitled The Impact of Substance Abuse: A Snapshot of Arizona. The Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile is a comprehensive, informative, and functional profile of substance abuse in the state for use by community coalitions, agencies, and individuals in relevant fields. Currently, Epi conducts analyses of individual substance abuse issues, responds to ad hoc data requests and brings data to bear on ASAP’s policy decisions around its strategic plan and focus areas. • Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force (AMTF) –The Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force was created in August 2006 in response to Arizona’s decade-long increase in the number of individuals regularly using methamphetamine and the increase in the resulting social and economic costs associated with the drug. The AMTF was instructed to approach Arizona’s methamphetamine problem holistically, focusing equally on enforcement, prevention, treatment, and recovery. Specifically, the AMTF was charged with identifying specific, action-oriented recommendations to eradicate methamphetamine use in Arizona and build safe and healthy communities throughout the state. The AMTF brings together representatives from state agencies, local government, businesses, and community groups to develop collaborative efforts among the treatment, prevention, and law enforcement systems to assess and address the impact of methamphetamine statewide through information sharing, resource allocation, services coordination, and the development of statewide policy recommendations sensitive to the needs of local and tribal communities. • The Community Advisory Board – The Community Advisory Board (CAB) brings together representatives from community coalitions around the state to improve substance abuse prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement policies and programs. The CAB provides an essential link between communities, ASAP and its subcommittees. The CAB brings the community voice to the ASAP table; reports on important community issues that informs ASAP’s work; helps communities improve their capacity to identify emerging trends, as well as take action and report on them to the proper institutions/authorities; takes the data available through the Epidemiology Work Group and ASAP back to coalitions and communities to effectively target prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement activities; serves as a resource for communities and the state to identify the most effective ways to reduce substance abuse through collaborative efforts and by targeting limited resources where they are most needed; and elevates and recognizes the important work being carried out at the community level to ensure that state-level responses are cognizant of the impact of policies on individual communities. 9 School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data What are the numbers telling you? Review the charts and data tables presented in this report. Note your findings as you discuss the following questions. • Which 3-5 risk factors appear to be higher than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which 3-5 protective factors appear to be lower than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which levels of 30-day drug use are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which substances are your students using the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable usage levels? • Which levels of antisocial behaviors are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which behaviors are your students exhibiting the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable behavior levels? How to identify high priority problem areas. • Look across the charts – which items stand out as either much higher or much lower than the other? • Compare your data with statewide, and/or national data – differences of 5% between local and other data are probably significant. • Prioritize problems for your area – Make an assessment of the rates you’ve identified. Which can be realistically addressed with the funding available to your community? Which problems fit best with the prevention resources at hand? • Determine the standards and values held within your community – For example: Is it acceptable in your community for a percentage of high school students to drink alcohol regularly as long as that percentage is lower than the overall state rate? Use these data for planning. • Substance use and antisocial behavior data – raise awareness about the problems and promote dialogue. • Risk and protective factor data – identify exactly where the community needs to take action. • Promising approaches – access resources listed on the last page of this report for ideas about programs that have been proven effective in addressing the risk factors that are high in your community, and improving the protective factors that are low. Sample Risk Factors Protective Factors 30-day Substance Abuse Antisocial Behavior 10 6th grd Fav. Attitude to Drugs (Peer/Indiv. Scale) @ 15% (8% > 8-state av.) 10th grd - Rewards for prosocial involvm. (School Domain) 40% (down 5% from 2 yrs ago & 16% below state av.) 8th grd Binge Drinking@13% (5% above state av.) 12th grd - Drunk/High at School @ 21% ( about same as state, but remains a priority.) Priority Rate 1 Priority Rate 2 Priority Rate 3 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 8 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 11 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 10 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 12 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 12 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 13 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Santa Cruz County, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† MTF Prescription Drugs**† 14 Prescription Sedatives** **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Prescription Stimulants** State 2010 Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** County 2010 Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** County 2008 Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol County 2006 Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 8 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 15 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 10 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 16 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 12 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 17 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Santa Cruz County, All Students Surveyed 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 18 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 8 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 19 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 10 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 20 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 12 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 21 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Santa Cruz County, All Students Surveyed Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 22 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 8 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 23 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 8 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 24 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 10 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 25 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 10 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 26 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 12 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 27 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 12 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 28 Sources Risk and of Protective Alcohol Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Santa Cruz County, All Students Surveyed Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 29 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Santa Cruz County, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 30 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 8 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 38 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 42 State 2010 Sample: 4,473 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 31 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 10 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 130 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 196 State 2010 Sample: 5,295 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 32 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 12 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 189 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 192 State 2010 Sample: 6,341 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 33 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Santa Cruz County, All Students Surveyed Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 357 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 430 State 2010 Sample: 16,109 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 34 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 8 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 35 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 10 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 36 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Santa Cruz County, Grade 12 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 37 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Santa Cruz County, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 38 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles Community Domain Risk Factors 1 Low Neighborhood Attachment Research has shown that youth who don't like the neighborhoods in which they live are more likely to become involved in juvenile crime and drug selling. Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the legal drinking age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been followed by decreases in consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have shown that shifts in normative attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence of use. Perceived Availability of Drugs and Handguns The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the use of these substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a higher risk of crime and substance use by adolescents. 1 1 1 1 Community Domain Protective Factors 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for positive participation in activities helps youth bond to the community, thus lowering their risk for substance use. Family Domain Risk Factors 1 Poor Family Management Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places them at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, parents’ failure to provide clear expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that they will engage in drug abuse whether or not there are family drug problems. 1 Family Conflict Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the conflict, appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use. 1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or ATOD use), the children are more likely to engage in these behaviors. 1 Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Antisocial Behavior & Drugs In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use, children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the refrigerator. Family Domain Protective Factors 1 Family Attachment Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors. 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things done well by their child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviors. School Domain Risk Factors 1 Academic Failure Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both drug abuse and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever reasons, increases the risk of problem behaviors. 1 Low Commitment to School Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of drugs is significantly lower among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking school, spending time on homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also negatively related to drug use. 39 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles School Domain Protective Factors 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors. Peer-Individual Risk Factors 1 Rebelliousness Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at higher risk of abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for independence and normlessness have all been linked with drug use. 1 Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use Early onset of drug use predicts misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the greater the involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use prior to the age of 15 is a consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug use has been shown to predict lower drug involvement and a greater probability of discontinuation of use. 1 Attitudes Favorable Toward During the elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes and have Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use difficulty imagining why people use drugs or engage in antisocial behaviors. However, in middle school, as more youth are exposed to others who use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior are more likely to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use. 1 Perceived Risk of Drug Use Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug use. 1 Interaction with Antisocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for engaging in antisocial behavior themselves. 1 Friends' Use of Drugs Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much more likely to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends who use drugs greatly increases the risk of that problem developing. 1 Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging further in antisocial behavior and substance use. Gang Involvement Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. 1 1 1 1 Peer-Individual Protective Factors 1 Belief in the Moral Order Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs. 1 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are more protected from engaging in antisocial behavior and substance use. 1 Prosocial Involvement Participation in positive school and community activities helps provide protection for youth. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are rewarded for working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in problem behavior. 40 Data Tables Table 4. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime In your lifetime, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 53.3 56.4 52.6 45.1 36.6 78.6 73.1 74.7 64.1 59.1 85.1 80.6 84.2 72.8 72.3 74.6 72.7 73.6 58.2 55.6 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 34.1 26.0 24.8 23.8 20.1 55.7 41.6 47.0 37.2 32.7 63.5 63.8 60.1 46.9 43.6 53.2 46.7 47.4 34.0 31.8 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 9.9 4.8 3.7 7.1 9.6 12.5 8.2 8.6 12.5 15.2 15.0 20.1 14.4 18.1 16.3 12.8 11.9 9.9 11.7 13.6 Marijuana used marijuana? 11.7 16.1 7.5 17.8 15.7 24.4 23.6 33.1 34.3 32.3 31.7 36.5 35.7 44.7 42.0 23.9 26.8 28.4 29.9 29.7 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 1.3 0.9 0.0 2.2 1.7 3.6 3.4 3.9 5.9 3.0 3.4 3.2 6.0 9.0 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.9 5.1 2.6 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 4.2 1.9 0.5 2.3 2.6 10.2 5.0 7.8 5.3 4.6 14.7 13.6 9.2 8.8 6.0 10.3 7.5 6.7 5.0 4.4 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 16.5 11.8 8.5 14.5 14.9 12.8 11.6 12.3 11.8 12.8 8.1 5.8 11.2 9.4 9.5 12.1 9.6 11.0 12.3 12.5 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.6 3.1 0.8 0.3 1.6 2.8 2.3 1.5 1.6 2.5 2.4 2.4 0.9 0.7 1.5 2.3 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 1.3 0.5 0.0 0.9 1.3 1.9 0.4 1.1 2.6 1.5 1.4 1.0 1.6 3.4 1.2 1.6 0.6 1.0 2.1 1.3 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 1.0 0.9 0.0 3.9 2.2 4.3 3.6 7.6 8.2 5.5 3.0 3.6 7.1 10.6 6.5 3.0 3.1 5.7 7.0 4.7 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 1.9 0.5 0.5 1.6 1.3 2.6 1.2 2.0 1.8 1.3 0.7 2.5 1.0 1.7 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.7 1.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 9.0 8.0 11.5 4.4 n/a 13.3 17.1 18.9 9.9 n/a 13.5 13.7 23.1 13.2 n/a 12.5 13.7 16.8 9.1 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 3.8 2.4 1.4 3.0 6.0 4.1 4.0 5.1 7.0 10.3 4.3 2.5 3.2 8.5 9.9 4.1 3.2 3.5 5.7 8.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 10.4 5.2 7.1 8.7 9.5 11.3 11.4 11.3 11.5 13.0 11.2 6.1 9.4 13.4 12.7 11.0 8.4 9.6 10.8 11.7 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 14.1 13.7 12.2 16.5 n/a 16.6 21.6 22.5 23.7 n/a 14.1 16.5 20.5 27.3 n/a 15.1 18.3 19.4 21.5 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 8.5 3.3 9.5 n/a n/a 11.4 13.0 13.2 n/a n/a 6.4 12.3 14.1 n/a n/a 9.1 10.5 11.8 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 41 Data Tables Table 5. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days In the past 30 days, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? Cigarettes Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF 28.0 22.4 25.6 21.9 14.9 49.7 46.6 42.1 34.7 30.4 61.2 57.1 58.9 45.0 43.5 48.4 45.8 45.1 31.9 29.2 smoked cigarettes? 9.1 6.9 6.3 8.9 6.5 26.1 18.2 20.4 15.6 13.1 31.2 36.5 33.4 22.9 20.1 23.7 22.7 22.6 14.7 13.0 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 5.3 1.4 1.9 2.8 3.7 5.1 2.2 3.6 5.7 6.5 4.4 6.8 7.2 8.1 8.4 4.9 3.7 4.7 5.1 6.1 Marijuana used marijuana? 6.4 8.5 2.8 8.9 6.5 10.8 6.8 18.3 17.4 15.9 12.1 15.6 12.8 21.3 20.6 10.1 10.3 12.6 14.8 14.2 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 1.6 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.5 2.7 1.4 1.1 2.0 0.5 1.1 1.8 2.1 2.4 0.5 1.9 1.3 1.3 1.6 0.5 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 1.6 0.5 0.0 0.8 0.8 5.9 1.8 3.4 1.6 0.9 5.6 4.8 3.9 2.2 1.3 4.8 2.6 2.8 1.4 1.0 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 7.7 6.6 2.3 5.6 3.8 4.3 4.2 3.4 3.0 2.2 1.6 1.3 3.1 1.5 1.2 4.2 3.6 3.0 3.7 2.4 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.6 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.4 1.4 0.2 0.6 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.5 1.2 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.4 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.7 0.6 1.6 1.6 2.8 2.9 1.3 0.7 1.5 2.4 3.4 1.8 1.0 1.3 2.0 2.5 1.2 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 1.6 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.4 1.2 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.2 2.3 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.1 0.3 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 5.7 2.9 5.7 1.3 n/a 6.9 10.5 8.9 3.0 n/a 5.1 5.8 9.7 4.1 n/a 6.0 6.9 7.7 2.8 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 1.6 0.9 0.5 1.4 1.9 2.5 1.6 1.4 2.8 3.3 1.4 1.5 0.5 2.5 3.0 1.9 1.5 0.8 2.1 2.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 5.7 1.4 1.9 3.6 2.5 7.3 3.4 2.8 4.7 3.9 4.5 2.6 2.4 4.7 4.2 6.0 2.7 2.4 4.2 3.5 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 8.8 6.2 3.8 8.2 n/a 9.8 10.2 12.4 11.8 n/a 6.4 6.9 7.9 12.4 n/a 8.4 8.2 8.7 10.4 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 6.2 0.9 5.4 n/a n/a 7.0 5.4 6.3 n/a n/a 3.6 6.6 6.3 n/a n/a 5.6 4.9 5.9 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 42 Data Tables Table 6. Percentage of Students With Heavy ATOD Use Drinking and Driving During the past 30 days, how many times did you: (One or more times) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? 11.3 5.7 6.0 5.0 4.2 10.1 10.1 11.8 7.6 7.4 27.9 26.3 25.2 14.1 16.6 16.5 15.1 15.9 8.2 7.7 RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? 38.6 33.8 31.2 27.7 24.9 42.6 36.5 37.6 29.1 26.3 49.6 42.6 48.4 28.9 27.5 44.0 38.1 40.5 28.5 25.0 Heavy Use Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Binge Drinking How many times have you had 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? (One or more times) 22.7 12.6 14.1 12.4 7.8 30.9 29.2 27.9 21.0 17.5 40.9 41.7 40.8 29.2 25.2 32.4 30.6 30.1 19.5 16.6 1/2 Pack (or more) of Cigarettes/Day During the past 30 days, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? (11 to 20 cigarettes, More than 20 cigarettes) 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.0 3.1 1.4 0.0 2.0 2.4 3.3 3.9 4.8 3.6 5.0 2.7 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.7 Table 7. Percentage of Students With Antisocial Behavior How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: (One or more times) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 Been Drunk or High at School 11.1 8.1 3.2 12.8 7.5 15.5 12.9 17.1 21.8 15.0 18.4 21.3 17.3 Been Suspended from School All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 22.1 17.7 15.4 15.0 14.1 18.0 13.3 22.3 20.6 14.6 18.5 15.1 14.6 13.6 12.2 14.4 12.6 6.6 15.6 12.0 9.9 9.2 13.8 15.6 12.6 15.0 12.4 Sold Illegal Drugs 4.7 4.7 2.7 5.0 2.5 7.2 7.1 9.2 10.6 6.5 6.1 7.8 8.6 10.8 7.8 6.2 6.9 7.5 8.2 5.5 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle 6.8 3.3 4.6 3.7 2.3 5.7 3.1 3.5 4.6 2.6 2.1 2.2 4.2 3.1 1.9 4.7 2.8 4.0 3.8 2.3 Been Arrested 10.0 5.2 3.2 7.1 5.2 9.9 7.3 8.7 9.9 6.7 7.2 7.5 7.2 8.7 6.1 9.0 7.0 6.9 8.4 6.0 Attacked Someone with the Idea of Seriously Hurting Them 20.0 15.6 12.4 16.6 16.0 13.5 10.8 13.2 15.5 15.1 11.9 12.9 10.5 11.5 11.9 14.5 12.4 12.0 14.9 14.4 Carried a Handgun 8.0 4.7 6.5 6.7 4.8 6.7 7.1 7.8 7.6 5.2 5.3 6.2 7.0 7.2 5.2 6.5 6.3 7.2 7.1 5.1 Carried a Handgun to School 2.0 0.0 1.9 1.4 0.8 1.7 1.2 1.1 2.1 0.9 1.6 1.5 2.6 1.8 1.0 1.7 1.1 1.8 1.7 0.9 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 43 Data Tables Table 8. Percentage of Students Gambling in the Past Year How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: (At least once in the past 12 months) Any Gambling Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 65.2 71.5 73.5 61.6 55.0 54.2 72.8 71.0 59.8 53.8 50.4 62.8 63.5 56.5 52.6 55.5 69.0 68.5 59.7 53.0 6.6 8.9 8.3 5.3 5.7 2.9 7.2 11.0 4.8 5.3 2.6 6.5 9.5 5.3 5.4 3.7 7.3 9.8 5.2 5.3 28.7 27.1 19.4 21.4 24.0 20.8 25.1 26.0 20.7 23.5 18.5 17.9 25.9 18.9 23.9 21.9 22.9 24.5 20.6 22.7 Bet on sports?* n/a 38.0 44.9 28.6 22.8 n/a 38.5 40.6 27.0 22.5 n/a 32.4 37.9 24.4 20.5 n/a 36.3 40.5 27.0 21.4 Played cards? 34.5 42.7 46.5 36.1 25.8 26.4 46.9 46.0 36.0 27.0 23.5 41.9 39.6 34.8 26.7 27.4 44.3 43.6 35.7 25.3 n/a 25.5 20.1 15.9 n/a n/a 24.9 25.0 16.6 n/a n/a 21.5 26.7 15.3 n/a n/a 23.8 24.6 16.0 n/a Played bingo? 25.2 32.9 30.8 26.4 22.7 13.2 24.7 21.9 20.4 17.7 6.4 16.1 19.9 14.2 14.0 13.7 23.2 23.1 21.4 19.5 Gambled on the Internet? 15.2 7.6 6.0 5.1 4.5 9.3 8.6 6.1 4.6 4.0 4.2 9.1 7.9 4.2 3.7 9.0 8.6 6.8 4.7 4.2 n/a 34.9 20.1 26.0 12.1 n/a 26.9 27.4 21.9 11.2 n/a 20.3 19.5 17.9 10.0 n/a 26.1 22.6 22.6 11.4 24.6 35.2 32.9 28.2 20.1 22.0 40.4 38.3 27.7 20.5 18.1 31.6 30.6 24.9 18.8 21.3 36.3 34.0 27.2 19.4 n/a 9.9 7.0 5.0 4.6 n/a 9.9 8.8 5.0 4.7 n/a 9.5 9.0 4.4 4.6 n/a 9.8 8.5 4.8 4.7 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bought a raffle ticket?** Played a dice game?* Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* Bet on a horse or other animal race?* * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from table. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 44 Data Tables Table 9. Percentage of Students Reporting Risk Grade 8 Risk Factor County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed** Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm Community Domain Low Neighborhood Attachment 43.8 32.8 37.7 35.9 36.6 43.7 43.0 33.1 43.6 42.8 42.0 49.5 46.9 47.3 47.0 43.2 43.4 39.7 41.3 42.0 Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use 37.9 41.1 33.7 35.0 32.8 42.7 41.0 43.9 41.8 39.6 40.4 36.3 37.1 35.5 32.8 40.7 39.3 38.9 37.2 35.2 Perceived Availability of Drugs 35.3 30.2 28.1 36.9 29.4 49.0 39.3 42.4 42.9 40.5 54.6 51.4 40.7 43.8 42.7 47.7 42.0 38.5 40.6 37.5 Perceived Availability of Handguns 32.8 28.7 24.0 33.4 39.8 20.2 20.2 16.5 22.3 29.9 22.9 25.3 22.8 26.5 34.8 24.2 23.7 20.7 28.2 34.8 Poor Family Management 50.7 52.8 38.5 43.7 41.9 45.1 42.7 32.3 40.6 40.3 36.7 40.7 39.2 41.2 39.8 43.5 43.9 36.5 42.1 40.7 Family Conflict 49.3 51.0 39.5 53.1 51.5 39.0 35.4 39.4 42.1 41.6 34.0 34.2 34.6 39.1 38.8 39.7 38.0 37.4 45.9 44.1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 39.5 31.8 40.1 39.3 36.4 38.8 35.7 42.2 41.5 39.0 33.4 35.0 32.8 37.4 37.3 37.1 34.7 37.9 39.4 37.6 Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB 45.7 49.5 38.5 47.7 46.9 52.1 52.7 46.6 50.0 52.3 44.4 47.3 46.3 48.6 50.3 47.9 50.1 44.6 48.6 49.9 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 27.8 30.3 19.2 24.7 26.0 47.6 41.1 36.8 37.9 40.8 45.2 43.5 36.2 38.6 38.6 42.2 39.9 32.6 32.4 35.2 Academic Failure 54.4 54.6 45.6 45.5 46.6 56.7 48.8 45.8 48.5 47.9 50.4 45.3 40.8 40.6 41.8 54.0 48.6 43.7 45.1 45.6 Low Commitment to School 30.9 39.3 37.3 41.0 38.0 32.1 28.7 31.4 41.7 41.7 29.4 32.6 30.1 42.2 42.9 30.9 32.1 32.2 41.5 40.8 Rebelliousness 42.8 44.5 41.9 43.8 39.0 49.7 48.2 48.5 47.6 45.5 45.5 50.6 52.4 44.6 43.6 46.6 48.4 48.6 45.1 42.7 Early Initiation of ASB 42.5 36.2 26.9 37.6 33.7 38.0 38.9 37.0 40.6 37.0 33.5 39.8 34.4 38.6 35.4 37.5 38.7 33.7 38.8 35.4 Early Initiation of Drug Use 36.4 31.3 25.1 29.3 24.0 38.5 29.0 29.9 31.0 27.3 34.4 32.5 26.2 29.6 28.8 36.6 30.7 27.3 29.9 26.6 Attitudes Favorable to ASB 42.9 40.1 35.5 41.4 36.2 50.6 47.7 42.0 44.7 44.9 44.3 45.7 39.8 41.7 41.9 46.5 45.6 39.7 42.4 41.0 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 30.4 33.2 18.6 29.3 22.6 42.0 36.9 39.1 36.2 33.6 38.3 35.7 37.9 35.9 32.7 37.9 35.8 34.1 33.1 29.6 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 45.0 47.5 50.2 47.8 37.1 30.4 34.8 37.6 45.9 35.7 34.8 37.6 46.1 50.4 40.3 35.4 38.2 43.9 47.9 37.6 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 58.0 58.1 60.8 55.8 50.3 56.8 57.2 59.3 56.3 52.0 46.7 60.2 51.4 51.5 49.0 53.6 58.4 56.5 54.8 50.5 Friend's Use of Drugs 43.5 46.0 37.0 39.4 30.8 46.4 37.5 55.2 42.6 36.2 37.5 41.9 42.2 38.1 32.3 42.6 40.6 45.9 40.0 33.2 Rewards for ASB 44.7 41.6 39.7 48.2 36.7 46.7 45.1 54.1 46.8 42.7 58.1 58.8 60.1 57.1 55.1 50.1 49.3 53.3 50.1 44.4 Gang Involvement 38.1 27.0 14.4 20.8 17.8 32.4 27.5 25.8 20.9 15.7 15.3 23.1 14.9 16.1 13.1 27.7 25.8 18.9 19.6 15.6 40.4 38.4 25.8 37.1 29.7 37.6 30.0 32.3 34.2 30.4 31.0 35.7 27.1 32.5 29.0 36.1 33.6 28.8 35.0 29.7 Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Risk Students at High Risk* * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 45 Data Tables Table 10. Percentage of Students Reporting Protection Grade 10 Grade 8 Protective Factor Grade 12 All Students Surveyed† County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 30.8 39.4 29.5 32.9 38.3 34.6 41.4 41.1 38.0 44.2 35.3 27.8 32.8 37.0 44.1 34.0 36.0 35.2 35.6 42.2 Family Attachment 48.9 53.6 59.3 51.1 51.9 46.2 50.4 51.1 45.6 44.7 62.7 56.7 55.5 56.6 55.6 52.7 53.3 54.7 50.9 50.4 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 58.0 62.1 66.9 59.7 60.7 54.5 61.4 59.6 54.6 53.1 63.0 52.2 55.5 56.4 53.8 58.3 58.1 59.4 57.2 55.8 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 61.0 64.2 69.4 61.7 61.5 54.7 62.0 67.9 54.9 53.0 64.6 55.9 60.2 56.4 52.4 59.7 60.2 65.0 58.2 55.6 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 50.9 56.8 57.3 63.0 68.9 60.3 60.4 65.9 65.6 71.6 65.0 59.5 64.6 67.6 72.8 59.5 59.4 63.5 65.0 71.0 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 48.1 48.4 49.1 52.0 57.5 61.8 62.6 56.1 61.2 58.9 51.3 46.6 42.6 46.9 51.6 54.7 54.3 49.1 53.5 56.2 Belief in the Moral Order 53.3 51.2 66.0 60.3 64.6 62.6 67.0 71.2 69.4 68.0 53.8 49.1 54.3 56.4 53.8 57.3 57.6 63.2 62.0 62.5 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* 56.8 51.0 53.5 54.7 58.8 56.6 62.4 69.4 57.5 60.7 62.0 59.0 66.1 57.3 59.3 58.5 59.1 64.5 56.2 59.6 Prosocial Involvement 33.7 36.5 33.0 40.0 40.8 33.4 33.2 42.4 45.3 46.1 40.0 30.0 38.2 41.9 42.6 35.8 32.7 38.7 42.1 43.2 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 59.6 57.6 63.5 59.2 62.5 58.2 64.2 60.3 61.7 59.9 53.3 50.5 57.0 55.6 51.8 56.9 58.1 59.7 59.0 58.3 49.7 53.0 54.8 53.6 52.8 54.2 58.5 60.9 57.6 52.5 60.2 51.1 55.2 55.9 50.5 55.1 54.8 57.2 55.4 52.0 Community Domain Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Protection Students with High Protection** * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 46 Data Tables Table 11. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol* If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) Grade 8 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 Sample size** 42 38 4,473 196 130 5,295 192 189 6,341 430 357 16,109 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 9.5 5.3 4.9 9.7 4.6 6.3 30.2 14.8 9.9 18.8 10.1 7.3 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 2.4 5.3 2.5 7.1 1.5 2.1 35.4 6.3 3.6 19.3 4.5 2.8 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 9.5 2.6 3.0 5.6 1.5 2.2 6.2 2.1 2.5 6.3 2.0 2.6 I gave someone else money to buy it for me 9.5 5.3 19.2 32.7 43.1 32.6 39.6 35.4 42.5 33.5 35.0 32.8 My parent or guardian gave it to me 21.4 13.2 17.5 11.7 7.7 15.0 8.9 5.3 13.3 11.4 7.0 15.0 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 26.2 21.1 17.3 17.3 16.9 16.8 14.6 12.2 14.8 17.0 14.8 16.1 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 11.9 21.1 16.2 27.0 30.0 24.8 30.7 22.2 30.4 27.2 24.9 24.6 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 19.0 10.5 21.0 21.4 25.4 23.1 22.9 12.7 18.6 21.9 17.1 20.7 I got it at a party 54.8 44.7 38.7 60.7 67.7 49.6 68.2 63.0 53.8 63.5 62.7 48.2 I took it from home 11.9 13.2 30.2 20.9 13.8 21.9 17.7 12.2 13.1 18.6 12.9 20.7 I took it from a store or someone else's home 16.7 7.9 9.4 6.1 3.8 9.8 8.9 4.2 5.6 8.4 4.5 8.1 I got it some other way 31.0 21.1 25.2 19.9 22.3 18.8 24.0 10.6 13.3 22.8 16.0 18.4 * Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. ** Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 47 Data Tables Table 12. Percentage of Students Reporting School Safety Issues Grade 8 Question During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY?* County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 0 times 82.7 90.1 94.9 1 time 7.0 3.8 3.2 2-3 times 4.0 1.9 4-5 times 1.5 6-7 times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? State 2010 Grade 12 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 91.7 87.5 93.5 95.3 4.5 6.1 2.9 1.4 0.9 2.2 4.2 1.4 0.5 0.0 0.6 1.5 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.2 8-9 times 0.6 0.9 0.0 10-11 times 0.3 0.9 12 or more times 3.3 0.9 State 2010 All Students Surveyed** County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 92.7 91.9 93.0 94.6 3.7 4.0 4.0 3.6 1.9 1.9 2.9 1.5 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 State 2010 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 95.3 87.8 92.7 94.9 93.0 2.4 5.6 3.5 2.7 3.7 0.8 1.3 3.7 1.5 1.2 1.9 0.2 0.0 0.3 1.2 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.3 1.1 0.7 0.3 0.5 0 times 62.0 73.9 78.1 79.5 75.6 83.2 84.6 87.0 88.1 89.0 91.0 92.6 83.5 85.7 85.2 1 time 20.1 11.8 12.1 11.0 11.6 10.6 9.1 7.3 7.3 5.7 4.4 4.3 12.2 9.1 7.9 8.1 2-3 times 9.3 9.5 6.5 6.2 8.6 3.7 4.1 3.6 2.9 3.2 2.8 1.8 6.8 4.6 4.1 4.2 4-5 times 4.2 2.4 0.9 1.7 2.2 1.2 1.1 0.9 1.3 0.7 0.8 0.4 2.4 1.2 0.9 1.1 6-7 times 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 8-9 times 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 10-11 times 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 12 or more times 2.1 0.9 1.9 0.7 1.1 1.4 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.4 1.0 1.1 0.7 0.6 0 times 48.9 63.0 72.4 60.5 71.7 71.1 72.2 73.1 80.0 80.8 81.7 85.4 68.9 73.1 76.1 70.9 1 time 27.4 12.8 11.7 12.8 14.6 11.8 10.7 9.1 11.2 8.2 7.2 5.3 16.6 10.7 9.5 9.7 2-3 times 11.4 6.5 11.1 9.0 9.4 8.4 7.5 5.1 4.7 8.9 7.0 8.6 4-5 times 2.8 1.4 4.7 2.2 3.6 3.0 1.5 1.5 1.7 2.1 2.3 3.3 4.3 0.9 1.8 1.2 0.0 1.2 0.0 1.0 0.7 1.3 0.6 1.3 8-9 times 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.2 1.0 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.8 10-11 times 0.5 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.5 6.1 4.3 6.1 7.3 2.4 3.3 3.3 4.2 1.3 1.5 2.3 1.8 2.9 2.9 3.5 4.9 0 days 84.9 90.4 85.4 90.5 88.2 90.8 93.9 93.3 94.5 93.7 93.3 95.7 89.6 91.8 91.8 92.7 1 day 6.6 5.3 6.1 5.2 5.9 4.9 4.4 3.6 2.6 3.3 3.1 2.2 5.0 4.4 4.3 4.0 2-3 days 4.2 3.3 4.7 2.6 3.5 2.7 1.4 1.8 1.3 2.3 2.1 1.1 2.9 2.7 2.4 2.0 4-5 days 0.9 0.5 2.3 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.5 6 or more days 3.3 0.5 1.4 0.9 1.7 0.8 0.3 0.8 0.9 0.3 0.8 0.6 1.8 0.5 0.7 0.8 0 days 91.6 96.6 96.3 95.2 93.4 94.9 96.7 95.0 94.5 95.0 96.6 95.4 93.3 95.2 96.6 95.2 1 day 3.0 1.0 0.9 2.3 2.4 2.6 1.4 1.8 1.8 2.3 2.3 1.4 2.3 2.2 1.7 1.9 2-3 days 1.8 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.3 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.8 1.3 0.3 0.9 1.6 0.9 0.5 1.1 4-5 days 1.5 1.0 1.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.4 6 or more days 2.1 1.0 0.9 1.0 2.6 1.6 0.8 1.8 1.3 1.3 0.5 2.0 2.0 1.4 0.7 1.5 6-7 times 17.6 11.3 7.5 11.5 * In 2006 the choices for this question were Never , Once , Several Times and Very Often. ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 48 State 2010 76.5 12 or more times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on your way to or from school? Grade 10 Data Tables Table 13. Drug Free Communities Report - National Outcome Measures (NOMs) Outcome Definition Substance Grade 8 Percent Grade 10 Sample Percent Grade 12 Sample Percent All Students Surveyed† Sample Percent Sample Male †† Percent Female †† Sample Percent Sample drink 1 or two drinks nearly every day Alcohol 50.5 202 70.3 340 63.3 368 63.1 910 60.0 408 65.9 492 smoke 1 or more packs of cigarettes per day Cigarettes 74.0 204 89.4 340 82.7 371 83.3 915 84.1 409 82.9 496 smoke marijuana regularly Marijuana 78.4 190 76.8 327 69.6 359 74.2 876 70.5 396 77.2 470 Perception of Parent Disapproval* (Parents feel it would be Wrong or Very Wrong to... ) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 94.9 197 88.5 330 76.4 356 85.1 883 85.3 394 84.8 479 smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 97.4 192 96.3 327 89.3 346 93.8 865 93.3 388 94.0 466 smoke marijuana Marijuana 98.5 201 97.6 334 95.1 370 96.8 905 97.1 408 96.5 486 Perception of Peer Disapproval* (I think it is Wrong or Very Wrong for someone my age to...) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 76.8 220 56.3 371 51.4 401 58.9 992 57.7 447 59.3 533 Past 30-Day Use* at least one use in the past 30 days Perception of Risk* (People are at Moderate or Great Risk of harming themselves if they...) smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 91.4 220 73.0 371 59.9 397 71.9 988 68.2 446 74.5 530 smoke marijuana Marijuana 94.6 221 76.2 369 73.6 401 79.2 991 73.9 448 83.4 531 Alcohol 515 25.6 215 42.1 359 58.9 384 45.1 958 43.8 432 46.8 Cigarettes 6.3 205 20.4 343 33.4 374 22.6 922 24.6 411 21.0 501 Marijuana 2.8 211 18.3 356 12.8 374 12.6 941 17.0 423 9.1 507 Average Age of Onset** Percent (How old were you when you first…) Sample had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor? Alcohol 57.8 Average age: 12.3 years smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Cigarettes 24.3 Average age: 12.3 years smoked marijuana? Marijuana Average age: 6.4 12.6 years 218 Percent Sample 78.1 361 13.5 years 218 50.3 33.2 14.1 years Sample 85.7 392 14.6 years 366 64.2 365 37.5 15.0 years Percent Sample 76.6 971 13.8 years 394 14.6 years 13.4 years 218 Percent 50.1 28.9 Sample 75.6 435 13.5 years 978 13.9 years 395 Percent 50.8 978 33.6 14.3 years Sample 77.5 525 14.0 years 441 49.2 526 14.3 years 13.4 years 14.5 years Percent 444 24.9 522 14.8 years * For Past 30-Day Use, Perception of Risk, and Perception of Parental/Peer Disapproval, the “Sample” column represents the sample size - the number of people who answered the question and whose responses were used to determine the percentage. The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample answering the question as specified in the definition. ** For Average Age of Onset, the “Sample” column represents the overall sample size: the total number of people that responded to the questions about Age of Onset. This includes responses that are not used to calculate the average age of onset (i.e., youth that have never used alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana). The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample reporting any age of first use for the specified substance. "Average age" is calculated by averaging the ages of first use of students reporting any use. † †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. The male and female values allow a gender comparison for youth who completed the survey. However, unless the percentage of students who participated from each grade is similar, the gender results are not necessarily representative of males and females in the community. 49 Data Tables Table 14. Additional Data for Prevention Planning In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: 52.3 24.4 41.6 39.6 57.7 14.2 17.3 12.6 30.1 13.2 21.3 15.4 20.4 13.1 15.0 6.1 0.9 2.8 3.4 1.0 2.4 12.3 4.5 7.5 7.7 2.9 5.7 14.9 6.4 11.6 10.7 4.9 8.3 12.0 4.5 8.1 6.7 2.6 4.9 80.2 10.8 80.6 8.7 53.1 15.6 68.4 10.3 41.6 17.6 62.7 10.3 54.4 15.4 72.2 9.6 5.2 2.8 5.2 2.2 15.1 7.8 8.6 3.9 15.2 10.1 9.6 4.8 13.0 7.6 7.4 3.4 0.5 0.5 1.0 2.4 3.4 5.0 2.3 6.5 3.4 12.1 2.8 9.8 2.7 6.9 1.9 5.6 87.7 8.5 75.4 8.1 56.3 13.8 58.7 11.1 58.4 14.7 56.9 11.0 64.2 13.0 65.4 9.7 1.4 0.5 0.9 6.5 3.5 1.9 8.7 7.3 3.7 10.3 6.2 3.6 12.1 4.7 2.1 10.7 6.3 3.7 8.5 4.7 2.4 8.7 5.1 2.9 0.9 92.9 4.7 88.4 10.1 79.7 10.2 81.4 8.0 85.2 11.4 81.7 7.2 84.9 8.2 84.5 2.8 2.4 5.4 2.7 9.3 4.8 7.5 4.8 4.7 4.1 7.3 4.8 6.0 4.0 6.6 3.9 0.0 0.5 1.2 0.6 2.8 0.8 2.2 1.2 1.3 1.3 2.2 1.2 1.6 0.9 1.8 0.9 2-3 times 4-6 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times More than 10 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times 1.4 1.7 2.5 2.9 3.4 2.9 2.6 2.4 Never 62.1 64.9 56.6 63.0 61.6 67.0 59.9 64.9 Once 13.3 14.2 13.6 10.3 16.6 13.8 12.7 11.9 13.3 13.3 10.9 10.8 14.5 13.7 12.6 10.9 7-10 times 2.4 0.9 3.5 1.5 3.7 1.7 4.5 1.9 5.0 2.1 4.2 2.0 3.9 1.7 4.0 1.7 More than 10 times 7.1 6.2 7.6 6.0 4.7 5.1 6.3 5.8 More than 10 times 2-3 times 4-6 times In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? State 2010 16.7 16.4 More than 10 times decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? County 2010 42.6 7-10 times give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? State 2010 12.3 9.5 Once say "No" without giving a reason why? County 2010 71.4 Never In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? State 2010 18.3 9.4 More than 10 times other drugs? County 2010 62.4 7-10 times marijuana? State 2010 All Students Surveyed* Once 4-6 times cigarettes? County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 Never 2-3 times alcohol? Grade 8 Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Grade 8 County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 34.7 14.4 30.9 14.2 28.8 21.9 33.4 17.4 26.5 19.6 33.8 17.2 29.2 19.3 32.4 16.0 5.0 5.0 6.4 5.8 2.7 5.3 11.0 3.7 13.5 8.9 4.1 8.8 14.5 8.0 13.7 10.3 5.5 10.4 11.1 5.7 12.0 8.0 3.9 7.7 34.7 41.8 41.1 35.7 21.0 39.0 27.3 38.7 17.7 39.5 22.8 39.4 22.7 39.8 32.0 37.6 13.9 3.5 10.9 5.4 14.7 11.8 13.9 8.2 18.8 10.5 15.2 10.2 16.2 9.5 13.0 7.5 4.0 4.5 2.7 4.4 3.5 10.1 4.6 7.3 4.3 10.2 5.2 7.4 3.9 8.9 3.9 6.1 32.3 37.8 41.0 37.3 20.8 40.2 27.3 45.1 16.7 46.8 22.5 50.9 21.7 42.3 31.9 43.3 14.4 6.0 3.0 10.2 3.7 2.4 15.0 9.5 2.9 12.3 5.2 2.9 14.3 6.8 3.8 11.4 5.2 3.2 14.6 7.6 3.3 11.1 4.6 2.8 7.0 31.8 4.6 41.8 8.7 23.7 6.3 28.1 11.1 17.3 5.9 23.4 9.3 22.9 5.5 32.8 46.3 11.8 40.7 8.2 48.3 10.8 49.7 9.9 49.3 14.8 55.3 9.6 48.3 12.6 47.4 9.1 3.4 1.0 3.3 1.9 7.6 3.8 4.2 2.6 6.5 3.0 4.3 2.4 6.2 2.8 3.8 2.3 4.9 32.5 3.8 42.1 7.8 21.8 5.2 28.3 9.4 17.0 4.6 23.7 7.8 22.2 4.4 33.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 50 Data Tables Table 15. Additional Data for Prevention Planning (Cont'd) Grade 8 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked or beaten up? State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 82.8 82.4 81.9 83.8 83.6 83.4 82.7 7.8 8.4 8.6 8.0 7.7 7.6 8.1 8.1 3 to 5 times 2.7 3.3 3.2 3.4 2.5 3.1 2.8 3.3 6 to 9 times 0.9 1.6 2.4 1.7 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.6 10 to 19 times 2.7 1.7 1.4 2.1 3.0 1.6 2.3 1.8 20 to 29 times 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.6 30 to 39 times 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 40+ times 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.5 1.7 Never 34.1 29.2 31.2 31.1 43.8 42.1 37.0 33.2 1 or 2 times 36.9 28.6 31.2 26.7 25.2 25.6 30.1 27.2 3 to 5 times 14.3 18.8 17.7 19.0 14.5 16.7 15.6 18.3 6 to 9 times 6.5 9.4 8.7 9.9 7.0 7.0 7.5 8.9 10 to 19 times 3.7 5.8 5.7 6.4 6.0 4.4 5.4 5.6 20 to 29 times 1.8 2.6 2.4 2.4 1.0 1.5 1.7 2.2 30 to 39 times 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 40+ times 2.3 4.7 2.2 3.6 2.0 2.3 2.1 3.7 85.8 81.3 80.7 81.7 84.2 85.9 83.2 82.6 1 or 2 times 6.4 10.4 10.1 9.9 8.3 8.0 8.5 9.6 3 to 5 times 2.3 3.5 4.1 3.4 1.8 2.5 2.7 3.2 6 to 9 times 1.8 1.6 2.5 1.6 2.3 1.2 2.2 1.5 10 to 19 times 2.8 1.6 1.4 1.8 2.5 1.2 2.1 1.6 20 to 29 times 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 30 to 39 times 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 40+ times 0.9 0.9 0.3 1.1 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.9 89.4 87.2 88.0 87.7 91.4 89.8 89.7 88.1 1 or 2 times 6.0 7.7 7.1 7.1 4.6 6.1 5.8 7.1 3 to 5 times 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.9 0.5 1.7 1.3 1.9 6 to 9 times 0.5 0.9 1.6 0.9 1.0 0.7 1.1 0.8 10 to 19 times 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.2 1.5 0.8 1.1 0.9 20 to 29 times 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.2 30 to 39 times 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 40+ times 1.4 0.9 0.5 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 Never seen someone shot or shot at? County 2010 All Students Surveyed* 84.5 Never seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? State 2010 Grade 12 1 or 2 times Never been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? County 2010 Grade 10 If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply) I've never used prescription drugs to get high Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) All Students Surveyed Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 91.3 88.1 85.2 81.7 82.3 78.5 85.4 83.6 0.5 5.5 9.3 11.2 6.1 14.0 6.0 9.5 2.4 2.2 2.9 3.7 3.4 4.2 3.0 3.2 1.5 2.5 5.2 4.9 4.2 5.5 4.0 4.0 1.5 2.9 3.2 5.0 5.0 5.2 3.6 4.1 0.0 1.3 2.0 2.8 2.6 4.4 1.8 2.6 0.5 1.6 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.6 2.8 2.8 1.5 1.8 2.9 3.0 4.0 3.1 3.0 2.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.0 0.7 2.3 1.0 2.9 1.3 2.3 1.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 51 Appendix Appendix - Comparability of survey administrations Issue Drug Category 2008/2010 AYS 2006 AYS On how many occasions (if any) have you: Notes regarding changes On how many occasions (if any) have you: Hallucinogens Used LSD or other psychedelics? Used LSD or other hallucinogens? Substituted "hallucinogens" for "psychedelics" in 2008 and beyond. Comparable across years. Meth Used methamphetamines (meth, speed, crank, crystal meth)? Used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription stimulants Used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription sedatives Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? In 2008 AYS added descriptor "prescription" and removed qualifier "without a doctor telling you to take them." 2006 data are cautiously comparable to 2008/2010. Ecstasy Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)? Used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2008/2010 AYS uses "ecstasy" as the primary descriptor, moving "MDMA" to examples. Comparable across years. Combined results of On how many occasions have you: Prescription drugs Gambling Category Combined results of On how many occasions have you: used prescription drugs (such as Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderall, Oxycontin, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription pain relievers (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? How often during the past 12 months have you: In 2006 there was a prescription drugs question with several examples (some of which overlapped examples from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions). In 2008/2010, the single prescription drug question was dropped, and a new question about prescription pain relievers was added. Rather than discontinuing reporting Prescription Drugs , the prescription sedative, stimulant and pain reliever questions were combined to create a single measure. . In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006 data were similarly recalculated into a composite, adding results from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions to the dedicated Prescription Drugs question. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Sports betting Bet on team sports? Bet on sports? 2006 not comparable to later data. Race betting Bet money on horse races? Bet on a horse race or other animal race? 2006 not comparable to later data. Dice Bet on dice games such as craps? Played a dice game? 2006 not comparable to later data. Games of skill Bet on games of personal skill such as pool, darts, or bowling? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Comparable across years. Protective Scale: Peer-Individual Interaction with Prosocial Peers 52 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year, how many of your best friends have: (Scale is calculated based on the average response [0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 friends] to the following questions) ...participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? ...made the commitment to stay drug-free? ...tried to do well in school? ...liked school? ...regularly attended religious services? (not used in 2008/2010) Regularly attended religious services was removed from the AYS in 2008. 2006 has been recalculated to match 2008/2010 AYS and are now comparable across all years. Due to this recalculation, current reports may differ slightly from past reports. Contacts for Prevention Regional Prevention Contacts Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai Counties Rachel Peterson Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) 928-226-6394 Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Gila, La Paz, Pinal, Yuma and Santa Cruz Counties Linda Weinberg Cenpatico Behavioral Health of Arizona 866-495-6738 Maricopa County Juan Aristizabal Magellan Health Services of Arizona 602-797-8256 Pima County Bill Burnett Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) 520-618-8807 Gila River Indian Community Julie Jimenez Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority 520-562-3321 ext. 7031 Pascua Yaqui Tribe Ralph Cota Centered Spirit Program 480-768-2063 Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Michelle Neitch/Phillip Stevenson 602-364-1173/602-364-1157 www.azcjc.gov Arizona Department of Education School Safety and Prevention www.ade.az.gov/sa/health/ Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Elise Mikkelsen 602-266-8299 ext. 351 www.problemgambling.az.gov 53 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Lisa Shumaker 602-364-4594 www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Charles Katz 602-496-1471 http://cvpcs.asu.edu/ Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families 602-542-4043 www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html Partnership for a Drug Free America, Arizona Affiliate Shelly Mowrey 602-264-5700 www.partnerupaz.org The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (Blueprints for Violence Prevention) www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) www.prevention.samhsa.gov Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Model Programs Guide www2.dsgonline.com/mpg/ Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Evidence Based Practices www.samhsa.gov/ebpwebguide/index.asp Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CAPT) casat.unr.edu/westcapt.html Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. 