Arizona Youth Survey 2016
State of Arizona
December 20, 2016

Arizona Criminal Justice Commission
Arizona State University
NORC at the University of Chicago

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

ARIZONA CRIMINAL JUSTICE COMMISSION

Chairperson
SEAN DUGGAN, Chief
Chandler Police Department
Vice-Chairperson
SHEILA POLK
Yavapai County Attorney

JOE ARPAIO
Maricopa County Sheriff

MARK BRNOVICH
Attorney General

JOE R. BRUGMAN, Chief
Safford Police Department

DAVID K. BYERS, Director
Administrative Office of the Courts

KELLY “KC” CLARK
Navajo County Sheriff

DAVE COLE
Former Judge

CHRIS GIBBS, Mayor
City of Safford

DREW JOHN
Graham County Supervisor

ELLEN KIRSCHBAUM, Chairperson
Board of Executive Clemency

BARBARA LAWALL
Pima County Attorney

FRANK MILSTEAD, Director
Department of Public Safety

BILL MONTGOMERY
Maricopa County Attorney

CHRIS NANOS
Pima County Sheriff

CHARLES RYAN, Director
Department of Corrections

DAVID SANDERS
Pima County Chief Probation Officer

DANIEL SHARP, Chief
Oro Valley Police Department

HESTON SILBERT
Law Enforcement Leader

ANDREW T. LEFEVRE
Executive Director

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Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Acknowledgments
The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission (ACJC) would like to thank Arizona State University’s Morrison
Institute for Public Policy and NORC at the University of Chicago for their professionalism and contributions to the success of the 2016 Arizona Youth Survey. Additionally, ACJC would like to thank our
colleagues for their guidance and assistance throughout the administration process. ACJC would also
like to thank community leaders who provided their expertise for the betterment of our survey, including:
R. Bradley Snyder, New Amsterdam Consulting, Inc.
Shana Malone, Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System
Eric Hedberg, NORC at the University of Chicago
Wendy Wolfersteig, SIRC at Arizona State University
Timothy Leffel, NORC at the University of Chicago
Andrea Whitsett, Morrison Institute for Public Policy at ASU
Sarah Lindstrom Johnson, The Sanford School at Arizona State University
Dawn DeLay, Arizona State University
Furthermore, the success of the 2016 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been possible without the
support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers
throughout the state. Thank you for contributing your time and efforts toward the completion of this
report.
Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation
resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which all youth live
and learn.
Data from the Arizona Youth Survey will be made available on the ACJC Community Data Project (CDP)
site after reports have been distributed to participating schools and government agencies. The CDP site
was made possible with funding from:
Bureau of Justice Statistics
Office of Justice Programs
U.S. Department of Justice
Governor’s Office of Youth Faith and Family
Arizona Department of Gaming

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Table of Contents

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
click on any contents line to jump to the
corresponding part of the document

Table of Contents



Acknowledgments

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List of Figures

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1 Executive Summary

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2 Introduction
2.1 Background . . . . . .
2.2 School Sample . . . .
2.3 About the Survey Data
2.4 Structure of the Report
2.5 Interpreting the Figures

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4 Consequences of Problem Behaviors
4.1 Impaired Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 School Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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5 Contextual Factors
5.1 Risk and Protective Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Other Contextual Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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3 Problem Behaviors
3.1 Substance Use and Frequency of Use .
3.2 Gang Involvement . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Bullying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

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6 Drug-Free Communities – National Outcome Measures
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6.1 Substance Use in the Past 30 Days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.2 Perceived Risk of Harm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
6.3 Parent and Peer Disapproval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7 School Climate Experiences
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7.1 Student-Teacher Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
7.2 Negative Peer Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
8 Well-Being
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8.1 Perceived Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8.2 Future Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Appendices

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Table of Contents

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

A Appendices
A: List of References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B: Scantron Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C: Risk & Protective Factor (RPF) Scale Definitions
D: Wording Changes in 2016 Questionnaire . . . .

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List of Figures

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
click on any line to jump to
the corresponding figure

List of Figures
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Substance Use in Last 30 Days (8th Grade) . .
Substance Use in Last 30 Days (10th Grade) .
Substance Use in Last 30 Days (12th Grade) .
Substance Use in Last 30 Days, 2012-2016 . .
Lifetime Substance Use (8th Grade) . . . . . .
Lifetime Substance Use (10th Grade) . . . . .
Lifetime Substance Use (12th Grade) . . . . .
Frequent Use of Substances (8th Grade) . . .
Frequent Use of Substances (10th Grade) . . .
Frequent Use of Substances (12th Grade) . . .
Binge Use (8th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Binge Use (10th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Binge Use (12th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Poly-Substance Use (8th Grade) . . . . . . . .
Poly-Substance Use (10th Grade) . . . . . . .
Poly-Substance Use (12th Grade) . . . . . . .
Gang Involvement (8th Grade) . . . . . . . . .
Gang Involvement (10th Grade) . . . . . . . .
Gang Involvement (12th Grade) . . . . . . . .
Reasons for Joining a Gang (8th Grade) . . . .
Reasons for Joining a Gang (10th Grade) . . .
Reasons for Joining a Gang (12th Grade) . . .
Gang Involvement Trends, 2012-2016 . . . . .
Bullying (8th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bullying (10th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bullying (12th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adverse Childhood Experiences (8th Grade) .
Adverse Childhood Experiences (10th Grade) .
Adverse Childhood Experiences (12th Grade) .
Impaired Driving (8th Grade) . . . . . . . . . .
Impaired Driving (10th Grade) . . . . . . . . .
Impaired Driving (12th Grade) . . . . . . . . .
School Safety (8th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . .
School Safety (10th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . .
School Safety (12th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . .
Peer-Individual Risk Factors (8th Grade) . . . .
Peer-Individual Risk Factors (10th Grade) . . .
Peer-Individual Risk Factors (12th Grade) . . .
Peer-Individual Protective Factors (8th Grade) .
Peer-Individual Protective Factors (10th Grade)
Peer-Individual Protective Factors (12th Grade)
Family Risk Factors (8th Grade) . . . . . . . .

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List of Figures
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Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Family Risk Factors (10th Grade) . . . . . . . . . .
Family Risk Factors (12th Grade) . . . . . . . . . .
Family Protective Factors (8th Grade) . . . . . . .
Family Protective Factors (10th Grade) . . . . . . .
Family Protective Factors (12th Grade) . . . . . . .
School Risk Factors (8th Grade) . . . . . . . . . .
School Risk Factors (10th Grade) . . . . . . . . .
School Risk Factors (12th Grade) . . . . . . . . .
School Protective Factors (8th Grade) . . . . . . .
School Protective Factors (10th Grade) . . . . . .
School Protective Factors (12th Grade) . . . . . .
Community Risk Factors (8th Grade) . . . . . . . .
Community Risk Factors (10th Grade) . . . . . . .
Community Risk Factors (12th Grade) . . . . . . .
Community Protective Factors (8th Grade) . . . . .
Community Protective Factors (10th Grade) . . . .
Community Protective Factors (12th Grade) . . . .
Sources of Alcohol, last 30 days (8th Grade) . . .
Sources of Alcohol, last 30 days (10th Grade) . . .
Sources of Alcohol, last 30 days (12th Grade) . . .
Sources of Marijuana, last 30 days (8th Grade) . .
Sources of Marijuana, last 30 days (10th Grade) .
Sources of Marijuana, last 30 days (12th Grade) .
Sources of Rx Drugs, last 30 days (8th Grade) . .
Sources of Rx Drugs, last 30 days (10th Grade) . .
Sources of Rx Drugs, last 30 days (12th Grade) . .
Substance Offers (8th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Substance Offers (10th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . .
Substance Offers (12th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . .
Resistance Strategies, last 30 days (8th Grade) . .
Resistance Strategies, last 30 days (10th Grade) .
Resistance Strategies, last 30 days (12th Grade) .
Ease of Access to Substances/Guns (8th Grade) .
Ease of Access to Substances/Guns (10th Grade)
Ease of Access to Substances/Guns (12th Grade)
Age of Initiation (8th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age of Initiation (10th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Age of Initiation (12th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . . .
Parent/Youth Communication (8th Grade) . . . . .
Parent/Youth Communication (10th Grade) . . . .
Parent/Youth Communication (12th Grade) . . . .
Reasons for Substance Use (8th Grade) . . . . . .
Reasons for Substance Use (10th Grade) . . . . .
Reasons for Substance Use (12th Grade) . . . . .

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67
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108

List of Figures
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113

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Reasons for Not Using Substances (8th Grade) .
Reasons for Not Using Substances (10th Grade)
Reasons for Not Using Substances (12th Grade)
Perceived Risk of Harm (8th Grade) . . . . . . .
Perceived Risk of Harm (10th Grade) . . . . . .
Perceived Risk of Harm (12th Grade) . . . . . .
Parent Disapproval (8th Grade) . . . . . . . . . .
Parent Disapproval (10th Grade) . . . . . . . . .
Parent Disapproval (12th Grade) . . . . . . . . .
Peer Disapproval (8th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . .
Peer Disapproval (10th Grade) . . . . . . . . . .
Peer Disapproval (12th Grade) . . . . . . . . . .
Student-Teacher Interactions (8th Grade) . . . .
Student-Teacher Interactions (10th Grade) . . . .
Student-Teacher Interactions (12th Grade) . . . .
Negative Peer Interactions (8th Grade) . . . . . .
Negative Peer Interactions (10th Grade) . . . . .
Negative Peer Interactions (12th Grade) . . . . .
Perceived Stress (8th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . .
Perceived Stress (10th Grade) . . . . . . . . . .
Perceived Stress (12th Grade) . . . . . . . . . .
Future Orientation (8th Grade) . . . . . . . . . .
Future Orientation (10th Grade) . . . . . . . . .
Future Orientation (12th Grade) . . . . . . . . .
Goal Setting (8th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goal Setting (10th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Goal Setting (12th Grade) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

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109
110
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138
139

1

Executive Summary

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Section 1: Executive Summary
The Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) was administered to a statewide sample of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade
students during the spring of 2016 under direction of the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center to comply with Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416. Based on the nationally recognized Risk and Protective Factor model and the Communities That Care survey (Hawkins et al., 1992),
the AYS assesses the prevalence and frequency of youth substance use, gang involvement, and other
risky behaviors in Arizona, and helps stakeholders to better understand the risk and protective factors
that are correlated with these behaviors.
At the local school and district level, administrators may use the data included in this report to guide their
decisions on programming and services. Planners at the regional, county, and state levels can use these
data as comparisons to data they may be collecting at the program level in order to better understand
needs and to help allocate resources to issues of greatest concern.
At all levels, stakeholders involved in assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation efforts
around substance use and other problem behaviors can use the AYS data in a variety of ways:
•
•
•
•

examine pertinent community issues,
design and implement a new project and/or policy,
look to obtain funding for a new project and/or policy, or
modify or redesign a project and/or policy.

Survey Findings: Highlights
These findings discuss some of the important attitudes and behaviors of Arizona youth who responded
to the 2016 survey.
Problem Behaviors
Alcohol Use in the Past 30 Days has continued to decline in Arizona; in 2016, 22.4 percent of youth
reported drinking alcohol in the past 30 days, a decline from 24.1 percent in 2014, and from 28.1 percent
in 2012.
Marijuana Use in the Past 30 Days was reported at 14.2 percent, a very slight increase from the 13.6
percent who reported using marijuana in 2014, but similar to the rate in 2012 of 14.3 percent.
Cigarette Smoking in the Past 30 Days among youth has continued to remain at a rate of less than one
in ten who smokes regularly, with the 9.2 percent of youth who reported this in 2016 staying similar to
the 9.4 percent in 2014, down from 12.9 percent in 2012.
Prescription Pain Relievers Use in the Past 30 Days was reported at 6.4 percent for 2016; this is an
increase since the 4.7 percent reported in 2014, but is similar to the 6.2 percent reported in 2012.
Bullying on School Property: When asked how often during the past 12 months they had seen bullying
on school property, 38.9 percent of youth said they have seen bullying on school property at least once,
and about 16 percent had seen bullying four or more times.

9

1

Executive Summary

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Risk Factors
Attitudes Favorable toward Drug Use: On average, students had unfavorable views towards drug use.
On a scale of 1 (very wrong) to 4 (not wrong), the mean was 1.55, and less than 5 percent of youth
scored a 3 or higher, showing that youth believed it was wrong for someone their age to use alcohol,
cigarettes, marijuana, or LSD/cocaine/amphetamines/illegal drugs.
Perceived Risk of Harm of Drug Use: Perceived risks of drug use showed a mean score that was towards
the middle of the 1-4 scale at 2.31 suggesting that youth only perceived some moderate to slight risk
for people using alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or prescription drugs without a doctor telling the youth to
take them.
Protective Factors
Interaction with Prosocial Peers: On average, youth responded that they each had an average of two
best friends who had participated in positive activities in the past year. Participating in clubs, committing
to staying drug free, trying to do well in and liking school are all positive attitudes and behaviors for youth.

Consequences
Rode in a Car with Someone Who had been Drinking Alcohol: The vast majority of youth practiced the
safe habit of not riding in a car with someone who had been drinking alcohol, with only about 20 percent
of youth reporting having ridden in a car with someone who had been drinking in the past 30 days.
ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences)
Adult Actions in the Home: Unfortunately, more than half of youth reported that in their lifetime, an adult
swore at, insulted, or put them down. Such early childhood experiences are linked to negative health
outcomes later in life.
School Safety
Feel Safe at School: About 80 percent of youth agree or strongly agree that they feel safe at school.
School safety can impact certain youth behaviors such as school attendance and bullying.

This report provides a comprehensive overview of the aforementioned topics, complete with definitions
and charts, in turn providing an in-depth understanding of the youth landscape in Arizona. These AYS
findings, along with data from other disciplines (e.g. public health and education research), can support
the design and implementation of evidence-based programs intended to meet needs specific to the
populations most at risk or most likely to be impacted by substance abuse and other problem behaviors.

10

2

Introduction

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Section 2: Introduction
2.1 Background
2016 Arizona Youth Survey Report
Every two years, the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center conducts the Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) to comply with Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416. This survey was designed
to assess the prevalence and frequency of youth substance use, gang involvement and other risky behaviors in Arizona, and to better understand the risk and protective factors that are correlated with these
behaviors. The AYS is based on the nationally recognized Risk and Protective Factor model included in
the Communities That Care (CTC) survey. This framework was developed in 1989 by J. David Hawkins,
Ph.D., Richard F. Catalano, Ph.D., and a team of researchers at the University of Washington (Hawkins
et al., 1992).
The Risk and Protective Factor (RPF) model is a prevention model that is utilized to identify methods of
reducing concerning behaviors in youth by addressing the social factors that may increase or decrease
the risk of a behavior developing. This model categorizes these social factors in four domains: individual/peer, family, school, and community. Each domain contains a set of risk and protective factors that
youth may experience. Risk factors include concepts such as youth perceiving no risk in using drugs,
having high family conflict, having low commitment to their school, or perceiving that drugs are easily
obtainable. Protective factors include concepts such as youth interacting with prosocial peers, having a
strong attachment to their family, having opportunities for prosocial involvement, or receiving rewards for
prosocial involvement.
During each administration year, the Arizona Youth Survey is completed by 8th, 10th, and 12th grade
students throughout all 15 counties in Arizona. Any school that serves these grade levels is eligible
to participate regardless of school type (e.g. traditional public, private, or charter schools). The 2016
survey was administered between February and May 2016, and resulted in the participation of 57,170
students from 249 schools across Arizona.
This report summarizes the findings obtained from the 2016 AYS for The State of Arizona. Due to
significant changes to the survey instruments over the years, the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission
(ACJC) cautions readers against comparing these data to pre-2002 survey results.

The Community Data Project
The Community Data Project (CDP), online at http://azcjc.gov/cdp_site/default.aspx, is a multi-agency
effort to create a central repository for Arizona’s substance abuse and criminal justice data (e.g. AYS
results, crime rates, and corrections). Through a user-friendly website, the public has access to a onestop portal where they can select the type of data they need by specific demographic characteristics and
geographic level of interest. The CDP can be used to obtain data for grant writing purposes, prevention
efforts, and to inform strategic planning and programmatic changes. Various output options are available,
including data tables, graphs, and maps, to cover a variety of reporting and visualization needs of the
user.

11

2

Introduction

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

2.2 School Sample
All schools in Arizona are eligible to participate in the survey, and recruitment efforts were successful
in obtaining participation by schools in all 15 counties. Careful planning and uniform administration of
the survey have resulted in data that are valid and representative of students in the 8th, 10th, and 12th
grades across the state.
In this report, the results for the state are presented. Table 1 presents the summary demographic
statistics for the 2016 state sample, and compares them with the latest data from the National Center
for Education Statistics’ (NCES) Common Core of Data (2015). This table allows the reader to judge
the representativeness of the obtained sample. If there are large differences between the sample and
Common Core data, the generalizability of the results should be re-considered (Maxfield and Babbie,
2015).
To better understand the diversity of Arizona’s youth population, respondents were asked separate questions about their ethnicity (Hispanic vs. Non-Hispanic) and their race (American Indian, Asian, Pacific
Islander, Black, and White — which includes Hispanic and Non-Hispanic). This method for obtaining ethnicity and race information provides more comprehensive data on youth cultural and racial selfidentification, and on Arizona’s diverse youth population. Note also that students were able to check as
many race categories as they felt applied to them, so percentages in the race categories may not add up
to 100%. To simplify this issue, percentages are reported for a composite race/ethnicity variable created
based on answers to the separate race and ethnicity questions.
Table 1: Demographic characteristics of the State sample.
AYS Sample
Gender
Race/Ethnicity

Male
Female
American Indian
Asian/Pacific Islander
Black
Hispanic
Multi-racial
White

50%
50%
4%
3%
4%
39%
9%
42%

State of Arizona
(NCES 2014-2015)
51%
49%
5%
3%
5%
45%
2%
40%

Whenever data are obtained from a sample of students instead of the entire population, it is important
to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the data. One easy way to investigate the quality of the
sample is to look at the basic demographic characteristics of the students who participated in the survey
and compare them to what is known about the entire population of students. This will give the user of
these data a basic understanding of the degree to which the sample data can be generalized to the
entire population. Differences of greater than 5 percentage points may indicate that the results in this
report may be over- or underestimating the prevalence of various issues.
The data included in this report describe the level of risk and protective factors, substance use, antisocial
behavior, and delinquency of those youth who participated in the survey. These can be used to inform
12

2

Introduction

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

the development of school and community-based prevention and intervention activities that may benefit
both the youth who participated in the survey and those who did not.

2.3 About the Survey Data
The data reported here were collected using two modes. First, a self-administered questionnaire using
Scantron technology was utilized in schools which did not have extensive access to computers for their
students. The instrument used for these paper-and-pencil administrations is available in Appendix B. A
second mode, a self-administered online survey, was also available for schools to use if they preferred
to administer the survey online. This online tool presented the same questions as the paper-and-pencil
Scantron survey, except that students could answer the questions on a computer while in their classroom.
The data were compiled into the final analysis dataset using statistical software.

13

2

Introduction

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

2.4 Structure of the Report
Structure of Sections 3–8
Sections 3–8 of this report have the same basic structure. Each subsection presents definitions, followed
by bar- or line-graphs (“figures”), all relating to a particular topic area of the Arizona Youth Survey. The
figures visually represent the responses to a selection of questionnaire items associated with the topic
area. For example, Section 3.1: Substance Use and Frequency of Use begins with a Definitions portion,
which lists definitions for the AYS categories Substance Use in the Last 30 Days, Lifetime Substance
Use, Frequent Use of Substances, Binge Use, and Poly-Substance Use. Following these definitions is
a Figures portion, which presents a series of figures summarizing survey results for the questionnaire
items associated with the categories in the definitions portion.
While some subsections (topic areas) contain a larger number of specific definitions and figures than
others, all subsections in Sections 3–8 have this same basic structure.
The Figures portions of each topic area contain separate figures for 8th, 10th, and 12th grade responses
(with the exception of 2012-2016 line-graphs, in which the 8th, 10th, and 12th grade data appear sideby-side in the same graph). If a particular figure requires additional explanation or commentary, it is
included above it in the main text of the Figures portion.

Structure of Appendix Section
Following the main text of the report are four appendices:
Appendix A: List of References
Appendix B: Scantron Questionnaire
Appendix C: Risk & Protective Factor Scale Definitions
Appendix D: Wording Changes in 2016 Questionnaire
The contents of the appendices are summarized at the beginning of the Appendices section. Additional
information about each individual appendix is provided in the corresponding appendix subsection itself.

14

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Introduction

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

2.5 Interpreting the Figures
Most of the figures are bar-graphs (or: “bar-charts,” “bar-plots,” etc.). With a few exceptions, such figures
depict what percentage of youth in the sample agreed with a statement (e.g. “it is wrong to smoke
marijuana”), reported having participated in some activity (e.g. have smoked marijuana in the last 30
days), or provided some specific answer to the relevant question (e.g. obtained marijuana from someone
with a medical card). Each percentage-based figure will specify exactly how the percentages should be
interpreted, via a main title above the plot window and label on the horizontal axis.
Some figures in the report display measurements other than percentages, such as initiation age in
Section 5.2, or composite Risk and Protective Factors (RPF) scores in Section 5.1 (see Appendix C for
RPF scoring information). In figures that do not represent percentage-based data, the relevant units will
be clearly indicated in the title and/or horizontal axis.

15

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Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Section 3: Problem Behaviors
3.1 Substance Use and Frequency of Use
Definitions
Youth were asked many questions on their use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs, and specifically on
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

alcohol (beer, wine, or hard liquor);
cigarettes;
electronic cigarettes;
marijuana;
LSD or other hallucinogens;
cocaine or crack;
inhalants (sniffed glue or inhaled gases);
methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth);
heroin;
Ecstasy (MDMA);
steroids or anabolic steroids;
prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin,
OxyContin, Percocet, or Codeine) without a
doctor telling you to take them;

• prescription stimulants (such as Adderal, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling
you to take them;
• prescription sedatives (tranquilizers such as
Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping
pills) without a doctor telling you to take them;
• over the counter (OTC) drugs (such as cough
syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purpose of getting high;
• synthetic drugs (such as Bath Salts or herbal
incense products);
• beer, wine or hard liquor at the same time you
used prescription drugs; or
• “phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze).”

The drug phenoxydine does not exist, but was included for data validity purposes. Youth who responded
that they used this drug may not be answering questions honestly. We include these responses, but note
the prevalence of this answer as a measure for possible untruthful answers.
Substance Use in the Last 30 days is a measure of the percentage of youth who used a given substance
at least once in the 30 days prior to taking the survey. This serves as a proxy for the level of current use
of the substance. Data are shown for the past three survey administrations in order to note any trends
of increased or decreased use.
Lifetime Substance Use is a measure of the percentage of youth who tried a particular substance at
least once in their lifetime, and is used to show the percentage of youth who have had experience with a
specific substance.
Frequent Use of Substances is a measure of the percentage of youth who used the substance at least
10-19 times in the 30 days prior to taking the survey. This acts as a proxy for addiction or abuse of
substances.
Binge Use of alcohol defined as having had five or more drinks in a row, at some point during the two
weeks prior to the survey.
Poly-substance Use is defined in this survey as consuming alcohol and prescription drugs at the same
time, at some point during the 30 days prior to the survey.

16

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figures
30-day Substance Use, 2016
Figure 1: Substance Use in Last 30 Days (8th Grade)

2016 Substance Use in Last 30 Days (8th Grade)
Rx w/Alcohol

3.6%

Synthetic Drugs

2.2%

Over−the−Counter
Drugs

4.5%

Rx Tranquilizers

3.3%

Rx Stimulants

2.4%

Rx Opioids

5.0%

Steroids

2.1%

MDMA (Ecstasy)

1.9%

Heroin

1.6%

Methamphetamine

1.7%

Inhalants

4.2%

Cocaine/Crack

1.9%

Hallucinogens

2.1%

Marijuana

7.3%

STATE OF ARIZONA

Alcohol 12.3%
*Phenoxydine

1.6%

*Phenoxydine is not a real drug

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percentage (%) of students reporting use

17

90

100

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 2: Substance Use in Last 30 Days (10th Grade)

2016 Substance Use in Last 30 Days (10th Grade)
Rx w/Alcohol

5.7%

Synthetic Drugs

3.2%

Over−the−Counter
Drugs

5.8%

Rx Tranquilizers

5.2%

Rx Stimulants

4.3%

Rx Opioids

6.8%

Steroids

3.0%

MDMA (Ecstasy)

3.3%

Heroin

2.7%

Methamphetamine

2.8%

Inhalants

3.8%

Cocaine/Crack

3.3%

Hallucinogens

4.1%

STATE OF ARIZONA

Marijuana 15.2%
Alcohol 23.4%
*Phenoxydine

2.7%

*Phenoxydine is not a real drug

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percentage (%) of students reporting use

18

90

100

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 3: Substance Use in Last 30 Days (12th Grade)

2016 Substance Use in Last 30 Days (12th Grade)
Rx w/Alcohol

7.6%

Synthetic Drugs

4.0%

Over−the−Counter
Drugs

6.7%

Rx Tranquilizers

6.0%

Rx Stimulants

5.5%

Rx Opioids

7.8%

Steroids

4.1%

MDMA (Ecstasy)

4.6%

Heroin

3.8%

Methamphetamine

4.1%

Inhalants

4.3%

Cocaine/Crack

5.2%

Hallucinogens

5.7%

STATE OF ARIZONA

Marijuana 22.9%
Alcohol 35.9%
*Phenoxydine

3.8%

*Phenoxydine is not a real drug

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percentage (%) of students reporting use

19

90

100

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

30-day Substance Use, from 2012 to 2016
Figure 4 shows 30-day substance use trends for a variety of common substances, drawing from the
results of the 2012, 2014, and 2016 Arizona Youth Surveys. The bars represent the percentage of youth
who report having used each of the substances in the 30 days prior to taking the survey.

20

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 4: Substance Use in Last 30 Days, 2012-2016

Substance Use in Last 30 Days, 2012−2016
8th Grade

10th grade

12th grade

100

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

Rx
Tranquilizers

●

●

●

●

●

●

Cigarettes

25

Marijuana

50

Alcohol

75

2012

2014

2016

2012

2014

2016

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

2012

2014

2016

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

0
100
75
50
25
0
100
75

Rx
Opioids

50
25
0
100
75
50
25
0
100
75
50
25
0
100
75
50
25
0

Year
● STATE OF ARIZONA

21

Rx
Stimulants

Percentage (%) of students reporting use

3

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Lifetime Substance Use, 2016
Figure 5: Lifetime Substance Use (8th Grade)

2016 Lifetime Substance Use (8th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA
E−Cigarettes

22.4%

Cigarettes

14.7%

Rx Tranquilizers

4.7%

Rx Stimulants

3.1%

Rx Opioids

6.9%

Marijuana

14.3%

Alcohol

29.0%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percentage (%) of students reporting use

22

90

100

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 6: Lifetime Substance Use (10th Grade)

2016 Lifetime Substance Use (10th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA
E−Cigarettes

30.6%

Cigarettes

22.4%

Rx Tranquilizers

7.5%

Rx Stimulants

6.8%

Rx Opioids

10.8%

Marijuana

28.9%

Alcohol

45.6%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percentage (%) of students reporting use

23

90

100

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 7: Lifetime Substance Use (12th Grade)

2016 Lifetime Substance Use (12th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA
E−Cigarettes

36.8%

Cigarettes

32.8%

Rx Tranquilizers

10.0%

Rx Stimulants

9.6%

Rx Opioids

13.6%

Marijuana

42.0%

Alcohol

60.4%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percentage (%) of students reporting use

24

90

100

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Frequent Substance Use, 2016
Figure 8: Frequent Use of Substances (8th Grade)

2016 Frequent Use of Substances (8th Grade)
E−Cigarettes

2.0%

Cigarettes

1.3%

Rx Tranquilizers

0.9%

Rx Opioids

1.1%

Marijuana

2.0%

Alcohol

1.4%

STATE OF ARIZONA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who used 10+ times in last 30 days

25

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 9: Frequent Use of Substances (10th Grade)

2016 Frequent Use of Substances (10th Grade)
E−Cigarettes

4.6%

Cigarettes

3.0%

Rx Tranquilizers

1.9%

Rx Opioids

2.0%

Marijuana

5.3%

Alcohol

3.6%

STATE OF ARIZONA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who used 10+ times in last 30 days

26

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 10: Frequent Use of Substances (12th Grade)

2016 Frequent Use of Substances (12th Grade)
E−Cigarettes

7.0%

Cigarettes

5.3%

Rx Tranquilizers

2.1%

Rx Opioids

2.4%

Marijuana

9.4%

Alcohol

6.4%

STATE OF ARIZONA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who used 10+ times in last 30 days

27

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Binge Use, 2016
Figure 11: Binge Use (8th Grade)

2016 Binge Use (8th Grade)
Had five or more
drinks (in the
last two weeks)

STATE OF ARIZONA
6.9%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students reporting behavior
Figure 12: Binge Use (10th Grade)

2016 Binge Use (10th Grade)
Had five or more
drinks (in the
last two weeks)

STATE OF ARIZONA
13.1%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students reporting behavior
Figure 13: Binge Use (12th Grade)

2016 Binge Use (12th Grade)
Had five or more
drinks (in the
last two weeks)

STATE OF ARIZONA
21.6%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting behavior

28

100

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Poly-Substance Use, 2016
Figure 14: Poly-Substance Use (8th Grade)

2016 Poly−Substance Use (8th Grade)
Drank while using
Rx drugs (in the
last 30 days)

STATE OF ARIZONA
3.6%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students reporting behavior
Figure 15: Poly-Substance Use (10th Grade)

2016 Poly−Substance Use (10th Grade)
Drank while using
Rx drugs (in the
last 30 days)

STATE OF ARIZONA
5.7%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students reporting behavior
Figure 16: Poly-Substance Use (12th Grade)

2016 Poly−Substance Use (12th Grade)
Drank while using
Rx drugs (in the
last 30 days)

STATE OF ARIZONA
7.6%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting behavior

29

100

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

3.2 Gang Involvement
Definitions
Gang Involvement is measured by a series of questions centered on current and past gang membership
for self and friends, as well as the major reason for membership. Association with “delinquent” peers has
been identified as a correlate of individual gang involvement and other anti-social behaviors (Esbensen
et al., 2009; Klein and Maxson, 2006).This item is examined with a question pertaining to peer gang
membership (i.e. best friends were in a gang in the past year).
Research has also indicated that perceptions of gang involvement are important to understanding potential or future gang involvement of youth (Lopez et al., 2006). To inspect this further, Gang Involvement
also asks whether youth think that they will be seen as “cool” if they belong to a gang, as well as whether
or not they have taken money in the last 30 days to support gang activities.
• Ever belonged to a gang percentages represented in charts refer to those youth who responded
“yes” or “no, but would like to.”
• Friends ever belonged to a gang percentages represented in charts refer to those youth who stated
that one or more of their four best friends had been members of a gang in the last 12 months.
• The chances of being seen as cool if you were part of a gang percentages represented in charts
refer to those youth who stated some, pretty good, or very good chance.
• Taking money to support gang activities percentages represented in charts refer to those youth
who stated that they’ve stolen money to support gang activities one or more times in the past 30
days.
• Reasons for belonging to a gang percentages represented in charts refer to those youth who said
they had ever belonged to a gang, and then selected the major reason why they joined (those who
reported having belonged to a gang but did not provide a reason are not included).

30

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figures
Gang Involvement, 2016
Figure 17: Gang Involvement (8th Grade)

2016 Gang Involvement (8th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Ever belonged to
a gang

7.1%

Friends ever
belonged to a
gang

8.4%

Thinks it's cool
to belong to a
gang

19.5%

Ever stolen to
support a gang

3.5%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of youth indicating experience with gangs

31

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 18: Gang Involvement (10th Grade)

2016 Gang Involvement (10th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Ever belonged to
a gang

6.7%

Friends ever
belonged to a
gang

7.1%

Thinks it's cool
to belong to a
gang

17.0%

Ever stolen to
support a gang

3.9%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of youth indicating experience with gangs

32

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 19: Gang Involvement (12th Grade)

2016 Gang Involvement (12th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Ever belonged to
a gang

7.4%

Friends ever
belonged to a
gang

7.5%

Thinks it's cool
to belong to a
gang

13.1%

Ever stolen to
support a gang

5.2%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of youth indicating experience with gangs

33

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Reasons for Joining a Gang, 2016
Figure 20: Reasons for Joining a Gang (8th Grade)

2016 Reasons for Joining a Gang (8th Grade)
To get respect

10.0%

Sibling(s) are in
a gang

5.8%

Protection/safety

16.1%

Parent(s) are in
a gang

4.3%

Make money

19.4%

Friendship

24.2%

Felt pressured

1.6%

Other

18.6%

0

STATE OF ARIZONA

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students indicating major reason
(only includes students who have belonged to a gang)

34

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 21: Reasons for Joining a Gang (10th Grade)

2016 Reasons for Joining a Gang (10th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

To get respect

9.2%

Sibling(s) are in
a gang

7.1%

Protection/safety

15.6%

Parent(s) are in
a gang

6.0%

Make money

20.9%

Friendship

18.6%

Felt pressured

3.6%

Other

19.1%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students indicating major reason
(only includes students who have belonged to a gang)

35

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 22: Reasons for Joining a Gang (12th Grade)

2016 Reasons for Joining a Gang (12th Grade)
To get respect

11.4%

Sibling(s) are in
a gang

3.8%

Protection/safety

11.6%

Parent(s) are in
a gang

5.6%

Make money

25.4%

Friendship

18.5%

Felt pressured

4.2%

Other

19.4%

0

STATE OF ARIZONA

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students indicating major reason
(only includes students who have belonged to a gang)

36

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Gang Involvement trends, from 2012 to 2016
Figure 23: Gang Involvement Trends, 2012-2016

Gang Involvement Trends, 2012−2016
10th grade

12th grade

100
75
50
25
0
100

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

●

2012

2014

2016

2012

2014

2016

2012

2014

2016

75
50
25
0

Year
● STATE OF ARIZONA

37

Friends ever
belonged
to a gang?