801-359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com Yavapai County 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Shining Light on Arizona Youth Arizona Criminal Justice Commission in partnership with Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Arizona Department of Health Services, Division of Behavioral Health Arizona Department of Health Services, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Arizona Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention Governor’s Office for Children, Youth and Families Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Leslie Bloom, The Partnership for Drug Free America, AZ Affiliate Allie Bones, Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence Tim Christensen, Office of Problem Gambling Janet Garcia, Valley of the Sun United Way Michelle Gayles, Valley of the Sun United Way Charles Katz, Arizona State University Elise Mickkelsen, Office of Problem Gambling Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Rick Pyper, Office of Problem Gambling Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University Additionally, the success of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Table of Contents Introduction The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention The Charts and Tables in this Report The Community Data Project The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data Data Charts: Lifetime and 30 Day ATOD Use Problem Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior Gambling Risk & Protective Factor Profiles Where Youth Obtained Alcohol School Safety Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions Data Tables Appendix Contacts for Prevention Introduction 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Yavapai County Summary Report This report summarizes all findings from the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) administered to 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students during spring 2010. The results for your county are presented along with comparisons to the results for the state of Arizona. The survey was designed to assess school safety, adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. All schools in Arizona are eligible to participate in the survey, Table 1. Characteristics of Participants County 2006 Number Percent County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Students by Grade 8 621 37.5 1,148 40.2 1,033 40.5 27,592 43.3 10 650 39.3 976 34.2 893 35.0 19,489 30.6 12 385 23.2 729 25.6 627 24.6 16,703 26.2 1,656 100.0 2,853 100.0 2,553 100.0 63,784 100.0 Male 791 49.4 1,375 49.0 1,283 51.1 30,645 49.0 Female 810 50.6 1,431 51.0 1,228 48.9 31,928 51.0 All Students Surveyed* Students by Gender Table 2. Race/Ethnicity of Participants Hispanic Student marked 'Yes' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Native American 30 4.5 26 4.0 1,207 4.9 African American 13 2.0 19 2.9 657 2.6 Asian 10 1.5 7 1.1 206 0.8 Pacific Islander 12 1.8 9 1.4 280 1.1 White 174 26.2 173 26.8 5,772 23.2 Multi-Racial Race Unmarked 46 6.9 40 6.2 1,021 4.1 380 57.1 371 57.5 15,726 63.2 Non-Hispanic Student marked 'No' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American African American Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent 50 2.5 58 3.1 2,517 6.8 35 1.7 31 1.7 2,129 5.7 31 1.5 25 1.4 1,551 4.2 16 0.8 24 1.3 372 1.0 1,762 86.5 1,557 84.2 27,180 73.2 126 6.2 127 6.9 2,539 6.8 16 0.8 27 1.5 824 2.2 Totals County 2008 Number Hispanic Students Non-Hispanic Students Total Students** Percent County 2010 Number Percent State 2010 Number Percent 665 23.3 645 25.3 24,869 2,036 71.4 1,849 72.4 37,112 39.0 58.2 2,853 100.0 2,553 100.0 63,784 100.0 * Grades with fewer than 20 students participating are not included in this report. However, students from grades not making the cutoff are included in All Students Surveyed. This means the number of students reported in All Students Surveyed may exceed the sum of individual grades. (All Students Surveyed will match the grade total in reports with data drawn from a single grade.) **As a small percentage of students skipped the question Are you Hispanic or Latino? (at the state level, 1,803 students, or 2.8% of the total), the sum of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic students is less than Total Students . 5 and recruitment efforts were successful in obtaining participation by schools in all of the 15 counties. Careful planning and uniform administration of the survey have resulted in survey data that are valid and representative of the students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in Arizona. Table 1 contains the characteristics of the students who completed the survey from your county and the state of Arizona. Because not every student answered all of the questions, the number of students in the gender and ethnicity/race categories often will be less than the total number of students. To better understand the diversity of Arizona’s youth population, respondents were asked separate questions about their ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) and their race (Caucasian, African-American, Native American, etc.). This method for obtaining ethnicity and race information provides more comprehensive data on youth cultural and racial self-identification, and a more nuanced understanding of Arizona’s diverse youth population. Whenever data are obtained from a sample of students instead of the entire population, it is important to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the data. One easy way to investigate the quality of the sample is to look at the basic demographic characteristics of the students who participated in the survey and compare them to what is known about the entire population of students. This will give the user of these data a basic understanding of the degree to which the sample data can be generalized to the entire population. It is important to note that even when the characteristics of the sample do not match well to the characteristics of the population this does not mean the data lose their usefulness. The data included in this report describes the level of risk and protective factors, substance use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency of those youth who participated in the survey, which can be used to inform the development of school and community-based prevention and intervention activities that may benefit both the youth who participate in the survey and those who did not. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention Prevention is a science. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention is a proven way of reducing substance abuse and its related consequences. This model is based on the simple premise that to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing and then find ways to reduce the risks. Just as medical researchers have found risk factors for heart disease such as diets high in fat, lack of exercise, and smoking, a team of researchers at the University of Washington have defined a set of risk factors for youth problem behaviors. Protective factors exert a positive influence and buffer against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviors. Protective factors identified through research include strong bonding to family, school, community and peers, and healthy beliefs and clear standards for behavior. Research on risk and protective factors has important implications for children’s academic success, positive youth development, and prevention of health and behavior problems. In order to promote academic success and positive youth development and to prevent problem behaviors, it is necessary to address the factors that predict these outcomes. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can be identified and targeted by policies, programs, and actions shown to reduce those risk factors and to promote protective factors. Risk factors are characteristics of school, community and family environments, and of students and their peer groups known to predict increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school dropout, and violent behaviors among youth. For example, children who live in communities with physical deterioration and high rates of adult crime are more likely to become involved in delinquency and drug use than children who live in organized neighborhoods. Each risk and protective factor can be linked to specific types of interventions that have been shown to be effective in either reducing risk(s) or enhancing protection(s). The steps outlined here will help your county make key decisions regarding allocation of resources, how and when to address specific needs, and which strategies are most effective and known to produce results. The chart below shows the links between the 19 risk factors and five problem behaviors. The check marks indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Community Disorganization Extreme Economic & Social Deprivation Family History of the Problem Behavior Family Conflict Family Management Problems Favorable Parent Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Early Initiation of Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Early & Persistent Antisocial Behavior Alienation & Rebelliousness Friends Who Use Drugs & Engage in Problem Behaviors Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Gang Involvement Constitutional Factors Peer / Individual Low Neighborhood Attachment School Transitions & Mobility Family Availability of Drugs & Firearms Community Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms & Crime Risk Factors Substance Abuse T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Delinquency T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Teen Pregnancy School Drop-Out Violence T T T T T T T T Source: Communities That Care (CTC) prevention model, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) 6 Charts and Tables in this Report There are seven types of charts presented in this report: 1. Lifetime and 30 day ATOD use 2. Heavy substance use and antisocial behavior 3. Gambling 4. Risk profiles 5. Protective profiles 6. Where youth acquired alcohol 7. School safety Data from the charts are also presented in Tables 4 through 12. The additional data found in Tables 13 through 15 are explained at the end of this section. Understanding the Format of the Charts There are several graphical elements common to all the charts. Understanding the format of the charts and what these elements represent is essential in interpreting the results of the 2010 AYS. • The Bars on substance use and antisocial behavior charts represent the percentage of students in that grade who reported a given behavior. The bars on the risk and protective factor charts represent the percentage of students whose answers reflect significant risk or protection in that category. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Each set of differently colored bars represents one of the last three administrations of the AYS: 2006, 2008, and 2010. By looking at the percentages over time, it is possible to identify trends in substance use and antisocial behavior. By studying the percentage of youth at risk and with protection over time, it is possible to determine whether the percentage of students at risk or with protection is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. This information is important when deciding which risk and protective factors warrant attention. • Dots and Diamonds. The dots on the charts represent the percentage of all of the youth surveyed across Arizona who reported substance use, problem behavior, elevated risk, or elevated protection. The diamonds represent national data from either the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey or the Bach Harrison Norm. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz The Bach Harrison Norm was developed by Bach Harrison L.L.C. to provide states and communities with the ability to compare their results on risk, protection, and antisocial measures with more national measures. Survey participants from eight statewide surveys and five large regional surveys across the nation were combined into a database of approximately 460,000 students. The results were 7 weighted to make the contribution of each state and region proportional to its share of the national population. Bach Harrison analysts then calculated rates for antisocial behavior and for students at risk and with protection. The results appear on the charts as BH Norm. In order to keep the Bach Harrison Norm relevant, it is updated approximately every two years as new data become available. zzzzz zzzzzzzzz A comparison to state-wide and national results provides additional information for your community in determining the relative importance of levels of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use, antisocial behavior, risk, and protection. Information about other students in the state and the nation can be helpful in determining the seriousness of a given level of problem behavior. Scanning across the charts, it is important to observe the factors that differ the most from the Bach Harrison Norm. This is the first step in identifying the levels of risk and protection that are higher or lower than those in other communities. The risk factors that are higher than the Bach Harrison Norm and the protective factors are lower than the Bach Harrison Norm are probably the factors that your community should consider addressing when planning prevention programs. Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use • Lifetime use is a measure of the percentage of students who tried the particular substance at least once in their lifetime and is used to show the percentage of students who have had experience with a particular substance. • 30-day use is a measure of the percentage of students who used the substance at least once in the 30 days prior to taking the survey and is a more sensitive indicator of the level of current use of the substance. Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior • Heavy substance use is measured in two different ways: binge drinking (having five or more drinks in a row during the two weeks prior to the survey) and use of one-half a pack or more of cigarettes per day. • Drinking and Driving - youth indicating drinking alcohol and driving, or riding with a driver who had been drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. • Antisocial behavior (ASB) is a measure of the percentage of students who report any involvement during the past year with the eight antisocial behaviors listed in the charts. How Charts to Readand theTables Chartsininthis thisReport Report(cont’d) (cont’d) Gambling Gambling behavior charts show the percentage of students who engaged in each of the 10 types of gambling “for money, possessions, or anything of value” during the past year: played gambling machines, played the lottery, bet on sports, played cards, bought a raffle ticket, played bingo, gambled on the Internet, bet on a dice game, bet on a game of personal skill and bet on horse or other animal races. The chart also shows the percentage of students who engaged in any gambling behavior during the past year. Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Risk and protective factor scales measure specific aspects of a youth’s life experience that predict whether he/she will engage in problem behaviors. The scales, defined in Table 3, are grouped into four domains: community, family, school, and peer/individual. The risk and protective factor charts show the percentage of students at risk and with protection for each of the scales. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol This chart displays data regarding the ways that students obtained alcohol in the past 30 days. The data focus on a subgroup of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no alcohol use are not represented.) It is important to note that the charts represent a subgroup of users and not the entire survey population. Additionally, the smaller the sample, the more dramatic the influence of a student's responses. For example, if only one student in a particular grade reported where he/she obtained alcohol, each category would show up as either 0% or 100%. The chart legend indicates the sample size for each grade surveyed to help clarify the value of the data. School Safety The school safety profile charts contain the percentages of students who felt unsafe at school or on the way to school, were threatened or injured with a weapon at school, were in a physical fight at school, carried a weapon to school or were picked on or bullied at school. The complete questions and values for each response option can be seen in Table 12. Additional Data in this Report In addition to data presented in the charts and Tables 4 through 12, Tables 13 through 15 contain information useful for prevention planning. Table 13 contains the information that is required by communities with Drug Free Communities Grants, such as the perception of the risk of ATOD use, perception of parent and peer disapproval of ATOD use, past 30-day use, and average age of first use. Tables 14 and 15 contain questions new to the 2010 AYS on subjects of interest to prevention providers. The Community Data Project Supported by a grant from the Arizona Governor's Office for Children, Youth and Families, the Community Data Project is a multi-agency effort to create a central repository for Arizona's substance abuse and crime data. Through a user-friendly web site, individuals will have a one-stop portal where they can select the type of data they need, specific demographic characteristics, and their geographic level of interest. Various output options will be offered, including data tables, graphs, and maps to cover a variety of reporting and visualization needs. The web site will be a useful tool for practitioners and policymakers who are addressing substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and crime and the criminal justice system by providing them with a 8 comprehensive picture of the characteristics and needs of Arizona’s communities. Having data that are specific to the users geographic area of interest will not only lead to an enhanced understanding of the community issues related to drugs and crime, but it will also maximize data-for-decision-making capabilities for things such as the appropriate program content, identification of at-risk target areas and populations, grant writing and reporting, monitoring progress of prevention and intervention initiatives over time, and determining resource allocation. Currently, the web site is under construction, but we anticipate it will be ready by end of summer 2010. Please visit us then at: www.azcjc.gov/ACJC.Web/sac/CommunDataPrj.aspx The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership (ASAP) was established by Executive Order in June 2007. Currently chaired by the governor’s policy advisor on Health and Human Services, ASAP serves as the single statewide council on substance abuse issues. ASAP brings together stakeholders at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels to improve coordination of efforts; address identified gaps in prevention, treatment, enforcement, and recovery efforts; and improve funding allocation. ASAP utilizes data and practical expertise to develop effective methods for integrating and expanding services across Arizona, thereby maximizing available resources. ASAP also studies current policy and recommends relevant legislation for the Arizona Legislature’s consideration. It is ASAP’s mission to ensure community-driven, agency-supported outcomes to prevent and reduce the negative impacts of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs by building and sustaining partnerships between professionals in the prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement arenas. Through coordination and collaboration among its members and their respective agencies and organizations, ASAP strives to ensure that substance abuse is addressed in a comprehensive manner and funding is spent efficaciously and efficiently. ASAP’s 2010 strategic plan identifies five strategic focus areas: 1)zchild welfare/children of incarcerated parents/drug-endangered children; 2) law enforcement and drug trafficking; 3)zprescription drugs; 4)zunderage drinking; and 5)zcommunity partnerships. There are currently four sub-committees that assist ASAP in meeting its goals: • Underage Drinking Prevention Committee (UAD) – This subcommittee addresses the problem of underage drinking in Arizona by implementing a statewide underage drinking initiative that assesses statewide epidemiological data, resources, strategies and policies, and builds relationships with tribes, youth, law enforcement, government agencies, and community coalitions. By combining resources, practice, and research, the committee collaborates across state systems to reduce underage drinking. • Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group (Epi) – This work group produces a biennial Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile, which highlights trends and new substance abuse data in Arizona and an annual summary profile, entitled The Impact of Substance Abuse: A Snapshot of Arizona. The Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile is a comprehensive, informative, and functional profile of substance abuse in the state for use by community coalitions, agencies, and individuals in relevant fields. Currently, Epi conducts analyses of individual substance abuse issues, responds to ad hoc data requests and brings data to bear on ASAP’s policy decisions around its strategic plan and focus areas. • Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force (AMTF) –The Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force was created in August 2006 in response to Arizona’s decade-long increase in the number of individuals regularly using methamphetamine and the increase in the resulting social and economic costs associated with the drug. The AMTF was instructed to approach Arizona’s methamphetamine problem holistically, focusing equally on enforcement, prevention, treatment, and recovery. Specifically, the AMTF was charged with identifying specific, action-oriented recommendations to eradicate methamphetamine use in Arizona and build safe and healthy communities throughout the state. The AMTF brings together representatives from state agencies, local government, businesses, and community groups to develop collaborative efforts among the treatment, prevention, and law enforcement systems to assess and address the impact of methamphetamine statewide through information sharing, resource allocation, services coordination, and the development of statewide policy recommendations sensitive to the needs of local and tribal communities. • The Community Advisory Board – The Community Advisory Board (CAB) brings together representatives from community coalitions around the state to improve substance abuse prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement policies and programs. The CAB provides an essential link between communities, ASAP and its subcommittees. The CAB brings the community voice to the ASAP table; reports on important community issues that informs ASAP’s work; helps communities improve their capacity to identify emerging trends, as well as take action and report on them to the proper institutions/authorities; takes the data available through the Epidemiology Work Group and ASAP back to coalitions and communities to effectively target prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement activities; serves as a resource for communities and the state to identify the most effective ways to reduce substance abuse through collaborative efforts and by targeting limited resources where they are most needed; and elevates and recognizes the important work being carried out at the community level to ensure that state-level responses are cognizant of the impact of policies on individual communities. 