●

Ever belonged
to a gang?

Percentage (%) of students
responding 'yes'

8th Grade

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

3.3 Bullying
Definitions
Bullying is a form of aggression, often expressed through physical or psychological harassment, which
can lead to feelings of being unsafe and to increased absences (Batsche and Knoff, 1994; Gastic, 2008;
Kearney, 2008). It is measured by several questions including experiences with being bullied at school,
being a target of cyber-bullying (harassed online or via a cell phone or electronic device), as well as
any occurrences of bullying on the part of the respondent. Lastly, this section includes responses to
a question concerning being a witness to bullying on school property and willingness to intervene (i.e.
did nothing to stop it). Data represented in charts refer to the percentage of youth who engaged in or
witnessed each activity on one or more occasions over the past 12 months.

38

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figures
Figure 24: Bullying (8th Grade)

2016 Bullying (8th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

I saw bullying
but didn't
intervene

47.0%

I was harassed
online

33.1%

I bullied someone

26.1%

I was bullied

42.2%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percentage (%) of students with experience
in the last 12 months

39

90

100

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 25: Bullying (10th Grade)

2016 Bullying (10th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

I saw bullying
but didn't
intervene

37.4%

I was harassed
online

28.7%

I bullied someone

18.8%

I was bullied

31.0%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percentage (%) of students with experience
in the last 12 months

40

90

100

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 26: Bullying (12th Grade)

2016 Bullying (12th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

I saw bullying
but didn't
intervene

28.8%

I was harassed
online

23.6%

I bullied someone

14.5%

I was bullied

22.7%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percentage (%) of students with experience
in the last 12 months

41

90

100

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

3.4 Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Definitions
The original Kaiser Permanente Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, conducted from 1995 to
1997, established the link between early childhood experiences of abuse or neglect and the presence
of health issues in adulthood (Felitti et al., 1998). Through this study, the prevention community was
able to determine that, as the number of ACEs a child is exposed to increases, so does the risk level for
negative health outcomes later in life.
Many researchers have now turned their focus to understanding the impact of adverse childhood experiences on behaviors during adolescence and beyond (Anda et al., 2006; Jonson-Reid et al., 2012).
To assess youths’ exposure to these situations, and the possible effects from experiencing ACEs, six
ACEs-related questions similar to several of those asked of adults in the national study were examined
in the 2016 AYS. Youth were asked questions regarding ever living with anyone who was a problem
drinker/alcoholic, living with anyone who has used or abuse drugs and medications, living with anyone
who had served time in prison or jail, having parents who are separated or divorced, and experiencing
the presence of physical or emotional abuse in their homes. Percentages reported are for those youth
who responded yes to each of the questions.

42

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figures
Figure 27: Adverse Childhood Experiences (8th Grade)

2016 Adverse Childhood Experiences (8th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA
Ever lived with
23.1%
an alcoholic

Ever lived with a
13.8%
drug user

Ever lived with
someone who had 24.0%
been incarcerated
Parents ever
separated or 41.0%
divorced
Ever lived with
adults who fought 22.1%
each other
Ever lived
with adults who
50.9%
insulted or put
you down
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students with experience

43

100

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 28: Adverse Childhood Experiences (10th Grade)

2016 Adverse Childhood Experiences (10th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA
Ever lived with
25.2%
an alcoholic

Ever lived with a
17.2%
drug user

Ever lived with
someone who had 22.9%
been incarcerated
Parents ever
separated or 42.3%
divorced
Ever lived with
adults who fought 23.2%
each other
Ever lived
with adults who
55.7%
insulted or put
you down
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students with experience

44

100

3

Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 29: Adverse Childhood Experiences (12th Grade)

2016 Adverse Childhood Experiences (12th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA
Ever lived with
26.4%
an alcoholic

Ever lived with a
19.1%
drug user

Ever lived with
someone who had 22.7%
been incarcerated
Parents ever
separated or 44.1%
divorced
Ever lived with
adults who fought 23.2%
each other
Ever lived
with adults who
53.9%
insulted or put
you down
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students with experience

45

100

4

Consequences of Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Section 4: Consequences of Problem Behaviors
4.1 Impaired Driving
Definitions
Impaired Driving has often focused on alcohol use, but researchers have begun to explore the use of
other drugs and driving, especially marijuana (Maxwell, 2012).
Impaired Driving is measured by asking youth to answer four questions about their driving or passenger
behavior in the past 30 days. The percentage of youth who acknowledged that they engaged in each of
these behaviors at least once is reported:
•
•
•
•

rode with someone who had been drinking alcohol;
drove a car/vehicle after drinking alcohol;
drove a car/vehicle after taking prescription drugs for the experience; and
drove a car/vehicle after using marijuana.

46

4

Consequences of Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figures
Figure 30: Impaired Driving (8th Grade)

2016 Impaired Driving (8th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Rode in a car
with someone who 20.4%
had been drinking
Drove while
drinking alcohol
(30 days)

4.2%

Drove while using
Rx drugs (30
days)

3.1%

Drove while using
marijuana (30
days)

5.7%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting behavior

47

100

4

Consequences of Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 31: Impaired Driving (10th Grade)

2016 Impaired Driving (10th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Rode in a car
with someone who 19.9%
had been drinking
Drove while
drinking alcohol
(30 days)

5.9%

Drove while using
Rx drugs (30
days)

4.8%

Drove while using
marijuana (30 10.5%
days)
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting behavior

48

100

4

Consequences of Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 32: Impaired Driving (12th Grade)

2016 Impaired Driving (12th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Rode in a car
with someone who 21.4%
had been drinking
Drove while
drinking alcohol 11.7%
(30 days)
Drove while using
Rx drugs (30
days)

7.5%

Drove while using
marijuana (30 19.7%
days)
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting behavior

49

100

4

Consequences of Problem Behaviors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

4.2 School Safety
Definitions
School Safety is often viewed in terms of the absence of harmful incidents or crimes on school grounds,
usually measured within a year, or measured relative to other schools or benchmarks (Langbein and
Bess, 2002). School safety is measured by a series of questions that assess overall feelings of safety
and its impact on certain behaviors. Youth were asked if they felt safe at school, as well as the number of
days they did not attend due to feeling unsafe at, or on their way to campus in the last 30 days. Further,
youth responded to questions about being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property, as
well as the number of occasions they were in a physical fight on campus within the past year.

50

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Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figures
Figure 33: School Safety (8th Grade)

2016 School Safety (8th Grade)
I feel safe at
73.9%
school
I skipped school
because I felt
11.7%
unsafe (past 30
days)
I got in a fight
18.2%
(12 months)
I was threatened
with a weapon (12 11.7%
months)
I brought a
weapon with me
(past 30 days)

5.9%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students responding 'yes'
STATE OF ARIZONA

51

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Figure 34: School Safety (10th Grade)

2016 School Safety (10th Grade)
I feel safe at
77.4%
school
I skipped school
because I felt
11.6%
unsafe (past 30
days)
I got in a fight
11.3%
(12 months)
I was threatened
with a weapon (12 10.3%
months)
I brought a
weapon with me
(past 30 days)

6.7%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students responding 'yes'
STATE OF ARIZONA

52

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Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 35: School Safety (12th Grade)

2016 School Safety (12th Grade)
I feel safe at
77.3%
school
I skipped school
because I felt
10.7%
unsafe (past 30
days)
I got in a fight
(12 months)

9.8%

I was threatened
with a weapon (12
months)

9.4%

I brought a
weapon with me
(past 30 days)

8.3%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students responding 'yes'
STATE OF ARIZONA

53

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Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Section 5: Contextual Factors
5.1 Risk and Protective Factors
Definitions
Risk and Protective Factors (RPF) are personal and environmental factors that may influence a person’s
likelihood of engaging in problem behaviors (Hawkins et al., 1992). Risk Factors increase the chances
of a person participating in concerning behaviors, while Protective Factors decrease this likelihood. The
Risk and Protective Factor scales included in the AYS measure specific aspects of a youth’s life experience that are known to be associated with whether they will subsequently engage in problem behaviors.
The scales are grouped into four domains: peer/individual, family, school, and community. The Risk
and Protective Factor charts in Section 5.1 depict a composite ‘risk score’ or ‘protective score’ which
represent the degree to which respondents are at risk or have protection against developing problem behaviors in a particular domain. Ideally, risk scores should be on the lower end of the scale (indicating a
lower risk level among the sample), whereas protection scores should be higher (indicating a higher level
of protection among the sample). The composite scores were calculated from groups of questionnaire
items related to each particular domain.
Because many of the questions in the 2016 version of the AYS were carried over from earlier versions of
the instrument, it was possible to reconstruct a number of equivalent comprehensive scales for the 2016
data. The construction of the scales involved taking means (average scores) of each of their components,
which were mostly in the form of Likert scales (e.g. Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree), with some
requiring reverse coding for consistency. Other types of components included simple dichotomous Yes
or No responses; or count variables (e.g. “How many of your best friends...”). Individuals with missing
responses on more than one of the scales’ component questions were excluded from the construction
of the scales in order to minimize response bias.
For each of the charts, the scales are harmonized so that they each range to a maximum of 10. This
is done because some scales have a natural range of 1-4, while other scales range from 1-5, which
does not allow for accurate comparisons of factor levels. While the rescaling allows for the factors to be
compared, the meaning of actual scores should not be taken in real units, but instead taken as a Likert
scale range similar to the common phrase “on a scale of 0 to 10.”

Peer-Individual Risk Factors
Rewards for Antisocial Behavior: Youth who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher
risk for future engagement in problem behaviors. Rewards for antisocial behavior, in the peer-individual
domain, include being seen as cool by peers for using substances or participating in problem behaviors
(Fleming et al., 2008; Meghdadpour et al., 2012). Data represented in charts refer to to youth who
indicated that there would be a very good chance that they would be seen as cool if they used substances
or participated in problem behaviors (e.g. carrying a handgun). Higher scores indicate a higher level of
reward for antisocial behavior.
Rebelliousness: Youth who participate in behaviors considered against conventional laws and norms
have a high tolerance for deviant behavior, low perceived risk, or a strong need for independence and
54

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sensation seeking. These place youth at substantial risk for drug use (Cleveland et al., 2008). Youth
were asked if they often ignore rules or do the opposite of what they’re told to do just to get away with
it. Data represented in charts refer to the extent to which youth demonstrate these behaviors. Higher
scores indicate a higher level of rebelliousness.
Perceived Risk of Harm: Youth who do not perceive drug use to be risky (i.e. believing people cannot be
harmed physically, mentally, or legally when using substances) are far more likely to engage in drug use
themselves (Danseco et al., 1999; Perron and Howard, 2008). Youth were asked if they think people risk
harming themselves when using alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or prescription drugs without a doctor
telling the youth to take them. Data represented in charts refer to the extent to which youth perceive little
to no risk in using substances. Higher scores indicate a low level of perceived risk.
Interaction with Antisocial Peers: Youth who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are
at higher risk for engaging in antisocial behavior themselves (Jonkman et al., 2011; Stockwell et al.,
2004). Participants were asked about how many of their friends have been suspended from school,
dropped out of school, carried a handgun, sold drugs, stolen a car, or been arrested in the last 12
months. Data represented in charts refer to the quantity of friends who engaged in that behavior. Higher
scores indicate more interaction with antisocial peers.
Friends’ Use of Drugs: Youth who spend time with friends who engage in substance use are more likely
to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest
predictors of substance use among youth (Beyers et al., 2004; Iannotti et al., 1996; Yamaguchi and
Kandel, 1984). Participants were asked if any of their friends use alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, other
illicit drugs or prescription drugs without a doctor telling the youth to take them. Data represented in
charts refer to friends’ use or abuse of drugs. Higher values indicate more friends who use drugs.
Attitudes Favorable toward Drug Use: As youth grow older, they have a higher likelihood of being exposed
to others who engage in drug use or have a greater acceptance of these behaviors. This exposure may
influence a youth’s attitude toward drug use and increase the likelihood of them engaging in a variety of
problem behaviors (Arthur et al., 2002; Bahr et al., 2005; Bauman and Ennett, 1996; Beyers et al., 2004).
This factor examines how wrong youth perceive it is to use four different substance groups: alcohol,
cigarettes, marijuana, and LSD/cocaine/amphetamines/illegal drugs. Data represented in charts refer to
youth attitudes towards using drugs. Higher values indicate more favorable attitudes toward drug use.
Attitudes Favorable toward Antisocial Behavior: As previously stated, youths’ attitudes may change as
they are exposed to different social circles (Gassman et al., 2012; Maguire, 2013). This factor aims to
understand youth perceptions of how wrong it would be to stay away from school, take a handgun to
school, pick a fight, seriously attack someone, and steal anything worth more than $5. Data represented
in charts refer to youth attitudes about these behaviors. Higher scores indicate more favorable attitudes
towards antisocial behavior.
Gang Involvement: Youth who belong to gangs and associate with gang-involved peers are more at risk
for antisocial behavior and drug use (Curry and Spergel, 1992; Herrenkohl et al., 2000). Conditioned on
ever being in a gang, this scale includes questions about age of first involvement and the membership
status of best friends. The Gang Involvement Risk Factor measures the participant’s own gang involvement. Data shown in charts refer to the degree to which youth are involved in gangs. Higher values
indicate more gang involvement.

55

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Early Initiation of Drug Use: Early onset of drug use has been linked to increased drug use and abuse
through adolescence and beyond, with later age of onset more likely to lead to reduced drug involvement
and a greater likelihood of discontinuation of use (Kandel, 1975; Miller et al., 2006). To assess the scope
of onset among the sample, this factor looks at the age at which youth first tried cigarettes, marijuana,
or alcohol, and when youth first began drinking regularly. Data reported reflect participants who stated
they began using substances at an early age. Higher values indicate earlier use of substances.

Peer-Individual Protective Factors
Rewards for Prosocial Involvement: Youth who are rewarded for working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in problem behaviors. Rewards for prosocial involvement include being
seen as cool for trying your best at school, defending someone who is being bullied, or regularly volunteering in the community (Catalano et al., 1996; Cleveland et al., 2008). Data contained in charts
represent the extent to which youth think that they would be seen as cool if they participated in prosocial
activities. Higher scores indicate more rewards for prosocial involvement.
Prosocial Involvement: Youth who participate in positive school and community activities are less likely
to participate in problem behaviors (Arthur et al., 2002; Beyers et al., 2004; Catalano et al., 1996). Data
contained in charts represent the degree to which youth participated in school clubs and organizations
or volunteered in the community. Higher scores indicate more prosocial involvement.
Interaction with Prosocial Peers: Youth who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are
more likely to participate in prosocial behavior as well. Data represented in charts refer to the quantity
of friends with whom youth have participated in prosocial activities in the past 12 months. Higher scores
indicate higher interaction with prosocial peers.
Belief in the Moral Order: Youth who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs
(Beyers et al., 2004; Catalano et al., 1996). Participants were asked about how wrong they believe it
would be for someone their age to steal anything worth more than $5, cheat in school, or start a fight.
Data in these charts refer to youth attitudes towards these behaviors. Youth were also asked about how
important they think it is to be honest with their parents; data represent the extent to which youth agreed
that is it important for them to be honest with their parents. Higher scores indicate higher belief in moral
order.

Family Domain Risk Factors
Poor Family Management: Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh punishment with their
children places their children at a higher risk for participation in substance use and other problem behaviors. This higher risk is also seen in youth whose parents do not provide clear explanations for expected
behaviors and do not monitor their children’s activities (Arthur et al., 2002; Dishion et al., 2004). Youth
were asked if their parents usually know who they are spending time with, if there are clear rules in their
household, and if their parents would be aware of the youth’s participation in problem behaviors. Data
in charts display the extent to which youth indicated that their families had poor management practices.
Higher score indicate poor family management.
Parental Attitudes Favorable toward Drug Use: In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy
56

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Arizona Youth Survey 2016

users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use, youth are more likely to become drug abusers during
adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug use, such as
asking their child to light a cigarette or get a beer from the refrigerator (Beyers et al., 2004; Herrenkohl
et al., 2000). To capture data on this concept, participants were asked if their parents think it is wrong for
them to use cigarettes, alcohol or marijuana. Data represented in charts refer to the extent to which youth
believe their parents would accept their child using substances. Higher scores indicate more favorable
parental attitudes towards drug use.
Parental Attitudes Favorable toward Antisocial Behavior: Youth often follow the example of those around
them. Parental attitudes that are positive to antisocial or rebellious behaviors can be seen as an approval of the youth’s participation in those behaviors. Examples of parental attitudes being favorable
toward antisocial behavior include parents believing it is not wrong for someone to steal items, pick a
fight, or damage someone else’s property (Gassman et al., 2012; Maguire, 2013). Participants of the
survey were asked if their parents thought it would be wrong for them to participate in these antisocial
behaviors. The data in this chart represent the extent to which youth believe their parents would think it
is acceptable to participate in these behaviors. Higher scores indicate more favorable parental attitudes
towards antisocial behavior.
Family History of Antisocial Behavior: When youth are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g. violence, alcohol, or other drug use), they are more likely to engage in these behaviors
themselves (Corrigan et al., 2007). Participants were asked about the presence of alcohol or drug problems in their family, and the general use of alcohol and other drugs by family members. Data in the chart
represent the extent to which youth indicated that they have family members who engage in these problem behaviors or have engaged in these behaviors in the past. Higher values indicate more antisocial
behavior among family members.
Family Conflict: Youth raised in families who experience high levels of conflict, whether or not the child
is directly involved in these conflicts, are more likely to engage in delinquent behaviors and drug use
(Szapocznik and Williams, 2000). Youth were asked questions regarding the presence of conflict in their
home (e.g. household members having serious arguments or yelling at and insulting each other often).
Data contained in charts represent the extent to which youth state that their family experiences these
heightened levels of conflict. Higher scores indicate more family conflict.

Family Domain Protective Factors
Rewards for Prosocial Involvement: When parents, siblings, and other family members praise or encourage activities done well by a child, youth are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem
behaviors (Catalano et al., 1996; Cleveland et al., 2008). Participants were asked if their parents often
communicate feeling proud of them or notice them doing a good job. Youth were also asked questions
regarding spending time with their mother or father. Data in the charts refer to the extent to which youth
stated that spending time with their mother and/or father is enjoyable, and that their parents communicate being proud of them and notice when they do a good job. Higher scores indicate more rewards for
prosocial involvement.
Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement: Youth who are exposed to more opportunities to participate
meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and
57

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Arizona Youth Survey 2016

other problem behaviors. Opportunities for prosocial involvement, at the family domain level, include
youth being able to do fun activities with their family members, being a part of family decision- making,
and being able to rely on family members for help when needed (Arthur et al., 2002; Beyers et al., 2004;
Catalano et al., 1992). Data in the charts represent youth who stated that they have opportunities for
prosocial involvement. Higher scores indicate more opportunities for prosocial involvement.
Family Attachment: Youth who feel that they are close to or are a valued part of their family are less
likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors (Arthur et al., 2002; Catalano et al.,
1992). Youth were asked questions regarding if they feel close to their family members and if they share
thoughts and feelings with their mother and father. Data in these charts refer to the extent to which youth
feel close with their family members, and believe it is important to share thoughts or feelings with their
parents. Higher scores indicate more family attachment.

School Domain Risk Factors
Low Commitment to School: Youth who do not feel connected to or have low commitment to school are
more likely to use drugs and participate in other problem behaviors. Low school commitment is measured
through items such as disliking school, spending little time on homework, and perceiving course work as
irrelevant to one’s future (Brown et al., 2005; Catalano et al., 2002). The data in the charts reflect the
extent to which youth stated that they dislike school or believe school is not important. Higher scores
indicate lower commitment to school.
Academic Failure: Youth who experience academic failure are at a higher risk of participating in drug
abuse and other problem behaviors throughout adolescence (Bryant et al., 2003; Catalano et al., 2002;
Hawkins et al., 1999). Participants were asked about the grades they received during the past year,
and scores indicate the extent to which youth received lower grades such as D’s and F’s. Higher scores
indicate more academic failure.

School Domain Protective Factors
Rewards for Prosocial Involvement: When youth are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at
school, they are less likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors (Catalano et al.,
1996; Cleveland et al., 2008). Participants were asked if their teachers notice when they are doing a
good job, praise them for hard work, and tell their parents about how well they are doing in school. Data
represent the extent to which youth stated they receive rewards for participating in prosocial activities.
Higher scores indicate more rewards for prosocial involvement.
Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement: When youth are given opportunities to participate meaningfully
in important activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors
(Arthur et al., 2002; Beyers et al., 2004; Catalano et al., 1992). Youth were asked about having the
chance to participate in school activities, being asked to work on special projects in the classroom, and
being able to speak with their teacher one-on-one. Data in each chart represent the extent to which
youth stated that they have opportunities to participate in prosocial activities in school. Higher scores
indicate more opportunities for prosocial involvement.

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Community Domain Risk Factors
Perceived Availability of Handguns: The perception that handguns are easily obtainable in the community
may influence the presence of violent behaviors in youth (Beyers et al., 2004; Herrenkohl et al., 2007).
Participants were asked if they believe it would be easy for them to obtain a handgun. Data shown in
charts represent the extent to which youth believe that it would be easy to obtain a handgun in their
community. Higher scores indicate greater perceived availability of handguns.
Perceived Availability of Drugs: If youth believe it is easy to obtain drugs they are more likely to use
these substances (Beyers et al., 2004; Johnston et al., 2009). Youth were asked if they believe it would
be easy for them to acquire substances such as cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, or other illicit drugs.
The data presented in each chart represent the extent to which youth believe it would be easy to obtain
substances. Higher scores indicate greater perceived availability of drugs.
Low Neighborhood Attachment: Youth who do not feel connected to the neighborhoods in which they
live are more likely to become involved in problem behaviors (Beyers et al., 2004; Herrenkohl et al.,
2000). Participants were asked if they liked living in the neighborhood or desired to move out of their
neighborhood. The data shown in each chart refer to the extent to which youth indicated that they did
not like their neighborhood or wished to move out of their neighborhood. Higher scores indicate lower
neighborhood attachment
Laws and Norms Favorable toward Drug Use: Legal restrictions on substance use, such as raising the
legal drinking age or restricting smoking in public places, may influence the degree to which youth consume these substances. Moreover, youth who live in communities that view substance use as “normal
activity” have a higher chance of using substances themselves (Arthur et al., 2002; Cleveland et al.,
2008; Hawkins et al., 2002). Participants were asked if adults in their neighborhood would think it is
wrong for them to use substances, or if they were likely to be caught by law enforcement when using
substances. Data in the chart refer to those youth who stated that they believe that people would not be
caught by law enforcement when using drugs, or stated that adults in their neighborhood believe using
drugs is acceptable. Higher scores indicate more favorable laws and norms towards drug use.

Community Domain Protective Factors
Rewards for Prosocial Involvement: Rewards for positive participation in activities helps youth bond to
their communities, and lowers their risk of participating in problem behaviors. Youth were asked if their
neighbors encourage them to try their best in various activities, talk with them regarding something important, and if community members ever inform the youth that they are proud of them for doing something
well (Catalano et al., 1996; Cleveland et al., 2008). Data in the charts represent the extent to which youth
agree with positive statements about their neighbors. Higher scores indicate more rewards for prosocial
involvement.

59

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Figures
Peer-Individual RPFs, 2016
Figure 36: Peer-Individual Risk Factors (8th Grade)

2016 Peer−Individual Risk Factors (8th Grade)
Rewards for
Antisocial
Involvement

1.6

Rebelliousness

2.7

Perceived Risks
of Drug Use

4.0

Interaction with
Antisocial Peers

0.6

Gang Involvement

6.8

Friends Use of
Drugs

1.2

Early Initiation
of Drug Use

7.2

Attitudes
Favorable to Drug
Use
Attitudes
Favorable to
Antisocial
Behavior

STATE OF ARIZONA

1.2

1.8

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Composite Risk Score
(0 = Low Risk, 10 = High Risk)

60

9

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5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 37: Peer-Individual Risk Factors (10th Grade)

2016 Peer−Individual Risk Factors (10th Grade)
Rewards for
Antisocial
Involvement

2.1

Rebelliousness

2.9

Perceived Risks
of Drug Use

4.4

Interaction with
Antisocial Peers

0.7

Gang Involvement

6.6

Friends Use of
Drugs

2.2

Early Initiation
of Drug Use

5.8

Attitudes
Favorable to Drug
Use
Attitudes
Favorable to
Antisocial
Behavior

STATE OF ARIZONA

2.0

2.0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Composite Risk Score
(0 = Low Risk, 10 = High Risk)

61

9

10

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 38: Peer-Individual Risk Factors (12th Grade)

2016 Peer−Individual Risk Factors (12th Grade)
Rewards for
Antisocial
Involvement

2.4

Rebelliousness

3.1

Perceived Risks
of Drug Use

4.9

Interaction with
Antisocial Peers

0.8

Gang Involvement

6.1

Friends Use of
Drugs

2.9

Early Initiation
of Drug Use

4.4

Attitudes
Favorable to Drug
Use
Attitudes
Favorable to
Antisocial
Behavior

STATE OF ARIZONA

2.6

2.0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Composite Risk Score
(0 = Low Risk, 10 = High Risk)

62

9

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5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 39: Peer-Individual Protective Factors (8th Grade)

2016 Peer−Individual Protective Factors
(8th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

4.5

Prosocial
Involvement

3.1

Interaction with
Prosocial Peers

5.4

Belief in Moral
Order

7.3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Composite Protective Score
(0 = Low Protection, 10 = High Protection)

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Figure 40: Peer-Individual Protective Factors (10th Grade)

2016 Peer−Individual Protective Factors
(10th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

4.5

Prosocial
Involvement

3.8

Interaction with
Prosocial Peers

5.1

Belief in Moral
Order

6.8

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Composite Protective Score
(0 = Low Protection, 10 = High Protection)

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Figure 41: Peer-Individual Protective Factors (12th Grade)

2016 Peer−Individual Protective Factors
(12th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

4.6

Prosocial
Involvement

4.1

Interaction with
Prosocial Peers

4.8

Belief in Moral
Order

6.6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Composite Protective Score
(0 = Low Protection, 10 = High Protection)

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Family Domain RPFs, 2016
Figure 42: Family Risk Factors (8th Grade)

2016 Family Risk Factors (8th Grade)
Poor Family
Management
Parent Attitudes
Favorable to Drug
Use
Parent Attitudes
Favorable to
Antisocial
Behavior
Family History
of Antisocial
Behavior
Family Conflict

STATE OF ARIZONA

3.3

0.6

1.2

2.3

4.1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Composite Risk Score
(0 = Low Risk, 10 = High Risk)

66

9

10

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 43: Family Risk Factors (10th Grade)

2016 Family Risk Factors (10th Grade)
Poor Family
Management
Parent Attitudes
Favorable to Drug
Use
Parent Attitudes
Favorable to
Antisocial
Behavior
Family History
of Antisocial
Behavior
Family Conflict

STATE OF ARIZONA

3.6

1.0

1.3

2.9

4.3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Composite Risk Score
(0 = Low Risk, 10 = High Risk)

67

9

10

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 44: Family Risk Factors (12th Grade)

2016 Family Risk Factors (12th Grade)
Poor Family
Management
Parent Attitudes
Favorable to Drug
Use
Parent Attitudes
Favorable to
Antisocial
Behavior
Family History
of Antisocial
Behavior
Family Conflict

STATE OF ARIZONA

4.1

1.6

1.4

3.4

4.3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Composite Risk Score
(0 = Low Risk, 10 = High Risk)

68

9

10

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 45: Family Protective Factors (8th Grade)

2016 Family Protective Factors (8th Grade)
Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement
Opportunities
for Prosocial
Involvement
Family Attachment

STATE OF ARIZONA

6.7

6.6

6.2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Composite Protective Score
(0 = Low Protection, 10 = High Protection)

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Figure 46: Family Protective Factors (10th Grade)

2016 Family Protective Factors (10th Grade)
Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement
Opportunities
for Prosocial
Involvement
Family Attachment

STATE OF ARIZONA

6.4

6.3

5.9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Composite Protective Score
(0 = Low Protection, 10 = High Protection)

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Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 47: Family Protective Factors (12th Grade)

2016 Family Protective Factors (12th Grade)
Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement
Opportunities
for Prosocial
Involvement
Family Attachment

STATE OF ARIZONA

6.1

6.0

5.7

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Composite Protective Score
(0 = Low Protection, 10 = High Protection)

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School Domain RPFs, 2016
Figure 48: School Risk Factors (8th Grade)

2016 School Risk Factors (8th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Low Commitment to
School

3.7

Academic Failure

2.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Composite Risk Score
(0 = Low Risk, 10 = High Risk)
Figure 49: School Risk Factors (10th Grade)

2016 School Risk Factors (10th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Low Commitment to
School

4.3

Academic Failure

2.7

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Composite Risk Score
(0 = Low Risk, 10 = High Risk)

72

9

10

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 50: School Risk Factors (12th Grade)

2016 School Risk Factors (12th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Low Commitment to
School

4.5

Academic Failure

2.6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Composite Risk Score
(0 = Low Risk, 10 = High Risk)

73

9

10

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 51: School Protective Factors (8th Grade)

2016 School Protective Factors (8th Grade)
Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

5.5

Opportunities
for Prosocial
Involvement

6.4

STATE OF ARIZONA

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Composite Protective Score
(0 = Low Protection, 10 = High Protection)
Figure 52: School Protective Factors (10th Grade)

2016 School Protective Factors (10th Grade)
Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

5.2

Opportunities
for Prosocial
Involvement

6.3

STATE OF ARIZONA

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Composite Protective Score
(0 = Low Protection, 10 = High Protection)

74

10

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 53: School Protective Factors (12th Grade)

2016 School Protective Factors (12th Grade)
Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

5.4

Opportunities
for Prosocial
Involvement

6.3

STATE OF ARIZONA

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Composite Protective Score
(0 = Low Protection, 10 = High Protection)

75

10

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Community Domain RPFs, 2016
Figure 54: Community Risk Factors (8th Grade)

2016 Community Risk Factors (8th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Perceived
Availability of
Handguns

2.0

Perceived
Availability of
Drugs

3.0

Low neighborhood
Attachment

3.5

Laws and Norms
Favorable to Drug
Use

3.1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Composite Risk Score
(0 = Low Risk, 10 = High Risk)

76

9

10

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 55: Community Risk Factors (10th Grade)

2016 Community Risk Factors (10th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Perceived
Availability of
Handguns

2.4

Perceived
Availability of
Drugs

4.5

Low neighborhood
Attachment

3.8

Laws and Norms
Favorable to Drug
Use

4.0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Composite Risk Score
(0 = Low Risk, 10 = High Risk)

77

9

10

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 56: Community Risk Factors (12th Grade)

2016 Community Risk Factors (12th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Perceived
Availability of
Handguns

3.0

Perceived
Availability of
Drugs

5.5

Low neighborhood
Attachment

4.2

Laws and Norms
Favorable to Drug
Use

4.7

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Composite Risk Score
(0 = Low Risk, 10 = High Risk)

78

9

10

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 57: Community Protective Factors (8th Grade)

2016 Community Protective Factors (8th Grade)
Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

STATE OF ARIZONA
3.4

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Composite Protective Score
(0 = Low Protection, 10 = High Protection)
Figure 58: Community Protective Factors (10th Grade)

2016 Community Protective Factors (10th Grade)
Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

STATE OF ARIZONA
3.2

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Composite Protective Score
(0 = Low Protection, 10 = High Protection)
Figure 59: Community Protective Factors (12th Grade)

2016 Community Protective Factors (12th Grade)
Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

STATE OF ARIZONA
3.0

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Composite Protective Score
(0 = Low Protection, 10 = High Protection)

79

10

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

5.2 Other Contextual Factors
Definitions
Aside from the established Risk and Protective Factors, there are other contextual factors that may
influence the prevalence of drug use and other problem behaviors in youth. Data relating to a number
of these key indicators are provided by the Arizona Youth Survey, including: (1) sources of drugs and
alcohol; (2) substance offers and resistance strategies; (3) ease of access; (4) age of initiation; (5)
parent-youth communication; and (6) reasons for use and non-use.
Sources of Drugs and Alcohol
Several questions asked the participants who used alcohol, marijuana or prescription drugs during the
past 30 days how they obtained each substance (e.g. from home, parties, friends, or adults). The answer
categories for these questions are not mutually exclusive, and youth were able to select more than one
response option. The data shown in each table refer to the percentage of youth who reported having
obtained each substance via the categories shown in the figures. Importantly, the percentages refer to
the total percentage of students who selected each response, and do not reflect whether that particular
student also reported ever having used the relevant substance.

Substance Offers and Resistance Strategies
Youth may be offered substances without communicating an interest in using those substances (Pettigrew et al., 2012). Participants were asked if they were offered drugs in the past 30 days, if they avoided
areas where drug consumption was known to happen, and if they have had conversations with their
parents about how to respond to drug offers. The data presented in charts reflect those youth who answered that they had experienced at least one drug offer in the last 30 days, had avoided places where
drug consumption occurs at least once in the last 30 days, and if they have spoken to their parents at
least once in the past 12 months about resisting drug offers.
Youth were also asked how they responded to drug offers in the past 30 days. Data represented in
charts refer to those students who stated that they were offered substances and used a specific method
in order to resist these offers.

Ease of Access to Substances and Handguns
These charts examine youths’ perceptions about how easy they believe it would be to obtain specific
drugs or handguns. Percentages represented refer to those youth who believe it is very easy or sort of
easy to obtain alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, other drugs, or handguns in their community.

Age of Initiation
The earlier youth participate in risky problem behaviors, the more likely they are to continue those behaviors later in their lifespan (Harachi et al., 2001; Hawkins et al., 1997). Participants were asked how old
they were when, if ever, they first used substances, attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting

80

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

them, belonged to a gang, or gambled. Data were calculated to produce the average age of initiation
and the median age of initiation for each problem behavior. Average age, also known as the mean, is
calculated by adding all the ages of the respondents and then dividing that number (the sum) by the
number of scores initially added together. Median age shows the middle value of the ages of initiation
for each activity. The median age is found by listing all the ages in numerical order and identifying the
number in which one-half of the values are larger than this middle number and one-half of the values are
smaller than this number. The average age and median age are important to note in order to obtain a
better understanding of when youth may begin participating in each of these behaviors.
Parent/Youth Communication
Youth who do not speak with their parents about the dangers of substance use are more likely to participate in drug use and other problem behaviors (Yu et al., 2006). Participants were asked questions
regarding having discussions with their parents about the dangers and risks of each drug. The Parent/Youth Communication charts represent the percentage of youth who report having talked with at
least one of their parents in the past 12 months about the dangers of various drugs. Percentages relating to the response category “did not talk to parents about these topics” refer to those youth who have
not talked to a parent about the dangers of substances during the past 12 months.

Reasons for Substance Use and Non-Use
There are multiple motivating factors that can influence someone’s decision to use or not use substances
(Boys et al., 2001). Participants were asked why they did and/or did not use drugs in the past 30 days,
and were able to select all the reasons that influenced their decisions. Percentages listed in charts are
categorized by substance users and non-users. Charts relating to reasons for use only include those
youth who stated they used a substance in the last 30 days. Charts relating to reasons youth did not use
substances only include participants that stated they did not use any substances in the last 30 days.

81

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figures
Sources of Drugs and Alcohol, 2016
Figure 60: Sources of Alcohol, last 30 days (8th Grade)

2016 Sources of Alcohol, last 30 days
(8th Grade)
Someone else
(under 21)

2.7%

Someone else
(21+)

2.2%

Another family
member (21+)

2.7%

Parent/guardian

2.9%

Gave someone
money to buy it

2.3%

Public event

1.0%

Restaurant, bar,
or club

1.3%

Bought at a store

1.5%

Took from a store
or someone's
house

1.3%

Home

3.6%

Party

4.4%

Other

3.6%

Have not drunk
alcohol in last
30 days

88.7%

STATE OF ARIZONA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting source

82

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 61: Sources of Alcohol, last 30 days (10th Grade)

2016 Sources of Alcohol, last 30 days
(10th Grade)
Someone else
(under 21)

5.1%

Someone else
(21+)

4.5%

Another family
member (21+)

4.2%

Parent/guardian

4.2%

Gave someone
money to buy it

5.7%

Public event

1.4%

Restaurant, bar,
or club

1.7%

Bought at a store

2.2%

Took from a store
or someone's
house

2.7%

Home

5.3%

Party

9.9%

Other

5.3%

Have not drunk
alcohol in last
30 days

77.8%

STATE OF ARIZONA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting source

83

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 62: Sources of Alcohol, last 30 days (12th Grade)

2016 Sources of Alcohol, last 30 days
(12th Grade)
Someone else
(under 21)

7.0%

Someone else
(21+)

8.7%

Another family
member (21+)

6.0%

Parent/guardian

6.4%

Gave someone
money to buy it

11.9%

Public event

2.2%

Restaurant, bar,
or club

3.1%

Bought at a store

4.5%

Took from a store
or someone's
house

2.5%

Home

5.4%

Party

16.9%

Other

6.2%

Have not drunk
alcohol in last
30 days

65.2%

STATE OF ARIZONA

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting source

84

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 63: Sources of Marijuana, last 30 days (8th Grade)

2016 Sources of Marijuana, last 30 days
(8th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA
School

1.8%

Home

1.1%

Parties

2.6%

Family

2.2%

Friends

6.9%

Someone with a
medical card

1.7%

Other

3.3%

Have not used
marijuana in last
30 days

90.2%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting source

85

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 64: Sources of Marijuana, last 30 days (10th Grade)

2016 Sources of Marijuana, last 30 days
(10th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA
School

2.6%

Home

1.4%

Parties

5.3%

Family

2.8%

Friends

13.8%

Someone with a
medical card

3.3%

Other

5.2%

Have not used
marijuana in last
30 days

80.5%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting source

86

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 65: Sources of Marijuana, last 30 days (12th Grade)

2016 Sources of Marijuana, last 30 days
(12th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA
School

2.7%

Home

2.0%

Parties

7.2%

Family

3.5%

Friends

19.6%

Someone with a
medical card

5.7%

Other

7.4%

Have not used
marijuana in last
30 days

71.7%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting source

87

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 66: Sources of Rx Drugs, last 30 days (8th Grade)

2016 Sources of Rx Drugs, last 30 days
(8th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

The internet

0.7%

School

1.1%

Doctor or
pharmacy

1.1%

Home (e.g.
cabinet)

1.6%

Parties

1.5%

Family/relatives

1.2%

Friends

3.0%

Outside the US

0.9%

Other

1.7%

Never used Rx to
get high

94.5%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting source

88

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 67: Sources of Rx Drugs, last 30 days (10th Grade)

2016 Sources of Rx Drugs, last 30 days
(10th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

The internet

0.8%

School

1.6%

Doctor or
pharmacy

1.5%

Home (e.g.
cabinet)

2.0%

Parties

2.3%

Family/relatives

1.6%

Friends

4.7%

Outside the US

1.2%

Other

2.3%

Never used Rx to
get high

91.0%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting source

89

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 68: Sources of Rx Drugs, last 30 days (12th Grade)

2016 Sources of Rx Drugs, last 30 days
(12th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

The internet

1.0%

School

1.5%

Doctor or
pharmacy

2.0%

Home (e.g.
cabinet)

1.9%

Parties

2.8%

Family/relatives

1.9%

Friends

6.1%

Outside the US

1.4%

Other

2.6%

Never used Rx to
get high

88.7%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting source

90

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Substance Offers, 2016
Figure 69: Substance Offers (8th Grade)

2016 Substance Offers (8th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA
Offered alcohol
20.2%
(last 30 days)

Offered
cigarettes (last 11.4%
30 days)

Offered marijuana
21.8%
(last 30 days)

Offered Rx drugs
(last 30 days)

5.1%

Offered other
drugs (last 30
days)

8.5%

Talked to parents
about how to
avoid/resist 51.5%
drugs (last 12
months)
Avoided people/
places because
there might be 27.3%
drugs (last 30
days)
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting experience

91

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 70: Substance Offers (10th Grade)

2016 Substance Offers (10th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA
Offered alcohol
36.0%
(last 30 days)

Offered
cigarettes (last 17.1%
30 days)

Offered marijuana
37.5%
(last 30 days)

Offered Rx drugs
(last 30 days)

9.9%

Offered other
drugs (last 30 13.0%
days)
Talked to parents
about how to
avoid/resist 44.9%
drugs (last 12
months)
Avoided people/
places because
there might be 26.7%
drugs (last 30
days)
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting experience

92

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 71: Substance Offers (12th Grade)

2016 Substance Offers (12th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA
Offered alcohol
48.5%
(last 30 days)

Offered
cigarettes (last 22.9%
30 days)

Offered marijuana
44.8%
(last 30 days)

Offered Rx drugs
12.1%
(last 30 days)

Offered other
drugs (last 30 14.2%
days)
Talked to parents
about how to
avoid/resist 33.9%
drugs (last 12
months)
Avoided people/
places because
there might be 24.0%
drugs (last 30
days)
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting experience

93

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Resistance Strategies, 2016
Note that the Resistance Strategies charts below are split into two groups: respondents who had used
alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs (ATOD) in the last month (left); and respondents who had not used
ATOD in the last month (right).
Figure 72: Resistance Strategies, last 30 days (8th Grade)

2016 Resistance Strategies, last 30 days
(8th Grade)
substance users

non−users

Saying 'no' w/out
61.5%
giving a reason

70.2%

Giving excuse
and turning down 59.2%
offer

67.5%

Leaving w/out
52.4%
accepting offer

66.8%

Using other way
to not accept 50.7%
offer

64.1%

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percentage (%) of students who responded to an offer by...
STATE OF ARIZONA

94

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 73: Resistance Strategies, last 30 days (10th Grade)

2016 Resistance Strategies, last 30 days
(10th Grade)
substance users

non−users

Saying 'no' w/out
56.2%
giving a reason

67.1%

Giving excuse
and turning down 56.1%
offer

64.2%

Leaving w/out
40.8%
accepting offer

60.2%

Using other way
to not accept 39.1%
offer

56.9%

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percentage (%) of students who responded to an offer by...
STATE OF ARIZONA

95

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 74: Resistance Strategies, last 30 days (12th Grade)

2016 Resistance Strategies, last 30 days
(12th Grade)
substance users

non−users

Saying 'no' w/out
55.1%
giving a reason

61.5%

Giving excuse
and turning down 54.5%
offer

57.8%

Leaving w/out
37.1%
accepting offer

53.5%

Using other way
to not accept 34.9%
offer

49.4%

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Percentage (%) of students who responded to an offer by...
STATE OF ARIZONA

96

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Ease of Access to Substances and Handguns, 2016
Figure 75: Ease of Access to Substances/Guns (8th Grade)

2016 Ease of Access to Substances/Guns (8th Grade)
Easy to get a
handgun

17.8%

Easy to get other
drugs

10.4%

Easy to get
marijuana

29.8%

Easy to get
alcohol

42.3%

Easy to get
cigarettes

33.8%

0

STATE OF ARIZONA

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percentage (%) of students responding
'sort of easy' or 'very easy'

97

90

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 76: Ease of Access to Substances/Guns (10th Grade)

2016 Ease of Access to Substances/Guns (10th Grade)
Easy to get a
handgun

21.9%

Easy to get other
drugs

21.2%

Easy to get
marijuana

53.3%

Easy to get
alcohol

58.9%

Easy to get
cigarettes

49.1%

0

STATE OF ARIZONA

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percentage (%) of students responding
'sort of easy' or 'very easy'

98

90

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 77: Ease of Access to Substances/Guns (12th Grade)

2016 Ease of Access to Substances/Guns (12th Grade)
Easy to get a
handgun

28.0%

Easy to get other
drugs

27.5%

Easy to get
marijuana

64.1%

Easy to get
alcohol

65.6%

Easy to get
cigarettes

68.7%

0

STATE OF ARIZONA

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percentage (%) of students responding
'sort of easy' or 'very easy'

99

90

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Age of Initiation, 2016
Figure 78: Age of Initiation (8th Grade)

2016 Age of Initiation (8th Grade)
Smoked a
cigarette

2110 students in this sample, median age 13

Smoked
marijuana

2522 students in this sample, median age 13

Drank alcohol

5096 students in this sample, median age 13

Began drinking
regularly

1538 students in this sample, median age 13

Used Rx drugs
without a
doctor

1382 students in this sample, median age 13

Gambled on
anything*

4227 students in this sample, median age 13

Attacked
someone
(fought)

1705 students in this sample, median age 13

Belonged to a
gang

577 students in this sample, median age 13

*(cards, lottery, sports,
bingo, dice, raffles,
casino, internet,
video games)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Average age of first use or experience (years)
among students reporting behavior
STATE OF ARIZONA

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 79: Age of Initiation (10th Grade)

2016 Age of Initiation (10th Grade)
Smoked a
cigarette

3261 students in this sample, median age 14

Smoked
marijuana

4850 students in this sample, median age 14

Drank alcohol

7430 students in this sample, median age 14

Began drinking
regularly

3254 students in this sample, median age 15

Used Rx drugs
without a
doctor

2031 students in this sample, median age 14

Gambled on
anything*

3378 students in this sample, median age 13

Attacked
someone
(fought)

1489 students in this sample, median age 14

Belonged to a
gang

441 students in this sample, median age 13

*(cards, lottery, sports,
bingo, dice, raffles,
casino, internet,
video games)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Average age of first use or experience (years)
among students reporting behavior
STATE OF ARIZONA

101

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 80: Age of Initiation (12th Grade)

2016 Age of Initiation (12th Grade)
Smoked a
cigarette

4315 students in this sample, median age 15

Smoked
marijuana

6221 students in this sample, median age 15

Drank alcohol

8417 students in this sample, median age 15

Began drinking
regularly

4577 students in this sample, median age 16

Used Rx drugs
without a
doctor

2349 students in this sample, median age 16

Gambled on
anything*

3049 students in this sample, median age 15

Attacked
someone
(fought)

1398 students in this sample, median age 14

Belonged to a
gang

377 students in this sample, median age 14

*(cards, lottery, sports,
bingo, dice, raffles,
casino, internet,
video games)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Average age of first use or experience (years)
among students reporting behavior
STATE OF ARIZONA

102

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Parent/Youth Communication, 2016
Figure 81: Parent/Youth Communication (8th Grade)

2016 Parent/Youth Communication (8th Grade)
'Talked to parent(s) in last year about dangers of...'
STATE OF ARIZONA
Illegal drug use

39.7%

Marijuana use

33.9%

Prescription drug
use

28.9%

Alcohol use

36.0%

Tobacco use

36.9%

Did not talk to
parents about
these topics

49.6%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage of Students Reporting Experience
in the last 12 months

103

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 82: Parent/Youth Communication (10th Grade)

2016 Parent/Youth Communication (10th Grade)
'Talked to parent(s) in last year about dangers of...'
STATE OF ARIZONA
Illegal drug use

34.8%

Marijuana use

31.2%

Prescription drug
use

26.0%

Alcohol use

34.1%

Tobacco use

31.9%

Did not talk to
parents about
these topics

52.2%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage of Students Reporting Experience
in the last 12 months

104

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 83: Parent/Youth Communication (12th Grade)

2016 Parent/Youth Communication (12th Grade)
'Talked to parent(s) in last year about dangers of...'
STATE OF ARIZONA
Illegal drug use

25.3%

Marijuana use

23.4%

Prescription drug
use

19.7%

Alcohol use

27.6%

Tobacco use

25.4%

Did not talk to
parents about
these topics

59.4%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage of Students Reporting Experience
in the last 12 months

105

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Reasons for Substance Use and Non-Use
Figure 84: Reasons for Substance Use (8th Grade)

Reasons for Substance Use (8th Grade)
To fit in

16.7%

It was new and
exciting

27.9%

To get parents'
attention

6.1%

To lose weight

8.0%

To avoid being
sad

37.1%

Boredom

21.0%

To feel good

36.1%

To feel normal

13.7%

To stay focused

17.0%

To have fun

41.2%

To be like an
actor or musician

4.5%

To feel grown up

6.4%

Craved it or
addicted

9.6%

To deal with
stress

40.0%

Other

30.9%

0

STATE OF ARIZONA

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting reason
(only students who reported substance
use in last 30 days included)

106

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 85: Reasons for Substance Use (10th Grade)

Reasons for Substance Use (10th Grade)
To fit in

13.0%

It was new and
exciting

25.2%

To get parents'
attention

4.8%

To lose weight

6.7%

To avoid being
sad

32.2%

Boredom

23.6%

To feel good

40.1%

To feel normal

12.8%

To stay focused

17.6%

To have fun

52.1%

To be like an
actor or musician

3.4%

To feel grown up

4.3%

Craved it or
addicted

8.3%

To deal with
stress

39.5%

Other

24.0%

0

STATE OF ARIZONA

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting reason
(only students who reported substance
use in last 30 days included)

107

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 86: Reasons for Substance Use (12th Grade)

Reasons for Substance Use (12th Grade)
To fit in

11.8%

It was new and
exciting

18.3%

To get parents'
attention

3.0%

To lose weight

5.3%

To avoid being
sad

25.4%

Boredom

21.5%

To feel good

36.8%

To feel normal

10.0%

To stay focused

16.5%

To have fun

53.8%

To be like an
actor or musician

2.7%

To feel grown up

3.5%

Craved it or
addicted

7.4%

To deal with
stress

35.5%

Other

22.9%

0

STATE OF ARIZONA

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting reason
(only students who reported substance
use in last 30 days included)

108

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 87: Reasons for Not Using Substances (8th Grade)

Reasons for Not Using Substances (8th Grade)
Against religious
22.5%
beliefs

STATE OF ARIZONA

It is morally
52.7%
wrong
Tried before and
don't like

5.7%

It is illegal 57.9%
Wanted to use but
no access

6.1%

Would get a bad
47.2%
reputation
Friends would
36.8%
stop hanging out
Might get kicked
51.3%
out of school
Other adults
would be 51.1%
disappointed
Parents would be
65.5%
disappointed
It is harmful 67.0%

No interest 91.4%
Parents would
take away 50.4%
privileges
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting reason
(only students who reported not using
substances in last 30 days included)

109

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 88: Reasons for Not Using Substances (10th Grade)

Reasons for Not Using Substances (10th Grade)
Against religious
22.7%
beliefs

STATE OF ARIZONA

It is morally
44.6%
wrong
Tried before and
don't like

6.3%

It is illegal 50.1%
Wanted to use but
no access

5.2%

Would get a bad
35.0%
reputation
Friends would
25.8%
stop hanging out
Might get kicked
44.5%
out of school
Other adults
would be 42.8%
disappointed
Parents would be
58.8%
disappointed
It is harmful 60.3%
No interest 90.5%
Parents would
take away 45.7%
privileges
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting reason
(only students who reported not using
substances in last 30 days included)

110

100

5

Contextual Factors

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 89: Reasons for Not Using Substances (12th Grade)

Reasons for Not Using Substances (12th Grade)
Against religious
20.1%
beliefs

STATE OF ARIZONA

It is morally
35.6%
wrong
Tried before and
don't like

7.4%

It is illegal 41.4%
Wanted to use but
no access

3.9%

Would get a bad
23.7%
reputation
Friends would
16.5%
stop hanging out
Might get kicked
31.5%
out of school
Other adults
would be 34.0%
disappointed
Parents would be
47.2%
disappointed
It is harmful 52.2%
No interest 91.4%
Parents would
take away 31.5%
privileges
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Percentage (%) of students reporting reason
(only students who reported not using
substances in last 30 days included)

111

100

6

Drug-Free Communities – National Outcome Measures

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Section 6: Drug-Free Communities – National Outcome Measures
Background
These questions provide the measures that communities in Arizona with Drug-Free Communities grants
must report (DFC Regular Standard Terms of Award, 2015). Three overall areas are reported:
• Substance Use in the Past 30 Days
• Perceived Risk of Harm
• Disapproval (Parent and Peer)

6.1 Substance Use in the Past 30 Days
Charts for substance use over the most recent 30 days can be found in Section 3.1: Substance Use,
and Frequency of Use. Section 3.1 includes separate figures for the 8th, 10th, and 12th grade samples,
as well as a line graph that displays the usage trends of key substances over time (2012 to 2016).

6.2 Perceived Risk of Harm
Youth who perceive little to no risk of harm in using alcohol or drugs may be more likely to use or
abuse these substances (McCambridge and Strang, 2004; Tomar and Hatsukami, 2007). Charts for
perceived risk of harm associated with specific substance use represent youths’ perceptions about the
harm associated with the use of common substances. Percentages reported refer to those students who
believe there is no to slight risk in using each of the specific substances listed.

6.3 Parent and Peer Disapproval
Definitions
Parental and peer disapproval are important variables to consider when thinking about youth substance
use, as they may influence a youth’s decision to initiate, use, or continue to use or abuse substances
(Sawyer and Stevenson, 2008). This section includes measures of Parent and Peer Disapproval, defined
in this survey as the degree to which youth think their parents and peers would feel it is wrong, a little bit
wrong, or very wrong for youth to engage in the following behaviors:
•
•
•
•

Smoke cigarettes;
Smoke marijuana;
Consume one or two drinks of beer, wine or hard liquor nearly every day; and
Use prescription drugs without a doctor telling the youth to take them.

112

6

Drug-Free Communities – National Outcome Measures

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figures
Perceived Risk of Harm, 2016
Figure 90: Perceived Risk of Harm (8th Grade)

2016 Perceived Risk of Harm (8th Grade)
'Do you think people harm themselves if they...'
Use Rx drugs w/
out a doctor's
recommendation

13.3%

Have five+
alcoholic drinks
once or twice a
week

13.5%

Have one or two
alcoholic drinks
daily

15.9%

Smoke marijuana
once or twice a
week

22.5%

Try marijuana
once or twice

29.8%

Smoke a pack of
cigarettes a day

13.6%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students perceiving
no to slight risk
STATE OF ARIZONA

113

6

Drug-Free Communities – National Outcome Measures

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 91: Perceived Risk of Harm (10th Grade)

2016 Perceived Risk of Harm (10th Grade)
'Do you think people harm themselves if they...'
Use Rx drugs w/
out a doctor's
recommendation

9.7%

Have five+
alcoholic drinks
once or twice a
week

10.1%

Have one or two
alcoholic drinks
daily

12.6%

Smoke marijuana
once or twice a
week

29.7%

Try marijuana
once or twice

42.8%

Smoke a pack of
cigarettes a day

10.0%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students perceiving
no to slight risk
STATE OF ARIZONA

114

6

Drug-Free Communities – National Outcome Measures

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 92: Perceived Risk of Harm (12th Grade)

2016 Perceived Risk of Harm (12th Grade)
'Do you think people harm themselves if they...'
Use Rx drugs w/
out a doctor's
recommendation

11.3%

Have five+
alcoholic drinks
once or twice a
week

12.2%

Have one or two
alcoholic drinks
daily

15.0%

Smoke marijuana
once or twice a
week

38.7%

Try marijuana
once or twice

54.6%

Smoke a pack of
cigarettes a day

11.8%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students perceiving
no to slight risk
STATE OF ARIZONA

115

6

Drug-Free Communities – National Outcome Measures

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Parent Disapproval, 2016
Figure 93: Parent Disapproval (8th Grade)

2016 Parent Disapproval (8th Grade)
'Parents believe it would be wrong for me to...'
Use Rx drugs w/
out a doctor's
recommendation

98.2%

Smoke marijuana

97.7%

Smoke cigarettes

98.7%

Drink nearly
every day

98.0%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who agree
STATE OF ARIZONA

116

6

Drug-Free Communities – National Outcome Measures

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 94: Parent Disapproval (10th Grade)

2016 Parent Disapproval (10th Grade)
'Parents believe it would be wrong for me to...'
Use Rx drugs w/
out a doctor's
recommendation

97.9%

Smoke marijuana

95.8%

Smoke cigarettes

98.2%

Drink nearly
every day

97.0%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who agree
STATE OF ARIZONA

117

6

Drug-Free Communities – National Outcome Measures

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 95: Parent Disapproval (12th Grade)

2016 Parent Disapproval (12th Grade)
'Parents believe it would be wrong for me to...'
Use Rx drugs w/
out a doctor's
recommendation

96.9%

Smoke marijuana

92.9%

Smoke cigarettes

96.4%

Drink nearly
every day

94.6%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who agree
STATE OF ARIZONA

118

6

Drug-Free Communities – National Outcome Measures

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Peer Disapproval, 2016
Figure 96: Peer Disapproval (8th Grade)

2016 Peer Disapproval (8th Grade)
'It is wrong for someone your age to...'
Use Rx drugs w/
out a doctor's
recommendation

97.2%

Use other illicit
drugs

97.9%

Smoke marijuana

92.9%

Smoke cigarettes

97.6%

Drink nearly
every day

97.3%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who agree
STATE OF ARIZONA

119

6

Drug-Free Communities – National Outcome Measures

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 97: Peer Disapproval (10th Grade)

2016 Peer Disapproval (10th Grade)
'It is wrong for someone your age to...'
Use Rx drugs w/
out a doctor's
recommendation

95.9%

Use other illicit
drugs

96.2%

Smoke marijuana

84.4%

Smoke cigarettes

95.3%

Drink nearly
every day

95.1%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who agree
STATE OF ARIZONA

120

6

Drug-Free Communities – National Outcome Measures

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 98: Peer Disapproval (12th Grade)

2016 Peer Disapproval (12th Grade)
'It is wrong for someone your age to...'
Use Rx drugs w/
out a doctor's
recommendation

95.3%

Use other illicit
drugs

95.1%

Smoke marijuana

76.3%

Smoke cigarettes

91.5%

Drink nearly
every day

93.2%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who agree
STATE OF ARIZONA

121

7

School Climate Experiences

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Section 7: School Climate Experiences
7.1 Student-Teacher Interactions
Definitions
Youth were asked about a variety of experiences at school and interactions with others, including teachers, peers, and parents. Questions were asked about their involvement in the classroom and other
activities, interactions with teachers, their school’s interaction with their parents, and their feeling safe at
school. The percentage of youth who agreed or strongly agreed with each of the statements is reported.

122

7

School Climate Experiences

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figures
Figure 99: Student-Teacher Interactions (8th Grade)

2016 Student−Teacher Interactions (8th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Teachers praise
me when I work 52.7%
hard
The school tells
my parents when I 41.0%
do well
Lots of chances
to talk with 74.1%
teachers 1−on−1
Lots of chances
to get involved
90.7%
in school
activities
Teachers notice
when I am doing a 76.3%
good job
Teachers ask
me to work on
56.3%
special classroom
projects
I can be part of
class discussions 88.8%
or activities
Students help
decide class
57.9%
activities and
rules
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who agree or strongly agree

123

7

School Climate Experiences

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 100: Student-Teacher Interactions (10th Grade)

2016 Student−Teacher Interactions (10th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Teachers praise
me when I work 46.6%
hard
The school tells
my parents when I 32.6%
do well
Lots of chances
to talk with 73.6%
teachers 1−on−1
Lots of chances
to get involved
90.8%
in school
activities
Teachers notice
when I am doing a 71.0%
good job
Teachers ask
me to work on
52.9%
special classroom
projects
I can be part of
class discussions 89.0%
or activities
Students help
decide class
57.8%
activities and
rules
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who agree or strongly agree

124

7

School Climate Experiences

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 101: Student-Teacher Interactions (12th Grade)

2016 Student−Teacher Interactions (12th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

Teachers praise
me when I work 50.4%
hard
The school tells
my parents when I 33.7%
do well
Lots of chances
to talk with 77.4%
teachers 1−on−1
Lots of chances
to get involved
88.5%
in school
activities
Teachers notice
when I am doing a 72.9%
good job
Teachers ask
me to work on
53.9%
special classroom
projects
I can be part of
class discussions 89.2%
or activities
Students help
decide class
54.7%
activities and
rules
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who agree or strongly agree

125

7

School Climate Experiences

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

7.2 Negative Peer Interactions
Definitions
Peer interactions at school are also important variables to consider when thinking about possible influences on behavior. Questions were asked regarding how often specific kinds of negative interactions
happen, including youth being made fun of by other students, being pushed or hit by other students,
feeling that other students are being mean to them, or feeling that they are excluded by other students
during activities. The responses were five-point scales with 1 defined as “Never/Almost never” and 5
defined as “Always/Almost always.” The figures depict the average response on this five-point scale.

126

7

School Climate Experiences

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figures
Figure 102: Negative Peer Interactions (8th Grade)

2016 Negative Peer Interactions (8th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

How often do
other students
make fun of you?

1.8

How often do
other students
push or hit you?

1.4

How often are
other students
mean to you?

1.7

How often do
other students
exclude you from
activities?

1.8

1
never/
almost
never

2

3

4

Average response on the 1 to 5 scale

127

5
always/
almost
always

7

School Climate Experiences

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 103: Negative Peer Interactions (10th Grade)

2016 Negative Peer Interactions (10th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

How often do
other students
make fun of you?

1.6

How often do
other students
push or hit you?

1.3

How often are
other students
mean to you?

1.6

How often do
other students
exclude you from
activities?

1.7

1
never/
almost
never

2

3

4

Average response on the 1 to 5 scale

128

5
always/
almost
always

7

School Climate Experiences

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figure 104: Negative Peer Interactions (12th Grade)

2016 Negative Peer Interactions (12th Grade)
STATE OF ARIZONA

How often do
other students
make fun of you?

1.5

How often do
other students
push or hit you?

1.2

How often are
other students
mean to you?

1.5

How often do
other students
exclude you from
activities?

1.7

1
never/
almost
never

2

3

4

Average response on the 1 to 5 scale

129

5
always/
almost
always

8

Well-Being

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Section 8: Well-Being
8.1 Perceived Stress
Definitions
Perceived Stress has been connected to substance use by adolescents (Finkelstein et al., 2006; Kobus
and Reyes, 2000; Sussman et al., 1993). Cohen et al. (1983) developed the Perceived Stress Scale,
which has been widely used in research projects to assess stress (e.g., Mimura and Griffiths, 2004).
Percentages represented in charts refer to those youth who stated that in the last month they sometimes,
fairly often, or very often felt confident about their abilities to handle their personal problems, felt that
things were not going their way, or felt that they were unable to control important things in their life and
were unable to overcome difficulties.

130

8

Well-Being

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figures
Figure 105: Perceived Stress (8th Grade)

2016 Perceived Stress (8th Grade)
Felt that
difficulties were
piling up so high
49.7%
that you could
not overcome them
(past month)
Felt that things
were going your 67.4%
way (past month)
Felt confident
about abilities
to handle 73.5%
personal problems
(past month)
Felt unable
to control the
important things 50.9%
in life (past
month)
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who responded
'sometimes', 'fairly often', or 'very often'
STATE OF ARIZONA

131

8

Well-Being

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 106: Perceived Stress (10th Grade)

2016 Perceived Stress (10th Grade)
Felt that
difficulties were
piling up so high
58.0%
that you could
not overcome them
(past month)
Felt that things
were going your 66.6%
way (past month)
Felt confident
about abilities
to handle 73.9%
personal problems
(past month)
Felt unable
to control the
important things 57.5%
in life (past
month)
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who responded
'sometimes', 'fairly often', or 'very often'
STATE OF ARIZONA

132

8

Well-Being

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 107: Perceived Stress (12th Grade)

2016 Perceived Stress (12th Grade)
Felt that
difficulties were
piling up so high
59.4%
that you could
not overcome them
(past month)
Felt that things
were going your 69.4%
way (past month)
Felt confident
about abilities
to handle 76.0%
personal problems
(past month)
Felt unable
to control the
important things 58.6%
in life (past
month)
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who responded
'sometimes', 'fairly often', or 'very often'
STATE OF ARIZONA

133

8

Well-Being

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

8.2 Future Orientation
Definitions
Youth who have a positive outlook on their future, establish goals for the future, or give greater attention
to future consequences of their behavior are less likely to engage in problem behaviors. These concepts
are often analyzed together in order to measure an individual’s future orientation (Keough et al., 1999).
Students were asked a series of statements about their future and goals, and percentages represented
in charts refer to those youth who stated these statements were exactly, a lot, or somewhat like them.
Participants were also asked how often they make plans for their goals or have trouble figuring out how
to make their goals happen. Percentages represented in these charts refer to those youth who stated
they create goals, or have trouble with their goals, all, most or some of the time.

134

8

Well-Being

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Figures
Figure 108: Future Orientation (8th Grade)

2016 Future Orientation (8th Grade)
I know how to
make my plans
happen

78.3%

It is important
to me that I
reach my goals

85.6%

If I set goals,
I take action to
reach them

81.3%

I have goals in
my life

86.4%

I develop step−
by−step plans to
reach my goals

68.4%

I trust my future
will turn out
well

79.5%

I am excited
about my future

81.2%

I expect good
things to happen
to me

68.3%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who responded
'somewhat', 'a lot', or 'exactly like me'
STATE OF ARIZONA

135

8

Well-Being

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 109: Future Orientation (10th Grade)

2016 Future Orientation (10th Grade)
I know how to
make my plans
happen

76.6%

It is important
to me that I
reach my goals

84.7%

If I set goals,
I take action to
reach them

80.2%

I have goals in
my life

85.4%

I develop step−
by−step plans to
reach my goals

65.3%

I trust my future
will turn out
well

77.5%

I am excited
about my future

79.4%

I expect good
things to happen
to me

66.5%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who responded
'somewhat', 'a lot', or 'exactly like me'
STATE OF ARIZONA

136

8

Well-Being

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 110: Future Orientation (12th Grade)

2016 Future Orientation (12th Grade)
I know how to
make my plans
happen

79.0%

It is important
to me that I
reach my goals

86.1%

If I set goals,
I take action to
reach them

82.2%

I have goals in
my life

85.6%

I develop step−
by−step plans to
reach my goals

69.4%

I trust my future
will turn out
well

79.5%

I am excited
about my future

80.9%

I expect good
things to happen
to me

69.3%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who responded
'somewhat', 'a lot', or 'exactly like me'
STATE OF ARIZONA

137

8

Well-Being

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 111: Goal Setting (8th Grade)

2016 Goal Setting (8th Grade)
Have trouble
figuring out how
to make goals
happen

62.9%

Make plans to
achieve goals

76.1%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who responded
'some', 'most', or 'all of the time'
STATE OF ARIZONA

Figure 112: Goal Setting (10th Grade)

2016 Goal Setting (10th Grade)
Have trouble
figuring out how
to make goals
happen

66.8%

Make plans to
achieve goals

76.4%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who responded
'some', 'most', or 'all of the time'
STATE OF ARIZONA

138

8

Well-Being

Arizona Youth Survey 2016
Figure 113: Goal Setting (12th Grade)

2016 Goal Setting (12th Grade)
Have trouble
figuring out how
to make goals
happen

67.4%

Make plans to
achieve goals

79.0%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Percentage (%) of students who responded
'some', 'most', or 'all of the time'
STATE OF ARIZONA

139

A

Appendices

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Section A: Appendices
This report includes four appendices containing supplementary information about the Arizona Youth
Survey. The appendices and their contents are described in the following list.
Appendix A: List of References
contains bibliographic information for all research articles and books cited in this report
Appendix B: Scantron Questionnaire
contains the complete Scantron version of the 2016 Arizona Youth Survey
Appendix C: Risk & Protective Factor (RPF) Scale Definitions
provides information about how questionnaire items were combined to form the RPF scales used
in the RPF figures in Section 5.1
Appendix D: Wording Changes in 2016 Questionnaire
lists all changes in the exact wording of questionnaire items, starting from the 2004 Arizona Youth
Survey, until the current 2016 administration

140

Appendix A: List of References

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

A: List of References
This appendix provides citation information for all research articles and books referred to in this report.
A complete bibliography database file in BibTeX format is available upon request.