9 School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data What are the numbers telling you? Review the charts and data tables presented in this report. Note your findings as you discuss the following questions. • Which 3-5 risk factors appear to be higher than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which 3-5 protective factors appear to be lower than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which levels of 30-day drug use are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which substances are your students using the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable usage levels? • Which levels of antisocial behaviors are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which behaviors are your students exhibiting the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable behavior levels? How to identify high priority problem areas. • Look across the charts – which items stand out as either much higher or much lower than the other? • Compare your data with statewide, and/or national data – differences of 5% between local and other data are probably significant. • Prioritize problems for your area – Make an assessment of the rates you’ve identified. Which can be realistically addressed with the funding available to your community? Which problems fit best with the prevention resources at hand? • Determine the standards and values held within your community – For example: Is it acceptable in your community for a percentage of high school students to drink alcohol regularly as long as that percentage is lower than the overall state rate? Use these data for planning. • Substance use and antisocial behavior data – raise awareness about the problems and promote dialogue. • Risk and protective factor data – identify exactly where the community needs to take action. • Promising approaches – access resources listed on the last page of this report for ideas about programs that have been proven effective in addressing the risk factors that are high in your community, and improving the protective factors that are low. Sample Risk Factors Protective Factors 30-day Substance Abuse Antisocial Behavior 10 6th grd Fav. Attitude to Drugs (Peer/Indiv. Scale) @ 15% (8% > 8-state av.) 10th grd - Rewards for prosocial involvm. (School Domain) 40% (down 5% from 2 yrs ago & 16% below state av.) 8th grd Binge Drinking@13% (5% above state av.) 12th grd - Drunk/High at School @ 21% ( about same as state, but remains a priority.) Priority Rate 1 Priority Rate 2 Priority Rate 3 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 8 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 11 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 10 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 12 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 12 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 13 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Yavapai County, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† MTF Prescription Drugs**† 14 Prescription Sedatives** **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Prescription Stimulants** State 2010 Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** County 2010 Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** County 2008 Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol County 2006 Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 8 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 15 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 10 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 16 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 12 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 17 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Yavapai County, All Students Surveyed 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 18 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 8 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 19 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 10 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 20 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 12 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 21 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Yavapai County, All Students Surveyed Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 22 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 8 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 23 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 8 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 24 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 10 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 25 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 10 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 26 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 12 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 27 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 12 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 28 Sources Risk and of Protective Alcohol Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Yavapai County, All Students Surveyed Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 29 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Yavapai County, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 30 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 8 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 164 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 206 State 2010 Sample: 4,473 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 31 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 10 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 261 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 303 State 2010 Sample: 5,295 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 32 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 12 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 218 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 308 State 2010 Sample: 6,341 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 33 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Yavapai County, All Students Surveyed Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 643 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 817 State 2010 Sample: 16,109 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 34 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 8 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 35 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 10 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 36 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Yavapai County, Grade 12 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 37 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Yavapai County, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 38 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles Community Domain Risk Factors 1 Low Neighborhood Attachment Research has shown that youth who don't like the neighborhoods in which they live are more likely to become involved in juvenile crime and drug selling. Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the legal drinking age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been followed by decreases in consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have shown that shifts in normative attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence of use. Perceived Availability of Drugs and Handguns The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the use of these substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a higher risk of crime and substance use by adolescents. 1 1 1 1 Community Domain Protective Factors 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for positive participation in activities helps youth bond to the community, thus lowering their risk for substance use. Family Domain Risk Factors 1 Poor Family Management Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places them at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, parents’ failure to provide clear expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that they will engage in drug abuse whether or not there are family drug problems. 1 Family Conflict Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the conflict, appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use. 1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or ATOD use), the children are more likely to engage in these behaviors. 1 Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Antisocial Behavior & Drugs In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use, children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the refrigerator. Family Domain Protective Factors 1 Family Attachment Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors. 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things done well by their child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviors. School Domain Risk Factors 1 Academic Failure Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both drug abuse and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever reasons, increases the risk of problem behaviors. 1 Low Commitment to School Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of drugs is significantly lower among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking school, spending time on homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also negatively related to drug use. 39 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles School Domain Protective Factors 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors. Peer-Individual Risk Factors 1 Rebelliousness Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at higher risk of abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for independence and normlessness have all been linked with drug use. 1 Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use Early onset of drug use predicts misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the greater the involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use prior to the age of 15 is a consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug use has been shown to predict lower drug involvement and a greater probability of discontinuation of use. 1 Attitudes Favorable Toward During the elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes and have Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use difficulty imagining why people use drugs or engage in antisocial behaviors. However, in middle school, as more youth are exposed to others who use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior are more likely to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use. 1 Perceived Risk of Drug Use Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug use. 1 Interaction with Antisocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for engaging in antisocial behavior themselves. 1 Friends' Use of Drugs Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much more likely to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends who use drugs greatly increases the risk of that problem developing. 1 Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging further in antisocial behavior and substance use. Gang Involvement Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. 1 1 1 1 Peer-Individual Protective Factors 1 Belief in the Moral Order Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs. 1 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are more protected from engaging in antisocial behavior and substance use. 1 Prosocial Involvement Participation in positive school and community activities helps provide protection for youth. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are rewarded for working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in problem behavior. 40 Data Tables Table 4. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime In your lifetime, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 51.8 49.7 46.1 45.1 36.6 77.7 68.3 64.4 64.1 59.1 80.6 78.9 73.4 72.8 72.3 68.9 63.4 59.6 58.2 55.6 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 28.7 27.2 26.6 23.8 20.1 46.9 40.7 39.7 37.2 32.7 55.8 53.8 42.9 46.9 43.6 42.5 38.4 35.6 34.0 31.8 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 8.8 9.7 11.0 7.1 9.6 22.8 20.7 20.9 12.5 15.2 28.1 29.0 25.6 18.1 16.3 18.9 18.3 18.2 11.7 13.6 Marijuana used marijuana? 15.4 14.5 17.3 17.8 15.7 38.3 29.3 34.6 34.3 32.3 47.9 45.5 40.4 44.7 42.0 32.1 27.3 29.4 29.9 29.7 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 2.0 1.7 3.0 2.2 1.7 4.5 5.0 7.7 5.9 3.0 6.4 9.2 8.5 9.0 3.1 4.0 4.7 6.1 5.1 2.6 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 3.7 2.8 1.5 2.3 2.6 7.0 5.5 3.8 5.3 4.6 6.8 10.9 6.0 8.8 6.0 5.8 5.8 3.5 5.0 4.4 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 14.6 13.9 12.3 14.5 14.9 13.3 14.4 13.9 11.8 12.8 12.4 15.2 7.9 9.4 9.5 13.6 14.4 11.8 12.3 12.5 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 2.7 1.3 0.6 0.7 1.6 3.7 2.7 2.2 1.6 2.8 6.1 3.5 0.8 2.5 2.4 3.9 2.3 1.2 1.5 2.3 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.9 1.3 2.1 2.7 3.0 2.6 1.5 1.9 3.2 3.1 3.4 1.2 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.1 1.3 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2.1 2.7 4.3 3.9 2.2 2.6 4.0 9.9 8.2 5.5 4.1 6.0 9.7 10.6 6.5 2.8 3.9 7.7 7.0 4.7 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 1.3 2.1 0.9 1.6 1.3 3.5 2.8 3.0 1.8 1.3 4.0 3.1 1.6 1.7 2.2 2.8 2.6 1.8 1.7 1.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 14.7 11.7 11.5 4.4 n/a 21.3 24.3 18.9 9.9 n/a 29.5 25.2 23.1 13.2 n/a 20.6 19.7 16.8 9.1 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 4.4 3.8 2.7 3.0 6.0 6.4 6.1 6.7 7.0 10.3 6.8 9.4 6.8 8.5 9.9 5.8 6.0 5.2 5.7 8.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 11.5 10.8 8.1 8.7 9.5 17.6 13.5 13.1 11.5 13.0 16.0 15.1 13.4 13.4 12.7 15.0 12.8 11.2 10.8 11.7 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 16.9 21.3 16.0 16.5 n/a 22.4 26.9 28.3 23.7 n/a 24.5 33.2 28.9 27.3 n/a 20.9 26.1 23.7 21.5 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 9.3 10.5 9.5 n/a n/a 13.7 14.0 13.2 n/a n/a 13.8 12.4 14.1 n/a n/a 11.9 12.3 11.8 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 41 Data Tables Table 5. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days In the past 30 days, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? Cigarettes Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF 24.2 22.7 21.3 21.9 14.9 49.0 38.4 34.7 34.7 30.4 55.0 50.6 39.2 45.0 43.5 41.3 35.0 30.7 31.9 29.2 smoked cigarettes? 9.4 8.3 11.1 8.9 6.5 19.8 16.4 19.0 15.6 13.1 24.4 24.1 20.2 22.9 20.1 17.1 15.0 16.3 14.7 13.0 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 2.9 3.7 3.9 2.8 3.7 8.5 7.4 10.4 5.7 6.5 10.1 13.5 10.7 8.1 8.4 6.8 7.4 8.0 5.1 6.1 Marijuana used marijuana? 7.0 6.3 7.6 8.9 6.5 18.0 14.1 18.1 17.4 15.9 17.0 18.5 19.0 21.3 20.6 13.8 12.0 14.3 14.8 14.2 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.5 1.5 1.3 2.4 2.0 0.5 2.0 2.2 2.6 2.4 0.5 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.6 0.5 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 1.1 0.8 0.4 0.8 0.8 2.0 1.0 0.6 1.6 0.9 1.5 2.0 1.0 2.2 1.3 1.6 1.2 0.6 1.4 1.0 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 6.1 4.5 4.4 5.6 3.8 4.8 3.0 2.9 3.0 2.2 1.2 3.1 1.1 1.5 1.2 4.4 3.6 3.0 3.7 2.4 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.5 2.0 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.9 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.5 1.3 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 1.1 0.9 1.5 1.1 0.4 0.0 0.7 1.1 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.4 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 0.4 0.8 1.3 1.7 0.6 1.7 0.9 2.8 2.9 1.3 0.9 0.6 2.4 3.4 1.8 1.1 0.8 2.1 2.5 1.2 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.4 1.7 1.0 1.2 0.7 0.5 2.1 1.3 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.3 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 6.6 5.3 5.7 1.3 n/a 10.1 13.1 8.9 3.0 n/a 12.4 9.5 9.7 4.1 n/a 9.2 9.2 7.7 2.8 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 1.1 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.8 3.3 3.6 2.5 2.1 2.5 3.0 2.2 2.0 1.9 2.1 2.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 5.0 4.4 3.4 3.6 2.5 7.9 5.2 5.8 4.7 3.9 5.8 5.3 4.1 4.7 4.2 6.4 4.9 4.4 4.2 3.5 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 7.7 9.8 7.8 8.2 n/a 11.9 13.0 15.0 11.8 n/a 10.6 14.5 12.0 12.4 n/a 10.0 12.1 11.5 10.4 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 5.7 5.2 5.4 n/a n/a 6.4 6.9 6.3 n/a n/a 6.0 5.8 6.3 n/a n/a 6.0 6.0 5.9 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 42 Data Tables Table 6. Percentage of Students With Heavy ATOD Use Drinking and Driving During the past 30 days, how many times did you: (One or more times) DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 5.8 4.4 4.2 5.0 4.2 11.9 8.3 7.9 7.6 7.4 19.4 20.1 12.6 14.1 16.6 11.3 9.7 7.6 8.2 7.7 31.6 27.1 25.4 27.7 24.9 34.8 28.1 29.0 29.1 26.3 34.3 33.5 26.0 28.9 27.5 33.5 29.0 26.8 28.5 25.0 Heavy Use Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Binge Drinking How many times have you had 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? (One or more times) 11.9 12.4 12.2 12.4 7.8 31.2 22.3 21.1 21.0 17.5 34.5 33.1 25.0 29.2 25.2 25.2 20.9 18.6 19.5 16.6 1/2 Pack (or more) of Cigarettes/Day During the past 30 days, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? (11 to 20 cigarettes, More than 20 cigarettes) 1.6 1.0 1.3 0.7 1.0 3.1 2.5 3.6 2.0 2.4 5.9 5.7 2.4 3.6 5.0 3.2 2.7 2.5 1.9 2.7 Table 7. Percentage of Students With Antisocial Behavior How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: (One or more times) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 Been Drunk or High at School 11.3 10.7 10.4 12.8 7.5 27.7 18.8 22.3 21.8 15.0 Been Suspended from School 25.4 24.4 22.0 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 22.1 17.7 21.0 16.9 17.5 18.0 13.3 17.6 17.6 16.0 18.5 15.1 15.2 15.1 13.4 14.4 12.6 8.8 8.8 6.5 9.9 9.2 14.7 14.5 12.7 15.0 12.4 Sold Illegal Drugs 3.3 3.3 4.2 5.0 2.5 9.9 8.6 11.1 10.6 6.5 12.5 11.9 10.3 10.8 7.8 8.0 7.3 8.1 8.2 5.5 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle 3.8 3.1 4.1 3.7 2.3 6.0 5.0 4.3 4.6 2.6 3.6 3.2 1.3 3.1 1.9 4.7 3.8 3.5 3.8 2.3 Been Arrested 7.8 8.9 8.3 7.1 5.2 10.9 9.8 9.9 9.9 6.7 7.9 7.0 6.4 8.7 6.1 9.1 8.7 8.4 8.4 6.0 17.1 19.9 17.0 16.6 16.0 17.8 17.0 16.3 15.5 15.1 13.1 16.5 8.7 11.5 11.9 16.5 18.0 14.7 14.9 14.4 Carried a Handgun 7.8 7.7 6.8 6.7 4.8 8.4 9.4 8.5 7.6 5.2 8.3 10.9 5.4 7.2 5.2 8.1 9.1 7.0 7.1 5.1 Carried a Handgun to School 0.9 0.5 1.7 1.4 0.8 1.5 1.9 1.7 2.1 0.9 2.5 2.4 0.8 1.8 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 0.9 Attacked Someone with the Idea of Seriously Hurting Them * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 43 Data Tables Table 8. Percentage of Students Gambling in the Past Year How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: (At least once in the past 12 months) Any Gambling Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 51.1 68.3 61.1 61.6 55.0 49.8 69.0 62.4 59.8 53.8 45.2 61.5 55.3 56.5 52.6 49.1 66.8 60.1 59.7 53.0 3.0 5.5 4.9 5.3 5.7 4.9 6.3 3.3 4.8 5.3 4.3 5.7 4.0 5.3 5.4 4.1 5.8 4.1 5.2 5.3 24.6 23.2 19.8 21.4 24.0 20.0 22.3 19.4 20.7 23.5 14.9 17.9 14.4 18.9 23.9 20.3 21.6 18.3 20.6 22.7 Bet on sports?* n/a 30.7 27.2 28.6 22.8 n/a 29.9 26.7 27.0 22.5 n/a 27.6 19.1 24.4 20.5 n/a 29.6 25.0 27.0 21.4 Played cards? 22.0 45.2 39.5 36.1 25.8 28.3 48.7 40.5 36.0 27.0 28.4 44.3 35.7 34.8 26.7 26.2 46.2 38.9 35.7 25.3 n/a 24.0 18.4 15.9 n/a n/a 23.0 21.5 16.6 n/a n/a 18.8 17.6 15.3 n/a n/a 22.3 19.3 16.0 n/a 15.1 28.9 22.1 26.4 22.7 10.0 21.7 19.2 20.4 17.7 4.7 14.4 15.3 14.2 14.0 10.4 22.7 19.4 21.4 19.5 Gambled on the Internet? 6.6 6.1 5.3 5.1 4.5 7.1 5.2 4.9 4.6 4.0 4.7 5.7 2.9 4.2 3.7 6.3 5.7 4.6 4.7 4.2 Played a dice game?* n/a 33.2 25.3 26.0 12.1 n/a 29.9 23.0 21.9 11.2 n/a 18.8 14.4 17.9 10.0 n/a 28.4 21.7 22.6 11.4 21.2 32.7 29.3 28.2 20.1 22.4 35.0 28.5 27.7 20.5 15.4 29.4 21.8 24.9 18.8 20.3 32.7 27.1 27.2 19.4 n/a 6.1 4.2 5.0 4.6 n/a 6.0 4.9 5.0 4.7 n/a 6.9 2.9 4.4 4.6 n/a 6.3 4.1 4.8 4.7 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bought a raffle ticket?** Played bingo? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* Bet on a horse or other animal race?* * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from table. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 44 Data Tables Table 9. Percentage of Students Reporting Risk Grade 8 Risk Factor County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed** Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm Community Domain Low Neighborhood Attachment 46.3 45.2 40.9 35.9 36.6 54.9 52.9 48.0 43.6 42.8 57.7 57.1 56.8 47.3 47.0 52.5 50.8 47.7 41.3 42.0 Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use 37.1 34.4 36.1 35.0 32.8 49.5 48.0 48.0 41.8 39.6 43.9 40.7 40.6 35.5 32.8 43.8 40.7 41.7 37.2 35.2 Perceived Availability of Drugs 42.7 36.5 35.4 36.9 29.4 54.6 50.4 44.9 42.9 40.5 54.7 50.6 43.1 43.8 42.7 50.4 44.8 40.9 40.6 37.5 Perceived Availability of Handguns 45.3 42.0 38.3 33.4 39.8 32.6 35.2 28.8 22.3 29.9 39.9 37.7 29.3 26.5 34.8 38.9 38.6 32.4 28.2 34.8 Poor Family Management 43.7 39.9 43.8 43.7 41.9 49.0 44.2 40.7 40.6 40.3 52.9 44.9 43.9 41.2 39.8 48.2 42.6 42.7 42.1 40.7 Family Conflict 53.9 53.5 51.0 53.1 51.5 41.4 47.8 43.7 42.1 41.6 40.0 37.3 36.7 39.1 38.8 45.3 47.7 44.3 45.9 44.1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 45.3 40.2 40.0 39.3 36.4 48.4 40.4 42.7 41.5 39.0 45.8 41.5 38.6 37.4 37.3 46.7 40.6 40.6 39.4 37.6 Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB 57.4 52.6 51.5 47.7 46.9 56.1 60.0 57.4 50.0 52.3 49.0 57.1 57.2 48.6 50.3 54.9 56.3 55.2 48.6 49.9 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 36.8 29.9 29.6 24.7 26.0 51.9 45.4 46.1 37.9 40.8 46.1 45.9 47.0 38.6 38.6 45.3 39.1 40.3 32.4 35.2 Academic Failure 47.4 50.2 44.0 45.5 46.6 55.5 51.1 46.6 48.5 47.9 44.4 45.2 37.9 40.6 41.8 49.9 49.2 43.3 45.1 45.6 Low Commitment to School 50.1 49.2 39.8 41.0 38.0 50.0 55.3 49.3 41.7 41.7 44.7 57.9 48.9 42.2 42.9 48.8 53.5 45.4 41.5 40.8 Rebelliousness 46.1 41.5 41.8 43.8 39.0 49.8 51.1 48.6 47.6 45.5 49.5 46.1 39.0 44.6 43.6 48.4 46.0 43.5 45.1 42.7 Early Initiation of ASB 38.7 38.9 33.9 37.6 33.7 45.5 44.2 42.0 40.6 37.0 37.5 42.1 31.2 38.6 35.4 41.1 41.5 36.1 38.8 35.4 Early Initiation of Drug Use 34.2 31.3 32.0 29.3 24.0 42.0 33.5 33.9 31.0 27.3 38.4 38.7 25.5 29.6 28.8 38.2 33.9 31.1 29.9 26.6 Attitudes Favorable to ASB 44.7 44.7 41.0 41.4 36.2 58.7 56.2 52.1 44.7 44.9 51.4 58.5 45.7 41.7 41.9 51.7 52.1 46.1 42.4 41.0 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 31.5 25.7 28.8 29.3 22.6 45.0 36.3 39.5 36.2 33.6 37.7 40.8 38.1 35.9 32.7 38.2 33.2 34.9 33.1 29.6 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 40.3 41.4 49.0 47.8 37.1 46.7 41.5 50.1 45.9 35.7 45.5 52.4 53.6 50.4 40.3 44.1 44.1 50.6 47.9 37.6 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 54.4 51.4 51.4 55.8 50.3 66.6 58.2 58.1 56.3 52.0 54.2 60.9 46.7 51.5 49.0 59.1 56.2 52.6 54.8 50.5 Friend's Use of Drugs 37.3 35.0 36.6 39.4 30.8 50.1 35.9 44.5 42.6 36.2 38.7 39.6 33.1 38.1 32.3 42.7 36.5 38.5 40.0 33.2 Rewards for ASB 41.8 41.7 44.0 48.2 36.7 46.1 42.1 47.3 46.8 42.7 55.3 57.3 51.3 57.1 55.1 46.6 45.8 47.0 50.1 44.4 Gang Involvement 15.6 18.5 17.7 20.8 17.8 20.7 18.4 18.7 20.9 15.7 18.9 16.2 10.3 16.1 13.1 18.5 17.9 16.1 19.6 15.6 37.9 40.8 34.3 37.1 29.7 47.8 43.5 41.2 34.2 30.4 38.6 42.5 34.6 32.5 29.0 42.0 42.2 36.8 35.0 29.7 Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Risk Students at High Risk* * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 45 Data Tables Table 10. Percentage of Students Reporting Protection Grade 10 Grade 8 Protective Factor Grade 12 All Students Surveyed† County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 31.0 30.8 34.4 32.9 38.3 34.6 32.2 37.2 38.0 44.2 39.8 30.2 34.1 37.0 44.1 34.6 31.1 35.4 35.6 42.2 Family Attachment 53.7 54.1 52.5 51.1 51.9 46.4 45.6 42.3 45.6 44.7 60.1 60.5 56.3 56.6 55.6 52.1 52.7 49.7 50.9 50.4 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 60.4 61.0 60.0 59.7 60.7 55.0 49.7 50.8 54.6 53.1 56.0 53.9 54.1 56.4 53.8 57.1 55.4 54.9 57.2 55.8 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 64.1 63.9 60.3 61.7 61.5 56.7 51.1 51.6 54.9 53.0 57.7 56.1 55.5 56.4 52.4 59.4 57.6 55.7 58.2 55.6 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 55.7 60.6 67.3 63.0 68.9 56.1 55.5 62.0 65.6 71.6 59.0 52.6 61.8 67.6 72.8 56.6 56.8 64.1 65.0 71.0 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 50.5 53.4 56.6 52.0 57.5 64.4 54.4 61.9 61.2 58.9 51.6 37.1 42.4 46.9 51.6 56.2 49.6 55.0 53.5 56.2 Belief in the Moral Order 55.5 63.1 64.7 60.3 64.6 58.0 61.9 65.6 69.4 68.0 47.4 47.2 57.0 56.4 53.8 54.6 58.7 63.1 62.0 62.5 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* 54.0 56.2 57.6 54.7 58.8 52.1 51.6 52.5 57.5 60.7 52.3 47.2 56.4 57.3 59.3 52.9 52.4 55.5 56.2 59.6 Prosocial Involvement 46.6 42.3 44.6 40.0 40.8 38.8 38.9 46.5 45.3 46.1 44.3 36.2 47.3 41.9 42.6 42.9 39.6 45.9 42.1 43.2 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 62.1 64.5 64.3 59.2 62.5 60.2 59.3 57.3 61.7 59.9 46.4 46.8 58.7 55.6 51.8 57.7 58.2 60.4 59.0 58.3 49.4 61.5 54.2 53.6 52.8 53.2 52.7 56.2 57.6 52.5 50.9 45.0 58.2 55.9 50.5 51.2 54.3 55.9 55.4 52.0 Community Domain Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Protection Students with High Protection** * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 46 Data Tables Table 11. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol* If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) Sample size** Grade 8 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 206 164 4,473 303 261 5,295 308 218 6,341 817 643 16,109 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 3.4 3.0 4.9 4.3 5.4 6.3 9.1 5.5 9.9 5.9 4.8 7.3 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 3.9 1.8 2.5 2.3 1.5 2.1 4.2 4.1 3.6 3.4 2.5 2.8 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 2.4 1.2 3.0 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.3 1.4 2.5 2.4 1.7 2.6 I gave someone else money to buy it for me 20.4 20.1 19.2 33.3 39.8 32.6 47.7 49.1 42.5 35.5 37.9 32.8 My parent or guardian gave it to me 20.9 19.5 17.5 20.5 17.2 15.0 14.0 16.5 13.3 18.1 17.6 15.0 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 20.4 8.5 17.3 21.8 17.6 16.8 15.6 17.0 14.8 19.1 15.1 16.1 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 19.4 15.9 16.2 34.3 24.9 24.8 44.8 32.6 30.4 34.5 25.2 24.6 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 17.0 19.5 21.0 30.4 24.9 23.1 23.7 14.7 18.6 24.5 20.1 20.7 I got it at a party 41.7 30.5 38.7 50.8 51.0 49.6 56.5 46.8 53.8 50.7 44.3 48.2 I took it from home 29.1 39.0 30.2 21.5 25.3 21.9 13.0 13.3 13.1 20.2 24.7 20.7 8.7 6.7 9.4 14.2 11.1 9.8 6.8 3.2 5.6 10.0 7.3 8.1 27.2 23.2 25.2 28.4 16.9 18.8 16.9 11.0 13.3 23.7 16.5 18.4 I took it from a store or someone else's home I got it some other way * Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. ** Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 47 Data Tables Table 12. Percentage of Students Reporting School Safety Issues Grade 8 Question During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY?* County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 0 times 85.6 88.4 91.7 1 time 7.3 6.6 4.3 2-3 times 4.9 3.2 4-5 times 1.2 6-7 times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? State 2010 Grade 12 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 91.7 84.7 85.9 90.4 4.5 6.7 7.0 4.2 2.3 2.2 3.8 4.2 0.5 0.7 0.6 0.8 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.2 8-9 times 0.2 0.3 0.1 10-11 times 0.2 0.1 12 or more times 0.7 0.5 State 2010 All Students Surveyed** County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 92.7 88.9 88.9 94.8 3.7 6.2 6.5 2.1 2.9 1.9 2.4 2.0 0.6 1.0 0.5 0.5 1.3 0.8 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.5 2.1 0.9 State 2010 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 95.3 86.0 87.7 92.0 93.0 2.4 6.8 6.7 3.7 3.7 1.8 1.3 3.9 3.2 2.4 1.9 0.4 1.0 0.3 0.9 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.1 1.0 0.6 0.8 1.7 0.2 0.3 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.5 0 times 72.4 72.6 74.5 79.5 81.5 82.8 81.4 87.0 89.5 88.0 92.9 92.6 80.0 81.6 85.2 1 time 15.8 15.8 14.4 11.0 11.1 12.0 10.4 7.3 5.9 7.7 4.7 4.3 11.7 12.5 10.5 8.1 2-3 times 7.7 8.0 6.7 6.2 4.7 3.8 5.8 3.6 2.7 3.3 1.9 1.8 5.4 5.3 5.2 4.2 4-5 times 2.2 2.1 2.3 1.7 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.4 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 6-7 times 0.5 1.0 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 8-9 times 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 10-11 times 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 12 or more times 1.0 0.1 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.6 0 times 53.7 53.0 58.0 60.5 70.4 65.6 65.3 73.1 84.7 78.6 84.0 85.4 67.5 63.8 67.2 70.9 1 time 19.7 14.0 14.0 12.8 10.8 11.2 10.2 9.1 9.0 7.4 4.7 5.3 13.7 11.4 10.3 9.7 12.4 11.7 11.1 9.3 9.9 8.4 7.7 5.3 4.7 10.2 9.5 8.6 4.5 4.7 4.7 3.5 4.0 3.0 1.1 2.1 1.7 3.3 3.8 3.3 2.1 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.0 1.2 0.4 0.3 0.7 1.7 1.4 1.3 8-9 times 2.0 2.0 1.1 1.7 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.3 1.5 1.1 0.8 10-11 times 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.5 8.0 10.6 7.4 7.3 5.5 6.1 7.1 4.2 1.9 3.9 2.9 1.8 5.6 7.4 6.2 4.9 0 days 91.4 91.5 92.1 90.5 92.9 88.2 90.7 93.3 94.6 91.4 96.4 95.7 92.7 90.3 92.7 92.7 1 day 4.6 5.2 4.5 5.2 5.5 7.3 5.2 3.6 2.2 5.9 1.3 2.2 4.4 6.1 3.9 4.0 2-3 days 2.5 2.3 1.7 2.6 1.0 3.4 2.4 1.8 1.6 2.4 1.8 1.1 1.7 2.7 2.0 2.0 4-5 days 0.7 0.1 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.5 6 or more days 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.8 1.1 0.8 1.1 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.8 0 days 93.6 93.3 94.7 95.2 87.8 90.8 90.2 95.0 89.4 89.2 92.1 95.4 90.3 91.4 92.4 95.2 1 day 3.7 4.3 2.2 2.3 3.6 2.2 2.4 1.8 2.2 2.3 1.8 1.4 3.3 3.1 2.2 1.9 2-3 days 0.5 1.2 1.7 1.2 2.5 2.1 1.5 1.0 0.8 1.4 0.3 0.9 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.1 4-5 days 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 1.3 0.2 1.3 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.4 6 or more days 1.7 1.1 1.2 1.0 4.7 4.7 4.6 1.8 7.0 6.2 5.5 2.0 4.1 3.6 3.5 1.5 2-3 times 4-5 times 6-7 times 18.7 13.3 4.4 13.2 * In 2006 the choices for this question were Never , Once , Several Times and Very Often. ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 48 State 2010 80.0 12 or more times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on your way to or from school? Grade 10 Data Tables Table 13. Drug Free Communities Report - National Outcome Measures (NOMs) Outcome Definition Substance Grade 8 Percent Grade 10 Sample Percent Grade 12 Sample Percent All Students Surveyed† Sample Percent Sample Male †† Percent Female †† Sample Percent Sample drink 1 or two drinks nearly every day Alcohol 56.8 879 56.9 849 59.4 613 57.5 2,341 51.0 1,162 64.3 1,141 smoke 1 or more packs of cigarettes per day Cigarettes 85.4 888 85.2 850 89.9 616 86.5 2,354 83.8 1,164 89.6 1,152 smoke marijuana regularly Marijuana 78.3 840 66.1 826 62.7 601 69.7 2,267 64.2 1,113 75.5 1,117 Perception of Parent Disapproval* (Parents feel it would be Wrong or Very Wrong to... ) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 90.3 855 81.7 856 71.8 614 82.2 2,325 80.9 1,153 83.9 1,137 smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 95.6 854 92.9 855 85.3 612 91.9 2,321 90.2 1,148 93.4 1,138 smoke marijuana Marijuana 94.3 853 90.9 861 84.4 616 90.4 2,330 89.6 1,155 91.3 1,139 Perception of Peer Disapproval* (I think it is Wrong or Very Wrong for someone my age to...) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 78.0 1,004 58.9 887 54.6 626 65.4 2,517 62.9 1,254 68.0 1,224 Past 30-Day Use* at least one use in the past 30 days Perception of Risk* (People are at Moderate or Great Risk of harming themselves if they...) smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 86.8 999 74.7 886 65.0 625 77.1 2,510 75.8 1,252 78.3 1,220 smoke marijuana Marijuana 85.7 1,003 69.0 887 66.0 624 74.9 2,514 72.6 1,254 77.1 1,221 Alcohol 21.3 940 34.7 870 39.2 620 30.7 2,430 30.7 1,211 30.9 1,182 Cigarettes 11.1 904 19.0 859 20.2 614 16.3 2,377 16.9 1,181 15.6 1,159 Marijuana 7.6 935 18.1 866 19.0 621 14.3 2,422 16.4 1,206 12.1 1,178 Average Age of Onset** Percent (How old were you when you first…) Sample had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor? Alcohol 52.7 Average age: 11.9 years smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Cigarettes 28.0 Average age: 11.6 years Marijuana 18.4 Average age: 12.2 years smoked marijuana? 999 Percent Sample 68.4 877 13.0 years 998 42.8 34.9 13.6 years Sample 75.2 622 14.3 years 877 46.9 877 40.6 14.8 years Percent Sample 63.8 2,498 13.0 years 621 14.3 years 12.9 years 1,006 Percent 37.9 29.7 Sample 63.9 1,248 12.9 years 2,496 13.0 years 623 Percent 37.8 2,506 31.9 13.5 years Sample 63.7 1,211 13.1 years 1,245 37.9 1,212 13.1 years 12.9 years 13.7 years Percent 1,247 27.5 1,220 13.8 years * For Past 30-Day Use, Perception of Risk, and Perception of Parental/Peer Disapproval, the “Sample” column represents the sample size - the number of people who answered the question and whose responses were used to determine the percentage. The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample answering the question as specified in the definition. ** For Average Age of Onset, the “Sample” column represents the overall sample size: the total number of people that responded to the questions about Age of Onset. This includes responses that are not used to calculate the average age of onset (i.e., youth that have never used alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana). The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample reporting any age of first use for the specified substance. "Average age" is calculated by averaging the ages of first use of students reporting any use. † †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. The male and female values allow a gender comparison for youth who completed the survey. However, unless the percentage of students who participated from each grade is similar, the gender results are not necessarily representative of males and females in the community. 49 Data Tables Table 14. Additional Data for Prevention Planning In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: 52.3 47.2 41.6 57.4 57.7 14.2 17.3 11.7 21.3 13.2 21.3 12.9 16.0 13.1 15.0 3.6 1.3 1.7 3.4 1.0 2.4 7.5 5.1 4.8 7.7 2.9 5.7 9.4 4.4 6.0 10.7 4.9 8.3 6.5 3.4 3.9 6.7 2.6 4.9 79.0 8.9 80.6 8.7 62.8 10.9 68.4 10.3 66.9 10.6 62.7 10.3 70.2 10.0 72.2 9.6 6.0 2.0 5.2 2.2 9.0 3.6 8.6 3.9 8.8 2.8 9.6 4.8 7.8 2.8 7.4 3.4 1.1 3.0 1.0 2.4 4.2 9.5 2.3 6.5 2.6 8.4 2.8 9.8 2.6 6.7 1.9 5.6 79.7 6.5 75.4 8.1 57.7 11.2 58.7 11.1 61.7 12.8 56.9 11.0 67.3 9.8 65.4 9.7 6.5 3.4 1.4 6.5 3.5 1.9 9.1 6.8 4.0 10.3 6.2 3.6 7.0 6.0 2.6 10.7 6.3 3.7 7.5 5.3 2.6 8.7 5.1 2.9 2.6 92.5 4.7 88.4 11.1 81.0 10.2 81.4 9.9 82.3 11.4 81.7 7.5 85.8 8.2 84.5 4.2 1.2 5.4 2.7 8.7 3.9 7.5 4.8 7.0 5.4 7.3 4.8 6.5 3.2 6.6 3.9 0.4 0.5 1.2 0.6 1.8 1.2 2.2 1.2 2.3 0.8 2.2 1.2 1.4 0.8 1.8 0.9 2-3 times 4-6 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times More than 10 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times 1.2 1.7 3.4 2.9 2.3 2.9 2.2 2.4 Never 62.8 64.9 64.1 63.0 67.7 67.0 64.6 64.9 Once 13.7 11.9 13.6 10.3 13.1 10.7 12.7 11.9 10.5 10.0 10.9 10.8 12.7 11.0 12.6 10.9 7-10 times 3.0 2.1 3.5 1.5 4.4 2.7 4.5 1.9 3.7 1.9 4.2 2.0 3.7 2.3 4.0 1.7 More than 10 times 6.4 6.2 5.0 6.0 6.0 5.1 5.8 5.8 More than 10 times 2-3 times 4-6 times In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? State 2010 15.1 18.8 More than 10 times decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? County 2010 48.7 7-10 times give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? State 2010 12.3 9.5 Once say "No" without giving a reason why? County 2010 71.4 Never In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? State 2010 11.6 9.9 More than 10 times other drugs? County 2010 71.9 7-10 times marijuana? State 2010 All Students Surveyed* Once 4-6 times cigarettes? County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 Never 2-3 times alcohol? Grade 8 Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Grade 8 County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 32.4 12.9 30.9 14.2 40.0 15.3 33.4 17.4 33.0 19.5 33.8 17.2 35.3 15.4 32.4 16.0 5.8 2.3 4.3 5.8 2.7 5.3 8.0 4.0 7.5 8.9 4.1 8.8 9.2 4.3 7.3 10.3 5.5 10.4 7.5 3.4 6.2 8.0 3.9 7.7 42.2 36.7 41.1 35.7 25.2 42.8 27.3 38.7 26.7 37.9 22.8 39.4 32.1 39.2 32.0 37.6 10.6 5.8 10.9 5.4 13.3 6.8 13.9 8.2 15.2 9.4 15.2 10.2 12.8 7.1 13.0 7.5 2.3 3.1 2.7 4.4 4.1 7.7 4.6 7.3 4.9 5.9 5.2 7.4 3.7 5.5 3.9 6.1 41.4 38.5 41.0 37.3 25.3 48.7 27.3 45.1 26.7 50.7 22.5 50.9 31.8 45.3 31.9 43.3 8.9 3.6 2.2 10.2 3.7 2.4 12.0 5.4 1.9 12.3 5.2 2.9 9.8 4.2 3.0 11.4 5.2 3.2 10.3 4.4 2.3 11.1 4.6 2.8 3.6 43.1 4.6 41.8 5.8 26.2 6.3 28.1 4.2 28.1 5.9 23.4 4.5 33.1 5.5 32.8 42.0 6.3 40.7 8.2 54.0 8.6 49.7 9.9 53.3 10.5 55.3 9.6 49.3 8.2 47.4 9.1 3.8 2.0 3.3 1.9 4.2 2.8 4.2 2.6 3.2 2.0 4.3 2.4 3.8 2.3 3.8 2.3 2.8 43.1 3.8 42.1 4.5 25.9 5.2 28.3 3.2 27.9 4.6 23.7 3.5 33.0 4.4 33.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 50 Data Tables Table 15. Additional Data for Prevention Planning (Cont'd) Grade 8 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked or beaten up? County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 78.7 82.8 78.1 81.9 84.3 83.6 79.9 82.7 1 or 2 times 10.3 8.4 8.4 8.0 6.9 7.6 8.8 8.1 3 to 5 times 4.8 3.3 4.4 3.4 2.1 3.1 4.0 3.3 6 to 9 times 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.6 10 to 19 times 2.1 1.7 2.7 2.1 1.6 1.6 2.2 1.8 20 to 29 times 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.6 0.9 0.6 30 to 39 times 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 40+ times 1.5 1.5 3.4 1.9 2.2 1.7 2.4 1.7 Never 28.8 29.2 27.3 31.1 43.0 42.1 31.8 33.2 1 or 2 times 29.6 28.6 25.5 26.7 26.9 25.6 27.5 27.2 3 to 5 times 18.3 18.8 21.2 19.0 17.8 16.7 19.2 18.3 6 to 9 times 10.6 9.4 12.1 9.9 5.6 7.0 9.9 8.9 10 to 19 times 5.6 5.8 6.7 6.4 3.4 4.4 5.5 5.6 20 to 29 times 2.2 2.6 2.9 2.4 1.0 1.5 2.2 2.2 30 to 39 times 0.8 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.8 40+ times 4.0 4.7 3.0 3.6 1.6 2.3 3.1 3.7 84.0 81.3 78.7 81.7 90.6 85.9 83.7 82.6 1 or 2 times 9.6 10.4 14.9 9.9 4.8 8.0 10.3 9.6 3 to 5 times 2.6 3.5 2.9 3.4 1.8 2.5 2.5 3.2 6 to 9 times 1.4 1.6 0.4 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.5 10 to 19 times 1.3 1.6 1.9 1.8 0.6 1.2 1.4 1.6 20 to 29 times 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 30 to 39 times 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 40+ times 0.8 0.9 0.4 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.9 90.5 87.2 91.5 87.7 93.4 89.8 91.6 88.1 1 or 2 times 5.4 7.7 5.3 7.1 4.2 6.1 5.1 7.1 3 to 5 times 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.1 1.7 1.7 1.9 6 to 9 times 0.6 0.9 0.3 0.9 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.8 10 to 19 times 0.8 0.8 0.3 1.2 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.9 20 to 29 times 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 30 to 39 times 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 40+ times 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.8 Never seen someone shot or shot at? State 2010 Grade 12 Never Never seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? County 2010 Grade 10 If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply) I've never used prescription drugs to get high Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) All Students Surveyed Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 87.7 88.1 79.3 81.7 80.4 78.5 82.8 83.6 5.0 5.5 13.5 11.2 13.9 14.0 10.4 9.5 1.3 2.2 4.5 3.7 4.9 4.2 3.4 3.2 1.5 2.5 5.5 4.9 6.1 5.5 4.1 4.0 3.2 2.9 5.8 5.0 3.7 5.2 4.3 4.1 1.1 1.3 4.5 2.8 3.1 4.4 2.8 2.6 1.0 1.6 4.4 3.7 5.0 3.6 3.3 2.8 1.3 1.8 4.1 3.0 3.4 3.1 2.8 2.5 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.7 1.3 1.0 0.8 1.3 0.8 1.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 51 Appendix Appendix - Comparability of survey administrations Issue Drug Category 2008/2010 AYS 2006 AYS On how many occasions (if any) have you: Notes regarding changes On how many occasions (if any) have you: Hallucinogens Used LSD or other psychedelics? Used LSD or other hallucinogens? Substituted "hallucinogens" for "psychedelics" in 2008 and beyond. Comparable across years. Meth Used methamphetamines (meth, speed, crank, crystal meth)? Used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription stimulants Used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription sedatives Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? In 2008 AYS added descriptor "prescription" and removed qualifier "without a doctor telling you to take them." 2006 data are cautiously comparable to 2008/2010. Ecstasy Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)? Used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2008/2010 AYS uses "ecstasy" as the primary descriptor, moving "MDMA" to examples. Comparable across years. Combined results of On how many occasions have you: Prescription drugs Gambling Category Combined results of On how many occasions have you: used prescription drugs (such as Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderall, Oxycontin, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription pain relievers (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? How often during the past 12 months have you: In 2006 there was a prescription drugs question with several examples (some of which overlapped examples from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions). In 2008/2010, the single prescription drug question was dropped, and a new question about prescription pain relievers was added. Rather than discontinuing reporting Prescription Drugs , the prescription sedative, stimulant and pain reliever questions were combined to create a single measure. . In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006 data were similarly recalculated into a composite, adding results from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions to the dedicated Prescription Drugs question. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Sports betting Bet on team sports? Bet on sports? 2006 not comparable to later data. Race betting Bet money on horse races? Bet on a horse race or other animal race? 2006 not comparable to later data. Dice Bet on dice games such as craps? Played a dice game? 2006 not comparable to later data. Games of skill Bet on games of personal skill such as pool, darts, or bowling? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Comparable across years. Protective Scale: Peer-Individual Interaction with Prosocial Peers 52 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year, how many of your best friends have: (Scale is calculated based on the average response [0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 friends] to the following questions) ...participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? ...made the commitment to stay drug-free? ...tried to do well in school? ...liked school? ...regularly attended religious services? (not used in 2008/2010) Regularly attended religious services was removed from the AYS in 2008. 2006 has been recalculated to match 2008/2010 AYS and are now comparable across all years. Due to this recalculation, current reports may differ slightly from past reports. Contacts for Prevention Regional Prevention Contacts Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai Counties Rachel Peterson Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) 928-226-6394 Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Gila, La Paz, Pinal, Yuma and Santa Cruz Counties Linda Weinberg Cenpatico Behavioral Health of Arizona 866-495-6738 Maricopa County Juan Aristizabal Magellan Health Services of Arizona 602-797-8256 Pima County Bill Burnett Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) 520-618-8807 Gila River Indian Community Julie Jimenez Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority 520-562-3321 ext. 7031 Pascua Yaqui Tribe Ralph Cota Centered Spirit Program 480-768-2063 Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Michelle Neitch/Phillip Stevenson 602-364-1173/602-364-1157 www.azcjc.gov Arizona Department of Education School Safety and Prevention www.ade.az.gov/sa/health/ Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Elise Mikkelsen 602-266-8299 ext. 351 www.problemgambling.az.gov 53 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Lisa Shumaker 602-364-4594 www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Charles Katz 602-496-1471 http://cvpcs.asu.edu/ Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families 602-542-4043 www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html Partnership for a Drug Free America, Arizona Affiliate Shelly Mowrey 602-264-5700 www.partnerupaz.org The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (Blueprints for Violence Prevention) www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) www.prevention.samhsa.gov Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Model Programs Guide www2.dsgonline.com/mpg/ Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Evidence Based Practices www.samhsa.gov/ebpwebguide/index.asp Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CAPT) casat.unr.edu/westcapt.html Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. 