References
Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C. H., Perry, B. D., and Giles, W. H.
(2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood. European
Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256(3):174–186.
Arthur, M. W., Hawkins, J. D., Pollard, J. A., Catalano, R. F., and Baglioni, A. J. J. (2002). Measuring risk
and protective factors for use, delinquency, and other adolescent problem behaviors the communities
that care youth survey. Evaluation Review, 26(6):575–601.
Bahr, S. J., Hoffmann, J. P., and Yang, X. (2005). Parental and peer influences on the risk of adolescent
drug use. Journal of Primary Prevention, 26(6):529–551.
Barkin, S. L., Smith, K. S., and DuRant, R. H. (2002). Social skills and attitudes associated with substance use behaviors among young adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 30(6):448–454.
Batsche, G. M. and Knoff, H. M. (1994). Bullies and their victims: Understanding a pervasive problem in
the schools. School Psychology Review, 23:165–165.
Bauman, K. E. and Ennett, S. T. (1996). On the importance of peer influence for adolescent drug use:
commonly neglected considerations. Addiction, 91(2):185–198.
Bergen, G., Shults, R. A., Beck, L. F., and Qayad, M. (2012). Self-reported alcohol-impaired driving in
the US, 2006 and 2008. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 42(2):142–149.
Beyers, J. M., Toumbourou, J. W., Catalano, R. F., Arthur, M. W., and Hawkins, J. D. (2004). A crossnational comparison of risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use: the United States
and Australia. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35(1):3–16.
Boys, A., Marsden, J., and Strang, J. (2001). Understanding reasons for drug use amongst young
people: a functional perspective. Health Education Research, 16(4):457–469.
Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., and Gordon, A. S. (1983). Stages of drug abuse in adolescence: personality,
peer, and family correlates. Developmental Psychology, 19(2):269.
Brook, J. S., Whiteman, M., Gordon, A. S., and Cohen, P. (1986). Dynamics of childhood and adolescent
personality traits and adolescent drug use. Developmental Psychology, 22(3):403.
Brown, E. C., Catalano, R. F., Fleming, C. B., Haggerty, K. P., and Abbott, R. D. (2005). Adolescent substance use outcomes in the Raising Healthy Children project: a two-part latent growth curve analysis.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(4):699–710.

141

Appendix A: List of References

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Bryant, A. L., Schulenberg, J. E., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., and Johnston, L. D. (2003). How
academic achievement, attitudes, and behaviors relate to the course of substance use during adolescence: a 6-year, multiwave national longitudinal study. Journal of Research on Adolescence,
13(3):361–397.
Catalano, R. F., Hawkins, J. D., Berglund, M. L., Pollard, J. A., and Arthur, M. W. (2002). Prevention science and positive youth development: competitive or cooperative frameworks? Journal of Adolescent
Health, 31(6):230–239.
Catalano, R. F., Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J. D., Newcomb, M. D., and Abbott, R. D. (1996). Modeling the
etiology of adolescent substance use: A test of the social development model. Journal of Drug Issues,
26(2):429–455.
Catalano, R. F., Morrison, D. M., Wells, E. A., Gillmore, M. R., Iritani, B., and Hawkins, J. D. (1992).
Ethnic differences in family factors related to early drug initiation. Journal of Studies on Alcohol,
53(3):208–217.
Cleveland, M. J., Feinberg, M. E., Bontempo, D. E., and Greenberg, M. T. (2008). The role of risk and
protective factors in substance use across adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 43(2):157–164.
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., and Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of
Health and Social Behavior, 24(4):385–396.
Corrigan, M. J., Loneck, B., Videka, L., and Brown, M. C. (2007). Moving the risk and protective factor
framework toward individualized assessment in adolescent substance abuse prevention. Journal of
Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 16(3):17–34.
Curry, G. D. and Spergel, I. A. (1992). Gang involvement and delinquency among Hispanic and AfricanAmerican adolescent males. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 29(3):273–291.
Danseco, E. R., Kingery, P. M., and Coggeshall, M. B. (1999). Perceived risk of harm from marijuana
use among youth in the USA. School Psychology International, 20(1):39–56.
Dishion, T. J., Nelson, S. E., and Bullock, B. M. (2004). Premature adolescent autonomy: Parent disengagement and deviant peer process in the amplification of problem behaviour. Journal of Adolescence,
27(5):515–530.
Esbensen, F.-A., Peterson, D., Taylor, T. J., and Freng, A. (2009). Similarities and differences in risk
factors for violent offending and gang membership. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 42(3):310–335.
Feinberg, M. E., Ridenour, T. A., and Greenberg, M. T. (2007). Aggregating indices of risk and protection
for adolescent behavior problems: the Communities That Care Youth Survey. Journal of Adolescent
Health, 40(6):506–513.
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Valerie, E., Koss, M. P., and
Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading
causes of death in adults: the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of
Preventive Medicine, 14(4):245–258.
142

Appendix A: List of References

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Finkelstein, D. M., Kubzansky, L. D., and Goodman, E. (2006). Social status, stress, and adolescent
smoking. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(5):678–685.
Fleming, C. B., Catalano, R. F., Mazza, J. J., Brown, E. C., Haggerty, K. P., and Harachi, T. W. (2008).
After-school activities, misbehavior in school, and delinquency from the end of elementary school
through the beginning of high school: a test of social development model hypotheses. The Journal of
Early Adolescence.
Gassman, R., Jun, M., Samuel, S., Agley, J. D., Lee, J., Boyken, M. K., and Palmer, A. V. (2012). Alcohol,
tobacco, and other drug use by Indiana children and adolescents. Bloomington, IN: Indiana Prevention
Resource Center.
Gastic, B. (2008). School truancy and the disciplinary problems of bullying victims. Educational Review,
60:391–404.
Harachi, T. W., Catalano, R. F., Kim, S., and Choi, Y. (2001). Etiology and prevention of substance use
among Asian American youth. Prevention Science, 2(1):57–65.
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., and Arthur, M. W. (2002). Promoting science-based prevention in communities. Addictive Behaviors, 27(6):951–976.
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., Kosterman, R., Abbott, R., and Hill, K. G. (1999). Preventing adolescent health-risk behaviors by strengthening protection during childhood. Archives of Pediatrics &
Adolescent Medicine, 153(3):226–234.
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., and Miller, J. Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other
drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention.
Psychological Bulletin, 112(1):64–105.
Hawkins, J. D., Graham, J. W., Maguin, E., Abbott, R., Hill, K. G., and Catalano, R. F. (1997). Exploring
the effects of age of alcohol use initiation and psychosocial risk factors on subsequent alcohol misuse.
Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 58(3):280.
Hays, R. D. and Ellickson, P. L. (1996). Associations between drug use and deviant behavior in
teenagers. Addictive Behaviors, 21(3):291–302.
Herrenkohl, T. I., Maguin, E., Hill, K. G., Hawkins, J. D., Abbott, R. D., and Catalano, R. F. (2000).
Developmental risk factors for youth violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 26(3):176–186.
Herrenkohl, T. I., McMorris, B. J., Catalano, R. F., Abbott, R. D., Hemphill, S. A., and Toumbourou, J. W.
(2007). Risk factors for violence and relational aggression in adolescence. Journal of Interpersonal
Violence, 22(4):386–405.
Iannotti, R. J., Bush, P. J., and Weinfurt, K. P. (1996). Perception of friends’ use of alcohol, cigarettes, and
marijuana among urban schoolchildren: a longitudinal analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 21(5):615–632.
Jernigan, D. H., Waters, H., Ross, C., and Stewart, A. (2011). The potential economic effects of alcohol
excise tax increases in Maryland. Baltimore, MD: The Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth, Johns
Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
143

Appendix A: List of References

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., and Schulenberg, J. E. (2009). Monitoring the future:
national results on adolescent drug use. Overview of key findings, 2008. National Institute on Drug
Abuse (NIDA).
Jonkman, H., Boutellier, H., Cuijpers, P., van der Looy, P., and Twisk, J. (2011). Targeted prevention of
anti-social behavior in an urban context. Crime Prevention & Community Safety, 13(2):102–118.
Jonson-Reid, M., Kohl, P. L., and Drake, B. (2012). Child and adult outcomes of chronic child maltreatment. Pediatrics, 129(5):839–845.
Kandel, D. (1975). Stages in adolescent involvement in drug use. Science, 190(4217):912–914.
Kearney, C. A. (2008). School absenteeism and school refusal behavior in youth: a contemporary review.
Clinical Psychology Review, 28:451–471.
Keough, K. A., Zimbardo, P. G., and Boyd, J. N. (1999). Who’s smoking, drinking, and using drugs? Time
perspective as a predictor of substance use. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 21(2):149–164.
Kish, L. (1965). Sampling organizations and groups of unequal sizes. American Sociological Review,
30(4):564–572.
Klein, M. W. and Maxson, C. L. (2006). Street gang patterns and policies. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Kobus, K. and Reyes, O. (2000). A descriptive study of urban Mexican American adolescents’ perceived
stress and coping. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 22(2):163–178.
Krohn, M. D., Ward, J. T., Thornberry, T. P., Lizotte, A. J., and Chu, R. (2011). The cascading effects of
adolescent gang involvement across the life course. Criminology, 49(4):991–1028.
Langbein, L. and Bess, R. (2002). Sports in school: source of amity or antipathy?
Quarterly, 83(2):436–454.

Social Science

Lopez, E. M., Wishard, A., Gallimore, R., and Rivera, W. (2006). Latino high school students’ perceptions
of gangs and crews. Journal of Adolescent Research, 21(3):299–318.
Luk, J. W., Wang, J., and Simons-Morton, B. G. (2010). Bullying victimization and substance use among
US adolescents: mediation by depression. Prevention Science, 11(4):355–359.
Maguire, E. R. (2013). Exploring family risk and protective factors for adolescent problem behaviors in
the Caribbean. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 17(8):1488–1498.
Maxfield, M. G. and Babbie, E. R. (2015). Basics of research methods for criminal justice and criminology. Cengage Learning.
Maxwell, J. C. (2012). Drunk versus drugged: How different are the drivers? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 121(1):68–72.
McCambridge, J. and Strang, J. (2004). The efficacy of single-session motivational interviewing in reducing drug consumption and perceptions of drug-related risk and harm among young people: results
from a multi-site cluster randomized trial. Addiction, 99(1):39–52.
144

Appendix A: List of References

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Meghdadpour, S., Curtis, S., Pettifor, A., and MacPhail, C. (2012). Factors associated with substance
use among orphaned and non-orphaned youth in South Africa. Journal of Adolescence, 35(5):1329–
1340.
Mercado, A., Rogers, D. L., Rodriguez, C. C., Villarreal, D., Terracciano, A., and Nguyen-Finn, K. (2016).
Personality and substance use in mexicans and mexican-americans. International Journal of Mental
Health and Addiction, 14(6):907–920.
Miller, C. L., Strathdee, S. A., Kerr, T., Li, K., and Wood, E. (2006). Factors associated with early adolescent initiation into injection drug use: implications for intervention programs. Journal of Adolescent
Health, 38(4):462–464.
Mimura, C. and Griffiths, P. (2004). A Japanese version of the perceived stress scale: translation and
preliminary test. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 41(4):379–385.
Mitchell, K. J., Ybarra, M., and Finkelhor, D. (2007). The relative importance of online victimization in
understanding depression, delinquency, and substance use. Child Maltreatment, 12(4):314–324.
Monahan, K. C., Oesterle, S., Rhew, I., and Hawkins, J. D. (2014). The relation between risk and
protective factors for problem behaviors and depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior, and alcohol
use in adolescence. Journal of Community Psychology, 42(5):621–638.
Nation, M. and Heflinger, C. A. (2006). Risk factors for serious alcohol and drug use: the role of psychosocial variables in predicting the frequency of substance use among adolescents. The American
Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 32(3):415–433.
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Perron, B. E. and Howard, M. O. (2008). Perceived risk of harm and intentions of future inhalant use
among adolescent inhalant users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 97(1):185–189.
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445.
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Sawyer, T. M. and Stevenson, J. F. (2008). Perceived parental and peer disapproval toward substances:
influences on adolescent decision-making. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 29(6):465–477.
Stockwell, T., Toumbourou, J. W., Letcher, P., Smart, D., Sanson, A., and Bond, L. (2004). Risk and
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between physical and relational victimization and drug use, aggression, and delinquent behaviors
among urban middle school students. Development and Psychopathology, 18:01.

145

Appendix A: List of References

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

Sussman, S., Brannon, B. R., Dent, C. W., Hansen, W. B., Johnson, C. A., and Flay, B. R. (1993).
Relations of coping effort, perceived stress, and cigarette smoking among adolescents. International
Journal of the Addictions, 28:599–612.
Szapocznik, J. and Williams, R. A. (2000). Brief strategic family therapy: twenty-five years of interplay
among theory, research and practice in adolescent behavior problems and drug abuse. Clinical Child
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Tarter, R. E., Kirisci, L., Mezzich, A., Cornelius, J. R., Pajer, K., Vanyukov, M., and Clark, D. (2003). Neurobehavioral disinhibition in childhood predicts early age at onset of substance use disorder. American
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and situational motivation on smoking. Addictive Behaviors, 15(3):209–220.

146

Appendix B: Scantron Questionnaire

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

B: Scantron Questionnaire
The following pages contain the 2016 AYS Scantron-format questionnaire in its entirety. All students in
the 2016 Arizona sample provided their responses either on this Scantron questionnaire, or a web-based
version that had identical text for every item. All figures in this document were constructed from students’
responses to the questions in the questionnaire.

147

C
C

ARIZONA YOUTH SURVEY
1. Thank you for agreeing to participate in this survey. The purpose of this survey is to learn how students in our
schools feel about their community, family, peers, and school. The survey also asks about health behaviors.
2. The survey is completely voluntary and anonymous. DO NOT put your name on the questionnaire.
3. This is not a test, so there are no right or wrong answers. We would like you to work quickly so you can finish.
4. All of the questions should be answered by completely filling in one of the answer spaces. If you do not find an
answer that fits exactly, use the one that comes closest. If any question does not apply to you, or you are not
sure what it means, just leave it blank. You can skip any question that you do not wish to answer.
5. Please answer each question by completely filling in the oval with a #2 pencil.

Please fill in the following information with the help of your teacher/survey assistant.
1. County:

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

2. Type:

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

6. Are you:

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

MALE

3. District:

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

3/8" SPINE PERF

10 or younger

12

14

16

18

11

13

15

17

19 or older

9th

10th

11th

8. What grade are you in?
7th

8th

12th

9. Do you get a free or reduced cost lunch at school?
Free lunch

Reduced cost lunch

10. Are you Hispanic or Latino?

Yes

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

5. Student’s Zip Code:

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

14. What is the highest level of education completed
by your mother?

FEMALE

7. How old are you?

6th

4. District Site:

Neither
No

8th grade or less
Some high school
Completed high school
or GED
Some college
Completed community
college or technical
school

15. What, if any, is the current military status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all that apply)
Neither of my parents have ever been in the military
Active Duty

In country
Overseas – not in a combat zone
Overseas – in a combat zone

Reserve

Not Deployed
In country
Overseas – not in a combat zone
Overseas – in a combat zone

11. What is your race? (Mark all that apply.)
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian
Black or African American
Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
White
12. Think of where you live most of the time. Which of
the following people live there with you? (Mark
all that apply.)
Mother
Uncle
Stepmother
Other Adult(s)
Father
Brother(s)
Stepfather
Stepbrother(s)
Foster Parent(s)
Sister(s)
Grandparent(s)
Stepsister(s)
Aunt
Other Children
13. Are your parents separated or divorced?
Yes
Parents not married
No
Don’t know / Not sure

Completed 4 year college
(Bachelor’s Degree)
Graduate or Professional
(e.g., Master’s, Ph.D.,
M.D., Ed.D., J.D.)
Don’t know

Former military
Died while serving in the military
16. Which of the following people do you feel comfortable
going to for help when things go wrong or when you
need someone to talk to about your problems?
(Mark all that apply.)
Parents/Step-parents
Coaches/Instructors
Grandparents
Mentors
Siblings
Tutors
Other relatives
Counselors
Friends
Other adults
Teachers
I have no one I can talk to
or go to for help
DE OpScan iNSIGHT™ EW-297695-1:654321

PLEASE DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

ED06

12 or more times
10-11 times
8-9 times
6-7 times
4-5 times
2-3 times
1 time
0 times

The next section asks about your experiences at school.
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree

17. In my school, students have lots of chances
to help decide things like class activities and
rules.

32. During the past 12 months, how
many times has someone
threatened or injured you with a
weapon such as a gun, knife, or
club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY?

18. I have lots of chances to be part of class
discussions or activities.

33. During the past 12 months, how
many times were you in a
physical fight ON SCHOOL
PROPERTY?

19. Teachers ask me to work on special
classroom projects.
20. My teachers notice when I am doing a good
job.

34. During the past 12 months, how
often have you been picked on
or bullied by a student ON
SCHOOL PROPERTY?

21. There are lots of chances for students in my
school to get involved in sports, clubs, and
other school activities outside of class.

35. During the past 12 months, how
many times have you been
harassed, mistreated, or made
fun of by another person while
on-line or through a cell phone
or other electronic device?

22. There are lots of chances for students in my
school to talk with a teacher one-on-one.
23. I feel safe at my school.
24. The school lets my parents know when I
have done something well.

36. During the past 12 months, how
often have you picked on or
bullied another student ON
SCHOOL PROPERTY?

25. My teachers praise me when I work hard in
school.
26. I have lots of chances to be part of class
discussions or activities.

27. Now thinking back
over the past year in
school, how often
did you:

37. During the past 12 months, how
often have you seen bullying
ON SCHOOL PROPERTY and
done nothing to stop it?

Almost always
Often
Sometimes
Seldom
Never

38. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you
NOT go to school because you felt you would be
unsafe at school or on the way to or from school?
0 days
4 or 5 days
1 day
6 or more days
2 or 3 days

a. enjoy being in school?
b. hate being in school?
c. try to do your best work?

39. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you
carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON
SCHOOL PROPERTY?
0 days
4 or 5 days
1 day
6 or more days
2 or 3 days

d. feel that the school work you were assigned
was meaningful and important?
28. Putting them all together, what were your grades like
last year?
Mostly A’s
Mostly D’s
Mostly B’s
Mostly F’s
Mostly C’s

40. What are the chances
you would be seen
as cool if you:

29. How important do you think the things you are learning
in school are going to be for you later in life?
Very important
Slightly important
Quite important
Not at all important
Fairly important

a. smoked cigarettes?
b. worked hard at school?
c. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly,
that is, at least once or twice a month?

30. How interesting are most of your courses to you?
Very interesting
Slightly interesting
Quite interesting
Not at all interesting
Fairly interesting
31. During the past 30 days, how many days of school have
you missed because you skipped or ‘cut’?
None
4-5 days
1 day
6-10 days
2 days
11 or more days
3 days

Very good chance
Pretty good chance
Some chance
Little chance
No or very little chance

d. defended someone who was being verbally
abused at school?
e. smoked marijuana?
f. carried a handgun?
g. regularly volunteered to do community
service?
h. were a member of a gang?
2

C
C

19 or older
18
17
16

43. How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:

15

41. How old were you
when you first:

10 or more times
6 to 9 times
3 to 5 times
1 to 2 times
Never

14
13

a. been suspended from school?

12
11

b. carried a handgun?

10
9

c. sold illegal drugs?

8 or younger
Never

d. stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as
a car or motorcycle?

a. smoked marijuana?
e. participated in clubs, organizations or
activities at school?

b. smoked a cigarette,
even just a puff?

f. been arrested?
c. had more than a sip or
two of beer, wine or
hard liquor (for
example, vodka,
whiskey, or gin)?

g. attacked someone with the idea of seriously
hurting them?
h. been drunk or high at school?

d. began drinking
alcoholic beverages
regularly, that is, at
least once or twice
a month?

i. volunteered to do community service?
j. taken a handgun to school?
k. been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked or
any other way physically assaulted by your
boyfriend or girlfriend?

e. attacked someone
with the idea of
seriously hurting
them?

l. seen someone punched with a fist, kicked,
choked, or beaten up?

3/8" SPINE PERF

f. belonged to a gang?

m. seen someone attacked with a weapon, other
than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or
chain?

g. gambled or bet on
anything (cards,
lottery, sports, bingo,
dice, raffles, casino,
internet or video
games, etc.)?

n. seen someone shot or shot at?
44. How often have you done the following for money,
possessions, or anything of value:

h. used prescription
drugs without a
doctor telling you to
take them?

Almost every day
Once or twice a week
Once or twice a month
At least once in the past 12 months
Before, but not in the past 12 months
Never

Not wrong at all
A little bit wrong
Wrong
Very wrong

42. How wrong do you think
it is for someone your
age to:

a. Played the lottery or scratch off tickets?

a. take a handgun to school?

b. Bet on a game of personal skill such as
pool or a video game?

b. steal anything worth more than $5?

c. Played cards?

c. pick a fight with someone?

d. Played a dice game?

d. attack someone with the idea of seriously
hurting them?

e. Bet on sports?
45. How many peers do you like to hang out with and
spend time with?
0
6
1
7
2
8
3
9
4
10 or more
5

e. stay away from school all day when their
parents think they are at school?
f. have one or two drinks of beer, wine, or hard
liquor nearly every day?
g. smoke cigarettes?
h. smoke marijuana?
i. use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another
illegal drug?
j. use prescription drugs without a doctor telling
them to take them?

3

PLEASE DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

46. How many best friends (the friends you feel closest to)
do you have?
0
3
1
4 or more
2

47. Think of your four best friends. In the
past year (12 months), how many of
your best friends have:

55. During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE
a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking
alcohol?
0 times
2 or 3 times
6 or more times
1 time
4 or 5 times

Number
of friends

0 1 2 3 4+

a. participated in clubs, organizations or
activities at school?

56. During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE
a car or other vehicle when you had been taking
prescription drugs (e.g., OxyContin, Vicodin, Valium,
Xanax, Ritalin, Adderal, sleeping pills) that were not
prescribed to you by a doctor or that you took only for
the experience or feeling they cause?
0 times
2 or 3 times
6 or more times
1 time
4 or 5 times

b. smoked cigarettes?
c. tried beer, wine or hard liquor (for
example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) when
their parents didn’t know about it?
d. made a commitment to stay drug-free?

57. During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE
a car or other vehicle when you had been using
marijuana?
0 times
2 or 3 times
6 or more times
1 time
4 or 5 times

e. used marijuana?
f. tried to do well in school?
g. used LSD, cocaine, amphetamines,
or other illegal drugs?

58. Think back over the LAST TWO WEEKS. How many times
have you had five or more alcoholic drinks in a row?
None
Twice
6-9 times
Once
3-5 times
10 or more times

h. been suspended from school?
i. liked school?

59. Have you ever smoked cigarettes?
Never
Regularly in the past
Once or twice
Regularly now
Once in a while but not regularly

j. carried a handgun?
k. sold illegal drugs?

60. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you
smoke cigarettes?
0 days
6 to 9 days
All 30 days
1 or 2 days
10 to 19 days
3 to 5 days
20 to 29 days

l. stolen or tried to steal a motor
vehicle such as a car or motorcycle?
m. been arrested?
n. dropped out of school?

61. Have you ever used electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes)?
Never
Regularly in the past
Once or twice
Regularly now
Once in a while but not regularly

o. been members of a gang?
p. been in a physical fight?

62. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you use
electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes)?
0 days
6 to 9 days
All 30 days
1 or 2 days
10 to 19 days
3 to 5 days
20 to 29 days

48. I ignore rules that get in my way.
Very False
Somewhat True
Somewhat False
Very True
49. I do the opposite of what people tell me, just to get
them mad.
Very False
Somewhat True
Somewhat False
Very True

63. How frequently have you used smokeless tobacco
during the past 30 days?
0 days
6 to 9 days
All 30 days
1 or 2 days
10 to 19 days
3 to 5 days
20 to 29 days

50. I like to see how much I can get away with.
Very False
Somewhat True
Somewhat False
Very True

64. In the last 30 days, about
how many times were
you offered:

51. I think sometimes it’s okay to cheat at school.
Strongly disagree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly agree

a. alcohol?

52. It is all right to beat up people if they start the fight.
Strongly disagree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly agree

b. cigarettes?
c. marijuana?

53. I think it is okay to take something without asking if
you can get away with it.
Strongly disagree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly agree

d. Rx drugs?
e. other drugs?
65. During the past 12 months, how
many times have you talked with
your parents about strategies to
avoid or resist people or places
where you might be offered
alcohol, prescription drugs, or
other drugs?

54. During the past 30 days, how many times did you RIDE in
a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been
drinking alcohol?
0 times
1 time

2 or 3 times
4 or 5 times

6 or more times
4

More than 10 times
7-10 times
4-6 times
2-3 times
Once
Never

On how many occasions (if any) have you:

OCCASIONS:

0

1-2

3-5

6-9 10-19 20-39 40+

66. had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink in your lifetime -- more
than just a few sips?
67. had beer, wine or hard liquor to drink during the past 30 days?
68. used marijuana in your lifetime?
69. used marijuana during the past 30 days?
70. used LSD or other hallucinogens in your lifetime?
71. used LSD or other hallucinogens during the past 30 days?
72. used cocaine or crack in your lifetime?
73. used cocaine or crack during the past 30 days?
74. sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or
sprays, in order to get high in your lifetime?
75. sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or
sprays, in order to get high during the past 30 days?
76. used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in your lifetime?
77. used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) during the past 30 days?
78. used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth) in your lifetime?
79. used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth) in the past 30 days?
80. used heroin in your lifetime?
81. used heroin during the past 30 days?
82. used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, MDMA, or ’Molly’) in your lifetime?
83. used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, MDMA, or ’Molly’) in the past 30 days?
84. used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise
or Depotesterone) in your lifetime?
85. used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise
or Depotesterone) in the past 30 days?
86. used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet, or Codeine)
without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime?
87. used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet, or Codeine)
without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days?
88. used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor
telling you to take them in your lifetime?
89. used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor
telling you to take them during the past 30 days?
90. used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates,
or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime?
91. used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates,
or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days?
92. used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills)
for the purposes of getting high in your lifetime?
93. used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills)
for the purposes of getting high during the past 30 days?
94. used synthetic drugs (such as Bath Salts like Ivory Wave or White Lightning or herbal
incense products like K2, Spice, or Gold) in your lifetime?
95. used synthetic drugs (such as Bath Salts like Ivory Wave or White Lightning or herbal
incense products like K2, Spice, or Gold) during the past 30 days?
96. drank beer, wine or hard liquor at the same time you used prescription drugs (e.g.,
OxyContin, Vicodin, Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderal, sleeping pills) during the past 30 days?

97. If during the past 30 days you used marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all that apply.)
I did not use marijuana during the past 30 days
I got it from someone with a Medical Marijuana Card
Friends
Parties
School
Family/Relatives
Home
Other
98. In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people
or places because you might be offered alcohol,
cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs including
prescription drugs?
None
Once

2-3 times
4-6 times

100. How much do you think people
risk harming themselves
(physically or in other
ways) if they:

a. smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day?
b. try marijuana once or twice?
c. smoke marijuana once or twice a week?
d. take one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage
(beer, wine, liquor) nearly every day?

7-10 times
More than 10 times

99. In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the
following ways when alcohol,
cigarettes, marijuana or other
I never got offers
drugs including prescription
Four or more times
drugs were offered to you?
Three times
(Fill in an answer for
Twice
each way of
Once
responding)
Never
a. say “No” without giving a reason why.
b. give an explanation or excuse to turn
down the offer.
c. decide to leave the situation without
accepting the offer.
d. use some other way to not accept the
alcohol or drugs.

Great risk
Moderate risk
Slight risk
No risk

e. have five or more drinks of an alcoholic
beverage in a row once or twice a week?
f. use prescription drugs without a doctor telling
them to take them?
101. Compared to using illegal drugs (e.g., cocaine, meth,
heroin), how harmful do you think it is for people to take
prescription drugs (e.g., OxyContin, Vicodin, Valium,
Xanax, Ritalin, Adderal, sleeping pills) without a doctor
telling them to take them?
A lot less harmful
Less harmful
5

No difference
More harmful

A lot more harmful

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These questions ask about the neighborhood and
community where you live.

102. If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all that apply.)
I did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days
I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience
store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station
I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club
I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting
event
I gave someone else money to buy it for me
My parent or guardian gave it to me
Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me
Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me
Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me
I got it at a party
I took it from home
I took it from a store or someone else’s home
I got it some other way

106. About how many adults (over
21) have you known
personally who in the past
year have:

a. used marijuana, crack, cocaine, or other
drugs?
b. sold or dealt drugs?
c. done other things that could get them in
trouble with the police, like stealing,
selling stolen goods, mugging or
assaulting others, etc.?
d. gotten drunk or high?
Very easy
Sort of easy
Sort of hard
Very hard

103. If, during the past 30 days you used prescription drugs
in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did
you get them? (Mark all that apply.)

107. If you wanted to get some cigarettes, how
easy would it be for you to get some?
108. If you wanted to get some beer, wine or hard
liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin),
how easy would it be for you to get some?
109. If you wanted to get some marijuana, how
easy would it be for you to get some?
110. If you wanted to get a drug like cocaine,
LSD, or amphetamines, how easy would it
be for you to get some?
111. If you wanted to get a handgun, how easy
would it be for you to get one?

Doctor/Pharmacy
School
Other
Over the Internet
Outside the United States
(e.g., Mexico, Canada)

104. If you used alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs in the past
30 days, please tell us about some of your reasons for
using (Mark all that apply):
To fit in with my friends
To try something new or exciting
To get back at my parents or to get my parent’s attention
To help me lose weight
To keep from feeling sad or down
I was bored and needed something to do
To get a high or to have a good feeling
To help me feel normal
To help me stay focused or think better
To have fun
To be like an actor or musician/band that I admire
To feel more grown up or prove that I am grown up
I needed it, craved it, or am addicted
To deal with the stress in my life (Please mark all areas
of stress that were related to your substance use below)
Parents/family
Peers/Friends (e.g., fighting with friends, getting
bullied, dealing with rumors, etc.)
School
Community
Other

112. If a kid smoked marijuana in your neighborhood, he or
she would be caught by the police.
Strongly disagree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly agree
113. If a kid drank some beer, wine or hard liquor (for
example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) in your neighborhood,
he or she would be caught by the police.
Strongly disagree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly agree
114. If a kid carried a handgun in your neighborhood, he or
she would be caught by the police.
Strongly disagree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly agree
115. Have you ever belonged to a gang?
No
Yes, belong now
No, but would like to
Yes, but would like to get out
Yes, in the past

105. If you did not use alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs in the
past 30 days, please tell us about some of the reasons
for not using (Mark all that apply):

116. If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the
one major reason you joined?
Protection/safety
Make money
Friendship
Felt pressured
Parent(s) are in a gang
To get respect
Sibling(s) are in a gang
Other

I’m not interested in using drugs
It can harm my body
My parents would be disappointed in me
My parents would take away my privileges if they found
out
My teachers/mentors/other adults in my life would be
disappointed in me
I might get kicked out of school or extracurricular
activities (e.g., sports, cheerleading, drama club/plays)
My friends would stop talking to me or hanging out with
me
I would get a bad reputation with peers
I wanted to, but I couldn’t get it or wasn’t offered it
It’s illegal – I could get arrested
I’ve tried them before and I don’t like them
It’s morally wrong
It’s against my religious or spiritual beliefs

117. How wrong would most
adults (over 21) in your
neighborhood think it is
for kids your age:

6
PLEASE DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

Not wrong at all
A little bit wrong
Wrong
Very wrong

a. to use marijuana?
b. to drink alcohol?
c. to smoke cigarettes?

118. How wrong do your
friends feel it would be for you to:
a. have one or two drinks of an alcoholic
beverage nearly every day?
b. smoke tobacco?
c. smoke marijuana?
d. use prescription drugs not prescribed to you?

3/8" SPINE PERF

I’ve never used prescription
drugs to get high
Friends
Family/Relatives
Parties
Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet)

5 or more adults
4
3
2
1
0 adults

Not wrong at all

119. During the past 12 months, do you recall hearing,
reading, or watching an advertisement about the
prevention of substance use?
No

133. How wrong do your
A little bit wrong
parents feel it would be
Wrong
for YOU to:
Very wrong
a. have 1 to 2 drinks of beer, wine, or hard liquor
(for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) nearly
every day?
b. smoke cigarettes?
c. smoke marijuana?
d. steal something worth more than $5?
e. draw graffiti, write things, or draw pictures on
buildings or other property (without the
owner’s permission)?
f. pick a fight with someone?
g. use prescription drugs without a doctor
telling you to take them?

Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree

Yes

120. If I had to move, I would miss the
neighborhood I now live in.
121. My neighbors notice when Iam doing a
good job and let me know about it.
122. I like my neighborhood.
123. There are lots of adults in my neighborhood
I could talk to about something important.
124. I’d like to get out of my neighborhood.
125. There are people in my neighborhood who
are proud of me when I do something well.
126. There are people in my neighborhood who
encourage me to do my best.
127. I feel safe in my neighborhood.

Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree

134. The rules in my family are clear.
135. People in my family often insult or yell at
each other.
136. When I am not at home, one of my parents
knows where I am and who I am with.
137. We argue about the same things in my
family over and over.
138. If I drank some beer, wine or liquor (for
example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) without
my parents’ permission, my parents would
catch me.
139. My family has clear rules about alcohol and
drug use.
140. If I carried a handgun without my
parents’ permission, my parents would
catch me.
141. If I skipped school, my parents would catch
me.
142. My parents ask me what I think before most
family decisions affecting me are made.
143. I feel very close to my mother.
144. I feel very close to my father.
145. I share my thoughts and feelings with my
mother.
146. I share my thoughts and feelings with my
father.
147. I enjoy spending time with my mother.
148. I enjoy spending time with my father.
149. If I had a personal problem, I could ask my
mom or dad for help.

128. During a typical week, how many days do all or
most of your family eat at least one meal together?
Number of days:

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

129. During the past 12 months, have you talked with at
least one of your parents about the dangers of
tobacco, alcohol, prescription drugs, or illegal drugs?
By parents, we mean your biological parents, adoptive
parents, stepparents, or adult guardians – whether or
not they live with you. (Mark all that apply.)
No, I did not talk with my parents about the dangers of
tobacco, alcohol, prescription drugs, or illegal drugs.
Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of
tobacco use.
Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of
alcohol use.
Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of
prescription drug use.
Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of
marijuana use.
Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of
illegal drug use.
130. Have any of your brothers or sisters ever:
I don’t have any brothers or sisters
Yes
No

Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree

a. drunk beer, wine or hard liquor (for example,
vodka, whiskey or gin)?
b. smoked marijuana?

150. My parents give me lots of chances to do
fun things with them.
151. My parents ask if I’ve gotten my homework
done.
152. People in my family have serious
arguments.
153. My parents would know if I did not come
home on time.
154. It is important to be honest with your
parents, even if they become upset or you
get punished.

c. smoked cigarettes?
d. taken a handgun to school?
131. Has anyone in your family ever had severe alcohol or
drug problems?
No
Yes
132. Have any of your relatives been in prison or jail any time
during the past year (12 months)? (Mark all that apply.)
No one has been in prison or jail
Mother
Father
Step-parent
Grandparent(s)
Other adult(s)
Sibling (i.e. brother, sister, step-sibling etc.)

155. My parents notice when I am doing a good job and
let me know about it.
Never or Almost Never
Sometimes
Often
All the Time

7

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156. How often do your parents tell you they’re proud of
you for something you’ve done?
Never or Almost Never
Often
Sometimes
All the Time

161. People have many different types of interactions with
their peers at school. Please answer the following
questions about your peer experiences in school
during the last month.
5 = Always/Almost always
4
3
2
1 = Never/Almost never

157. In a normal school week, how many days are you
home after school for at least one hour without an
adult there?
Never or Almost Never
3 days
1 day
4 day
2 days
5 days
Very often
Fairly often
Sometimes
Almost never
Never

162. Please indicate how
much these statements
describe you.

a. that you were unable to control the
important things in your life?
b. confident about you abilities to handle your
personal problems?
c. that things were going your way?
d. that difficulties were piling up so high that
you could not overcome them?

a. I expect good things to happen to me.
b. I am excited about my future.
c. I trust my future will turn out well.
d. I develop step-by-step plans to reach my
goals.
e. I have goals in my life.
f. If I set goals, I take action to reach them.
g. It is important to me that I reach my goals.
h. I know how to make my plans happen.

159. In the last 30 days, how many times have you taken
money that didn’t belong to you or used someone
else’s credit card without their approval in order to:
More than 10 times
7-10 times
4-6 times
2-3 times
Once
Never

163. Please indicate how
often this happens.

a. Purchase alcohol?
b. Purchase prescription (Rx) drugs?
c. Purchase illicit drugs (e.g. marijuana,
meth, heroin)?
d. Purchase a gun, knife, or other weapon?
e. Support gang activities?
f. Gamble or place a bet?

a. Did you live with anyone who was a problem drinker or
alcoholic?
Yes
No
Don’t know / Not sure
b. Did you live with anyone who used illegal street drugs or
who abused prescription medications?
Yes
No
Don’t know / Not sure
c. Did you live with anyone who served time or was sentenced
to serve time in a prison, jail, or other correctional facility?
Yes
No
Don’t know / Not sure
d. Were your parents separated or divorced?
Yes
Parents not married
No
Don’t know / Not sure
e. How often did adults in your home ever slap, hit, kick,
punch, or beat each other up?
Never
Once
More than once
f. How often did an adult in your home ever swear at you,
insult you, or put you down?
Once

All of the time
Most of the time
Some of the time
A little of the time
None of the time

a. How often do you make plans to achieve
your goals?
b. How often do you have trouble figuring out
how to make your goals happen?

160. All questions refer to the time period from when
you were born until now. Now, looking back —

Never

Exactly like me
A lot like me
Somewhat like me
A little like me
Not at all like me

More than once
8
PLEASE DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

3/8" SPINE PERF

158. In the last month,
how often have
you felt:

a. How often do other students exclude you
from activities?
b. How often are other students mean to you?
c. How often do other students push or hit you?
d. How often do other students make fun of
you?

Appendix C: Risk & Protective Factor (RPF) Scale Definitions

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

C: Risk & Protective Factor (RPF) Scale Definitions
In this appendix we detail the items used to construct the risk and protective factor (RPF) scales presented in Section 5.1 the report. Many of the items used in the scales were “reverse coded” to ensure
that high values correlated with “risk” or “protection” accordingly.
1. COMMUNITY: Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use
(a) How wrong would most adults (over 21) in your neighborhood think it is for kids your age
i. to use marijuana?
ii. to drink alcohol?
iii. to smoke cigarettes?
(b) If a kid drank some beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) in your
neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police?
(c) If a kid smoked marijuana in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police?
(d) If a kid carried a handgun in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police?
2. COMMUNITY: Low neighborhood Attachment
(a) I’d like to get out of my neighborhood.
(b) I like my neighborhood.
(c) If I had to move, I would miss the neighborhood I now live in.
3. COMMUNITY: Perceived Availability of Drugs
(a) If you wanted to get some beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin),
how easy would it be for you to get some?
(b) If you wanted to get some cigarettes, how easy would it be for you to get some?
(c) If you wanted to get some marijuana, how easy would it be for you to get some?
(d) If you wanted to get a drug like cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines, how easy would it be for you
to get some?
4. COMMUNITY: Perceived Availability of Handguns
(a) If you wanted to get a handgun, how easy would it be for you to get one?
5. COMMUNITY: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement
(a) My neighbors notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it.
(b) There are people in my neighborhood who encourage me to do my best.
(c) There are people in my neighborhood who are proud of me when I do something well.
6. FAMILY: Family Conflict
(a) People in my family often insult or yell at each other.
156

Appendix C: Risk & Protective Factor (RPF) Scale Definitions

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

(b) People in my family have serious arguments.
(c) We argue about the same things in my family over and over.
7. FAMILY: Poor Family Management
(a) My parents ask if I’ve gotten my homework done.
(b) Would your parents know if you did not come home on time?
(c) When I am not at home, one of my parents knows where I am and who I am with.
(d) The rules in my family are clear.
(e) My family has clear rules about alcohol and drug use.
(f) If you drank some beer or wine or liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) without your
parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents?
(g) If you skipped school would you be caught by your parents?
(h) If you carried a handgun without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your
parents?
8. FAMILY: Family History of Antisocial Behavior
(a) Has anyone in your family ever had a severe alcohol or drug problem?
(b) Have any of your brothers or sisters ever:
i. drunk beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin)?
ii. smoked marijuana?
iii. smoked cigarettes?
iv. taken a handgun to school?
(c) About how many adults (over 21) have you known personally who in the past year have used
marijuana, crack, cocaine, or other drugs?
9. FAMILY: Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior
(a) How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to...
i. steal anything worth more than $5?
ii. draw graffiti, write things, or draw pictures on buildings or other property (without the
owner’s permission)?
iii. pick a fight with someone?
10. FAMILY: Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Drug Use
(a) How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to...
i. Have 1 to 2 drinks of beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example vodka, whiskey, or gin) nearly
every day?
ii. smoke cigarettes?
iii. smoke marijuana?
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11. FAMILY: Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement
(a) My parents give me lots of chances to do fun things with them.
(b) My parents ask me what I think before most family decisions affecting me are made.
(c) If I had a personal problem, I could ask my mom or dad for help.
12. FAMILY: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement
(a) My parents notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it.
(b) How often do your parents tell you they’re proud of you for something you’ve done?
(c) Do you enjoy spending time with your mother?
(d) Do you enjoy spending time with your father?
13. FAMILY: Attachment
(a) Do you feel very close to your mother?
(b) Do you share your thoughts and feeling with your mother?
(c) Do you feel very close to your father?
(d) Do you share your thoughts and feeling with your father?
14. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Favorable Attitudes Toward Antisocial Behavior
(a) How wrong it is to
i. take a handgun to school?
ii. steal anything worth more than $5?
iii. pick a fight with someone?
iv. attack someone with the idea of seriously hurting them?
v. stay away from school all day when their parents think they are at school?
15. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Interaction with Antisocial Peers
(a) Think of your four best friends. In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends
have
i. been suspended from school?
ii. carried a handgun?
iii. sold illegal drugs?
iv. stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle?
v. been arrested?
vi. dropped out of school?
16. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Rewards for Antisocial Involvement
(a) What are the chances you would be seen as cool if you
i. smoked cigarettes?
158

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Arizona Youth Survey 2016

ii. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month?
iii. smoked marijuana?
iv. carried a handgun?
17. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use
(a) How wrong do your friends feel it would be for you to:
i. Have one or two drinks of beer, wine or hard liquor nearly every day?
ii. smoke cigarettes?
iii. smoke marijuana?
iv. use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drug?
18. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Friends Use of Drugs
(a) Think of your four best friends. In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends
have
i. smoked cigarettes?
ii. tried beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) when their parents
didn’t know about it?
iii. used marijuana?
iv. used LSD, cocaine, amphetamines, or other illegal drugs?
19. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Perceived Risks of Drug Use
(a) How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they
i. smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day?
ii. try marijuana once or twice?
iii. smoke marijuana once or twice a week?
iv. take one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, liquor) nearly every day?
20. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Early Initiation of Drug Use
(a) How old were you when first
i. smoked marijuana?
ii. smoked a cigarette, even just a puff?
iii. had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or
gin)?
iv. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month?
21. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Gang Involvement
(a) In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have been members of a gang?
(b) Have you ever belonged to a gang?
(c) How old were you when you first belonged to a gang?
159

Appendix C: Risk & Protective Factor (RPF) Scale Definitions

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

22. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Rebelliousness
(a) I do the opposite of what people tell me, just to get them mad.
(b) I ignore the rules that get in my way.
(c) I like to see how much I can get away with.
23. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Prosocial Involvement
(a) How many times in the past year (12 months) have you
i. participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school?
ii. volunteered to do community service?
24. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement
(a) What are the chances you would be seen as cool if you:
i. worked hard in school?
ii. defended someone who was being verbally abused at school?
iii. regularly volunteered to do community service?
25. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Interaction with Prosocial Peers
(a) Think of your four best friends. In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends
have
i. participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school?
ii. made the commitment to staying drug-free?
iii. tried to do well in school?
iv. liked school?
26. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Belief in Moral Order
(a) I think it is okay to take something without asking if you can get away with it.
(b) I think sometimes it’s okay to cheat at school.
(c) It is all right to beat up people if they start the fight.
(d) It is important to be honest with your parents, even if they become upset or you get punished.
27. SCHOOL: Academic Failure
(a) Putting them all together, what were your grades like last year?
28. SCHOOL: Low Commitment to School
(a) How often do you feel that the school work you are assigned is meaningful and important?
(b) How interesting are most of your courses to you?
(c) How important do you think the things you are learning in school are going to be for your later
life?
160

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Arizona Youth Survey 2016

(d) Now, thinking back over the past year in school, how often did you
i. enjoy being in school?
ii. hate being in school?
iii. try to do your best work in school?
(e) During the past 30 days how many whole days of school have you missed because you
skipped or “cut?”
29. SCHOOL: Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement
(a) In my school, students have lots of chances to help decide things like class activities and
rules.
(b) There are lots of chances for students in my school to talk with a teacher one-on-one.
(c) Teachers ask me to work on special classroom projects.
(d) There are lots of chances for students in my school to get involved in sports, clubs, and other
school activities outside of class.
(e) I have lots of chances to be part of class discussions or activities.
30. SCHOOL: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement
(a) My teachers notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it.
(b) The school lets my parents know when I have done something well.
(c) I feel safe at my school.
(d) My teachers praise me when I work hard in school.

161

Appendix D: Wording Changes in 2016 Questionnaire

Arizona Youth Survey 2016

D: Wording Changes in 2016 Questionnaire
The following pages list all changes in questionnaire items, from the first administration of the AYS in
2004, until the current, 2016 version. Each row lists the exact wording for each question for each year
the survey was administered. The cells are sorted on the 2016 wording. A blank cell indicates that there
was no version of a particular question in a particular year.

162

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(a) used marijuana,
crack, cocaine, or
other drugs?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(b) sold or dealt
drugs?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(c) done other
things that could get
them in trouble with
the police, like
stealing, selling
stolen goods,
mugging or
assaulting others,
etc.?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(d) gotten drunk or
high?"

"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(a) used marijuana,
crack, cocaine, or
other drugs?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(b) sold or dealt
drugs?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(c) done other
things that could get
them in trouble with
the police, like
stealing, selling
stolen goods,
mugging or
assaulting others,
etc.?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(d) gotten drunk or
high?"

"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(a) used marijuana,
crack, cocaine, or
other drugs?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(b) sold or dealt
drugs?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(c) done other
things that could get
them in trouble with
the police, like
stealing, selling
stolen goods,
mugging or
assaulting others,
etc.?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(d) gotten drunk or
high?"

"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(a) used marijuana,
crack, cocaine, or
other drugs?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(b) sold or dealt
drugs?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(c) done other
things that could get
them in trouble with
the police, like
stealing, selling
stolen goods,
mugging or
assaulting others,
etc.?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(d) gotten drunk or
high?"

"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(a) used marijuana,
crack, cocaine, or
other drugs?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(b) sold or dealt
drugs?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(c) done other
things that could get
them in trouble with
the police, like
stealing, selling
stolen goods,
mugging or
assaulting others,
etc.?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(d) gotten drunk or
high?"

"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(a) used marijuana,
crack, cocaine, or
other drugs?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(b) sold or dealt
drugs?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(c) done other
things that could get
them in trouble with
the police, like
stealing, selling
stolen goods,
mugging or
assaulting others,
etc.?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(d) gotten drunk or
high?"

"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(a) used marijuana,
crack, cocaine, or
other drugs?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(b) sold or dealt
drugs?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(c) done other
things that could get
them in trouble with
the police, like
stealing, selling
stolen goods,
mugging or
assaulting others,
etc.?"
"About how many
adults (over 21)
have you known
personally who in
the past year have:
(d) gotten drunk or
high?"
"All questions refer
to the time period
from when you
were born until now.
Now, looking back (a) Did you live with
anyone who was a
problem drinker or
an alcoholic?"
"All questions refer
to the time period
from when you
were born until now.
Now, looking back (b) Did you live with
anyone who used
illegal street drugs
or who abused
prescription
medications?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016
"All questions refer
to the time period
from when you
were born until now.
Now, looking back (c) Did you live with
anyone who served
time or was
sentenced to serve
time in a prison, jail,
or other correctional
facility?"
"All questions refer
to the time period
from when you
were born until now.
Now, looking back (d) Were your
parents separated
or divorced?"

"Are you: ( MALE;
FEMALE)"

"Are you: ( MALE;
FEMALE)"

"Are you: ( MALE;
FEMALE)"

"Are you Hispanic
or Latino?"
"Are you: ( MALE;
FEMALE)"

"Are you Hispanic
or Latino?"
"Are you: ( MALE;
FEMALE)"

"Are you Hispanic
or Latino?"
"Are you: ( MALE;
FEMALE)"

"All questions refer
to the time period
from when you
were born until now.
Now, looking back (e) How often did
adults in your home
ever slap, hit, kick,
punch, or beat each
other up?"
"All questions refer
to the time period
from when you
were born until now.
Now, looking back (f) How often did an
adult in your home
ever swear at you,
insult you, or put
you down?"
"Are you Hispanic
or Latino?"
"Are you: ( MALE;
FEMALE)"
"Are your parents
separated or
divorced?"

2004

2006

"During a typical
week, how many
times do all or most
of your family living
in your home eat a
meal together?" (a)
Breakfast (b) Lunch
(c) Dinner

2008

"During a typical
week, how many
times do all or most
of your family living
in your home eat a
meal together?" (a)
Breakfast (b) Lunch
(c) Dinner

2010

2012

2014

2016

"Do you get a free
or reduced cost
lunch at school?"

"Do you get a free
or reduced cost
lunch at school?"

"Do you get a free
or reduced cost
lunch at school?"

"Compared to using
illegal drugs (e.g.,
cocaine, meth,
heroin), how
harmful do you
think it is for people
to take prescription
drugs (e.g.,
OxyContin, Vicodin,
Valium, Xanax,
Ritalin, Adderal,
sleeping pills)
without a doctor
telling them to take
them?"
"Do you get a free
or reduced cost
lunch at school?"

"During a typical
week, how many
days do all or most
of your family eat at
least one meal
together?"
"During the past 12
months, do you
recall hearing,
reading, or
watching an
advertisement
about the
prevention of
substance use?"

"During a typical
week, how many
days do all or most
of your family eat at
least one meal
together?"
"During the past 12
months, do you
recall hearing,
reading, or
watching an
advertisement
about the
prevention of
substance use?"

"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
or drug use? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you.
(Choose all that
apply) No, I did not
talk with my parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
or drug use."

"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
or drug use? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you. (Mark
all that apply) No, I
did not talk with my
parents about the
dangers of tobacco,
alcohol, or drug
use."

"During a typical
week, how many
days do all or most
of your family eat at
least one meal
together?"
"During the past 12
months, do you
recall hearing,
reading, or
watching an
advertisement
about the
prevention of
substance use?"
"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
prescription drugs,
or illegal drugs? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you. (Mark
all that apply) No, I
did not talk with my
parents about the
dangers of tobacco,
alcohol, prescription
drugs, or illegal
drugs."

"During a typical
week, how many
days do all or most
of your family eat at
least one meal
together?"
"During the past 12
months, do you
recall hearing,
reading, or
watching an
advertisement
about the
prevention of
substance use?"
"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
prescription drugs,
or illegal drugs? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you. (Mark
all that apply) No, I
did not talk with my
parents about the
dangers of tobacco,
alcohol, prescription
drugs, or illegal
drugs."

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
or drug use? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you.
(Choose all that
apply) Yes, I talked
to my parents about
the dangers of
tobacco use."

"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
or drug use? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you. (Mark
all that apply) Yes,
I talked with my
parents about the
dangers of tobacco
use."

"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
or drug use? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you.
(Choose all that
apply) Yes, I talked
with my parents
about the dangers
of alcohol use."

"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
or drug use? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you. (Mark
all that apply) Yes,
I talked with my
parents about the
dangers of alcohol
use."

2014

2016

"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
prescription drugs,
or illegal drugs? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you. (Mark
all that apply) Yes,
I talked with my
parents about the
dangers of tobacco
use."
"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
prescription drugs,
or illegal drugs? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you. (Mark
all that apply) Yes,
I talked with my
parents about the
dangers of alcohol
use."
"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
prescription drugs,
or illegal drugs? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you. (Mark
all that apply) Yes,
I talked with my
parents about the
dangers of
prescription drug
use."

"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
prescription drugs,
or illegal drugs? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you. (Mark
all that apply) Yes,
I talked with my
parents about the
dangers of tobacco
use."
"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
prescription drugs,
or illegal drugs? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you. (Mark
all that apply) Yes,
I talked with my
parents about the
dangers of alcohol
use."
"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
prescription drugs,
or illegal drugs? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you. (Mark
all that apply) Yes,
I talked with my
parents about the
dangers of
prescription drug
use."

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016
"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
prescription drugs,
or illegal drugs? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you. (Mark
all that apply) Yes, I
talked with my
parents about the
dangers of illegal
drug use."
"During the past 12
months, how many
times has someone
threatened or
injured you with a
weapon such as a
gun, knife, or club
ON SCHOOL
PROPERTY?"
"During the past 12
months, how many
times have you
talked with your
parents about
strategies to avoid
or resist people or
places where you
might be offered
alcohol, prescription
drugs, or other
drugs?"
"During the past 12
months, how many
times were you in a
physical fight ON
SCHOOL
PROPERTY?"
"During the past 12
months, how often
have you been
harassed,
mistreated, or made
fun of by another
person while on-line
or through a cell
phone or other
electronic device?"

"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
or drug use? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you.
(Choose all that
apply) Yes, I talked
with my parents
about the dangers
of drug use."
"During the past 12 "During the past 12 "During the past 12 "During the past 12
months, how many months, how many months, how many months, how many
times has someone times has someone times has someone times has someone
threatened or
threatened or
threatened or
threatened or
injured you with a
injured you with a
injured you with a
injured you with a
weapon such as a weapon such as a weapon such as a weapon such as a
gun, knife, or club
gun, knife, or club
gun, knife, or club
gun, knife, or club
on school
on school
on school
ON SCHOOL
property?"
property?"
property?"
PROPERTY?"

"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
or drug use? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you. (Mark
all that apply) Yes I
talked with my
parents about the
dangers of drug
use."
"During the past 12
months, how many
times has someone
threatened or
injured you with a
weapon such as a
gun, knife, or club
on school
property?"

"During the past 12
months, how many
times were you in a
physical fight ON
SCHOOL
PROPERTY?"

"During the past 12
months, how many
times were you in a
physical fight on
school property?"

"During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
prescription drugs,
or illegal drugs? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you. (Mark
all that apply) Yes, I
talked with my
parents about the
dangers of illegal
drug use."
"During the past 12
months, how many
times has someone
threatened or
injured you with a
weapon such as a
gun, knife, or club
ON SCHOOL
PROPERTY?"
"During the past 12
months, how many
times have you
talked with your
parents about
strategies to avoid
or resist people or
places where you
might be offered
alcohol, prescription
drugs, or other
drugs?"
"During the past 12
months, how many
times were you in a
physical fight ON
SCHOOL
PROPERTY?"

"During the past 12
months, how often
have you been
harassed,
mistreated, or made
fun of by another
person while on-line
or through a cell
phone or other
electronic device?"

"During the past 12
months, how often
have you been
harassed,
mistreated, or made
fun of by another
person while on-line
or through a cell
phone or other
electronic device?"

"During the past 12
months, how many
times were you in a
physical fight on
school property?"

"During the past 12
months, how many
times were you in a
physical fight on
school property?"

"During the past 12
months, how many
times were you in a
physical fight on
school property?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

"During the past 12
months, how often
have you been
picked on or bullied
by a student ON
SCHOOL
PROPERTY?"

"During the past 12
months, how often
have you been
picked on or bullied
by a student ON
SCHOOL
PROPERTY?"

"During the past 12
months, how often
have you been
picked on or bullied
by a student ON
SCHOOL
PROPERTY?"

2012

2014

2016

"During the past 12
months, how often
have you been
picked on or bullied
by a student ON
SCHOOL
PROPERTY?"
"During the past 12
months, how often
have you picked on
or bullied another
student ON
SCHOOL
PROPERTY?"

"During the past 12
months, how often
have you been
picked on or bullied
by a student ON
SCHOOL
PROPERTY?"
"During the past 12
months, how often
have you picked on
or bullied another
student ON
SCHOOL
PROPERTY?"
"During the past 12
months, how often
have you seen
bullying ON
SCHOOL
PROPERTY and
done nothing to
stop it?"
"During the past 30 "During the past 30 "During the past 30 "During the past 30 "During the past 30 "During the past 30
days, how many
days, how many
days, how many
days, how many
days, how many
days, how many
times did you
times did you
times did you
times did you
times did you
times did you
DRIVE a car or
DRIVE a car or
DRIVE a car or
DRIVE a car or
DRIVE a car or
DRIVE a car or
other vehicle when other vehicle when other vehicle when other vehicle when other vehicle when other vehicle when
you had been
you had been
you had been
you had been
you had been
you had been
drinking alcohol?"
drinking alcohol?"
drinking alcohol?"
drinking alcohol?"
drinking alcohol?"
drinking alcohol?"
"During the past 30
days, how many
times did you
DRIVE a car or
other vehicle when
you had been
taking prescription
drugs (e.g.,
OxyContin, Vicodin,
Valium, Xanax,
Ritalin, Adderal,
sleeping pills) that
were not prescribed
to you by a doctor
or that you took
only for the
experience or the
feeling they cause?"

"During the past 30
days, how many
times did you
DRIVE a car or
other vehicle when
you had been
taking prescription
drugs (e.g.,
OxyContin, Vicodin,
Valium, Xanax,
Ritalin, Adderal,
sleeping pills) that
were not prescribed
to you by a doctor
or that you took
only for the
experience or the
feeling they cause?"
"During the past 30
days, how many
times did you
DRIVE a car or
other vehicle when
you had been using
marijuana?"
"During the past 30 "During the past 30 "During the past 30 "During the past 30 "During the past 30 "During the past 30
days, how many
days, how many
days, how many
days, how many
days, how many
days, how many
times did you RIDE times did you RIDE times did you RIDE times did you RIDE times did you RIDE times did you RIDE
in a car or other
in a car or other
in a car or other
in a car or other
in a car or other
in a car or other
vehicle driven by
vehicle driven by
vehicle driven by
vehicle driven by
vehicle driven by
vehicle driven by
someone who had someone who had someone who had someone who had someone who had someone who had
been drinking
been drinking
been drinking
been drinking
been drinking
been drinking
alcohol?"
alcohol?"
alcohol?"
alcohol?"
alcohol?"
alcohol?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"During the LAST
FOUR WEEKS how
many whole days of
school have you
missed because
you skipped or
'cut'?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you carry a
weapon such as a
gun, knife, or club
on school
property?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you NOT
go to school
because you felt
you would be
unsafe at school or
on the way home
from school?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you smoke
cigarettes?"

"During the LAST
FOUR WEEKS how
many whole days of
school have you
missed because
you skipped or
'cut'?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you carry a
weapon such as a
gun, knife, or club
on school
property?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you NOT
go to school
because you felt
you would be
unsafe at school or
on the way home
from school?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you smoke
cigarettes?"

"During the LAST
FOUR WEEKS how
many whole days of
school have you
missed because
you skipped or
'cut'?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you carry a
weapon such as a
gun, knife, or club
on school
property?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you NOT
go to school
because you felt
you would be
unsafe at school or
on the way home
from school?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you smoke
cigarettes?"

"During the LAST
FOUR WEEKS how
many whole days of
school have you
missed because
you skipped or
'cut'?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you carry a
weapon such as a
gun, knife, or club
on school
property?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you NOT
go to school
because you felt
you would be
unsafe at school or
on the way home
from school?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you smoke
cigarettes?"

"During the LAST
FOUR WEEKS how
many whole days of
school have you
missed because
you skipped or
'cut'?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you carry a
weapon such as a
gun, knife, or club
on school
property?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you NOT
go to school
because you felt
you would be
unsafe at school or
on the way home
from school?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you smoke
cigarettes?"

"During the LAST
FOUR WEEKS how
many whole days of
school have you
missed because
you skipped or
'cut'?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you carry a
weapon such as a
gun, knife, or club
on school
property?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you NOT
go to school
because you felt
you would be
unsafe at school or
on the way home
from school?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you smoke
cigarettes?"

"During the past 30
days, how many
whole days of
school have you
missed because
you skipped or
'cut'?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you carry a
weapon such as a
gun, knife, or club
on school
property?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you NOT
go to school
because you felt
you would be
unsafe at school or
on the way home
from school?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you smoke
cigarettes?"
"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you use
electronic cigarettes
(e-cigarettes)?"

"Has anyone in your
family ever had a
severe alcohol or
drug problem?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (a) drunk
beer, wine or hard
liquor (for example,
vodka whiskey or
gin)?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (b) smoked
marijuana?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (c) smoked
cigarettes?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (d) taken a
handgun to
school?"

"Has anyone in your
family ever had a
severe alcohol or
drug problem?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (a) drunk
beer, wine or hard
liquor (for example,
vodka whiskey or
gin)?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (b) smoked
marijuana?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (c) smoked
cigarettes?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (d) taken a
handgun to
school?"

"Has anyone in your
family ever had a
severe alcohol or
drug problem?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (a) drunk
beer, wine or hard
liquor (for example,
vodka whiskey or
gin)?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (b) smoked
marijuana?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (c) smoked
cigarettes?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (d) taken a
handgun to
school?"

"Has anyone in your
family ever had a
severe alcohol or
drug problem?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (a) drunk
beer, wine or hard
liquor (for example,
vodka whiskey or
gin)?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (b) smoked
marijuana?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (c) smoked
cigarettes?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (d) taken a
handgun to
school?"

"Has anyone in your
family ever had a
severe alcohol or
drug problem?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (a) drunk
beer, wine or hard
liquor (for example,
vodka whiskey or
gin)?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (b) smoked
marijuana?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (c) smoked
cigarettes?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (d) taken a
handgun to
school?"

"Has anyone in your
family ever had a
severe alcohol or
drug problem?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (a) drunk
beer, wine or hard
liquor (for example,
vodka whiskey or
gin)?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (b) smoked
marijuana?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (c) smoked
cigarettes?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (d) taken a
handgun to
school?"

"Has anyone in your
family ever had a
severe alcohol or
drug problem?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (a) drunk
beer, wine or hard
liquor (for example,
vodka whiskey or
gin)?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (b) smoked
marijuana?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (c) smoked
cigarettes?"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (d) taken a
handgun to
school?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Father"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Father"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Father"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply)
Grandparent(s)"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply)
Grandparent(s)"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply)
Grandparent(s)"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Mother"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Mother"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Mother"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) No one has
been in prison or
jail"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) No one has
been in prison or
jail"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Other
Adult(s)"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Other
Adult(s)"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Other
Adult(s)"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Brother(s)

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Brother(s)

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Brother(s)

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply)
Stepbrother(s)"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply)
Stepbrother(s)"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply)
Stepbrother(s)"

2016
"Have any of your
relatives been in
prison or jail any
time during the past
year (12 months)?
(Mark all that
apply.) Father"
"Have any of your
relatives been in
prison or jail any
time during the past
year (12 months)?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Grandparent(s)"
"Have any of your
relatives been in
prison or jail any
time during the past
year (12 months)?
(Mark all that
apply.) Mother"
"Have any of your
relatives been in
prison or jail any
time during the past
year (12 months)?
(Mark all that
apply.) No one has
been in prison on
jail"
"Have any of your
relatives been in
prison or jail any
time during the past
year (12 months)?
(Mark all that
apply.) Other
Adult(s)"
"Have any of your
relatives been in
prison or jail any
time during the past
year (12 months)?
(Mark all that
apply.) Sibling (i.e.,
brother, sister, stepsibling, etc.)"
"Have any of your
relatives been in
prison or jail any
time during the past
year (12 months)?
(Mark all that
apply.) Sibling (i.e.,
brother, sister, stepsibling, etc.)"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Sister(s)"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Sister(s)"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Sister(s)"

Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply)
Stepsister(s)"

Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply)
Stepsister(s)"

Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply)
Stepsister(s)"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Stepmother"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Stepmother"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Stepmother"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Stepfather"
"Have you ever
belonged to a
gang?"
"Have you ever
smoked
cigarettes?"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Stepfather"
"Have you ever
belonged to a
gang?"
"Have you ever
smoked
cigarettes?"

"How frequently
have you used
smokeless tobacco
during the past 30
days?"
"How important do
you think the things
you are learning are
going to be for your
later life?"
"How interesting are
most of your
courses to you?"

"How frequently
have you used
smokeless tobacco
during the past 30
days?"
"How important do
you think the things
you are learning are
going to be for your
later life?"
"How interesting are
most of your
courses to you?"

"Have you ever
belonged to a
gang?"
"Have you ever
smoked
cigarettes?"

"Have you ever
belonged to a
gang?"
"Have you ever
smoked
cigarettes?"

"Have you ever
belonged to a
gang?"
"Have you ever
smoked
cigarettes?"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Stepfather"
"Have you ever
belonged to a
gang?"
"Have you ever
smoked
cigarettes?"