801-359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com Yuma County 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Shining Light on Arizona Youth Arizona Criminal Justice Commission in partnership with Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Arizona Department of Health Services, Division of Behavioral Health Arizona Department of Health Services, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Arizona Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention Governor’s Office for Children, Youth and Families Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Leslie Bloom, The Partnership for Drug Free America, AZ Affiliate Allie Bones, Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence Tim Christensen, Office of Problem Gambling Janet Garcia, Valley of the Sun United Way Michelle Gayles, Valley of the Sun United Way Charles Katz, Arizona State University Elise Mickkelsen, Office of Problem Gambling Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Rick Pyper, Office of Problem Gambling Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University Additionally, the success of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Table of Contents Introduction The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention The Charts and Tables in this Report The Community Data Project The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data Data Charts: Lifetime and 30 Day ATOD Use Problem Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior Gambling Risk & Protective Factor Profiles Where Youth Obtained Alcohol School Safety Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions Data Tables Appendix Contacts for Prevention Introduction 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Yuma County Summary Report This report summarizes all findings from the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) administered to 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students during spring 2010. The results for your county are presented along with comparisons to the results for the state of Arizona. The survey was designed to assess school safety, adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. All schools in Arizona are eligible to participate in the survey, Table 1. Characteristics of Participants County 2006 Number Percent County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Students by Grade 8 1,518 57.7 1,306 76.1 810 58.2 27,592 43.3 10 813 30.9 204 11.9 435 31.3 19,489 30.6 12 298 11.3 206 12.0 146 10.5 16,703 26.2 2,629 100.0 1,716 100.0 1,391 100.0 63,784 100.0 Male 1,275 49.8 838 49.5 684 50.1 30,645 49.0 Female 1,283 50.2 854 50.5 680 49.9 31,928 51.0 All Students Surveyed* Students by Gender Table 2. Race/Ethnicity of Participants Hispanic Student marked 'Yes' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent Native American 63 4.8 37 3.6 1,207 4.9 African American 28 2.1 17 1.7 657 2.6 Asian 6 0.5 8 0.8 206 0.8 Pacific Islander 7 0.5 10 1.0 280 1.1 153 11.7 211 20.6 5,772 23.2 41 3.1 42 4.1 1,021 4.1 1,014 77.3 699 68.3 15,726 63.2 White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked Non-Hispanic Student marked 'No' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American African American Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked County 2008 Number County 2010 Percent Number State 2010 Percent Number Percent 6 1.7 8 2.4 2,517 6.8 22 6.4 22 6.6 2,129 5.7 13 3.8 9 2.7 1,551 4.2 2 0.6 3 0.9 372 1.0 240 70.0 235 71.0 27,180 73.2 54 15.7 48 14.5 2,539 6.8 6 1.7 6 1.8 824 2.2 Totals County 2008 Number Hispanic Students Non-Hispanic Students Total Students** Percent County 2010 Number Percent State 2010 Number Percent 1,312 76.5 1,024 73.6 24,869 39.0 343 20.0 331 23.8 37,112 58.2 1,716 100.0 1,391 100.0 63,784 100.0 * Grades with fewer than 20 students participating are not included in this report. However, students from grades not making the cutoff are included in All Students Surveyed. This means the number of students reported in All Students Surveyed may exceed the sum of individual grades. (All Students Surveyed will match the grade total in reports with data drawn from a single grade.) **As a small percentage of students skipped the question Are you Hispanic or Latino? (at the state level, 1,803 students, or 2.8% of the total), the sum of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic students is less than Total Students . 5 and recruitment efforts were successful in obtaining participation by schools in all of the 15 counties. Careful planning and uniform administration of the survey have resulted in survey data that are valid and representative of the students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in Arizona. Table 1 contains the characteristics of the students who completed the survey from your county and the state of Arizona. Because not every student answered all of the questions, the number of students in the gender and ethnicity/race categories often will be less than the total number of students. To better understand the diversity of Arizona’s youth population, respondents were asked separate questions about their ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) and their race (Caucasian, African-American, Native American, etc.). This method for obtaining ethnicity and race information provides more comprehensive data on youth cultural and racial self-identification, and a more nuanced understanding of Arizona’s diverse youth population. Whenever data are obtained from a sample of students instead of the entire population, it is important to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the data. One easy way to investigate the quality of the sample is to look at the basic demographic characteristics of the students who participated in the survey and compare them to what is known about the entire population of students. This will give the user of these data a basic understanding of the degree to which the sample data can be generalized to the entire population. It is important to note that even when the characteristics of the sample do not match well to the characteristics of the population this does not mean the data lose their usefulness. The data included in this report describes the level of risk and protective factors, substance use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency of those youth who participated in the survey, which can be used to inform the development of school and community-based prevention and intervention activities that may benefit both the youth who participate in the survey and those who did not. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention Prevention is a science. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention is a proven way of reducing substance abuse and its related consequences. This model is based on the simple premise that to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing and then find ways to reduce the risks. Just as medical researchers have found risk factors for heart disease such as diets high in fat, lack of exercise, and smoking, a team of researchers at the University of Washington have defined a set of risk factors for youth problem behaviors. Protective factors exert a positive influence and buffer against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviors. Protective factors identified through research include strong bonding to family, school, community and peers, and healthy beliefs and clear standards for behavior. Research on risk and protective factors has important implications for children’s academic success, positive youth development, and prevention of health and behavior problems. In order to promote academic success and positive youth development and to prevent problem behaviors, it is necessary to address the factors that predict these outcomes. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can be identified and targeted by policies, programs, and actions shown to reduce those risk factors and to promote protective factors. Risk factors are characteristics of school, community and family environments, and of students and their peer groups known to predict increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school dropout, and violent behaviors among youth. For example, children who live in communities with physical deterioration and high rates of adult crime are more likely to become involved in delinquency and drug use than children who live in organized neighborhoods. Each risk and protective factor can be linked to specific types of interventions that have been shown to be effective in either reducing risk(s) or enhancing protection(s). The steps outlined here will help your county make key decisions regarding allocation of resources, how and when to address specific needs, and which strategies are most effective and known to produce results. The chart below shows the links between the 19 risk factors and five problem behaviors. The check marks indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Community Disorganization Extreme Economic & Social Deprivation Family History of the Problem Behavior Family Conflict Family Management Problems Favorable Parent Attitudes & Involvement in the Problem Behavior Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Early Initiation of Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Early & Persistent Antisocial Behavior Alienation & Rebelliousness Friends Who Use Drugs & Engage in Problem Behaviors Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use & Other Problem Behaviors Gang Involvement Constitutional Factors Peer / Individual Low Neighborhood Attachment School Transitions & Mobility Family Availability of Drugs & Firearms Community Community Laws & Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms & Crime Risk Factors Substance Abuse T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Delinquency T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T Teen Pregnancy School Drop-Out Violence T T T T T T T T Source: Communities That Care (CTC) prevention model, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) 6 Charts and Tables in this Report There are seven types of charts presented in this report: 1. Lifetime and 30 day ATOD use 2. Heavy substance use and antisocial behavior 3. Gambling 4. Risk profiles 5. Protective profiles 6. Where youth acquired alcohol 7. School safety Data from the charts are also presented in Tables 4 through 12. The additional data found in Tables 13 through 15 are explained at the end of this section. Understanding the Format of the Charts There are several graphical elements common to all the charts. Understanding the format of the charts and what these elements represent is essential in interpreting the results of the 2010 AYS. • The Bars on substance use and antisocial behavior charts represent the percentage of students in that grade who reported a given behavior. The bars on the risk and protective factor charts represent the percentage of students whose answers reflect significant risk or protection in that category. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz Each set of differently colored bars represents one of the last three administrations of the AYS: 2006, 2008, and 2010. By looking at the percentages over time, it is possible to identify trends in substance use and antisocial behavior. By studying the percentage of youth at risk and with protection over time, it is possible to determine whether the percentage of students at risk or with protection is increasing, decreasing, or staying the same. This information is important when deciding which risk and protective factors warrant attention. • Dots and Diamonds. The dots on the charts represent the percentage of all of the youth surveyed across Arizona who reported substance use, problem behavior, elevated risk, or elevated protection. The diamonds represent national data from either the Monitoring the Future (MTF) Survey or the Bach Harrison Norm. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz The Bach Harrison Norm was developed by Bach Harrison L.L.C. to provide states and communities with the ability to compare their results on risk, protection, and antisocial measures with more national measures. Survey participants from eight statewide surveys and five large regional surveys across the nation were combined into a database of approximately 460,000 students. The results were 7 weighted to make the contribution of each state and region proportional to its share of the national population. Bach Harrison analysts then calculated rates for antisocial behavior and for students at risk and with protection. The results appear on the charts as BH Norm. In order to keep the Bach Harrison Norm relevant, it is updated approximately every two years as new data become available. zzzzz zzzzzzzzz A comparison to state-wide and national results provides additional information for your community in determining the relative importance of levels of alcohol, tobacco and other drug (ATOD) use, antisocial behavior, risk, and protection. Information about other students in the state and the nation can be helpful in determining the seriousness of a given level of problem behavior. Scanning across the charts, it is important to observe the factors that differ the most from the Bach Harrison Norm. This is the first step in identifying the levels of risk and protection that are higher or lower than those in other communities. The risk factors that are higher than the Bach Harrison Norm and the protective factors are lower than the Bach Harrison Norm are probably the factors that your community should consider addressing when planning prevention programs. Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use • Lifetime use is a measure of the percentage of students who tried the particular substance at least once in their lifetime and is used to show the percentage of students who have had experience with a particular substance. • 30-day use is a measure of the percentage of students who used the substance at least once in the 30 days prior to taking the survey and is a more sensitive indicator of the level of current use of the substance. Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior • Heavy substance use is measured in two different ways: binge drinking (having five or more drinks in a row during the two weeks prior to the survey) and use of one-half a pack or more of cigarettes per day. • Drinking and Driving - youth indicating drinking alcohol and driving, or riding with a driver who had been drinking alcohol in the past 30 days. • Antisocial behavior (ASB) is a measure of the percentage of students who report any involvement during the past year with the eight antisocial behaviors listed in the charts. How Charts to Readand theTables Chartsininthis thisReport Report(cont’d) (cont’d) Gambling Gambling behavior charts show the percentage of students who engaged in each of the 10 types of gambling “for money, possessions, or anything of value” during the past year: played gambling machines, played the lottery, bet on sports, played cards, bought a raffle ticket, played bingo, gambled on the Internet, bet on a dice game, bet on a game of personal skill and bet on horse or other animal races. The chart also shows the percentage of students who engaged in any gambling behavior during the past year. Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Risk and protective factor scales measure specific aspects of a youth’s life experience that predict whether he/she will engage in problem behaviors. The scales, defined in Table 3, are grouped into four domains: community, family, school, and peer/individual. The risk and protective factor charts show the percentage of students at risk and with protection for each of the scales. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol This chart displays data regarding the ways that students obtained alcohol in the past 30 days. The data focus on a subgroup of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no alcohol use are not represented.) It is important to note that the charts represent a subgroup of users and not the entire survey population. Additionally, the smaller the sample, the more dramatic the influence of a student's responses. For example, if only one student in a particular grade reported where he/she obtained alcohol, each category would show up as either 0% or 100%. The chart legend indicates the sample size for each grade surveyed to help clarify the value of the data. School Safety The school safety profile charts contain the percentages of students who felt unsafe at school or on the way to school, were threatened or injured with a weapon at school, were in a physical fight at school, carried a weapon to school or were picked on or bullied at school. The complete questions and values for each response option can be seen in Table 12. Additional Data in this Report In addition to data presented in the charts and Tables 4 through 12, Tables 13 through 15 contain information useful for prevention planning. Table 13 contains the information that is required by communities with Drug Free Communities Grants, such as the perception of the risk of ATOD use, perception of parent and peer disapproval of ATOD use, past 30-day use, and average age of first use. Tables 14 and 15 contain questions new to the 2010 AYS on subjects of interest to prevention providers. The Community Data Project Supported by a grant from the Arizona Governor's Office for Children, Youth and Families, the Community Data Project is a multi-agency effort to create a central repository for Arizona's substance abuse and crime data. Through a user-friendly web site, individuals will have a one-stop portal where they can select the type of data they need, specific demographic characteristics, and their geographic level of interest. Various output options will be offered, including data tables, graphs, and maps to cover a variety of reporting and visualization needs. The web site will be a useful tool for practitioners and policymakers who are addressing substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, and crime and the criminal justice system by providing them with a 8 comprehensive picture of the characteristics and needs of Arizona’s communities. Having data that are specific to the users geographic area of interest will not only lead to an enhanced understanding of the community issues related to drugs and crime, but it will also maximize data-for-decision-making capabilities for things such as the appropriate program content, identification of at-risk target areas and populations, grant writing and reporting, monitoring progress of prevention and intervention initiatives over time, and determining resource allocation. Currently, the web site is under construction, but we anticipate it will be ready by end of summer 2010. Please visit us then at: www.azcjc.gov/ACJC.Web/sac/CommunDataPrj.aspx The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership (ASAP) was established by Executive Order in June 2007. Currently chaired by the governor’s policy advisor on Health and Human Services, ASAP serves as the single statewide council on substance abuse issues. ASAP brings together stakeholders at the federal, state, tribal, and local levels to improve coordination of efforts; address identified gaps in prevention, treatment, enforcement, and recovery efforts; and improve funding allocation. ASAP utilizes data and practical expertise to develop effective methods for integrating and expanding services across Arizona, thereby maximizing available resources. ASAP also studies current policy and recommends relevant legislation for the Arizona Legislature’s consideration. It is ASAP’s mission to ensure community-driven, agency-supported outcomes to prevent and reduce the negative impacts of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs by building and sustaining partnerships between professionals in the prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement arenas. Through coordination and collaboration among its members and their respective agencies and organizations, ASAP strives to ensure that substance abuse is addressed in a comprehensive manner and funding is spent efficaciously and efficiently. ASAP’s 2010 strategic plan identifies five strategic focus areas: 1)zchild welfare/children of incarcerated parents/drug-endangered children; 2) law enforcement and drug trafficking; 3)zprescription drugs; 4)zunderage drinking; and 5)zcommunity partnerships. There are currently four sub-committees that assist ASAP in meeting its goals: • Underage Drinking Prevention Committee (UAD) – This subcommittee addresses the problem of underage drinking in Arizona by implementing a statewide underage drinking initiative that assesses statewide epidemiological data, resources, strategies and policies, and builds relationships with tribes, youth, law enforcement, government agencies, and community coalitions. By combining resources, practice, and research, the committee collaborates across state systems to reduce underage drinking. • Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group (Epi) – This work group produces a biennial Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile, which highlights trends and new substance abuse data in Arizona and an annual summary profile, entitled The Impact of Substance Abuse: A Snapshot of Arizona. The Substance Abuse Epidemiology Profile is a comprehensive, informative, and functional profile of substance abuse in the state for use by community coalitions, agencies, and individuals in relevant fields. Currently, Epi conducts analyses of individual substance abuse issues, responds to ad hoc data requests and brings data to bear on ASAP’s policy decisions around its strategic plan and focus areas. • Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force (AMTF) –The Arizona Methamphetamine Task Force was created in August 2006 in response to Arizona’s decade-long increase in the number of individuals regularly using methamphetamine and the increase in the resulting social and economic costs associated with the drug. The AMTF was instructed to approach Arizona’s methamphetamine problem holistically, focusing equally on enforcement, prevention, treatment, and recovery. Specifically, the AMTF was charged with identifying specific, action-oriented recommendations to eradicate methamphetamine use in Arizona and build safe and healthy communities throughout the state. The AMTF brings together representatives from state agencies, local government, businesses, and community groups to develop collaborative efforts among the treatment, prevention, and law enforcement systems to assess and address the impact of methamphetamine statewide through information sharing, resource allocation, services coordination, and the development of statewide policy recommendations sensitive to the needs of local and tribal communities. • The Community Advisory Board – The Community Advisory Board (CAB) brings together representatives from community coalitions around the state to improve substance abuse prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement policies and programs. The CAB provides an essential link between communities, ASAP and its subcommittees. The CAB brings the community voice to the ASAP table; reports on important community issues that informs ASAP’s work; helps communities improve their capacity to identify emerging trends, as well as take action and report on them to the proper institutions/authorities; takes the data available through the Epidemiology Work Group and ASAP back to coalitions and communities to effectively target prevention, treatment, recovery, and enforcement activities; serves as a resource for communities and the state to identify the most effective ways to reduce substance abuse through collaborative efforts and by targeting limited resources where they are most needed; and elevates and recognizes the important work being carried out at the community level to ensure that state-level responses are cognizant of the impact of policies on individual communities. 