"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you use
chewing tobacco,
snuff, or dip?"
"How important do
you think the things
you are learning are
going to be for your
later life?"
"How interesting are
most of your
courses to you?"

"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you use
chewing tobacco,
snuff, or dip?"
"How important do
you think the things
you are learning are
going to be for your
later life?"
"How interesting are
most of your
courses to you?"

"During the past 30
days, on how many
days did you use
chewing tobacco,
snuff, or dip?"
"How important do
you think the things
you are learning are
going to be for your
later life?"
"How interesting are
most of your
courses to you?"

"How frequently
have you used
smokeless tobacco
during the past 30
days?"
"How important do
you think the things
you are learning are
going to be for your
later life?"
"How interesting are
most of your
courses to you?"

2016
"Have any of your
relatives been in
prison or jail any
time during the past
year (12 months)?
(Mark all that
apply.) Sibling (i.e.,
brother, sister, stepsibling, etc.)"
"Have any of your
relatives been in
prison or jail any
time during the past
year (12 months)?
(Mark all that
apply.) Sibling (i.e.,
brother, sister, stepsibling, etc.)"
"Have any of your
relatives been in
prison or jail any
time during the past
year (12 months)?
(Mark all that
apply.) Stepparent"
"Have any of your
relatives been in
prison or jail any
time during the past
year (12 months)?
(Mark all that
apply.) Stepparent"
"Have you ever
belonged to a
gang?"
"Have you ever
smoked
cigarettes?"
"Have you ever
used electronic
cigarettes (ecigarettes)?"
"How frequently
have you used
smokeless tobacco
during the past 30
days?"
"How important do
you think the things
you are learning are
going to be for your
later life?"
"How interesting are
most of your
courses to you?"
"How many best
friends (the friends
you feel closest to)
do you have?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016
"How many peers
do you like to hang
out with and spend
time with?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(a) been suspended
from school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(b) carried a
handgun?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(c) sold illegal
drugs?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(d) stolen or tried to
steal a motor
vehicle such as a
car or motorcycle?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(a) been suspended
from school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(b) carried a
handgun?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(c) sold illegal
drugs?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(d) stolen or tried to
steal a motor
vehicle such as a
car or motorcycle?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(a) been suspended
from school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(b) carried a
handgun?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(c) sold illegal
drugs?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(d) stolen or tried to
steal a motor
vehicle such as a
car or motorcycle?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(a) been suspended
from school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(b) carried a
handgun?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(c) sold illegal
drugs?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(d) stolen or tried to
steal a motor
vehicle such as a
car or motorcycle?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(a) been suspended
from school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(b) carried a
handgun?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(c) sold illegal
drugs?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(d) stolen or tried to
steal a motor
vehicle such as a
car or motorcycle?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(a) been suspended
from school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(b) carried a
handgun?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(c) sold illegal
drugs?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(d) stolen or tried to
steal a motor
vehicle such as a
car or motorcycle?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(a) been suspended
from school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(b) carried a
handgun?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(c) sold illegal
drugs?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(d) stolen or tried to
steal a motor
vehicle such as a
car or motorcycle?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(e) participated in
clubs, organizations
or activities at
school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(f) been arrested?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(h) attacked
someone with the
idea of seriously
hurting them?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(j) been drunk or
high at school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(k) volunteered to
do community
service?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(l) taken a handgun
to school?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(e) participated in
clubs, organizations
or activities at
school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(f) been arrested?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(h) attacked
someone with the
idea of seriously
hurting them?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(j) been drunk or
high at school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(k) volunteered to
do community
service?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(l) taken a handgun
to school?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(e) participated in
clubs, organizations
or activities at
school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(f) been arrested?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(h) attacked
someone with the
idea of seriously
hurting them?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(j) been drunk or
high at school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(k) volunteered to
do community
service?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(l) taken a handgun
to school?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(e) participated in
clubs, organizations
or activities at
school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(f) been arrested?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(h) attacked
someone with the
idea of seriously
hurting them?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(j) been drunk or
high at school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(k) volunteered to
do community
service?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(l) taken a handgun
to school?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(e) participated in
clubs, organizations
or activities at
school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(f) been arrested?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(h) attacked
someone with the
idea of seriously
hurting them?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(j) been drunk or
high at school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(k) volunteered to
do community
service?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(l) taken a handgun
to school?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(e) participated in
clubs, organizations
or activities at
school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(f) been arrested?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(h) attacked
someone with the
idea of seriously
hurting them?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(j) been drunk or
high at school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(k) volunteered to
do community
service?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(l) taken a handgun
to school?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(e) participated in
clubs, organizations
or activities at
school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(f) been arrested?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(h) attacked
someone with the
idea of seriously
hurting them?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(j) been drunk or
high at school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(k) volunteered to
do community
service?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(l) taken a handgun
to school?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(m) seen someone
punched with a fist,
kicked, choked, or
beaten up?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(n) seen someone
attacked with a
weapon, other than
a gun, such as a
knife, bat, bottle, or
chain?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(o) seen someone
shot or shot at?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(m) seen someone
punched with a fist,
kicked, choked, or
beaten up?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(n) seen someone
attacked with a
weapon, other than
a gun, such as a
knife, bat, bottle, or
chain?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(o) seen someone
shot or shot at?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(m) seen someone
punched with a fist,
kicked, choked, or
beaten up?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(n) seen someone
attacked with a
weapon, other than
a gun, such as a
knife, bat, bottle, or
chain?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(o) seen someone
shot or shot at?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(m) seen someone
punched with a fist,
kicked, choked, or
beaten up?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(n) seen someone
attacked with a
weapon, other than
a gun, such as a
knife, bat, bottle, or
chain?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(o) seen someone
shot or shot at?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they
(d) take one or two
drinks of an
alcoholic beverage
(beer, wine, liquor)
nearly every day?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they
(d) take one or two
drinks of an
alcoholic beverage
(beer, wine, liquor)
nearly every day?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they
(d) take one or two
drinks of an
alcoholic beverage
(beer, wine, liquor)
nearly every day?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they
(d) take one or two
drinks of an
alcoholic beverage
(beer, wine, liquor)
nearly every day?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they
(d) take one or two
drinks of an
alcoholic beverage
(beer, wine, liquor)
nearly every day?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they
(d) take one or two
drinks of an
alcoholic beverage
(beer, wine, liquor)
nearly every day?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they
(d) take one or two
drinks of an
alcoholic beverage
(beer, wine, liquor)
nearly every day?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(a) smoke one or
more packs of
cigarettes per day?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(a) smoke one or
more packs of
cigarettes per day?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(a) smoke one or
more packs of
cigarettes per day?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(a) smoke one or
more packs of
cigarettes per day?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(a) smoke one or
more packs of
cigarettes per day?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(a) smoke one or
more packs of
cigarettes per day?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(a) smoke one or
more packs of
cigarettes per day?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(c) smoke
marijuana
regularly?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(c) smoke
marijuana
regularly?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(c) smoke
marijuana
regularly?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(c) smoke
marijuana
regularly?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(c) smoke
marijuana
regularly?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(c) smoke
marijuana once or
twice a week?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(c) smoke
marijuana once or
twice a week?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(e) have five or
more drinks of an
alcoholic beverage
in a row once or
twice a week?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(e) have five or
more drinks of an
alcoholic beverage
in a row once or
twice a week?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(e) have five or
more drinks of an
alcoholic beverage
in a row once or
twice a week?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(e) have five or
more drinks of an
alcoholic beverage
in a row once or
twice a week?"

2004

2006

2014

2016

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(f) use prescription
drugs without a
doctor tellilng them
to take them?"
"How often do your "How often do your "How often do your "How often do your "How often do your
parents tell you
parents tell you
parents tell you
parents tell you
parents tell you
they're proud of you they're proud of you they're proud of you they're proud of you they're proud of you
for something
for something
for something
for something
for something
you've done?"
you've done?"
you've done?"
you've done?"
you've done?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(f) use prescription
drugs without a
doctor tellilng them
to take them?"
"How often do your
parents tell you
they're proud of you
for something
you've done?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(f) use prescription
drugs without a
doctor tellilng them
to take them?"
"How often do your
parents tell you
they're proud of you
for something
you've done?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
"How often in the
"How often in the
possessions, or
past 12 months
past 12 months
anything of value:
have you: (b)
have you: (b)
(b) played the
played the lottery or played the lottery or lottery or scratch-off
scratch-off tickets?" scratch-off tickets?" tickets?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(b) played the
lottery or scratch-off
tickets?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(b) played the
lottery or scratch-off
tickets?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(b) played the
lottery or scratch-off
tickets?"

"How often have
you done the
"How often in the
"How often in the
following for money,
past 12 months
past 12 months
possessions, or
have you: (c) bet on have you: (c) bet on anything of value:
team sports?"
team sports?"
(c) bet on sports?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(c) bet on sports?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(c) bet on sports?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(c) bet on sports?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(d) played cards?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(d) played cards?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(d) played cards?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(d) played cards?"

"How often have
you done the
"How often in the
"How often in the
following for money,
past 12 months
past 12 months
possessions, or
have you: (h) bet on have you: (h) bet on anything of value:
dice games such as dice games such as (h) played a dice
craps?"
craps?"
game?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(h) played a dice
game?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(h) played a dice
game?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(h) played a dice
game?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
"How often in the
"How often in the
possessions, or
past 12 months
past 12 months
anything of value:
have you: (i) bet on have you: (i) bet on (i) bet on a game of
games of personal games of personal personal skill such
skill such as pool,
skill such as pool,
as pool or a video
darts, or bowling?" darts, or bowling?" game?"
"How old are you?" "How old are you?" "How old are you?" "How old are you?"
"How old were you "How old were you "How old were you "How old were you
when you first: (a) when you first: (a) when you first: (a) when you first: (a)
smoked
smoked
smoked
smoked
marijuana?"
marijuana?"
marijuana?"
marijuana?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(i) bet on a game of
personal skill such
as pool or a video
game?"
"How old are you?"
"How old were you
when you first: (a)
smoked
marijuana?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(i) bet on a game of
personal skill such
as pool or a video
game?"
"How old are you?"
"How old were you
when you first: (a)
smoked
marijuana?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(i) bet on a game of
personal skill such
as pool or a video
game?"
"How old are you?"
"How old were you
when you first: (a)
smoked
marijuana?"

"How often in the
past 12 months
have you: (d)
played cards for
money?"

2008

"How often in the
past 12 months
have you: (d)
played cards for
money?"

2010

2012

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"How old were you
when you first: (b)
smoked a cigarette,
even just a puff?"

"How old were you
when you first: (b)
smoked a cigarette,
even just a puff?"

"How old were you
when you first: (b)
smoked a cigarette,
even just a puff?"

"How old were you
when you first: (b)
smoked a cigarette,
even just a puff?"

"How old were you
when you first: (b)
smoked a cigarette,
even just a puff?"

"How old were you
when you first: (b)
smoked a cigarette,
even just a puff?"

"How old were you
when you first: (b)
smoked a cigarette,
even just a puff?"

"How old were you
when you first: (c)
had more than a sip
or two of beer, wine
or hard liquor (for
example, vodka,
whiskey, or gin)?"

"How old were you
when you first: (c)
had more than a sip
or two of beer, wine
or hard liquor (for
example, vodka,
whiskey, or gin)?"

"How old were you
when you first: (c)
had more than a sip
or two of beer, wine
or hard liquor (for
example, vodka,
whiskey, or gin)?"

"How old were you
when you first: (c)
had more than a sip
or two of beer, wine
or hard liquor (for
example, vodka,
whiskey, or gin)?"

"How old were you
when you first: (c)
had more than a sip
or two of beer, wine
or hard liquor (for
example, vodka,
whiskey, or gin)?"

"How old were you
when you first: (c)
had more than a sip
or two of beer, wine
or hard liquor (for
example, vodka,
whiskey, or gin)?"

"How old were you
when you first: (c)
had more than a sip
or two of beer, wine
or hard liquor (for
example, vodka,
whiskey, or gin)?"

"How old were you
when you first: (d)
began drinking
alcoholic beverages
regularly, that is, at
least once or twice
a month?"
"How old were you
when you first: (i)
attacked someone
with the idea of
seriously hurting
them?"
"How old were you
when you first: (j)
belonged to a
gang?"

"How old were you
when you first: (d)
began drinking
alcoholic beverages
regularly, that is, at
least once or twice
a month?"
"How old were you
when you first: (i)
attacked someone
with the idea of
seriously hurting
them?"
"How old were you
when you first: (j)
belonged to a
gang?"

"How old were you
when you first: (d)
began drinking
alcoholic beverages
regularly, that is, at
least once or twice
a month?"
"How old were you
when you first: (i)
attacked someone
with the idea of
seriously hurting
them?"
"How old were you
when you first: (j)
belonged to a
gang?"

"How old were you
when you first: (d)
began drinking
alcoholic beverages
regularly, that is, at
least once or twice
a month?"
"How old were you
when you first: (i)
attacked someone
with the idea of
seriously hurting
them?"
"How old were you
when you first: (j)
belonged to a
gang?"
"How old were you
when you first: (k)
gambled or bet on
anything (cards,
lottery, sports,
bingo, dice, raffles,
casino, internet or
video games,
etc.)?"

"How old were you
when you first: (d)
began drinking
alcoholic beverages
regularly, that is, at
least once or twice
a month?"
"How old were you
when you first: (i)
attacked someone
with the idea of
seriously hurting
them?"
"How old were you
when you first: (j)
belonged to a
gang?"
"How old were you
when you first: (k)
gambled or bet on
anything (cards,
lottery, sports,
bingo, dice, raffles,
casino, internet or
video games,
etc.)?"
"How old were you
when you first: (l)
used prescription
drugs without a
doctor telling you to
take them?"
"How wrong do you "How wrong do you "How wrong do you "How wrong do you "How wrong do you
think it is for
think it is for
think it is for
think it is for
think it is for
someone your age someone your age someone your age someone your age someone your age
to: (a) take a
to: (a) take a
to: (a) take a
to: (a) take a
to: (a) take a
handgun to
handgun to
handgun to
handgun to
handgun to
school?"
school?"
school?"
school?"
school?"
"How wrong do you "How wrong do you "How wrong do you "How wrong do you "How wrong do you
think it is for
think it is for
think it is for
think it is for
think it is for
someone your age someone your age someone your age someone your age someone your age
to: (b) steal
to: (b) steal
to: (b) steal
to: (b) steal
to: (b) steal
anything worth
anything worth
anything worth
anything worth
anything worth
more than $5?"
more than $5?"
more than $5?"
more than $5?"
more than $5?"
"How wrong do you "How wrong do you "How wrong do you "How wrong do you "How wrong do you
think it is for
think it is for
think it is for
think it is for
think it is for
someone your age someone your age someone your age someone your age someone your age
to: (c) pick a fight
to: (c) pick a fight
to: (c) pick a fight
to: (c) pick a fight
to: (c) pick a fight
with someone?"
with someone?"
with someone?"
with someone?"
with someone?"

"How old were you
when you first: (d)
began drinking
alcoholic beverages
regularly, that is, at
least once or twice
a month?"
"How old were you
when you first: (i)
attacked someone
with the idea of
seriously hurting
them?"
"How old were you
when you first: (j)
belonged to a
gang?"
"How old were you
when you first: (k)
gambled or bet on
anything (cards,
lottery, sports,
bingo, dice, raffles,
casino, internet or
video games,
etc.)?"
"How old were you
when you first: (l)
used prescription
drugs without a
doctor telling you to
take them?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (a) take a
handgun to
school?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (b) steal
anything worth
more than $5?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (c) pick a fight
with someone?"

"How old were you
when you first: (d)
began drinking
alcoholic beverages
regularly, that is, at
least once or twice
a month?"
"How old were you
when you first: (i)
attacked someone
with the idea of
seriously hurting
them?"
"How old were you
when you first: (j)
belonged to a
gang?"
"How old were you
when you first: (k)
gambled or bet on
anything (cards,
lottery, sports,
bingo, dice, raffles,
casino, internet or
video games,
etc.)?"
"How old were you
when you first: (l)
used prescription
drugs without a
doctor telling you to
take them?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (a) take a
handgun to
school?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (b) steal
anything worth
more than $5?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (c) pick a fight
with someone?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (d) attack
someone with the
idea of seriously
hurting them?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (e) stay away
from school all day
when their parents
think they are at
school?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (f) drink beer,
wine or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) regularly?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (g) smoke
cigarettes?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (i) use LSD,
cocaine,
amphetamines or
another illegal
drug?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (j) smoke
marijuana?"

"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (d) attack
someone with the
idea of seriously
hurting them?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (e) stay away
from school all day
when their parents
think they are at
school?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (f) drink beer,
wine or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) regularly?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (g) smoke
cigarettes?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (i) use LSD,
cocaine,
amphetamines or
another illegal
drug?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (j) smoke
marijuana?"

"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (d) attack
someone with the
idea of seriously
hurting them?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (e) stay away
from school all day
when their parents
think they are at
school?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (f) drink beer,
wine or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) regularly?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (g) smoke
cigarettes?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (i) use LSD,
cocaine,
amphetamines or
another illegal
drug?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (j) smoke
marijuana?"

"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (d) attack
someone with the
idea of seriously
hurting them?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (e) stay away
from school all day
when their parents
think they are at
school?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (f) drink beer,
wine or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) regularly?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (g) smoke
cigarettes?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (i) use LSD,
cocaine,
amphetamines or
another illegal
drug?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (j) smoke
marijuana?"

"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (d) attack
someone with the
idea of seriously
hurting them?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (e) stay away
from school all day
when their parents
think they are at
school?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (f) drink beer,
wine or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) regularly?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (g) smoke
cigarettes?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (i) use LSD,
cocaine,
amphetamines or
another illegal
drug?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (j) smoke
marijuana?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (j) use
prescription drugs
without a doctor
telling them to take
them?"

"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (d) attack
someone with the
idea of seriously
hurting them?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (e) stay away
from school all day
when their parents
think they are at
school?"

"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (d) attack
someone with the
idea of seriously
hurting them?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (e) stay away
from school all day
when their parents
think they are at
school?"

"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (f) have one or
two drinks of beer,
wine, or hard liquor
nearly every day?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (g) smoke
cigarettes?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (i) use LSD,
cocaine,
amphetamines or
another illegal
drug?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (j) smoke
marijuana?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (j) use
prescription drugs
without a doctor
telling them to take
them?"
"How wrong do your
friends feel it would
be for you: (a) have
one or two drinks of
an alcoholic
beverage nearly
every day?"

"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (f) have one or
two drinks of beer,
wine, or hard liquor
nearly every day?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (g) smoke
cigarettes?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (i) use LSD,
cocaine,
amphetamines or
another illegal
drug?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (j) smoke
marijuana?"
"How wrong do you
think it is for
someone your age
to: (j) use
prescription drugs
without a doctor
telling them to take
them?"
"How wrong do your
friends feel it would
be for you: (a) have
one or two drinks of
an alcoholic
beverage nearly
every day?"

"How wrong do your
friends feel it would
be for you: (b)
smoke tobacco?"

"How wrong do your
friends feel it would
be for you: (b)
smoke tobacco?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"How wrong do your
friends feel it would
be for you: (c)
smoke marijuana?"
"How wrong do your
friends feel it would
be for you: (d) use
prescription drugs
not prescribed to
you?"

"How wrong do your
friends feel it would
be for you: (c)
smoke marijuana?"
"How wrong do your
friends feel it would
be for you: (d) use
prescription drugs
not prescribed to
you?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (a)
drink beer, wine or
hard liquor (for
example, vodka,
whiskey or gin)
regularly?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (a)
drink beer, wine or
hard liquor (for
example, vodka,
whiskey or gin)
regularly?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (a)
drink beer, wine or
hard liquor (for
example, vodka,
whiskey or gin)
regularly?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (a)
drink beer, wine or
hard liquor (for
example, vodka,
whiskey or gin)
regularly?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (a)
drink beer, wine or
hard liquor (for
example, vodka,
whiskey or gin)
regularly?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (a)
have 1 to 2 drinks
of beer, wine, or
hard liquor (for
example, vodka,
whiskey, or gin)
nearly every day?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (a)
have 1 to 2 drinks
of beer, wine, or
hard liquor (for
example, vodka,
whiskey, or gin)
nearly every day?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (b)
smoke cigarettes?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (b)
smoke cigarettes?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (b)
smoke cigarettes?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (b)
smoke cigarettes?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (b)
smoke cigarettes?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (b)
smoke cigarettes?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (b)
smoke cigarettes?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (c)
smoke marijuana?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (d)
steal something
worth more than
$5?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (e)
draw graffiti, write
things, or draw
pictures on
buildings or other
property without the
owner's
permission)?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (f)
pick a fight with
someone?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (c)
smoke marijuana?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (d)
steal something
worth more than
$5?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (e)
draw graffiti, write
things, or draw
pictures on
buildings or other
property without the
owner's
permission)?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (f)
pick a fight with
someone?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (c)
smoke marijuana?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (d)
steal something
worth more than
$5?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (e)
draw graffiti, write
things, or draw
pictures on
buildings or other
property without the
owner's
permission)?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (f)
pick a fight with
someone?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (c)
smoke marijuana?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (d)
steal something
worth more than
$5?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (e)
draw graffiti, write
things, or draw
pictures on
buildings or other
property without the
owner's
permission)?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (f)
pick a fight with
someone?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (c)
smoke marijuana?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (d)
steal something
worth more than
$5?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (e)
draw graffiti, write
things, or draw
pictures on
buildings or other
property without the
owner's
permission)?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (f)
pick a fight with
someone?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (c)
smoke marijuana?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (d)
steal something
worth more than
$5?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (e)
draw graffiti, write
things, or draw
pictures on
buildings or other
property without the
owner's
permission)?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (f)
pick a fight with
someone?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (c)
smoke marijuana?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (d)
steal something
worth more than
$5?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (e)
draw graffiti, write
things, or draw
pictures on
buildings or other
property without the
owner's
permission)?"
"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (f)
pick a fight with
someone?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (g)
use prescription
drugs without a
doctor telling you to
take them?"

"How wrong do your
parents feel it would
be for YOU to: (g)
use prescription
drugs without a
doctor telling you to
take them?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (a) to use
marijuana?"
"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (b) to drink
alcohol?"
"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (c) to smoke
cigarettes?"
"I do the opposite of
what people tell me,
just to get them
mad."
"Do you enjoy
spending time with
your father?"
"Do you enjoy
spending time with
your mother?"
"I feel safe at my
school."
"I feel safe in my
neighborhood."
"Do you feel very
close to your
father?"
"Do you feel very
close to your
mother?"

"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (a) to use
marijuana?"
"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (b) to drink
alcohol?"
"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (c) to smoke
cigarettes?"
"I do the opposite of
what people tell me,
just to get them
mad."
"Do you enjoy
spending time with
your father?"
"Do you enjoy
spending time with
your mother?"
"I feel safe at my
school."
"I feel safe in my
neighborhood."
"Do you feel very
close to your
father?"
"Do you feel very
close to your
mother?"

"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (a) to use
marijuana?"
"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (b) to drink
alcohol?"
"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (c) to smoke
cigarettes?"
"I do the opposite of
what people tell me,
just to get them
mad."
"Do you enjoy
spending time with
your father?"
"Do you enjoy
spending time with
your mother?"
"I feel safe at my
school."
"I feel safe in my
neighborhood."
"Do you feel very
close to your
father?"
"Do you feel very
close to your
mother?"

"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (a) to use
marijuana?"
"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (b) to drink
alcohol?"
"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (c) to smoke
cigarettes?"
"I do the opposite of
what people tell me,
just to get them
mad."
"Do you enjoy
spending time with
your father?"
"Do you enjoy
spending time with
your mother?"
"I feel safe at my
school."
"I feel safe in my
neighborhood."
"Do you feel very
close to your
father?"
"Do you feel very
close to your
mother?"

"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (a) to use
marijuana?"
"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (b) to drink
alcohol?"
"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (c) to smoke
cigarettes?"
"I do the opposite of
what people tell me,
just to get them
mad."
"Do you enjoy
spending time with
your father?"
"Do you enjoy
spending time with
your mother?"
"I feel safe at my
school."
"I feel safe in my
neighborhood."
"Do you feel very
close to your
father?"
"Do you feel very
close to your
mother?"

"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (a) to use
marijuana?"
"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (b) to drink
alcohol?"
"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (c) to smoke
cigarettes?"
"I do the opposite of
what people tell me,
just to get them
mad."
"Do you enjoy
spending time with
your father?"
"Do you enjoy
spending time with
your mother?"
"I feel safe at my
school."
"I feel safe in my
neighborhood."
"Do you feel very
close to your
father?"
"Do you feel very
close to your
mother?"

"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (a) to use
marijuana?"
"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (b) to drink
alcohol?"
"How wrong would
most adults (over
21) in your
neighborhood think
it is for kids your
age: (c) to smoke
cigarettes?"
"I do the opposite of
what people tell me,
just to get them
mad."
"I enjoy spending
time with my
father."
"I enjoy spending
time with my
mother."
"I feel safe at my
school."
"I feel safe in my
neighborhood."

"I have lots of
chances to be part
of class discussions
or activities."
"I ignore rules that
get in my way."
"I like my
neighborhood."
"I like to see how
much I can get
away with."
"Do you share your
thoughts and
feelings with your
father?"
"Do you share your
thoughts and
feelings with your
mother?"

"I have lots of
chances to be part
of class discussions
or activities."
"I ignore rules that
get in my way."
"I like my
neighborhood."
"I like to see how
much I can get
away with."
"Do you share your
thoughts and
feelings with your
father?"
"Do you share your
thoughts and
feelings with your
mother?"

"I have lots of
chances to be part
of class discussions
or activities."
"I ignore rules that
get in my way."
"I like my
neighborhood."
"I like to see how
much I can get
away with."
"Do you share your
thoughts and
feelings with your
father?"
"Do you share your
thoughts and
feelings with your
mother?"

"I have lots of
chances to be part
of class discussions
or activities."
"I ignore rules that
get in my way."
"I like my
neighborhood."
"I like to see how
much I can get
away with."
"Do you share your
thoughts and
feelings with your
father?"
"Do you share your
thoughts and
feelings with your
mother?"

"I have lots of
chances to be part
of class discussions
or activities."
"I ignore rules that
get in my way."
"I like my
neighborhood."
"I like to see how
much I can get
away with."
"Do you share your
thoughts and
feelings with your
father?"
"Do you share your
thoughts and
feelings with your
mother?"

"I have lots of
chances to be part
of class discussions
or activities."
"I ignore rules that
get in my way."
"I like my
neighborhood."
"I like to see how
much I can get
away with."
"Do you share your
thoughts and
feelings with your
father?"
"Do you share your
thoughts and
feelings with your
mother?"

"I have lots of
chances to be part
of class discussions
or activities."
"I ignore rules that
get in my way."
"I like my
neighborhood."
"I like to see how
much I can get
away with."
"I share my
thoughts and
feelings with my
father."
"I share my
thoughts and
feelings with my
mother."

"I feel very close to
my father."
"I feel very close to
my mother."

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"I think it okay to
take something
without asking if
you can get away
with it."
"I think sometimes
it's okay to cheat at
school."
"I'd like to get out of
my neighborhood."
"If a kid carried a
handgun in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If a kid drank some
beer, wine, or hard
liquor (for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If a kid smoked
marijuana in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"

"I think it okay to
take something
without asking if
you can get away
with it."
"I think sometimes
it's okay to cheat at
school."
"I'd like to get out of
my neighborhood."
"If a kid carried a
handgun in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If a kid drank some
beer, wine, or hard
liquor (for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If a kid smoked
marijuana in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"

"I think it okay to
take something
without asking if
you can get away
with it."
"I think sometimes
it's okay to cheat at
school."
"I'd like to get out of
my neighborhood."
"If a kid carried a
handgun in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If a kid drank some
beer, wine, or hard
liquor (for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If a kid smoked
marijuana in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"

"I think it okay to
take something
without asking if
you can get away
with it."
"I think sometimes
it's okay to cheat at
school."
"I'd like to get out of
my neighborhood."
"If a kid carried a
handgun in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If a kid drank some
beer, wine, or hard
liquor (for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If a kid smoked
marijuana in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.)
Another family
member who is 21
or older gave it to
me"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I
bought it at a public
event such as a
concert or sporting
event"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I
bought it at a
restaurant, bar, or
club"

"I think it okay to
take something
without asking if
you can get away
with it."
"I think sometimes
it's okay to cheat at
school."
"I'd like to get out of
my neighborhood."
"If a kid carried a
handgun in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If a kid drank some
beer, wine, or hard
liquor (for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If a kid smoked
marijuana in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.)
Another family
member who is 21
or older gave it to
me"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I
bought it at a public
event such as a
concert or sporting
event"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I
bought it at a
restaurant, bar, or
club"

"I think it okay to
take something
without asking if
you can get away
with it."
"I think sometimes
it's okay to cheat at
school."
"I'd like to get out of
my neighborhood."
"If a kid carried a
handgun in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If a kid drank some
beer, wine, or hard
liquor (for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If a kid smoked
marijuana in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.)
Another family
member who is 21
or older gave it to
me"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I
bought it at a public
event such as a
concert or sporting
event"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I
bought it at a
restaurant, bar, or
club"

"I think it okay to
take something
without asking if
you can get away
with it."
"I think sometimes
it's okay to cheat at
school."
"I'd like to get out of
my neighborhood."
"If a kid carried a
handgun in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If a kid drank some
beer, wine, or hard
liquor (for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If a kid smoked
marijuana in your
neighborhood
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.)
Another family
member who is 21
or older gave it to
me"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I
bought it at a public
event such as a
concert or sporting
event"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I
bought it at a
restaurant, bar, or
club"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I
bought it in a store
such as a liquor
store, convenience
store, supermarket,
discount store, or
gas station"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I did
not drink alcohol in
the past 30 days"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I gave
someone else
money to buy it for
me"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I got it
at a party"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I got it
some other way"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I took it
from a store or
someone else's
home"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I took it
from home"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) My
parent or guardian
gave it to me"

"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I
bought it in a store
such as a liquor
store, convenience
store, supermarket,
discount store, or
gas station"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I did
not drink alcohol in
the past 30 days"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I gave
someone else
money to buy it for
me"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I got it
at a party"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I got it
some other way"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I took it
from a store or
someone else's
home"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I took it
from home"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) My
parent or guardian
gave it to me"

"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I
bought it in a store
such as a liquor
store, convenience
store, supermarket,
discount store, or
gas station"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I did
not drink alcohol in
the past 30 days"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I gave
someone else
money to buy it for
me"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I got it
at a party"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I got it
some other way"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I took it
from a store or
someone else's
home"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I took it
from home"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) My
parent or guardian
gave it to me"

"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I
bought it in a store
such as a liquor
store, convenience
store, supermarket,
discount store, or
gas station"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I did
not drink alcohol in
the past 30 days"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I gave
someone else
money to buy it for
me"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I got it
at a party"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I got it
some other way"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I took it
from a store or
someone else's
home"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I took it
from home"
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) My
parent or guardian
gave it to me"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2014

2016

"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.)
Someone not
related to me who is
21 or older gave it
to me."
"If during the past
"If during the past
30 days you drank 30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all you get it? (Mark all
that apply.)
that apply.)
Someone under the Someone under the
age of 21 gave it to age of 21 gave it to
me"
me"
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) Home"
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I did
not use marijuana
during the past 30
days"
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I got it
from someone with
a Medical Marijuana
Card"
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I got it
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I got it
from someone with
a Medical Marijuana
Card"
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) Other"

2012

"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.)
Someone not
related to me who is
21 or older gave it
to me."
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.)
Someone under the
age of 21 gave it to
me"
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) Home"
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I did
not use marijuana
during the past 30
days"
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I got it
from someone with
a Medical Marijuana
Card"
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I got it
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I got it
from someone with
a Medical Marijuana
Card"
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) Other"

"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.)
Someone not
related to me who is
21 or older gave it
to me."
"If during the past
30 days you drank
alcohol, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.)
Someone under the
age of 21 gave it to
me"
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) Home"
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I did
not use marijuana
during the past 30
days"
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I got it
from someone with
a Medical Marijuana
Card"
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I got it
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) I got it
from someone with
a Medical Marijuana
Card"
"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) Other"

"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) Parties"

"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) Parties"

"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) Parties"

2004

"If you carried a
handgun without
your parents'
permission, would
you be caught by
your parents?"
"If you drank some
beer, wine, or liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) without your
parents' permission,
would you be
caught by your
parents?"
"If I had a personal
problem, I could ask
my mom or dad for
help."
"If I had to move, I
would miss the
neighborhood I now
live in."
"If you skipped
school would you
be caught by your
parents?"

2006

"If you carried a
handgun without
your parents'
permission, would
you be caught by
your parents?"
"If you drank some
beer, wine, or liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) without your
parents' permission,
would you be
caught by your
parents?"
"If I had a personal
problem, I could ask
my mom or dad for
help."
"If I had to move, I
would miss the
neighborhood I now
live in."
"If you skipped
school would you
be caught by your
parents?"

2008

"If you carried a
handgun without
your parents'
permission, would
you be caught by
your parents?"
"If you drank some
beer, wine, or liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) without your
parents' permission,
would you be
caught by your
parents?"
"If I had a personal
problem, I could ask
my mom or dad for
help."
"If I had to move, I
would miss the
neighborhood I now
live in."
"If you skipped
school would you
be caught by your
parents?"

2010

"If you carried a
handgun without
your parents'
permission, would
you be caught by
your parents?"
"If you drank some
beer, wine, or liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) without your
parents' permission,
would you be
caught by your
parents?"
"If I had a personal
problem, I could ask
my mom or dad for
help."
"If I had to move, I
would miss the
neighborhood I now
live in."
"If you skipped
school would you
be caught by your
parents?"

2012

2014

2016

"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) School"
"If you carried a
handgun without
your parents'
permission, would
you be caught by
your parents?"
"If you drank some
beer, wine, or liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) without your
parents' permission,
would you be
caught by your
parents?"
"If I had a personal
problem, I could ask
my mom or dad for
help."
"If I had to move, I
would miss the
neighborhood I now
live in."
"If you skipped
school would you
be caught by your
parents?"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): I might get
kicked out of school
or extracurricular
activities (e.g.,
sports,
cheerleading,
drama club/plays)"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): I wanted to,
but I couldn't get it
or wasn't offered it"

"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) School"
"If you carried a
handgun without
your parents'
permission, would
you be caught by
your parents?"
"If you drank some
beer, wine, or liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) without your
parents' permission,
would you be
caught by your
parents?"
"If I had a personal
problem, I could ask
my mom or dad for
help."
"If I had to move, I
would miss the
neighborhood I now
live in."
"If you skipped
school would you
be caught by your
parents?"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): I might get
kicked out of school
or extracurricular
activities (e.g.,
sports,
cheerleading,
drama club/plays)"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): I wanted to,
but I couldn't get it
or wasn't offered it"

"If during the past
30 days you used
marijuana, how did
you get it? (Mark all
that apply.) School"
"If I carried a
handgun without my
parents' permission,
my parents would
catch me."
"If I drank some
beer, wine, or liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) without your
parents' permission,
my parents would
catch me."
"If I had a personal
problem, I could ask
my mom or dad for
help."
"If I had to move, I
would miss the
neighborhood I now
live in."
"If I skipped school,
my parents would
catch me."
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): I might get
kicked out of school
or extracurricular
activities (e.g.,
sports,
cheerleading,
drama club/plays)"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): I wanted to,
but I couldn't get it
or wasn't offered it"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): I would get
a bad reputation
with peers"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): I'm not
interested in using
drugs"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): I've tried
them before and I
don't like them"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): It can harm
my body"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): It's against
my religious or
spiritual beliefs"

"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): I would get
a bad reputation
with peers"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): I'm not
interested in using
drugs"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): I've tried
them before and I
don't like them"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): It can harm
my body"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): It's against
my religious or
spiritual beliefs"

"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): I would get
a bad reputation
with peers"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): I'm not
interested in using
drugs"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): I've tried
them before and I
don't like them"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): It can harm
my body"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): It's against
my religious or
spiritual beliefs"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): It's illegal --I
could get arrested"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): It's morally
wrong"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): My friends
would stop talking
to me or hanging
out with me"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): My parents
would be
disappointed in me"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): My parents
would take away
my privileges if they
found out"

"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): It's illegal --I
could get arrested"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): It's morally
wrong"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): My friends
would stop talking
to me or hanging
out with me"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): My parents
would be
disappointed in me"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): My parents
would take away
my privileges if they
found out"

"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): It's illegal --I
could get arrested"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): It's morally
wrong"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): My friends
would stop talking
to me or hanging
out with me"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): My parents
would be
disappointed in me"
"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): My parents
would take away
my privileges if they
found out"

2004

"If you have ever
belonged to a gang,
what was the one
major reason you
joined?"

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"If you have ever
belonged to a gang,
what was the one
major reason you
joined?"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.)
Doctor/Pharmacy"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.)
Family/Relatives"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Friends"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Home (e.g.,
Medicine Cabinet)"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) I've never
used prescription
drugs to get high"

"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): My
teachers/mentors/ot
her adults in my life
would be
disappointed in me"
"If you have ever
belonged to a gang,
what was the one
major reason you
joined?"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.)
Doctor/Pharmacy"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.)
Family/Relatives"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Friends"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Home (e.g.,
Medicine Cabinet)"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) I've never
used prescription
drugs to get high"

"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): My
teachers/mentors/ot
her adults in my life
would be
disappointed in me"
"If you have ever
belonged to a gang,
what was the one
major reason you
joined?"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.)
Doctor/Pharmacy"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.)
Family/Relatives"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Friends"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Home (e.g.,
Medicine Cabinet)"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) I've never
used prescription
drugs to get high"

"If you did not use
alcohol, tobacco, or
other drugs in the
past 30 days,
please tell us about
some of the
reasons for not
using (Mark all that
apply): My
teachers/mentors/ot
her adults in my life
would be
disappointed in me"
"If you have ever
belonged to a gang,
what was the one
major reason you
joined?"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.)
Doctor/Pharmacy"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.)
Family/Relatives"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Friends"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Home (e.g.,
Medicine Cabinet)"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) I've never
used prescription
drugs to get high"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Other"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Outside the
United States (e.g.,
Mexico, Canada)"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Over the
Internet"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Parties"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) School"

"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Other"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Outside the
United States (e.g.,
Mexico, Canada)"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Over the
Internet"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Parties"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) School"

"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Other"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Outside the
United States (e.g.,
Mexico, Canada)"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Over the
Internet"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Parties"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) School"

"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Other"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Outside the
United States (e.g.,
Mexico, Canada)"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Over the
Internet"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) Parties"
"If you have ever
used prescription
drugs in order to get
high, not for a
medical reason,
how did you get
them? (Mark all the
apply.) School"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): I needed it,
craved it, or am
addicted"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): I needed it,
craved it, or am
addicted"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): I needed it,
craved it, or am
addicted"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): I was bored
and needed
something to do"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): I was bored
and needed
something to do"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): I was bored
and needed
something to do"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): Other
(Please tell us other
reasons you had for
using substances in
the space
provided)"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): Other"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): Other"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To be like
an actor or
musician/band that I
admire"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To be like
an actor or
musician/band that I
admire"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To be like
an actor or
musician/band that I
admire"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To deal with
the stress in my life"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To deal with
the stress in my life"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To deal with
the stress in my life"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To feel
more grown up or
prove that I am
grown up"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To feel
more grown up or
prove that I am
grown up"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To feel
more grown up or
prove that I am
grown up"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To fit in with
my friends"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To fit in with
my friends"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To fit in with
my friends"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To get back
at my parents or to
get my parent's
attention"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To get back
at my parents or to
get my parent's
attention"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To get back
at my parents or to
get my parent's
attention"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To get high
or to have a good
feeling"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To get high
or to have a good
feeling"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To get high
or to have a good
feeling"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To have
fun"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To have
fun"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To have
fun"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To help me
feel normal"
"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To help me
feel normal"
"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To help me
feel normal"
"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30

2004

"If you wanted to
get a drug like
cocaine, LSD, or
amphetamines, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get a handgun, how
easy would it be for
you to get one?"
"If you wanted to
get some beer,
wine, or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin), how easy
would it be for you
to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get some
cigarettes, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get some
marijuana, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"

2006

"If you wanted to
get a drug like
cocaine, LSD, or
amphetamines, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get a handgun, how
easy would it be for
you to get one?"
"If you wanted to
get some beer,
wine, or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin), how easy
would it be for you
to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get some
cigarettes, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get some
marijuana, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"

2008

"If you wanted to
get a drug like
cocaine, LSD, or
amphetamines, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get a handgun, how
easy would it be for
you to get one?"
"If you wanted to
get some beer,
wine, or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin), how easy
would it be for you
to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get some
cigarettes, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get some
marijuana, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"

2010

"If you wanted to
get a drug like
cocaine, LSD, or
amphetamines, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get a handgun, how
easy would it be for
you to get one?"
"If you wanted to
get some beer,
wine, or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin), how easy
would it be for you
to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get some
cigarettes, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get some
marijuana, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"

2012

2014

2016

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To help me
stay focused or
think better"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To help me
stay focused or
think better"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To help me
stay focused or
think better"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To keep
from feeling sad or
down"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To keep
from feeling sad or
down"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To keep
from feeling sad or
down"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To try
something new or
exciting"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To try
something new or
exciting"

"If you used alcohol,
tobacco, or other
drugs in the past 30
days, please tell us
about some of your
reasons for using
(Mark all that
apply): To try
something new or
exciting"

"If you wanted to
get a drug like
cocaine, LSD, or
amphetamines, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get a handgun, how
easy would it be for
you to get one?"
"If you wanted to
get some beer,
wine, or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin), how easy
would it be for you
to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get some
cigarettes, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get some
marijuana, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"

"If you wanted to
get a drug like
cocaine, LSD, or
amphetamines, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get a handgun, how
easy would it be for
you to get one?"
"If you wanted to
get some beer,
wine, or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin), how easy
would it be for you
to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get some
cigarettes, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get some
marijuana, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"

"If you wanted to
get a drug like
cocaine, LSD, or
amphetamines, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get a handgun, how
easy would it be for
you to get one?"
"If you wanted to
get some beer,
wine, or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin), how easy
would it be for you
to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get some
cigarettes, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"
"If you wanted to
get some
marijuana, how
easy would it be for
you to get some?"

2004

2006

2008

"In my school,
students have lots
of chances to help
decide things like
class activities and
rules."

"On average, how
much time do you
spend after school
each day at home
with no adult
present? (Count the
hours between the
end of school and
when you go to
bed.)"
"In my school,
students have lots
of chances to help
decide things like
class activities and
rules."

"On average, how
much time do you
spend after school
each day at home
with no adult
present? (Count the
hours between the
end of school and
when you go to
bed.)"
"In my school,
students have lots
of chances to help
decide things like
class activities and
rules."

2010

2012

2014

2016

"In my school,
students have lots
of chances to help
decide things like
class activities and
rules."

"In a normal school
week, how many
days are you home
after school for at
least one hour
without an adult
there?"
"In my school,
students have lots
of chances to help
decide things like
class activities and
rules."

"In a normal school
week, how many
days are you home
after school for at
least one hour
without an adult
there?"
"In my school,
students have lots
of chances to help
decide things like
class activities and
rules."

"In a normal school
week, how many
days are you home
after school for at
least one hour
without an adult
there?"
"In my school,
students have lots
of chances to help
decide things like
class activities and
rules."

"In the last 30 days,
about how many
times were you
offered (a) alcohol?"
"In the last 30 days,
about how many
times were you
offered (b)
cigarettes?"
"In the last 30 days,
about how many
times were you
offered (c)
marijuana?"

"In the last 30 days,
about how many
times were you
offered (a) alcohol?"
"In the last 30 days,
about how many
times were you
offered (b)
cigarettes?"
"In the last 30 days,
about how many
times were you
offered (c)
marijuana?"

"In the last 30 days,
about how many
times were you
offered (a) alcohol?"
"In the last 30 days,
about how many
times were you
offered (b)
cigarettes?"
"In the last 30 days,
about how many
times were you
offered (c)
marijuana?"

"In the last 30 days,
about how many
times were you
offered (a) alcohol?"
"In the last 30 days,
about how many
times were you
offered (b)
cigarettes?"
"In the last 30 days,
about how many
times were you
offered (c)
marijuana?"
"In the last 30 days,
about how many
times were you
offered (d) Rx
drugs?"
"In the last 30 days, "In the last 30 days, "In the last 30 days, "In the last 30 days,
about how many
about how many
about how many
about how many
times were you
times were you
times were you
times were you
offered (d) other
offered (d) other
offered (d) other
offered (e) other
drugs?"
drugs?"
drugs?"
drugs?"
"In the last 30 days,
how many times
have you taken
money that didn't
belong to you or
used someone
else's credit card
without their
approval in order to:
(a) Purchase
alcohol?"
"In the last 30 days,
how many times
have you taken
money that didn't
belong to you or
used someone
else's credit card
without their
approval in order to:
(b) Purchase
prescription (Rx)
drugs?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"In the last 30 days,
how many times
have you taken
money that didn't
belong to you or
used someone
else's credit card
without their
approval in order to:
(c) Purchase illicit
drugs (e.g.
marijuana, meth,
heroin)?"
"In the last 30 days,
how many times
have you taken
money that didn't
belong to you or
used someone
else's credit card
without their
approval in order to:
(d) Purchase a gun,
knife, or other
weapon?"
"In the last 30 days,
how many times
have you taken
money that didn't
belong to you or
used someone
else's credit card
without their
approval in order to:
(e) Support gang
activities?"
"In the last 30 days,
how many times
have you taken
money that didn't
belong to you or
used someone
else's credit card
without their
approval in order to:
(f) Gamble or place
a bet?"
"In the last 30 days, "In the last 30 days, "In the last 30 days, "In the last 30 days,
how often did you
how often did you
how often did you
how often did you
respond in the
respond in the
respond in the
respond in the
following ways
following ways
following ways
following ways
when alcohol,
when alcohol,
when alcohol,
when alcohol,
cigarettes,
cigarettes,
cigarettes,
cigarettes,
marijuana or other marijuana or other marijuana or other marijuana or other
drugs were offered drugs were offered drugs were offered drugs were offered
to you? (Fill in an
to you? (Fill in an
to you? (Fill in an
to you? (Fill in an
answer for each
answer for each
answer for each
answer for each
way of responding) way of responding) way of responding) way of responding)
(a) say "No" without (a) say "No" without (a) say "No" without (a) say "No" without
giving a reason
giving a reason
giving a reason
giving a reason
why?"
why?"
why?"
why?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"In the last 30 days,
how often did you
respond in the
following ways
when alcohol,
cigarettes,
marijuana or other
drugs were offered
to you? (Fill in an
answer for each
way of responding)
(b) give an
explanation or
excuse to turn down
the offer?"
"In the last 30 days,
how often did you
respond in the
following ways
when alcohol,
cigarettes,
marijuana or other
drugs were offered
to you? (Fill in an
answer for each
way of responding)
(c) decide to leave
the situation without
accepting the
offer?"
"In the last 30 days,
how often did you
respond in the
following ways
when alcohol,
cigarettes,
marijuana or other
drugs were offered
to you? (Fill in an
answer for each
way of responding)
(d) use some other
way to not accept
the alcohol or
drugs?"

"In the last 30 days,
how often did you
respond in the
following ways
when alcohol,
cigarettes,
marijuana or other
drugs were offered
to you? (Fill in an
answer for each
way of responding)
(b) give an
explanation or
excuse to turn down
the offer?"
"In the last 30 days,
how often did you
respond in the
following ways
when alcohol,
cigarettes,
marijuana or other
drugs were offered
to you? (Fill in an
answer for each
way of responding)
(c) decide to leave
the situation without
accepting the
offer?"
"In the last 30 days,
how often did you
respond in the
following ways
when alcohol,
cigarettes,
marijuana or other
drugs were offered
to you? (Fill in an
answer for each
way of responding)
(d) use some other
way to not accept
the alcohol or
drugs?"

"In the last 30 days,
how often did you
respond in the
following ways
when alcohol,
cigarettes,
marijuana or other
drugs were offered
to you? (Fill in an
answer for each
way of responding)
(b) give an
explanation or
excuse to turn down
the offer?"
"In the last 30 days,
how often did you
respond in the
following ways
when alcohol,
cigarettes,
marijuana or other
drugs were offered
to you? (Fill in an
answer for each
way of responding)
(c) decide to leave
the situation without
accepting the
offer?"
"In the last 30 days,
how often did you
respond in the
following ways
when alcohol,
cigarettes,
marijuana or other
drugs were offered
to you? (Fill in an
answer for each
way of responding)
(d) use some other
way to not accept
the alcohol or
drugs?"

"In the last 30 days,
how often did you
respond in the
following ways
when alcohol,
cigarettes,
marijuana or other
drugs were offered
to you? (Fill in an
answer for each
way of responding)
(b) give an
explanation or
excuse to turn down
the offer?"
"In the last 30 days,
how often did you
respond in the
following ways
when alcohol,
cigarettes,
marijuana or other
drugs were offered
to you? (Fill in an
answer for each
way of responding)
(c) decide to leave
the situation without
accepting the
offer?"
"In the last 30 days,
how often did you
respond in the
following ways
when alcohol,
cigarettes,
marijuana or other
drugs were offered
to you? (Fill in an
answer for each
way of responding)
(d) use some other
way to not accept
the alcohol or
drugs?"

"In the last 30 days,
how often have you
avoided people or
places because you
might be offered
alcohol, cigarettes,
marijuana, or other
drugs?"

"In the last 30 days,
how often have you
avoided people or
places because you
might be offered
alcohol, cigarettes,
marijuana, or other
drugs?"

"In the last 30 days,
how often have you
avoided people or
places because you
might be offered
alcohol, cigarettes,
marijuana, or other
drugs?"

"In the last 30 days,
how often have you
avoided people or
places because you
might be offered
alcohol, cigarettes,
marijuana, or other
drugs?"
"In the last month,
how often have you
felt: (a) that you
were unable to
control the
important things in
your life?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"In the last month,
how often have you
felt: (b) confident
about your abilities
to handle your
personal
problems?"
"In the last month,
how often have you
felt: (c) that things
were going your
way?"
"In the last month,
how often have you
felt: (d) that
difficulties were
piling up so high
that you could not
overcome them?"
"It is all right to beat "It is all right to beat "It is all right to beat "It is all right to beat "It is all right to beat "It is all right to beat "It is all right to beat
up people if they
up people if they
up people if they
up people if they
up people if they
up people if they
up people if they
start the fight."
start the fight."
start the fight."
start the fight."
start the fight."
start the fight."
start the fight."
"It is important to be "It is important to be "It is important to be "It is important to be "It is important to be "It is important to be "It is important to be
honest with your
honest with your
honest with your
honest with your
honest with your
honest with your
honest with your
parents, even if
parents, even if
parents, even if
parents, even if
parents, even if
parents, even if
parents, even if
they become upset they become upset they become upset they become upset they become upset they become upset they become upset
or you get
or you get
or you get
or you get
or you get
or you get
or you get
punished."
punished."
punished."
punished."
punished."
punished."
punished."
"My family has clear
rules about alcohol
and drug use."
"My neighbors
notice when I am
doing a good job
and let me know
about it."
"My parents ask if
I've gotten my
homework done."
"My parents ask me
what I think before
most family
decisions affecting
me are made."
"My parents give
me lots of chances
to do fun things with
them."
"My parents notice
when I am doing a
good job and let me
know about it."
"Would your
parents know if you
did not come home
on time?"
"My teacher(s)
notices when I am
doing a good job
and lets me know
about it."

"My family has clear
rules about alcohol
and drug use."
"My neighbors
notice when I am
doing a good job
and let me know
about it."
"My parents ask if
I've gotten my
homework done."
"My parents ask me
what I think before
most family
decisions affecting
me are made."
"My parents give
me lots of chances
to do fun things with
them."
"My parents notice
when I am doing a
good job and let me
know about it."
"Would your
parents know if you
did not come home
on time?"
"My teacher(s)
notices when I am
doing a good job
and lets me know
about it."

"My family has clear
rules about alcohol
and drug use."
"My neighbors
notice when I am
doing a good job
and let me know
about it."
"My parents ask if
I've gotten my
homework done."
"My parents ask me
what I think before
most family
decisions affecting
me are made."
"My parents give
me lots of chances
to do fun things with
them."
"My parents notice
when I am doing a
good job and let me
know about it."
"Would your
parents know if you
did not come home
on time?"
"My teacher(s)
notices when I am
doing a good job
and lets me know
about it."

"My family has clear
rules about alcohol
and drug use."
"My neighbors
notice when I am
doing a good job
and let me know
about it."
"My parents ask if
I've gotten my
homework done."
"My parents ask me
what I think before
most family
decisions affecting
me are made."
"My parents give
me lots of chances
to do fun things with
them."
"My parents notice
when I am doing a
good job and let me
know about it."
"Would your
parents know if you
did not come home
on time?"
"My teacher(s)
notices when I am
doing a good job
and lets me know
about it."

"My family has clear
rules about alcohol
and drug use."
"My neighbors
notice when I am
doing a good job
and let me know
about it."
"My parents ask if
I've gotten my
homework done."
"My parents ask me
what I think before
most family
decisions affecting
me are made."
"My parents give
me lots of chances
to do fun things with
them."
"My parents notice
when I am doing a
good job and let me
know about it."
"Would your
parents know if you
did not come home
on time?"

"My family has clear
rules about alcohol
and drug use."
"My neighbors
notice when I am
doing a good job
and let me know
about it."
"My parents ask if
I've gotten my
homework done."
"My parents ask me
what I think before
most family
decisions affecting
me are made."
"My parents give
me lots of chances
to do fun things with
them."
"My parents notice
when I am doing a
good job and let me
know about it."
"Would your
parents know if you
did not come home
on time?"

"My family has clear
rules about alcohol
and drug use."
"My neighbors
notice when I am
doing a good job
and let me know
about it."
"My parents ask if
I've gotten my
homework done."
"My parents ask me
what I think before
most family
decisions affecting
me are made."
"My parents give
me lots of chances
to do fun things with
them."
"My parents notice
when I am doing a
good job and let me
know about it."
"My parents would
know if I did not
come home on
time."

"My teachers notice
when I am doing a
good job and let me
know about it."

"My teachers notice
when I am doing a
good job and let me
know about it."

"My teachers notice
when I am doing a
good job and let me
know about it."

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"My teachers praise "My teachers praise "My teachers praise "My teachers praise "My teachers praise "My teachers praise "My teachers praise
me when I work
me when I work
me when I work
me when I work
me when I work
me when I work
me when I work
hard in school."
hard in school."
hard in school."
hard in school."
hard in school."
hard in school."
hard in school."
"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (a) enjoy
being in school?"

"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (a) enjoy
being in school?"

"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (a) enjoy
being in school?"

"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (a) enjoy
being in school?"

"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (a) enjoy
being in school?"

"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (a) enjoy
being in school?"

"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (a) enjoy
being in school?"

"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (b) hate
being in school?"
"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (c) try to do
your best work in
school?'

"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (b) hate
being in school?"
"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (c) try to do
your best work in
school?'

"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (b) hate
being in school?"
"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (c) try to do
your best work in
school?'

"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (b) hate
being in school?"
"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (c) try to do
your best work in
school?'

"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (b) hate
being in school?"

"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (b) hate
being in school?"

"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (b) hate
being in school?"

"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (c) try to do
your best work?"

"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (c) try to do
your best work?"

"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (c) try to do
your best work?"

"How often do you
feel that the school
work you are
assigned is
meaningful and
important?"

"How often do you
feel that the school
work you are
assigned is
meaningful and
important?"

"How often do you
feel that the school
work you are
assigned is
meaningful and
important?"

"How often do you
feel that the school
work you are
assigned is
meaningful and
important?"

"How often do you
feel that the school
work you are
assigned is
meaningful and
important?"

"How often do you
feel that the school
work you are
assigned is
meaningful and
important?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: drank
beer, wine, or hard
liquor at the same
time you used
prescription drugs
(e.g., Oxycontin,
Vicodin, Valium,
Xanax, Ritalin,
Adderal, sleeping
pills) during the
past 30 days?"

"Now thinking back
over the past year
in school, how often
did you: (d) feel that
the school work you
were assigned was
meaningful and
important?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: drank
beer, wine, or hard
liquor at the same
time you used
prescription drugs
(e.g., Oxycontin,
Vicodin, Valium,
Xanax, Ritalin,
Adderal, sleeping
pills) during the
past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: had
alcoholic beverages
(beer, wine or hard
liquor) to drink in
your lifetime - more
than just a few
sips?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: had
alcoholic beverages
(beer, wine or hard
liquor) to drink in
your lifetime - more
than just a few
sips?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: had
alcoholic beverages
(beer, wine or hard
liquor) to drink in
your lifetime - more
than just a few
sips?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: had
alcoholic beverages
(beer, wine or hard
liquor) to drink in
your lifetime - more
than just a few
sips?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: had
alcoholic beverages
(beer, wine or hard
liquor) to drink in
your lifetime - more
than just a few
sips?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: had
alcoholic beverages
(beer, wine or hard
liquor) to drink in
your lifetime - more
than just a few
sips?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: had
alcoholic beverages
(beer, wine or hard
liquor) to drink in
your lifetime - more
than just a few
sips?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: had beer,
wine or hard liquor
to drink during the
past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: had beer,
wine or hard liquor
to drink during the
past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: had beer,
wine or hard liquor
to drink during the
past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: had beer,
wine or hard liquor
to drink during the
past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: had beer,
wine or hard liquor
to drink during the
past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: had beer,
wine or hard liquor
to drink during the
past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: had beer,
wine or hard liquor
to drink during the
past 30 days?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: sniffed
glue, breathed the
contents of an
aerosol spray can,
or inhaled other
gases or sprays, in
order to get high
during the past 30
days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: sniffed
glue, breathed the
contents of an
aerosol spray can,
or inhaled other
gases or sprays, in
order to get high in
your lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
cocaine or crack in
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
cocaine or crack in
your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: sniffed
glue, breathed the
contents of an
aerosol spray can,
or inhaled other
gases or sprays, in
order to get high
during the past 30
days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: sniffed
glue, breathed the
contents of an
aerosol spray can,
or inhaled other
gases or sprays, in
order to get high in
your lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
cocaine or crack
during the past 30
days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
cocaine or crack in
your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: sniffed
glue, breathed the
contents of an
aerosol spray can,
or inhaled other
gases or sprays, in
order to get high
during the past 30
days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: sniffed
glue, breathed the
contents of an
aerosol spray can,
or inhaled other
gases or sprays, in
order to get high in
your lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
cocaine or crack
during the past 30
days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
cocaine or crack in
your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: sniffed
glue, breathed the
contents of an
aerosol spray can,
or inhaled other
gases or sprays, in
order to get high
during the past 30
days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: sniffed
glue, breathed the
contents of an
aerosol spray can,
or inhaled other
gases or sprays, in
order to get high in
your lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
cocaine or crack
during the past 30
days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
cocaine or crack in
your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: sniffed
glue, breathed the
contents of an
aerosol spray can,
or inhaled other
gases or sprays, in
order to get high
during the past 30
days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: sniffed
glue, breathed the
contents of an
aerosol spray can,
or inhaled other
gases or sprays, in
order to get high in
your lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
cocaine or crack
during the past 30
days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
cocaine or crack in
your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: sniffed
glue, breathed the
contents of an
aerosol spray can,
or inhaled other
gases or sprays, in
order to get high
during the past 30
days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: sniffed
glue, breathed the
contents of an
aerosol spray can,
or inhaled other
gases or sprays, in
order to get high in
your lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
cocaine or crack
during the past 30
days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
cocaine or crack in
your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: sniffed
glue, breathed the
contents of an
aerosol spray can,
or inhaled other
gases or sprays, in
order to get high
during the past 30
days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: sniffed
glue, breathed the
contents of an
aerosol spray can,
or inhaled other
gases or sprays, in
order to get high in
your lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
cocaine or crack
during the past 30
days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
cocaine or crack in
your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
MDMA ('X', 'E', or
ecstasy) during the
past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
MDMA ('X', 'E', or
ecstasy) in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
heroin or other
opiates during the
past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
heroin or other
opiates in your
lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
MDMA ('X', 'E', or
ecstasy) during the
past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
MDMA ('X', 'E', or
ecstasy) in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
heroin or other
opiates during the
past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
heroin or other
opiates in your
lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
MDMA ('X', 'E', or
ecstasy) during the
past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
MDMA ('X', 'E', or
ecstasy) in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
heroin or other
opiates during the
past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
heroin or other
opiates in your
lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
Ecstasy ('X', 'E', or
MDMA) in the past
30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
Ecstasy ('X', 'E', or
MDMA) in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
heroin or other
opiates during the
past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
heroin or other
opiates in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
"On how many
"On how many
"On how many
occasions (if any)
occasions (if any)
occasions (if any)
occasions (if any)
have you: used
have you: used
have you: used
have you: used
LSD or other
LSD or other
LSD or other
LSD or other
hallucinogens
psychedelics in the psychedelics in the psychedelics in the during the past 30
past 30 days?"
past 30 days?"
past 30 days?"
days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
Ecstasy ('X', 'E', or
MDMA) in the past
30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
Ecstasy ('X', 'E', or
MDMA) in your
lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
Ecstasy ('X', 'E',
MDMA, or 'Molly') in
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
Ecstasy ('X', 'E',
MDMA, or 'Molly') in
your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
Ecstasy ('X', 'E',
MDMA, or 'Molly') in
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
Ecstasy ('X', 'E',
MDMA, or 'Molly') in
your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
heroin during the
past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
heroin during the
past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
heroin during the
past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
heroin in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
LSD or other
hallucinogens
during the past 30
days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
heroin in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
LSD or other
hallucinogens
during the past 30
days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
heroin in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
LSD or other
hallucinogens
during the past 30
days?"

2004
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
LSD or other
psychedelics in
your lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
marijuana during
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
marijuana in your
lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: during
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
phenoxydine (pox,
px, breeze) in your
lifetime?"

2006

2008

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
LSD or other
psychedelics in
your lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
marijuana during
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
marijuana in your
lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
LSD or other
psychedelics in
your lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
marijuana during
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
marijuana in your
lifetime?"

2010

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
LSD or other
hallucinogens in
your lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
marijuana during
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
marijuana in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
over the counter
drugs (such as
cough syrup, cold
medicine, or diet
pills) for the
purposes of getting
high during the past
30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
over the counter
drugs (such as
cough syrup, cold
medicine, or diet
pills) for the
purposes of getting
high in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
"On how many
"On how many
occasions (if any)
occasions (if any)
occasions (if any)
have you: used
have you: used
have you: used
phenoxydine (pox, phenoxydine (pox, phenoxydine (pox,
px, breeze) during px, breeze) during px, breeze) during
the past 30 days?" the past 30 days?" the past 30 days?"
"On how many
"On how many
"On how many
occasions (if any)
occasions (if any)
occasions (if any)
have you: used
have you: used
have you: used
phenoxydine (pox, phenoxydine (pox, phenoxydine (pox,
px, breeze) in your px, breeze) in your px, breeze) in your
lifetime?"
lifetime?"
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription pain
relievers (such as
Vicodin, Oxycontin,
Percocet, or
Codeine) without a
doctor telling you to
take them during
the past 30 days?"

2012

2014

2016

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
LSD or other
hallucinogens in
your lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
marijuana during
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
marijuana in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
over the counter
drugs (such as
cough syrup, cold
medicine, or diet
pills) for the
purposes of getting
high during the past
30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
over the counter
drugs (such as
cough syrup, cold
medicine, or diet
pills) for the
purposes of getting
high in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
phenoxydine (pox,
px, breeze) during
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
phenoxydine (pox,
px, breeze) in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription pain
relievers (such as
Vicodin, Oxycontin,
Percocet, or
Codeine) without a
doctor telling you to
take them during
the past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
LSD or other
hallucinogens in
your lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
marijuana during
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
marijuana in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
over the counter
drugs (such as
cough syrup, cold
medicine, or diet
pills) for the
purposes of getting
high during the past
30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
over the counter
drugs (such as
cough syrup, cold
medicine, or diet
pills) for the
purposes of getting
high in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
phenoxydine (pox,
px, breeze) during
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
phenoxydine (pox,
px, breeze) in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription pain
relievers (such as
Vicodin, Oxycontin,
Percocet, or
Codeine) without a
doctor telling you to
take them during
the past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
LSD or other
hallucinogens in
your lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
marijuana during
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
marijuana in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
over the counter
drugs (such as
cough syrup, cold
medicine, or diet
pills) for the
purposes of getting
high during the past
30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
over the counter
drugs (such as
cough syrup, cold
medicine, or diet
pills) for the
purposes of getting
high in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
phenoxydine (pox,
px, breeze) during
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
phenoxydine (pox,
px, breeze) in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription pain
relievers (such as
Vicodin, Oxycontin,
Percocet, or
Codeine) without a
doctor telling you to
take them during
the past 30 days?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription pain
relievers (such as
Vicodin, Oxycontin,
Percocet, or
Codeine) without a
doctor telling you to
take them in your
lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription pain
relievers (such as
Vicodin, Oxycontin,
Percocet, or
Codeine) without a
doctor telling you to
take them in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
"On how many
"On how many
"On how many
occasions (if any)
occasions (if any)
occasions (if any)
occasions (if any)
"On how many
have you: used
have you: used
have you: used
have you: used
occasions (if any)
prescription
sedatives
sedatives
sedatives
have you: used
sedatives
(tranquilizers, such (tranquilizers, such (tranquilizers, such prescription
(tranquilizers, such
as valium or xanax, as Valium or Xanax, as Valium or Xanax, sedatives
as Valium or Xanax,
barbituates, or
barbituates, or
barbituates, or
(tranquilizers, such barbituates, or
sleeping pills)
sleeping pills)
sleeping pills)
as Valium or Xanax, sleeping pills)
without a doctor
without a doctor
without a doctor
barbituates, or
without a doctor
telling you to take
telling you to take
telling you to take
sleeping pills)
telling you to take
them, during the
them, during the
them, during the
during the past 30 them, during the
past 30 days?"
past 30 days?"
past 30 days?"
days?"
past 30 days?"
"On how many
"On how many
"On how many
"On how many
occasions (if any)
occasions (if any)
occasions (if any)
occasions (if any)
have you: used
have you: used
have you: used
have you: used
"On how many
prescription
sedatives
sedatives
sedatives
occasions (if any)
sedatives
(tranquilizers, such (tranquilizers, such (tranquilizers, such have you: used
(tranquilizers, such
as valium or xanax, as Valium or Xanax, as Valium or Xanax, prescription
as Valium or Xanax,
barbituates, or
barbituates, or
barbituates, or
sedatives
barbituates, or
sleeping pills)
sleeping pills)
sleeping pills)
(tranquilizers, such sleeping pills)
without a doctor
without a doctor
without a doctor
as Valium or Xanax, without a doctor
telling you to take
telling you to take
telling you to take
barbituates, or
telling you to take
them, in your
them, in your
them, in your
sleeping pills) in
them, in your
lifetime?"
lifetime?"
lifetime?"
your lifetime?"
lifetime?"
"On how many
"On how many
occasions (if any): occasions (if any):
"On how many
used stimulants,
used stimulants,
"On how many
"On how many
occasions (if any)
other than
other than
occasions (if any)
occasions (if any)
have you: used
methamphetamine methamphetamine have you: used
have you: used
stimulants
s (such as
s (such as
prescription
prescription
("amphetamines",
amphetamines,
amphetamines,
stimulants (such as stimulants (such as
"meth", "crystal",
Ritalin, or
Ritalin, or
Ritalin, Adderal, or Ritalin, Adderal, or
"crank") without a
Dexedrine) without Dexedrine) without Dexedrine) without Dexedrine) without
doctor telling you to a doctor telling you a doctor telling you a doctor telling you a doctor telling you
take them, in your to take them, in
to take them, in
to take them in your to take them in your
lifetime?"
your lifetime?"
your lifetime?"
lifetime?"
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any):
"On how many
used stimulants,
occasions (if any)
other than
have you: used
methamphetamine
stimulants
s (such as
("amphetamines",
amphetamines,
"meth", "crystal",
Ritalin, or
"crank") without a
Dexedrine) without
doctor telling you to a doctor telling you
take them, during
to take them, during
the past 30 days?" the past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any):
used stimulants,
other than
methamphetamine
s (such as
amphetamines,
Ritalin, or
Dexedrine) without
a doctor telling you
to take them, during
the past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription
stimulants (such as
Ritalin, Adderal, or
Dexedrine) without
a doctor tellling you
to take them during
the past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription
stimulants (such as
Ritalin, Adderal, or
Dexedrine) without
a doctor tellling you
to take them during
the past 30 days?"