9 School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data What are the numbers telling you? Review the charts and data tables presented in this report. Note your findings as you discuss the following questions. • Which 3-5 risk factors appear to be higher than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which 3-5 protective factors appear to be lower than you would want when compared to the Bach Harrison Norm? • Which levels of 30-day drug use are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which substances are your students using the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable usage levels? • Which levels of antisocial behaviors are increasing and/or unacceptably high? o Which behaviors are your students exhibiting the most? o At which grades do you see unacceptable behavior levels? How to identify high priority problem areas. • Look across the charts – which items stand out as either much higher or much lower than the other? • Compare your data with statewide, and/or national data – differences of 5% between local and other data are probably significant. • Prioritize problems for your area – Make an assessment of the rates you’ve identified. Which can be realistically addressed with the funding available to your community? Which problems fit best with the prevention resources at hand? • Determine the standards and values held within your community – For example: Is it acceptable in your community for a percentage of high school students to drink alcohol regularly as long as that percentage is lower than the overall state rate? Use these data for planning. • Substance use and antisocial behavior data – raise awareness about the problems and promote dialogue. • Risk and protective factor data – identify exactly where the community needs to take action. • Promising approaches – access resources listed on the last page of this report for ideas about programs that have been proven effective in addressing the risk factors that are high in your community, and improving the protective factors that are low. Sample Risk Factors Protective Factors 30-day Substance Abuse Antisocial Behavior 10 6th grd Fav. Attitude to Drugs (Peer/Indiv. Scale) @ 15% (8% > 8-state av.) 10th grd - Rewards for prosocial involvm. (School Domain) 40% (down 5% from 2 yrs ago & 16% below state av.) 8th grd Binge Drinking@13% (5% above state av.) 12th grd - Drunk/High at School @ 21% ( about same as state, but remains a priority.) Priority Rate 1 Priority Rate 2 Priority Rate 3 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Yuma County, Grade 8 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 11 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Yuma County, Grade 10 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 12 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Yuma County, Grade 12 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol 13 60 50 40 Percentage (%) **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Substance Use LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Yuma County, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† MTF Prescription Drugs**† 14 Prescription Sedatives** **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. *†(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Prescription Stimulants** State 2010 Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** County 2010 Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** County 2008 Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol County 2006 Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Yuma County, Grade 8 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 15 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Yuma County, Grade 10 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 16 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Yuma County, Grade 12 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 17 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Yuma County, All Students Surveyed 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun 18 State 2010 Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Been Arrested County 2010 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School County 2008 Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks County 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Yuma County, Grade 8 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 19 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Yuma County, Grade 10 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 20 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Yuma County, Grade 12 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 21 Gambling GAMBLING 2010 Yuma County, All Students Surveyed Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year State 2010 Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* County 2010 Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo County 2008 Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. 22 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Yuma County, Grade 8 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 23 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Yuma County, Grade 8 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 24 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Yuma County, Grade 10 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 25 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Yuma County, Grade 10 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 26 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Yuma County, Grade 12 Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 27 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Yuma County, Grade 12 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 28 Sources Risk and of Protective Alcohol Factor Profiles RISK PROFILE 2010 Yuma County, All Students Surveyed Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment 29 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk **(High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. th th th * (8 grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10 &12 grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm State 2010 County 2010 County 2008 County 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Risk and Protective Factor Profiles PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Yuma County, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** State 2010 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* County 2010 Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement County 2006 BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and a prior administration. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. 30 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Yuma County, Grade 8 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 145 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 207 State 2010 Sample: 4,473 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 31 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Yuma County, Grade 10 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 132 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 61 State 2010 Sample: 5,295 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 32 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Yuma County, Grade 12 Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 48 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 91 State 2010 Sample: 6,341 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 33 Sources of Alcohol WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL* 2010 Yuma County, All Students Surveyed Sources of Obtaining Alcohol in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Got it some other way Store or someone else's home Took it from home Got at a party County 2010 Sample: 325 Someone under 21 years Someone not related, 21+ Another family member, 21+ Parent or guardian Gave someone else money to buy it Bought it at a public event Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club Bought it in a store County 2008 Sample: 359 State 2010 Sample: 16,109 **(Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all surveys ask where youth obtained alcohol, no BH Norm value is reported. **(Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. **(In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. 34 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Yuma County, Grade 8 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 35 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Yuma County, Grade 10 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 36 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Yuma County, Grade 12 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 37 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 School Safety SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Yuma County, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 County 2010 Picked On or Bullied on School Property County 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property 38 Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School County 2006 State 2010 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles Community Domain Risk Factors 1 Low Neighborhood Attachment Research has shown that youth who don't like the neighborhoods in which they live are more likely to become involved in juvenile crime and drug selling. Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the legal drinking age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been followed by decreases in consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have shown that shifts in normative attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence of use. Perceived Availability of Drugs and Handguns The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the use of these substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a higher risk of crime and substance use by adolescents. 1 1 1 1 Community Domain Protective Factors 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for positive participation in activities helps youth bond to the community, thus lowering their risk for substance use. Family Domain Risk Factors 1 Poor Family Management Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places them at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, parents’ failure to provide clear expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that they will engage in drug abuse whether or not there are family drug problems. 1 Family Conflict Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the conflict, appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use. 1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or ATOD use), the children are more likely to engage in these behaviors. 1 Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Antisocial Behavior & Drugs In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use, children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the refrigerator. Family Domain Protective Factors 1 Family Attachment Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors. 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things done well by their child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviors. School Domain Risk Factors 1 Academic Failure Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both drug abuse and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever reasons, increases the risk of problem behaviors. 1 Low Commitment to School Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of drugs is significantly lower among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking school, spending time on homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also negatively related to drug use. 39 Risk and Protective Scale Definitions Table 3. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles School Domain Protective Factors 1 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors. Peer-Individual Risk Factors 1 Rebelliousness Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at higher risk of abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for independence and normlessness have all been linked with drug use. 1 Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use Early onset of drug use predicts misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the greater the involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use prior to the age of 15 is a consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug use has been shown to predict lower drug involvement and a greater probability of discontinuation of use. 1 Attitudes Favorable Toward During the elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes and have Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use difficulty imagining why people use drugs or engage in antisocial behaviors. However, in middle school, as more youth are exposed to others who use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior are more likely to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use. 1 Perceived Risk of Drug Use Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug use. 1 Interaction with Antisocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for engaging in antisocial behavior themselves. 1 Friends' Use of Drugs Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much more likely to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends who use drugs greatly increases the risk of that problem developing. 1 Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging further in antisocial behavior and substance use. Gang Involvement Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. 1 1 1 1 Peer-Individual Protective Factors 1 Belief in the Moral Order Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs. 1 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Young people who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are more protected from engaging in antisocial behavior and substance use. 1 Prosocial Involvement Participation in positive school and community activities helps provide protection for youth. 1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Young people who are rewarded for working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in problem behavior. 40 Data Tables Table 4. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime In your lifetime, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? 52.9 51.1 50.5 45.1 36.6 66.0 62.7 63.7 64.1 59.1 71.9 73.3 76.3 72.8 72.3 59.0 55.2 57.4 58.2 55.6 Cigarettes smoked cigarettes? 31.8 25.8 26.9 23.8 20.1 46.4 44.1 36.1 37.2 32.7 45.2 51.8 56.9 46.9 43.6 37.7 31.2 32.9 34.0 31.8 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 7.6 6.8 6.4 7.1 9.6 9.6 14.0 8.6 12.5 15.2 11.8 12.2 17.1 18.1 16.3 8.7 8.3 8.2 11.7 13.6 Marijuana used marijuana? 16.1 14.6 16.4 17.8 15.7 25.8 15.8 29.2 34.3 32.3 32.5 28.9 42.8 44.7 42.0 20.9 16.5 23.3 29.9 29.7 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 2.0 1.6 1.4 2.2 1.7 2.9 1.6 4.2 5.9 3.0 3.4 5.2 5.8 9.0 3.1 2.5 2.1 2.8 5.1 2.6 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 4.3 3.4 1.8 2.3 2.6 5.9 2.1 6.3 5.3 4.6 10.8 9.8 8.7 8.8 6.0 5.6 4.1 4.0 5.0 4.4 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 14.8 15.4 14.5 14.5 14.9 9.2 9.5 10.7 11.8 12.8 6.9 6.7 15.3 9.4 9.5 12.2 13.6 13.4 12.3 12.5 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 3.3 1.7 0.8 0.7 1.6 6.1 2.7 3.3 1.6 2.8 6.6 5.7 3.7 2.5 2.4 4.6 2.3 1.9 1.5 2.3 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 1.7 0.9 0.7 0.9 1.3 2.0 0.5 1.9 2.6 1.5 0.8 2.1 1.5 3.4 1.2 1.7 1.0 1.1 2.1 1.3 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2.0 2.7 2.4 3.9 2.2 2.5 2.7 7.2 8.2 5.5 2.0 7.3 10.3 10.6 6.5 2.2 3.3 4.8 7.0 4.7 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.8 1.3 0.4 1.6 0.7 1.7 2.2 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.7 1.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 13.4 11.7 11.5 4.4 n/a 12.8 17.4 18.9 9.9 n/a 15.5 22.2 23.1 13.2 n/a 13.6 14.7 16.8 9.1 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 3.0 3.8 2.4 3.0 6.0 4.6 3.2 6.3 7.0 10.3 5.8 3.1 6.7 8.5 9.9 3.8 3.6 4.1 5.7 8.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 11.9 8.5 6.8 8.7 9.5 9.0 6.4 9.3 11.5 13.0 12.4 9.3 8.9 13.4 12.7 11.0 8.3 7.8 10.8 11.7 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 16.1 17.4 17.1 16.5 n/a 14.0 17.0 22.1 23.7 n/a 17.2 21.2 23.0 27.3 n/a 15.6 17.8 19.3 21.5 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 9.3 8.1 9.5 n/a n/a 6.4 14.9 13.2 n/a n/a 9.3 17.0 14.1 n/a n/a 9.0 11.2 11.8 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 41 Data Tables Table 5. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days In the past 30 days, on how many occasions (if any) have you… (One or more occasions) Alcohol had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink - more than just a few sips? Cigarettes Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed†† State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF 24.5 24.4 25.3 21.9 14.9 41.5 40.0 38.2 34.7 30.4 43.1 54.4 47.8 45.0 43.5 31.9 29.9 31.8 31.9 29.2 smoked cigarettes? 9.9 8.9 8.8 8.9 6.5 20.7 18.7 15.4 15.6 13.1 19.8 27.0 24.4 22.9 20.1 14.4 12.3 12.5 14.7 13.0 Chewing Tobacco used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? 2.7 3.1 2.1 2.8 3.7 3.2 6.2 4.9 5.7 6.5 4.6 5.1 7.2 8.1 8.4 3.0 3.7 3.5 5.1 6.1 Marijuana used marijuana? 5.5 6.0 7.5 8.9 6.5 11.4 4.8 13.9 17.4 15.9 9.4 14.9 19.4 21.3 20.6 7.8 7.0 10.8 14.8 14.2 Hallucinogens* used LSD or other hallucinogens? 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.5 1.9 2.0 0.5 1.5 2.6 0.0 2.4 0.5 0.9 1.1 1.0 1.6 0.5 Cocaine used cocaine or crack? 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.8 2.8 0.5 2.1 1.6 0.9 3.4 3.1 1.4 2.2 1.3 1.9 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.0 Inhalants sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high? 7.0 5.6 4.6 5.6 3.8 2.4 2.1 1.9 3.0 2.2 1.9 2.1 2.9 1.5 1.2 5.0 4.8 3.5 3.7 2.4 Methamphetamines* used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth)? 1.0 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.5 1.7 0.0 1.6 0.5 0.6 2.3 2.1 1.5 0.6 0.5 1.4 0.9 0.8 0.4 0.5 Heroin or Other Opiates used heroin or other opiates? 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.7 1.1 0.4 0.4 1.6 0.7 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.4 Ecstasy* used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 0.5 0.8 0.7 1.7 0.6 0.4 1.1 3.3 2.9 1.3 0.0 2.1 2.9 3.4 1.8 0.4 0.9 1.7 2.5 1.2 Steroids used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone)? 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.9 1.1 0.2 0.7 0.5 0.4 1.6 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers** used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? n/a 6.8 6.9 5.7 1.3 n/a 4.3 10.0 8.9 3.0 n/a 8.3 9.6 9.7 4.1 n/a 6.7 8.2 7.7 2.8 Prescription Stimulants* used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.9 1.6 1.1 3.5 2.8 3.3 2.7 1.0 3.7 2.5 3.0 1.7 1.3 2.3 2.1 2.7 Prescription Sedatives* used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 5.0 2.5 3.3 3.6 2.5 4.8 3.7 3.3 4.7 3.9 4.6 4.7 3.0 4.7 4.2 4.9 2.9 3.3 4.2 3.5 Prescription Drugs*† combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details) 7.4 8.5 10.4 8.2 n/a 7.1 7.4 12.3 11.8 n/a 6.0 10.9 10.4 12.4 n/a 7.1 8.7 11.0 10.4 n/a Over-the-Counter Drugs**† used over-the-counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high? n/a 4.8 4.1 5.4 n/a n/a 3.7 7.5 6.3 n/a n/a 4.7 10.4 6.3 n/a n/a 4.7 5.8 5.9 n/a * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column). † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 42 Data Tables Table 6. Percentage of Students With Heavy ATOD Use Drinking and Driving During the past 30 days, how many times did you: (One or more times) DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 7.2 6.4 6.9 5.0 4.2 11.6 14.4 8.6 7.6 7.4 19.2 17.3 18.6 14.1 16.6 10.0 8.6 8.7 8.2 7.7 36.8 32.8 34.5 27.7 24.9 44.4 38.5 35.6 29.1 26.3 44.0 50.0 40.9 28.9 27.5 40.0 35.5 35.5 28.5 25.0 Heavy Use Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 MTF County County County 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 MTF Binge Drinking How many times have you had 5 or more alcoholic drinks in a row in the past 2 weeks? (One or more times) 13.1 14.1 15.7 12.4 7.8 26.6 20.8 23.5 21.0 17.5 30.7 36.1 30.4 29.2 25.2 19.2 17.5 19.7 19.5 16.6 1/2 Pack (or more) of Cigarettes/Day During the past 30 days, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? (11 to 20 cigarettes, More than 20 cigarettes) 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.7 1.0 1.6 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.1 3.1 3.6 5.0 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.9 2.7 Table 7. Percentage of Students With Antisocial Behavior How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: (One or more times) Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 Been Drunk or High at School 10.7 11.1 12.9 12.8 7.5 17.6 11.2 23.4 21.8 15.0 14.1 16.8 25.0 Been Suspended from School All Students Surveyed* State 2010 BH County County County Norm 2006 2008 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 22.1 17.7 13.2 11.8 17.4 18.0 13.3 15.5 18.6 20.4 18.5 15.1 17.9 15.7 11.8 14.4 12.6 12.4 16.1 16.3 9.9 9.2 15.9 18.0 17.3 15.0 12.4 Sold Illegal Drugs 3.9 3.4 3.4 5.0 2.5 8.0 4.6 10.7 10.6 6.5 8.6 9.5 15.7 10.8 7.8 5.7 4.3 7.0 8.2 5.5 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle 5.0 3.7 4.2 3.7 2.3 3.9 4.1 3.9 4.6 2.6 2.8 3.1 4.2 3.1 1.9 4.4 3.7 4.1 3.8 2.3 Been Arrested 9.2 8.4 9.9 7.1 5.2 11.8 10.3 9.3 9.9 6.7 9.4 17.8 13.5 8.7 6.1 10.0 9.7 10.1 8.4 6.0 18.9 19.9 17.4 16.6 16.0 16.9 13.9 16.5 15.5 15.1 15.7 15.2 16.2 11.5 11.9 17.9 18.6 17.0 14.9 14.4 Carried a Handgun 8.4 8.9 5.8 6.7 4.8 8.3 8.6 9.5 7.6 5.2 8.1 11.1 11.3 7.2 5.2 8.4 9.1 7.5 7.1 5.1 Carried a Handgun to School 1.3 1.2 1.9 1.4 0.8 1.8 1.5 2.1 2.1 0.9 1.4 1.5 2.2 1.8 1.0 1.5 1.2 2.0 1.7 0.9 Attacked Someone with the Idea of Seriously Hurting Them * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 43 Data Tables Table 8. Percentage of Students Gambling in the Past Year How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: (At least once in the past 12 months) Any Gambling Grade 8 County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County County County 2006 2008 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 54.2 66.2 61.7 61.6 55.0 50.3 65.3 63.0 59.8 53.8 47.2 60.6 50.7 56.5 52.6 52.3 65.4 61.0 59.7 53.0 2.3 7.0 5.2 5.3 5.7 2.4 7.1 6.7 4.8 5.3 2.3 8.6 6.5 5.3 5.4 2.3 7.2 5.8 5.2 5.3 25.2 22.7 21.7 21.4 24.0 20.9 25.5 24.4 20.7 23.5 23.9 21.4 19.4 18.9 23.9 23.8 22.9 22.3 20.6 22.7 Bet on sports?* n/a 30.9 27.6 28.6 22.8 n/a 29.1 31.0 27.0 22.5 n/a 28.1 28.1 24.4 20.5 n/a 30.3 28.8 27.0 21.4 Played cards? 28.0 41.4 33.5 36.1 25.8 23.8 39.0 38.8 36.0 27.0 18.4 33.7 33.8 34.8 26.7 25.7 40.2 35.2 35.7 25.3 n/a 23.7 18.9 15.9 n/a n/a 21.2 20.7 16.6 n/a n/a 18.0 17.1 15.3 n/a n/a 22.8 19.3 16.0 n/a 19.7 29.7 22.0 26.4 22.7 12.7 25.6 21.6 20.4 17.7 8.1 17.9 15.0 14.2 14.0 16.4 27.8 21.2 21.4 19.5 Gambled on the Internet? 5.7 5.6 7.1 5.1 4.5 7.1 8.2 7.0 4.6 4.0 5.2 5.7 3.6 4.2 3.7 6.0 5.9 6.7 4.7 4.2 Played a dice game?* n/a 31.3 23.0 26.0 12.1 n/a 20.7 23.7 21.9 11.2 n/a 17.0 16.5 17.9 10.0 n/a 28.4 22.6 22.6 11.4 21.8 32.8 27.6 28.2 20.1 20.3 27.3 33.7 27.7 20.5 16.3 22.8 22.1 24.9 18.8 20.8 30.9 29.0 27.2 19.4 n/a 5.5 3.3 5.0 4.6 n/a 8.2 5.3 5.0 4.7 n/a 8.2 4.3 4.4 4.6 n/a 6.1 4.1 4.8 4.7 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bought a raffle ticket?** Played bingo? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* Bet on a horse or other animal race?* * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from table. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 44 Data Tables Table 9. Percentage of Students Reporting Risk Grade 8 Risk Factor County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed** Grade 12 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm Community Domain Low Neighborhood Attachment 42.2 42.3 40.5 35.9 36.6 54.1 48.9 50.6 43.6 42.8 45.3 46.4 68.1 47.3 47.0 46.2 43.6 46.8 41.3 42.0 Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use 34.4 33.3 34.6 35.0 32.8 37.7 30.2 46.1 41.8 39.6 28.5 32.0 45.3 35.5 32.8 34.8 32.7 39.6 37.2 35.2 Perceived Availability of Drugs 34.6 36.3 34.0 36.9 29.4 43.8 41.6 42.8 42.9 40.5 44.5 40.9 43.8 43.8 42.7 38.6 37.5 37.9 40.6 37.5 Perceived Availability of Handguns 37.3 35.9 28.6 33.4 39.8 29.4 25.7 25.7 22.3 29.9 34.3 27.1 33.1 26.5 34.8 34.5 33.5 28.0 28.2 34.8 Poor Family Management 49.5 51.8 49.7 43.7 41.9 51.0 42.4 47.8 40.6 40.3 46.6 43.7 44.5 41.2 39.8 49.7 49.3 48.5 42.1 40.7 Family Conflict 59.0 55.7 51.5 53.1 51.5 38.5 39.8 44.3 42.1 41.6 40.5 30.6 49.1 39.1 38.8 50.8 49.8 48.5 45.9 44.1 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 46.2 37.8 44.3 39.3 36.4 36.9 31.6 39.4 41.5 39.0 42.3 28.8 44.2 37.4 37.3 42.9 35.7 42.5 39.4 37.6 Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB 50.1 51.6 43.8 47.7 46.9 47.2 46.2 54.7 50.0 52.3 39.9 47.5 58.1 48.6 50.3 48.0 50.3 49.1 48.6 49.9 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 28.1 28.3 25.1 24.7 26.0 39.2 32.7 42.5 37.9 40.8 36.0 37.9 39.3 38.6 38.6 32.4 30.2 32.5 32.4 35.2 Academic Failure 52.8 49.8 49.0 45.5 46.6 59.0 53.8 52.4 48.5 47.9 54.7 55.2 58.4 40.6 41.8 55.0 50.9 51.1 45.1 45.6 Low Commitment to School 39.6 38.0 34.0 41.0 38.0 34.7 31.2 42.8 41.7 41.7 29.7 25.0 45.8 42.2 42.9 36.9 35.6 38.0 41.5 40.8 Rebelliousness 47.9 45.1 49.6 43.8 39.0 48.3 42.3 53.6 47.6 45.5 44.7 45.4 55.8 44.6 43.6 47.7 44.8 51.5 45.1 42.7 Early Initiation of ASB 36.5 38.9 36.6 37.6 33.7 39.7 42.2 38.0 40.6 37.0 37.3 45.8 54.9 38.6 35.4 37.6 40.1 38.9 38.8 35.4 Early Initiation of Drug Use 37.2 30.9 33.8 29.3 24.0 33.2 24.6 31.3 31.0 27.3 29.8 29.6 31.5 29.6 28.8 35.1 30.0 32.8 29.9 26.6 Attitudes Favorable to ASB 46.6 46.5 41.1 41.4 36.2 46.2 43.2 47.6 44.7 44.9 41.1 48.2 45.7 41.7 41.9 45.8 46.3 43.6 42.4 41.0 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 33.2 28.9 33.0 29.3 22.6 34.9 30.3 37.2 36.2 33.6 27.9 30.1 34.0 35.9 32.7 33.1 29.2 34.4 33.1 29.6 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 46.8 45.7 49.9 47.8 37.1 37.2 36.4 46.8 45.9 35.7 37.8 33.5 50.0 50.4 40.3 42.8 43.0 48.9 47.9 37.6 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 59.6 59.1 59.7 55.8 50.3 62.0 65.1 61.1 56.3 52.0 53.9 52.0 65.7 51.5 49.0 59.7 59.0 60.8 54.8 50.5 Friend's Use of Drugs 42.6 37.4 43.5 39.4 30.8 43.0 34.7 41.9 42.6 36.2 28.6 28.3 44.8 38.1 32.3 41.1 36.0 43.1 40.0 33.2 Rewards for ASB 48.5 43.6 55.3 48.2 36.7 37.0 32.6 47.1 46.8 42.7 41.2 39.9 52.4 57.1 55.1 44.1 41.9 52.4 50.1 44.4 Gang Involvement 34.7 32.0 27.2 20.8 17.8 39.1 37.6 29.8 20.9 15.7 25.5 32.2 23.8 16.1 13.1 35.0 32.7 27.8 19.6 15.6 36.7 33.2 35.7 37.1 29.7 29.0 29.6 39.4 34.2 30.4 22.9 26.6 37.7 32.5 29.0 32.7 32.0 37.1 35.0 29.7 Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Risk Students at High Risk* * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 45 Data Tables Table 10. Percentage of Students Reporting Protection Grade 10 Grade 8 Protective Factor Grade 12 All Students Surveyed† County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 BH Norm 27.6 26.8 24.9 32.9 38.3 34.1 38.4 40.7 38.0 44.2 37.2 35.0 41.5 37.0 44.1 30.7 29.3 32.1 35.6 42.2 Family Attachment 43.5 47.2 42.8 51.1 51.9 41.6 42.9 46.2 45.6 44.7 48.1 55.0 50.0 56.6 55.6 43.4 47.7 44.9 50.9 50.4 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 53.1 55.3 53.0 59.7 60.7 51.9 57.4 50.1 54.6 53.1 51.7 57.9 48.6 56.4 53.8 52.6 56.0 51.4 57.2 55.8 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 55.3 55.7 56.0 61.7 61.5 48.2 52.4 51.4 54.9 53.0 48.9 46.0 51.8 56.4 52.4 52.4 53.8 53.8 58.2 55.6 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 53.6 57.9 61.4 63.0 68.9 51.1 67.7 52.1 65.6 71.6 53.9 64.2 58.3 67.6 72.8 52.8 59.8 58.1 65.0 71.0 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 48.2 46.5 48.4 52.0 57.5 63.6 73.6 58.4 61.2 58.9 53.8 56.2 44.4 46.9 51.6 53.6 50.9 51.2 53.5 56.2 Belief in the Moral Order 52.7 56.4 58.9 60.3 64.6 63.8 72.8 64.6 69.4 68.0 53.3 58.2 52.9 56.4 53.8 56.2 58.6 60.1 62.0 62.5 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* 49.3 49.0 48.7 54.7 58.8 49.2 54.6 56.9 57.5 60.7 53.7 52.8 46.9 57.3 59.3 49.8 50.1 51.1 56.2 59.6 Prosocial Involvement 35.9 33.8 31.9 40.0 40.8 23.6 22.8 34.6 45.3 46.1 27.7 18.7 30.2 41.9 42.6 31.2 30.8 32.6 42.1 43.2 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 60.7 59.2 59.1 59.2 62.5 63.8 62.8 62.7 61.7 59.9 59.8 61.7 49.7 55.6 51.8 61.5 59.9 59.3 59.0 58.3 40.8 42.4 43.1 53.6 52.8 41.7 56.9 54.8 57.6 52.5 42.8 52.7 43.2 55.9 50.5 41.3 45.4 46.8 55.4 52.0 Community Domain Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Family Domain School Domain Peer-Individual Domain Total Protection Students with High Protection** * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 46 Data Tables Table 11. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol* If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) Sample size** Grade 8 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 Grade 12 State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 All Students Surveyed† State 2010 County 2008 County 2010 State 2010 207 145 4,473 61 132 5,295 91 48 6,341 359 325 16,109 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 7.2 4.8 4.9 11.5 9.1 6.3 26.4 16.7 9.9 12.8 8.3 7.3 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 3.9 4.1 2.5 14.8 2.3 2.1 19.8 6.2 3.6 9.7 3.7 2.8 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 1.4 4.1 3.0 3.3 1.5 2.2 9.9 8.3 2.5 3.9 3.7 2.6 I gave someone else money to buy it for me 19.8 22.1 19.2 24.6 30.3 32.6 26.4 47.9 42.5 22.3 29.2 32.8 My parent or guardian gave it to me 15.5 13.8 17.5 11.5 15.2 15.0 11.0 12.5 13.3 13.6 14.2 15.0 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 18.4 17.9 17.3 16.4 20.5 16.8 19.8 14.6 14.8 18.4 18.5 16.1 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 15.9 13.8 16.2 18.0 24.2 24.8 29.7 25.0 30.4 19.8 19.7 24.6 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 25.1 21.4 21.0 4.9 17.4 23.1 13.2 14.6 18.6 18.7 18.8 20.7 I got it at a party 47.8 46.2 38.7 62.3 43.9 49.6 62.6 39.6 53.8 54.0 44.3 48.2 I took it from home 29.0 19.3 30.2 8.2 15.2 21.9 8.8 14.6 13.1 20.3 16.9 20.7 9.2 4.8 9.4 6.6 3.8 9.8 6.6 8.3 5.6 8.1 4.9 8.1 27.1 18.6 25.2 21.3 18.2 18.8 24.2 14.6 13.3 25.3 17.8 18.4 I took it from a store or someone else's home I got it some other way * Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. ** Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. Students indicating they did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days are not included in the sample. In the case of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community. † State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 47 Data Tables Table 12. Percentage of Students Reporting School Safety Issues Grade 8 Question During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY?* County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 0 times 83.3 85.6 94.1 1 time 9.4 7.5 3.8 2-3 times 4.1 4.3 4-5 times 1.3 6-7 times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? State 2010 Grade 12 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 91.7 86.2 92.9 92.1 4.5 6.9 3.0 3.3 1.4 2.2 3.0 2.0 1.3 0.1 0.6 1.7 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 8-9 times 0.1 0.2 0.1 10-11 times 0.1 0.1 12 or more times 1.2 0.7 State 2010 All Students Surveyed** County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 92.7 90.0 93.9 93.5 3.7 4.5 2.0 2.9 2.8 1.9 2.8 2.0 1.0 0.7 0.5 1.7 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.9 0.5 State 2010 County 2006 County 2008 County 2010 95.3 85.0 87.5 93.4 93.0 2.4 8.1 6.3 3.6 3.7 2.9 1.3 3.6 3.7 2.0 1.9 1.0 0.0 0.3 1.5 1.2 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.5 0 times 74.7 75.5 79.8 79.5 81.7 86.3 87.0 87.0 91.2 90.9 92.1 92.6 78.6 83.4 85.2 1 time 12.3 13.5 10.5 11.0 9.4 4.6 6.2 7.3 5.6 5.1 2.9 4.3 10.7 11.4 8.4 8.1 2-3 times 7.7 6.7 7.3 6.2 5.2 6.1 3.9 3.6 2.1 3.5 2.9 1.8 6.3 6.2 5.8 4.2 4-5 times 3.1 1.5 1.3 1.7 2.0 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.4 2.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 6-7 times 0.6 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.4 1.0 0.4 0.4 8-9 times 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 10-11 times 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.7 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 12 or more times 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.7 0.4 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.6 0 times 64.1 61.6 62.6 60.5 78.3 79.5 75.4 73.1 89.3 84.7 83.6 85.4 71.3 66.5 68.8 70.9 1 time 19.8 14.1 14.8 12.8 12.6 7.2 7.5 9.1 7.1 6.1 6.4 5.3 16.2 12.3 11.6 9.7 10.7 10.5 11.1 8.2 8.7 8.4 3.1 3.6 4.7 9.5 9.2 8.6 4.1 3.5 4.7 1.5 2.6 3.0 1.5 2.1 1.7 3.5 3.0 3.3 1.8 1.3 1.8 0.5 0.9 1.2 1.0 0.7 0.7 1.6 1.1 1.3 8-9 times 1.7 1.4 1.1 0.0 0.5 0.7 1.0 0.7 0.3 1.5 1.0 0.8 10-11 times 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.7 0.5 4.5 5.6 5.3 7.3 1.7 2.1 3.5 4.2 0.7 2.6 2.9 1.8 3.2 4.8 4.5 4.9 0 days 88.6 89.2 89.9 90.5 90.2 89.7 92.8 93.3 90.5 89.3 95.7 95.7 89.3 89.3 91.4 92.7 1 day 6.3 6.2 5.9 5.2 5.5 5.6 3.9 3.6 6.0 4.1 2.9 2.2 6.0 5.9 5.0 4.0 2-3 days 3.2 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.0 2.6 2.1 1.8 2.5 3.1 0.0 1.1 2.7 3.0 2.3 2.0 4-5 days 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.7 1.5 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.5 1.4 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.4 0.5 6 or more days 1.4 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.7 0.5 1.2 0.8 0.7 3.1 0.0 0.6 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.8 0 days 93.0 93.1 95.9 95.2 92.8 95.4 93.7 95.0 93.6 94.4 93.6 95.4 93.0 93.5 95.0 95.2 1 day 3.0 3.3 2.6 2.3 3.3 1.0 2.3 1.8 1.1 0.5 0.7 1.4 2.8 2.7 2.3 1.9 2-3 days 1.3 1.9 1.0 1.2 1.3 0.5 1.4 1.0 0.4 1.5 0.0 0.9 1.2 1.7 1.0 1.1 4-5 days 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.8 1.5 0.5 0.4 0.7 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.4 6 or more days 2.4 1.4 0.4 1.0 1.8 1.5 2.1 1.8 4.3 2.6 5.7 2.0 2.4 1.6 1.5 1.5 2-3 times 4-5 times 6-7 times 11.6 7.4 2.9 9.3 * In 2006 the choices for this question were Never , Once , Several Times and Very Often. ** State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 48 State 2010 78.7 12 or more times During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on your way to or from school? Grade 10 Data Tables Table 13. Drug Free Communities Report - National Outcome Measures (NOMs) Outcome Definition Substance Grade 8 Percent Grade 10 Sample Percent Grade 12 Sample Percent All Students Surveyed† Sample Percent Sample Male †† Percent Female †† Sample Percent Sample drink 1 or two drinks nearly every day Alcohol 56.4 720 57.1 420 54.8 124 56.5 1,264 51.9 611 61.1 630 smoke 1 or more packs of cigarettes per day Cigarettes 81.9 728 81.8 422 84.1 126 82.1 1,276 80.2 621 84.0 632 smoke marijuana regularly Marijuana 80.7 699 67.8 410 69.1 123 75.2 1,232 70.7 598 79.9 612 Perception of Parent Disapproval* (Parents feel it would be Wrong or Very Wrong to... ) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 92.1 674 78.8 411 74.4 117 85.9 1,202 84.4 576 87.3 604 smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 96.3 646 91.5 412 86.3 117 93.6 1,175 94.1 556 93.3 598 smoke marijuana Marijuana 97.6 695 89.5 411 87.9 116 93.9 1,222 93.2 584 94.6 614 Perception of Peer Disapproval* (I think it is Wrong or Very Wrong for someone my age to...) drink beer, wine, or hard liquor regularly Alcohol 75.9 808 64.2 433 53.5 142 69.9 1,383 70.0 680 69.9 677 Past 30-Day Use* at least one use in the past 30 days Perception of Risk* (People are at Moderate or Great Risk of harming themselves if they...) smoke cigarettes Cigarettes 84.3 802 76.8 431 63.8 141 79.8 1,374 80.1 679 79.3 671 smoke marijuana Marijuana 85.4 796 72.2 431 67.9 140 79.4 1,367 78.3 673 80.6 671 Alcohol 25.3 767 38.2 427 47.8 138 31.8 1,332 30.5 656 32.8 653 Cigarettes 8.8 740 15.4 422 24.4 127 12.5 1,289 12.3 626 13.0 640 Marijuana 7.5 760 13.9 425 19.4 134 10.8 1,319 11.8 650 9.8 646 Average Age of Onset** Percent (How old were you when you first…) Sample had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor? Alcohol 56.2 Average age: 12.0 years smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Cigarettes 29.9 Average age: 12.0 years Marijuana 15.5 Average age: 12.6 years smoked marijuana? 792 Percent Sample 65.1 430 12.9 years 793 37.6 30.5 13.4 years Sample 76.9 143 13.9 years 431 58.0 433 43.4 14.7 years Percent Sample 61.2 1,365 12.5 years 143 13.9 years 12.9 years 794 Percent 35.3 23.1 Sample 61.5 673 12.4 years 1,367 12.6 years 143 Percent 36.5 1,370 24.6 13.2 years Sample 61.1 669 12.6 years 676 34.0 668 12.7 years 12.5 years 13.3 years Percent 678 21.5 669 13.4 years * For Past 30-Day Use, Perception of Risk, and Perception of Parental/Peer Disapproval, the “Sample” column represents the sample size - the number of people who answered the question and whose responses were used to determine the percentage. The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample answering the question as specified in the definition. ** For Average Age of Onset, the “Sample” column represents the overall sample size: the total number of people that responded to the questions about Age of Onset. This includes responses that are not used to calculate the average age of onset (i.e., youth that have never used alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana). The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample reporting any age of first use for the specified substance. "Average age" is calculated by averaging the ages of first use of students reporting any use. † †† State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. The male and female values allow a gender comparison for youth who completed the survey. However, unless the percentage of students who participated from each grade is similar, the gender results are not necessarily representative of males and females in the community. 49 Data Tables Table 14. Additional Data for Prevention Planning In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: 52.3 41.3 41.6 58.3 57.7 14.2 17.3 13.8 21.7 13.2 21.3 16.8 13.1 13.1 15.0 3.1 1.2 2.6 3.4 1.0 2.4 8.3 2.8 6.0 7.7 2.9 5.7 9.4 5.8 8.0 10.7 4.9 8.3 5.4 2.2 4.2 6.7 2.6 4.9 82.2 8.3 80.6 8.7 70.8 11.0 68.4 10.3 55.1 12.3 62.7 10.3 75.8 9.5 72.2 9.6 4.3 1.8 5.2 2.2 8.2 3.5 8.6 3.9 11.6 7.2 9.6 4.8 6.3 2.9 7.4 3.4 1.2 2.3 1.0 2.4 1.6 4.9 2.3 6.5 3.6 10.1 2.8 9.8 1.6 4.0 1.9 5.6 76.0 10.6 75.4 8.1 60.7 9.3 58.7 11.1 59.9 12.4 56.9 11.0 69.5 10.4 65.4 9.7 6.3 2.3 1.3 6.5 3.5 1.9 8.9 8.9 1.9 10.3 6.2 3.6 9.5 2.2 2.9 10.7 6.3 3.7 7.5 4.4 1.6 8.7 5.1 2.9 3.5 90.0 4.7 88.4 10.3 83.7 10.2 81.4 13.1 83.1 11.4 81.7 6.6 87.3 8.2 84.5 4.8 2.2 5.4 2.7 6.1 3.7 7.5 4.8 6.6 2.9 7.3 4.8 5.4 2.8 6.6 3.9 1.6 0.5 1.2 0.6 1.9 0.9 2.2 1.2 1.5 2.2 2.2 1.2 1.6 0.8 1.8 0.9 2-3 times 4-6 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times More than 10 times Never Once 2-3 times 4-6 times 7-10 times 0.9 1.7 3.7 2.9 3.7 2.9 2.1 2.4 Never 67.1 64.9 63.3 63.0 64.7 67.0 65.7 64.9 Once 13.9 9.1 13.6 10.3 13.5 12.8 12.7 11.9 11.0 11.8 10.9 10.8 13.5 10.5 12.6 10.9 7-10 times 4.0 1.2 3.5 1.5 3.2 2.3 4.5 1.9 6.6 2.2 4.2 2.0 4.0 1.6 4.0 1.7 More than 10 times 4.7 6.2 4.9 6.0 3.7 5.1 4.6 5.8 More than 10 times 2-3 times 4-6 times In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Never Once use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? State 2010 16.9 16.4 More than 10 times decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? County 2010 49.5 7-10 times give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? State 2010 12.3 9.5 Once say "No" without giving a reason why? County 2010 71.4 Never In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? State 2010 17.2 9.8 More than 10 times other drugs? County 2010 66.2 7-10 times marijuana? State 2010 All Students Surveyed* Once 4-6 times cigarettes? County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 Never 2-3 times alcohol? Grade 8 Twice Three times Four or more times I never got offers Grade 8 County 2010 Grade 12 Grade 10 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 31.1 17.3 30.9 14.2 38.2 16.0 33.4 17.4 40.0 16.9 33.8 17.2 34.3 16.8 32.4 16.0 8.1 2.0 5.0 5.8 2.7 5.3 11.3 2.6 7.5 8.9 4.1 8.8 6.2 4.6 10.0 10.3 5.5 10.4 9.0 2.5 6.3 8.0 3.9 7.7 36.5 37.9 41.1 35.7 24.3 42.8 27.3 38.7 22.3 48.9 22.8 39.4 31.1 40.6 32.0 37.6 14.0 5.6 10.9 5.4 13.9 10.4 13.9 8.2 12.2 8.4 15.2 10.2 13.8 7.4 13.0 7.5 3.3 3.4 2.7 4.4 4.0 5.0 4.6 7.3 4.6 9.2 5.2 7.4 3.6 4.5 3.9 6.1 35.9 36.4 41.0 37.3 23.9 47.6 27.3 45.1 16.8 54.6 22.5 50.9 30.0 41.9 31.9 43.3 14.1 5.3 2.6 10.2 3.7 2.4 14.7 5.5 1.9 12.3 5.2 2.9 10.0 3.8 2.3 11.4 5.2 3.2 13.9 5.2 2.3 11.1 4.6 2.8 4.2 37.4 4.6 41.8 5.5 24.9 6.3 28.1 10.8 18.5 5.9 23.4 5.3 31.4 5.5 32.8 42.2 9.9 40.7 8.2 49.6 12.6 49.7 9.9 59.2 11.5 55.3 9.6 46.4 11.0 47.4 9.1 5.0 2.5 3.3 1.9 4.3 1.9 4.2 2.6 3.1 0.0 4.3 2.4 4.6 2.0 3.8 2.3 2.9 37.5 3.8 42.1 5.7 25.9 5.2 28.3 8.5 17.7 4.6 23.7 4.4 31.7 4.4 33.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 50 Data Tables Table 15. Additional Data for Prevention Planning (Cont'd) Grade 8 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked or beaten up? seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 All Students Surveyed* State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 81.5 82.8 81.0 81.9 82.1 83.6 81.4 82.7 8.6 8.4 6.9 8.0 10.0 7.6 8.2 8.1 3 to 5 times 4.0 3.3 3.9 3.4 2.9 3.1 3.9 3.3 6 to 9 times 1.6 1.6 2.1 1.7 0.7 1.5 1.7 1.6 10 to 19 times 2.6 1.7 2.1 2.1 0.7 1.6 2.3 1.8 20 to 29 times 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.6 30 to 39 times 0.3 0.2 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.2 40+ times 0.9 1.5 2.8 1.9 3.6 1.7 1.8 1.7 Never 26.0 29.2 31.9 31.1 41.4 42.1 29.5 33.2 1 or 2 times 29.8 28.6 24.8 26.7 21.4 25.6 27.4 27.2 3 to 5 times 21.8 18.8 20.1 19.0 21.4 16.7 21.2 18.3 6 to 9 times 10.8 9.4 10.0 9.9 7.9 7.0 10.2 8.9 10 to 19 times 5.9 5.8 5.1 6.4 1.4 4.4 5.2 5.6 20 to 29 times 1.5 2.6 2.3 2.4 1.4 1.5 1.8 2.2 30 to 39 times 0.6 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.8 40+ times 3.6 4.7 4.6 3.6 5.0 2.3 4.1 3.7 Never 78.7 81.3 82.2 81.7 82.3 85.9 80.2 82.6 1 or 2 times 12.1 10.4 8.3 9.9 10.6 8.0 10.8 9.6 3 to 5 times 5.0 3.5 3.9 3.4 2.1 2.5 4.4 3.2 6 to 9 times 1.1 1.6 1.6 1.6 0.0 1.2 1.2 1.5 10 to 19 times 2.0 1.6 1.4 1.8 2.8 1.2 1.9 1.6 20 to 29 times 0.1 0.4 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.4 30 to 39 times 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 40+ times 0.6 0.9 0.9 1.1 2.1 0.7 0.9 0.9 87.9 87.2 83.5 87.7 88.5 89.8 86.6 88.1 1 or 2 times 8.3 7.7 10.0 7.1 6.5 6.1 8.7 7.1 3 to 5 times 1.3 2.1 1.6 1.9 2.9 1.7 1.5 1.9 6 to 9 times 0.5 0.9 2.1 0.9 0.0 0.7 1.0 0.8 10 to 19 times 1.1 0.8 0.7 1.2 1.4 0.8 1.0 0.9 20 to 29 times 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.2 30 to 39 times 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 40+ times 0.5 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.8 Never seen someone shot or shot at? State 2010 Grade 12 1 or 2 times Never been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? County 2010 Grade 10 If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply) I've never used prescription drugs to get high Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) All Students Surveyed Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 County 2010 State 2010 87.2 88.1 83.6 81.7 82.8 78.5 85.6 83.6 5.1 5.5 9.1 11.2 10.2 14.0 6.9 9.5 1.5 2.2 2.6 3.7 2.3 4.2 1.9 3.2 2.3 2.5 4.9 4.9 5.5 5.5 3.5 4.0 2.4 2.9 5.1 5.0 3.9 5.2 3.5 4.1 1.2 1.3 3.5 2.8 1.6 4.4 2.0 2.6 1.2 1.6 2.6 3.7 1.6 3.6 1.7 2.8 1.8 1.8 2.1 3.0 2.3 3.1 1.9 2.5 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.7 0.7 1.6 1.0 3.1 1.3 1.2 1.0 * State and national data for All Students Surveyed are drawn from grades 8, 10 and 12. Depending on which grades were surveyed in a particular report, (ie 8 and 10 only), caution should be exercised when comparing rates. 51 Appendix Appendix - Comparability of survey administrations Issue Drug Category 2008/2010 AYS 2006 AYS On how many occasions (if any) have you: Notes regarding changes On how many occasions (if any) have you: Hallucinogens Used LSD or other psychedelics? Used LSD or other hallucinogens? Substituted "hallucinogens" for "psychedelics" in 2008 and beyond. Comparable across years. Meth Used methamphetamines (meth, speed, crank, crystal meth)? Used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription stimulants Used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2006 and 2008/2010 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription sedatives Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? In 2008 AYS added descriptor "prescription" and removed qualifier "without a doctor telling you to take them." 2006 data are cautiously comparable to 2008/2010. Ecstasy Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)? Used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2008/2010 AYS uses "ecstasy" as the primary descriptor, moving "MDMA" to examples. Comparable across years. Combined results of On how many occasions have you: Prescription drugs Gambling Category Combined results of On how many occasions have you: used prescription drugs (such as Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderall, Oxycontin, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription pain relievers (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? How often during the past 12 months have you: In 2006 there was a prescription drugs question with several examples (some of which overlapped examples from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions). In 2008/2010, the single prescription drug question was dropped, and a new question about prescription pain relievers was added. Rather than discontinuing reporting Prescription Drugs , the prescription sedative, stimulant and pain reliever questions were combined to create a single measure. . In order to provide the best comparability across years, 2006 data were similarly recalculated into a composite, adding results from the standalone stimulant and sedative questions to the dedicated Prescription Drugs question. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Sports betting Bet on team sports? Bet on sports? 2006 not comparable to later data. Race betting Bet money on horse races? Bet on a horse race or other animal race? 2006 not comparable to later data. Dice Bet on dice games such as craps? Played a dice game? 2006 not comparable to later data. Games of skill Bet on games of personal skill such as pool, darts, or bowling? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Comparable across years. Protective Scale: Peer-Individual Interaction with Prosocial Peers 52 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year, how many of your best friends have: (Scale is calculated based on the average response [0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 friends] to the following questions) ...participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? ...made the commitment to stay drug-free? ...tried to do well in school? ...liked school? ...regularly attended religious services? (not used in 2008/2010) Regularly attended religious services was removed from the AYS in 2008. 2006 has been recalculated to match 2008/2010 AYS and are now comparable across all years. Due to this recalculation, current reports may differ slightly from past reports. Contacts for Prevention Regional Prevention Contacts Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai Counties Rachel Peterson Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) 928-226-6394 Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Gila, La Paz, Pinal, Yuma and Santa Cruz Counties Linda Weinberg Cenpatico Behavioral Health of Arizona 866-495-6738 Maricopa County Juan Aristizabal Magellan Health Services of Arizona 602-797-8256 Pima County Bill Burnett Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) 520-618-8807 Gila River Indian Community Julie Jimenez Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority 520-562-3321 ext. 7031 Pascua Yaqui Tribe Ralph Cota Centered Spirit Program 480-768-2063 Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Michelle Neitch/Phillip Stevenson 602-364-1173/602-364-1157 www.azcjc.gov Arizona Department of Education School Safety and Prevention www.ade.az.gov/sa/health/ Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Elise Mikkelsen 602-266-8299 ext. 351 www.problemgambling.az.gov 53 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Lisa Shumaker 602-364-4594 www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Charles Katz 602-496-1471 http://cvpcs.asu.edu/ Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families 602-542-4043 www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html Partnership for a Drug Free America, Arizona Affiliate Shelly Mowrey 602-264-5700 www.partnerupaz.org The Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (Blueprints for Violence Prevention) www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) www.prevention.samhsa.gov Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Model Programs Guide www2.dsgonline.com/mpg/ Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Evidence Based Practices www.samhsa.gov/ebpwebguide/index.asp Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CAPT) casat.unr.edu/westcapt.html Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. 801-359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com