2014

2016

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription pain
relievers (such as
Vicodin, Oxycontin,
Percocet, or
Codeine) without a
doctor telling you to
take them in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription
sedatives
(tranquilizers, such
as Valium or Xanax,
barbituates, or
sleeping pills)
without a doctor
telling you to take
them, during the
past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription
sedatives
(tranquilizers, such
as Valium or Xanax,
barbituates, or
sleeping pills)
without a doctor
telling you to take
them, in your
lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription pain
relievers (such as
Vicodin, Oxycontin,
Percocet, or
Codeine) without a
doctor telling you to
take them in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription
sedatives
(tranquilizers, such
as Valium or Xanax,
barbituates, or
sleeping pills)
without a doctor
telling you to take
them, during the
past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription
sedatives
(tranquilizers, such
as Valium or Xanax,
barbituates, or
sleeping pills)
without a doctor
telling you to take
them, in your
lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription
stimulants (such as
Ritalin, Adderal, or
Dexedrine) without
a doctor telling you
to take them in your
lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription
stimulants (such as
Ritalin, Adderal, or
Dexedrine) without
a doctor telling you
to take them in your
lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription
stimulants (such as
Ritalin, Adderal, or
Dexedrine) without
a doctor tellling you
to take them during
the past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription
stimulants (such as
Ritalin, Adderal, or
Dexedrine) without
a doctor tellling you
to take them during
the past 30 days?"

2004

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
stimulants
("amphetamines",
"meth", "crystal",
"crank") without a
doctor telling you to
take them, during
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
stimulants
("amphetamines",
"meth", "crystal",
"crank") without a
doctor telling you to
take them, in your
lifetime?"

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
steroids or anabolic
steroids such as
(Anadrol, Oxandrin,
Durabolin,
Equipoise or
Depotesterone) in
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
steroids or anabolic
steroids such as
(Anadrol, Oxandrin,
Durabolin,
Equipoise or
Depotesterone) in
your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
steroids or anabolic
steroids such as
(Anadrol, Oxandrin,
Durabolin,
Equipoise or
Depotesterone) in
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
steroids or anabolic
steroids such as
(Anadrol, Oxandrin,
Durabolin,
Equipoise or
Depotesterone) in
your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
steroids or anabolic
steroids such as
(Anadrol, Oxandrin,
Durabolin,
Equipoise or
Depotesterone) in
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
steroids or anabolic
steroids such as
(Anadrol, Oxandrin,
Durabolin,
Equipoise or
Depotesterone) in
your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
steroids or anabolic
steroids such as
(Anadrol, Oxandrin,
Durabolin,
Equipoise or
Depotesterone) in
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
steroids or anabolic
steroids such as
(Anadrol, Oxandrin,
Durabolin,
Equipoise or
Depotesterone) in
your lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
synthetic drugs
(such as Bath Salts
like Ivory Wave or
White Lighting or
herbal incense
products like K2,
Spice, or Gold)
during the past 30
days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
synthetic drugs
(such as Bath Salts
like Ivory Wave or
White Lighting or
herbal incense
products like K2,
Spice, or Gold) in
your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
steroids or anabolic
steroids such as
(Anadrol, Oxandrin,
Durabolin,
Equipoise or
Depotesterone) in
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
steroids or anabolic
steroids such as
(Anadrol, Oxandrin,
Durabolin,
Equipoise or
Depotesterone) in
your lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
synthetic drugs
(such as Bath Salts
like Ivory Wave or
White Lightning or
herbal incense
products like K2,
Spice, or Gold)
during the past 30
days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
synthetic drugs
(such as Bath Salts
like Ivory Wave or
White Lightning or
herbal incense
products like K2,
Spice, or Gold) in
your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
steroids or anabolic
steroids such as
(Anadrol, Oxandrin,
Durabolin,
Equipoise or
Depotesterone) in
the past 30 days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
steroids or anabolic
steroids such as
(Anadrol, Oxandrin,
Durabolin,
Equipoise or
Depotesterone) in
your lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
synthetic drugs
(such as Bath Salts
like Ivory Wave or
White Lightning or
herbal incense
products like K2,
Spice, or Gold)
during the past 30
days?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
synthetic drugs
(such as Bath Salts
like Ivory Wave or
White Lightning or
herbal incense
products like K2,
Spice, or Gold) in
your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions have you
used
methamphetamines
(meth, speed,
crank, crystal meth)
in the past 30
days?"

"On how many
occasions have you
used
methamphetamines
(meth, speed,
crank, crystal meth)
in the past 30
days?"

"On how many
occasions have you
used
methamphetamines
(meth, crystal meth)
in the past 30
days?"

"On how many
occasions have you
used
methamphetamines
(meth, crystal meth)
in the past 30
days?"

"On how many
occasions have you
used
methamphetamines
(meth, crystal meth)
in the past 30
days?"

"On how many
occasions have you
used
methamphetamines
(meth, crystal meth)
in the past 30
days?"

"On how many
occasions have you
used
methamphetamines
(meth, speed,
crank, crystal meth)
in your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions have you
used
methamphetamines
(meth, speed,
crank, crystal meth)
in your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions have you
used
methamphetamines
(meth, crystal meth)
in your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions have you
used
methamphetamines
(meth, crystal meth)
in your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions have you
used
methamphetamines
(meth, crystal meth)
in your lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions have you
used
methamphetamines
(meth, crystal meth)
in your lifetime?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"People have many
different types of
interactions with
their peers at
school. Please
answer the
following questions
about your peer
experiences in
school during the
last month. (a) How
often do other
students exclude
you from activities?"
"People have many
different types of
interactions with
their peers at
school. Please
answer the
following questions
about your peer
experiences in
school during the
last month. (b) How
often are other
students mean to
you?"
"People have many
different types of
interactions with
their peers at
school. Please
answer the
following questions
about your peer
experiences in
school during the
last month. (c) How
often do other
students push or hit
you?"
"People have many
different types of
interactions with
their peers at
school. Please
answer the
following questions
about your peer
experiences in
school during the
last month. (d) How
often do other
students make fun
of you?"
"People in my
"People in my
"People in my
"People in my
"People in my
"People in my
"People in my
family have serious family have serious family have serious family have serious family have serious family have serious family have serious
arguments."
arguments."
arguments."
arguments."
arguments."
arguments."
arguments."
"People in my
"People in my
"People in my
"People in my
"People in my
"People in my
"People in my
family often insult or family often insult or family often insult or family often insult or family often insult or family often insult or family often insult or
yell at each other." yell at each other." yell at each other." yell at each other." yell at each other." yell at each other." yell at each other."

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016
"Please indicate
how much these
statements describe
you. (a) I expect
good things to
happen to me."
"Please indicate
how much these
statements describe
you. (b) I am
excited about my
future."
"Please indicate
how much these
statements describe
you. (c) I trust my
future will turn out
well."
"Please indicate
how much these
statements describe
you. (d) I develop
step-by-step plans
to reach my goals."
"Please indicate
how much these
statements describe
you. (e) I have
goals in my life."
"Please indicate
how much these
statements describe
you. (f) If I set
goals, I take action
to reach them."
"Please indicate
how much these
statements describe
you. (g) It is
important to me that
I reach my goals."
"Please indicate
how much these
statements describe
you. (h) I know how
to make my plans
happen."
"Please indicate
how often this
happens. (a) How
often do you make
plans to achieve
your goals?"
"Please indicate
how often this
happens. (b) How
often do you have
trouble figuring out
how to make your
goals happen?"

2004

2006

2014

2016

"Please mark all
areas of stress that
were related to your
substance use
below Community"
"Please mark all
areas of stress that
were related to your
substance use
below
Parents/family"
"Please mark all
areas of stress that
were related to your
substance use
below
Peers/Friends (e.g.,
fighting with friends,
getting bullied,
dealing with rumors,
etc. …)"
"Please mark all
areas of stress that
were related to your
substance use
below School"
"Putting them all
"Putting them all
"Putting them all
"Putting them all
"Putting them all
together, what were together, what were together, what were together, what were together, what were
your grades like last your grades like last your grades like last your grades like last your grades like last
year?"
year?"
year?"
year?"
year?"

"Please mark all
areas of stress that
were related to your
substance use
below Community"
"Please mark all
areas of stress that
were related to your
substance use
below
Parents/family"
"Please mark all
areas of stress that
were related to your
substance use
below
Peers/Friends (e.g.,
fighting with friends,
getting bullied,
dealing with rumors,
etc. …)"
"Please mark all
areas of stress that
were related to your
substance use
below School"
"Putting them all
together, what were
your grades like last
year?"

"Please mark all
areas of stress that
were related to your
substance use
below Community"
"Please mark all
areas of stress that
were related to your
substance use
below
Parents/family"
"Please mark all
areas of stress that
were related to your
substance use
below
Peers/Friends (e.g.,
fighting with friends,
getting bullied,
dealing with rumors,
etc. …)"
"Please mark all
areas of stress that
were related to your
substance use
below School"
"Putting them all
together, what were
your grades like last
year?"

"Teachers ask me
to work on special
classroom projects."
"The rules in my
family are clear."
"The school lets my
parents know when
I have done
something well."
"There are lots of
adults in my
neighborhood I
could talk to about
something
important."
"There are lots of
chances for
students in my
school to get
involved in sports,
clubs, and other
school activities
outside of class."
"There are people
in my neighborhood
who are proud of
me when I do
something well."
"There are people
in my neighborhood
who encourage me
to do my best."

"Teachers ask me
to work on special
classroom projects."
"The rules in my
family are clear."
"The school lets my
parents know when
I have done
something well."
"There are lots of
adults in my
neighborhood I
could talk to about
something
important."
"There are lots of
chances for
students in my
school to get
involved in sports,
clubs, and other
school activities
outside of class."
"There are people
in my neighborhood
who are proud of
me when I do
something well."
"There are people
in my neighborhood
who encourage me
to do my best."

"Teachers ask me
to work on special
classroom projects."
"The rules in my
family are clear."
"The school lets my
parents know when
I have done
something well."
"There are lots of
adults in my
neighborhood I
could talk to about
something
important."
"There are lots of
chances for
students in my
school to get
involved in sports,
clubs, and other
school activities
outside of class."
"There are people
in my neighborhood
who are proud of
me when I do
something well."
"There are people
in my neighborhood
who encourage me
to do my best."

"Teachers ask me
to work on special
classroom projects."
"The rules in my
family are clear."
"The school lets my
parents know when
I have done
something well."
"There are lots of
adults in my
neighborhood I
could talk to about
something
important."
"There are lots of
chances for
students in my
school to get
involved in sports,
clubs, and other
school activities
outside of class."
"There are people
in my neighborhood
who are proud of
me when I do
something well."
"There are people
in my neighborhood
who encourage me
to do my best."

2008

"Teachers ask me
to work on special
classroom projects."
"The rules in my
family are clear."
"The school lets my
parents know when
I have done
something well."
"There are lots of
adults in my
neighborhood I
could talk to about
something
important."
"There are lots of
chances for
students in my
school to get
involved in sports,
clubs, and other
school activities
outside of class."
"There are people
in my neighborhood
who are proud of
me when I do
something well."
"There are people
in my neighborhood
who encourage me
to do my best."

2010

"Teachers ask me
to work on special
classroom projects."
"The rules in my
family are clear."
"The school lets my
parents know when
I have done
something well."
"There are lots of
adults in my
neighborhood I
could talk to about
something
important."
"There are lots of
chances for
students in my
school to get
involved in sports,
clubs, and other
school activities
outside of class."
"There are people
in my neighborhood
who are proud of
me when I do
something well."
"There are people
in my neighborhood
who encourage me
to do my best."

2012

"Teachers ask me
to work on special
classroom projects."
"The rules in my
family are clear."
"The school lets my
parents know when
I have done
something well."
"There are lots of
adults in my
neighborhood I
could talk to about
something
important."
"There are lots of
chances for
students in my
school to get
involved in sports,
clubs, and other
school activities
outside of class."
"There are people
in my neighborhood
who are proud of
me when I do
something well."
"There are people
in my neighborhood
who encourage me
to do my best."

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"There lots of
chances for
students in my
school to talk with a
teacher one-onone."

"There lots of
chances for
students in my
school to talk with a
teacher one-onone."
"Think back over
the LAST TWO
WEEKS. How many
times have you had
five or more
alcoholic drinks in a
row?"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Aunt"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Brother(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Father"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Foster
Mother"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Foster
Father"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Grandmother"

"There lots of
chances for
students in my
school to talk with a
teacher one-onone."
"Think back over
the LAST TWO
WEEKS. How many
times have you had
five or more
alcoholic drinks in a
row?"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Aunt"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Brother(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Father"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Foster
Mother"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Foster
Father"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Grandmother"

"There lots of
chances for
students in my
school to talk with a
teacher one-onone."
"Think back over
the LAST TWO
WEEKS. How many
times have you had
five or more
alcoholic drinks in a
row?"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Aunt"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Brother(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Father"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Foster
Parent(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Foster
Parent(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Grandparent(s)"

"There lots of
chances for
students in my
school to talk with a
teacher one-onone."
"Think back over
the LAST TWO
WEEKS. How many
times have you had
five or more
alcoholic drinks in a
row?"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Aunt"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Brother(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Father"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Foster
Parent(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Foster
Parent(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Grandparent(s)"

"There lots of
chances for
students in my
school to talk with a
teacher one-onone."
"Think back over
the LAST TWO
WEEKS. How many
times have you had
five or more
alcoholic drinks in a
row?"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Aunt"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Brother(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Father"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Foster
Parent(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Foster
Parent(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Grandparent(s)"

"There lots of
chances for
students in my
school to talk with a
teacher one-onone."
"Think back over
the LAST TWO
WEEKS. How many
times have you had
five or more
alcoholic drinks in a
row?"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Aunt"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Brother(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Father"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Foster
Parent(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Foster
Parent(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Grandparent(s)"

"Think back over
the last two weeks.
How many times
have you had five
or more alcoholic
drinks in a row?"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Choose all that
apply.) Aunt"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Choose all that
apply.) Brother(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Choose all that
apply.) Father"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Choose all that
apply.) Foster
Mother"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Choose all that
apply.) Foster
Father"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Choose all that
apply.)
Grandmother"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Choose all that
apply.)
Grandfather"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Choose all that
apply.) Other
Adult(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Choose all that
apply.) Other
Children"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Choose all that
apply.) Sister(s)
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Choose all that
apply.)
Stepbrother(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Choose all that
apply.) Stepfather"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Choose all that
apply.)
Stepmother"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Choose all that
apply.)
Stepsister(s)

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Grandfather"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Other
Adult(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Other
Children"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Sister(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Stepbrother(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Stepfather"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Grandfather"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Other
Adult(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Other
Children"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Sister(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Stepbrother(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Stepfather"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Grandparent(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Other
Adult(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Other
Children"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Sister(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Stepbrother(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Stepfather"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Grandparent(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Other
Adult(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Other
Children"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Sister(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Stepbrother(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Stepfather"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Grandparent(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Other
Adult(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Other
Children"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Sister(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Stepbrother(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Stepfather"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Grandparent(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Other
Adult(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Other
Children"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Sister(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Stepbrother(s)"
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Stepfather"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Stepmother
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Stepsister(s)"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Stepmother
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Stepsister(s)"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Stepmother
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Stepsister(s)"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Stepmother
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Stepsister(s)"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Stepmother
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Stepsister(s)"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Stepmother
"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.)
Stepsister(s)"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Choose all that
apply.) Uncle"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Uncle"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Uncle"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Uncle"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Uncle"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Uncle"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Uncle"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (a)
participated in
clubs, organizations
or activities at
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (b) smoked
cigarettes?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (c) tried beer,
wine or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) when their
parents didn't know
about it?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (d) made a
commitment to stay
drug-free?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (e) used
marijuana?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (a)
participated in
clubs, organizations
or activities at
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (b) smoked
cigarettes?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (c) tried beer,
wine or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) when their
parents didn't know
about it?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (d) made a
commitment to stay
drug-free?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (e) used
marijuana?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (a)
participated in
clubs, organizations
or activities at
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (b) smoked
cigarettes?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (c) tried beer,
wine or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) when their
parents didn't know
about it?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (d) made a
commitment to stay
drug-free?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (e) used
marijuana?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (a)
participated in
clubs, organizations
or activities at
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (b) smoked
cigarettes?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (c) tried beer,
wine or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) when their
parents didn't know
about it?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (d) made a
commitment to stay
drug-free?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (e) used
marijuana?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (a)
participated in
clubs, organizations
or activities at
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (b) smoked
cigarettes?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (c) tried beer,
wine or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) when their
parents didn't know
about it?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (d) made a
commitment to stay
drug-free?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (e) used
marijuana?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (a)
participated in
clubs, organizations
or activities at
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (b) smoked
cigarettes?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (c) tried beer,
wine or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) when their
parents didn't know
about it?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (d) made a
commitment to stay
drug-free?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (e) used
marijuana?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (a)
participated in
clubs, organizations
or activities at
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (b) smoked
cigarettes?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (c) tried beer,
wine or hard liquor
(for example,
vodka, whiskey, or
gin) when their
parents didn't know
about it?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (d) made a
commitment to stay
drug-free?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (e) used
marijuana?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (f) tried to do
well in school?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (f) tried to do
well in school?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (f) tried to do
well in school?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (f) tried to do
well in school?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (f) tried to do
well in school?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (f) tried to do
well in school?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (f) tried to do
well in school?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (g) used LSD,
cocaine,
amphetamines, or
other illegal drugs?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (h) been
suspended from
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (i) liked
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (j) carried a
handgun?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (k) sold illegal
drugs?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (g) used LSD,
cocaine,
amphetamines, or
other illegal drugs?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (h) been
suspended from
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (i) liked
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (j) carried a
handgun?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (k) sold illegal
drugs?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (g) used LSD,
cocaine,
amphetamines, or
other illegal drugs?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (h) been
suspended from
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (i) liked
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (j) carried a
handgun?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (k) sold illegal
drugs?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (g) used LSD,
cocaine,
amphetamines, or
other illegal drugs?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (h) been
suspended from
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (i) liked
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (j) carried a
handgun?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (k) sold illegal
drugs?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (g) used LSD,
cocaine,
amphetamines, or
other illegal drugs?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (h) been
suspended from
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (i) liked
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (j) carried a
handgun?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (k) sold illegal
drugs?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (g) used LSD,
cocaine,
amphetamines, or
other illegal drugs?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (h) been
suspended from
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (i) liked
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (j) carried a
handgun?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (k) sold illegal
drugs?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (g) used LSD,
cocaine,
amphetamines, or
other illegal drugs?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (h) been
suspended from
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (i) liked
school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (j) carried a
handgun?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (k) sold illegal
drugs?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (m) stolen or
tried to steal a
motor vehicle such
as a car or
motorcycle?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (n) been
arrested?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (o) dropped
out of school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (p) been
members of a
gang?"
"We argue about
the same things in
my family over and
over."
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (a) smoked
cigarettes?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (b) worked
hard at school?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (c) began
drinking alcoholic
beverages
regularly, that is, at
least once or twice
a month?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (m) stolen or
tried to steal a
motor vehicle such
as a car or
motorcycle?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (n) been
arrested?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (o) dropped
out of school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (p) been
members of a
gang?"
"We argue about
the same things in
my family over and
over."
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (a) smoked
cigarettes?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (b) worked
hard at school?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (c) began
drinking alcoholic
beverages
regularly, that is, at
least once or twice
a month?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (m) stolen or
tried to steal a
motor vehicle such
as a car or
motorcycle?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (n) been
arrested?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (o) dropped
out of school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (p) been
members of a
gang?"
"We argue about
the same things in
my family over and
over."
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (a) smoked
cigarettes?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (b) worked
hard at school?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (c) began
drinking alcoholic
beverages
regularly, that is, at
least once or twice
a month?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (m) stolen or
tried to steal a
motor vehicle such
as a car or
motorcycle?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (n) been
arrested?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (o) dropped
out of school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (p) been
members of a
gang?"
"We argue about
the same things in
my family over and
over."
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (a) smoked
cigarettes?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (b) worked
hard at school?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (c) began
drinking alcoholic
beverages
regularly, that is, at
least once or twice
a month?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (m) stolen or
tried to steal a
motor vehicle such
as a car or
motorcycle?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (n) been
arrested?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (o) dropped
out of school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (p) been
members of a
gang?"
"We argue about
the same things in
my family over and
over."
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (a) smoked
cigarettes?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (b) worked
hard at school?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (c) began
drinking alcoholic
beverages
regularly, that is, at
least once or twice
a month?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (m) stolen or
tried to steal a
motor vehicle such
as a car or
motorcycle?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (n) been
arrested?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (o) dropped
out of school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (p) been
members of a
gang?"
"We argue about
the same things in
my family over and
over."
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (a) smoked
cigarettes?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (b) worked
hard at school?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (c) began
drinking alcoholic
beverages
regularly, that is, at
least once or twice
a month?"

"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (m) stolen or
tried to steal a
motor vehicle such
as a car or
motorcycle?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (n) been
arrested?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (o) dropped
out of school?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (p) been
members of a
gang?"
"We argue about
the same things in
my family over and
over."
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (a) smoked
cigarettes?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (b) worked
hard at school?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (c) began
drinking alcoholic
beverages
regularly, that is, at
least once or twice
a month?"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (d) defended
someone who was
being verbally
abused at school?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (e) smoked
marijuana?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (f) regularly
volunteered to do
community
service?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (g) carried a
handgun?"

"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (d) defended
someone who was
being verbally
abused at school?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (e) smoked
marijuana?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (f) regularly
volunteered to do
community
service?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (g) carried a
handgun?"

"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (d) defended
someone who was
being verbally
abused at school?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (e) smoked
marijuana?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (f) regularly
volunteered to do
community
service?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (g) carried a
handgun?"

"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (d) defended
someone who was
being verbally
abused at school?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (e) smoked
marijuana?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (f) regularly
volunteered to do
community
service?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (g) carried a
handgun?"

"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (d) defended
someone who was
being verbally
abused at school?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (e) smoked
marijuana?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (f) regularly
volunteered to do
community
service?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (g) carried a
handgun?"

"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (d) defended
someone who was
being verbally
abused at school?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (e) smoked
marijuana?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (f) regularly
volunteered to do
community
service?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (g) carried a
handgun?"

"What grade are
you in?"

"What grade are
you in?"
"Think of the adults
you live with. What
is the highest level
of schooling any of
them completed?"
"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
American
Indian/Native
American, Eskimo,
or Aleut"
"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
Asian"
"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
Black, or African
American"

"What grade are
you in?"
"Think of the adults
you live with. What
is the highest level
of schooling any of
them completed?"
"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
American
Indian/Native
American, Eskimo,
or Aleut"
"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
Asian"
"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
Black, or African
American"

"What grade are
you in?"

"What grade are
you in?"

"What grade are
you in?"

"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (d) defended
someone who was
being verbally
abused at school?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (e) smoked
marijuana?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (f) regularly
volunteered to do
community
service?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (g) carried a
handgun?"
"What are the
chances you would
be seen as cool if
you: (h) were a
member of a
gang?"
"What grade are
you in?"

"What is the highest
level of education
completed by your
mother?"

"What is the highest
level of education
completed by your
mother?"

"What is the highest
level of education
completed by your
mother?"

"What is your race?
(Mark all that
apply.) American
Indian or Alaska
Native"

"What is your race?
(Mark all that
apply.) American
Indian or Alaska
Native"

"What is your race?
(Mark all that
apply.) American
Indian or Alaska
Native"

"What is the highest
level of schooling
completed by your
mother?"
"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
American
Indian/Native
American, Eskimo,
or Aleut"
"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
Asian"
"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
Black, or African
American"

"What is your race?
(Mark all that
apply.) American
Indian or Alaska
Native"

"What is your race? "What is your race? "What is your race? "What is your race?
(Mark all that
(Mark all that
(Mark all that
(Mark all that
apply.) Asian"
apply.) Asian"
apply.) Asian"
apply.) Asian"

"What is your race?
(Mark all that
apply.) Black or
African American"

"What is your race?
(Mark all that
apply.) Black or
African American"

"What is your race?
(Mark all that
apply.) Black or
African American"

"What is your race?
(Mark all that
apply.) Black or
African American"

2004

2006

2008

"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
Pacific Islander"
"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
White, not of
Hispanic origin"

"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
Pacific Islander"
"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
White, not of
Hispanic origin"

"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
Pacific Islander"
"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
White, not of
Hispanic origin"

2010

2012

2014

2016

"What is your race?
(Mark all that
apply.) Hawaiian or
Other Pacific
Islander"

"What is your race?
(Mark all that
apply.) Hawaiian or
Other Pacific
Islander"

"What is your race?
(Mark all that
apply.) Hawaiian or
Other Pacific
Islander"

"What is your race?
(Mark all that
apply.) Hawaiian or
Other Pacific
Islander"

"What is your race? "What is your race?
(Mark all that
(Mark all that
apply.) White"
apply.) White"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Active
Duty In country"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Active
Duty Overseas--in
a combat zone"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Active
duty Overseas--not
in a combat zone"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Active
Duty"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Died
while serving in the
military"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Former
Military"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Neither
of my parents have
ever been in the
military"

"What is your race?
(Mark all that
apply.) White"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Active
Duty In country"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Active
Duty Overseas--in
a combat zone"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Active
duty Overseas--not
in a combat zone"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Active
Duty"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Died
while serving in the
military"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Former
Military"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Neither
of my parents have
ever been in the
military"

"What is your race?
(Mark all that
apply.) White"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Active
Duty In country"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Active
Duty Overseas--in
a combat zone"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Active
duty Overseas--not
in a combat zone"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Active
Duty"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Died
while serving in the
military"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Former
Military"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Neither
of my parents have
ever been in the
military"

2004

"When I am not at
home, one of my
parents knows
where I am and
who I am with."

2006

"When I am not at
home, one of my
parents knows
where I am and
who I am with."

2008

"When I am not at
home, one of my
parents knows
where I am and
who I am with."

2010

"When I am not at
home, one of my
parents knows
where I am and
who I am with."

2012

2014

2016

"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Reserve
In country"

"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Reserve
In country"

"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Reserve
In country"

"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Reserve
Not Deployed"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Reserve
Overseas--in a
combat zone"

"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Reserve
Not Deployed"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Reserve
Overseas--in a
combat zone"

"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Reserve
Not Deployed"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Reserve
Overseas--in a
combat zone"

"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Reserve
Overseas--not in a
combat zone"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply)
Reserve"
"When I am not at
home, one of my
parents knows
where I am and
who I am with."
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Coaches/Instructors
"

"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Reserve
Overseas--not in a
combat zone"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply)
Reserve"
"When I am not at
home, one of my
parents knows
where I am and
who I am with."
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Coaches/Instructors
"

"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply) Reserve
Overseas--not in a
combat zone"
"What, if any, is the
current military
status of your
parent(s)? (Mark all
that apply)
Reserve"
"When I am not at
home, one of my
parents knows
where I am and
who I am with."
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Coaches/Instructors
"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Counselors"

"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Counselors"

"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Counselors"

"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply) Friends"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Grandparents"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply) I have
no one I can talk to
or go to for help"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Mentors"

"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply) Friends"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Grandparents"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply) I have
no one I can talk to
or go to for help"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Mentors"

"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply) Friends"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Grandparents"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply) I have
no one I can talk to
or go to for help"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Mentors"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply) Other
adults"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply) Other
relatives"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Parents/Stepparents"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Siblings"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Teachers"

"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply) Other
adults"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply) Other
relatives"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Parents/Stepparents"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Siblings"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Teachers"

"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply) Other
adults"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply) Other
relatives"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Parents/Stepparents"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Siblings"
"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply)
Teachers"

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

2016

"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply) Tutors"

"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply) Tutors"

"Which of the
following people do
you feel
comfortable going
to for help when
things go wrong or
you when need
someone to talk to
about your
problems? (Mark all
that apply) Tutors"
During the past 12
months, have you
talked with at least
one of your parents
about the dangers
of tobacco, alcohol,
prescription drugs,
or illegal drugs? By
parents, we mean
your biological
parents, adoptive
parents,
stepparents, or
adult guardians-whether or not they
live with you. (Mark
all that apply) Yes,
I talked with my
parents about the
dangers of
marijuana use.

How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(l) been hit,
slapped, pushed,
shoved, kicked or
any other way
physically assaulted
by your boyfriend or
girlfriend?"

How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(l) been hit,
slapped, pushed,
shoved, kicked or
any other way
physically assaulted
by your boyfriend or
girlfriend?"

How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(l) been hit,
slapped, pushed,
shoved, kicked or
any other way
physically assaulted
by your boyfriend or
girlfriend?"

"What is the
language you use
most often at
home?"
"Where were you
and your parents
born?"
"Think of where you "Think of where you "Think of where you "Think of where you "Think of where you
live most of the
live most of the
live most of the
live most of the
live most of the
time. Which of the time. Which of the time. Which of the time. Which of the time. Which of the
following people live following people live following people live following people live following people live
there with you?
there with you?
there with you?
there with you?
there with you?
(Choose all that
(Mark all that
(Mark all that
(Mark all that
(Mark all that
apply.) Mother"
apply.) Mother"
apply.) Mother"
apply.) Mother"
apply.) Mother"

"Think of where you
live most of the
time. Which of the
following people live
there with you?
(Mark all that
apply.) Mother"

How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(l) been hit,
slapped, pushed,
shoved, kicked or
any other way
physically assaulted
by your boyfriend or
girlfriend?"
"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
Other (Please
specify)"
"What is the
language you use
most often at
home?"

"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
Other (Please
specify)"
"What is the
language you use
most often at
home?"

"Please choose the
ONE answer that
BEST describes
what you consider
yourself to be.
Other (Please
specify)"
"What is the
language you use
most often at
home?"

"What is the
language you use
most often at
home?"

2004

2006

2008

"Think of the adults
you live with. What
is the highest level
of schooling any of
them completed?"
"Are your school
grades better than
the grades of most
students in your
class?"
"How old were you
when you first: (e)
used
methamphetamines
(meth, crystal,
crank)?"
"How old were you
when you first: (f)
got suspended from
school?"
"How old were you
when you first: (g)
got arrested?"

"Think of the adults
you live with. What
is the highest level
of schooling any of
them completed?"
"Are your school
grades better than
the grades of most
students in your
class?"
"How old were you
when you first: (e)
used
methamphetamines
(meth, crystal,
crank)?"
"How old were you
when you first: (f)
got suspended from
school?"
"How old were you
when you first: (g)
got arrested?"

2010

2012

2014

"How many
brothers and
sisters, including
stepbrothers and
stepsisters, do you
have that are
younger than you?"
"How many
brothers and
sisters, including
stepbrothers and
stepsisters, do you
have that are older
than you?"
"What is the highest
level of schooling
completed by your
father?"
"Are your school
grades better than
the grades of most
students in your
class?"
"How old were you
when you first: (e)
used
methamphetamines
(meth, crystal,
crank)?"
"How old were you
when you first: (f)
got suspended from
school?"
"How old were you
when you first: (g)
got arrested?"

"Are your school
grades better than
the grades of most
students in your
class?"

"Are your school
grades better than
the grades of most
students in your
class?"

"How old were you
when you first: (e)
used
methamphetamines
(meth, crystal)?"
"How old were you
when you first: (f)
got suspended from
school?"
"How old were you
when you first: (g)
got arrested?"

"How old were you
when you first: (e)
used
methamphetamines
(meth, crystal)?"
"How old were you
when you first: (f)
got suspended from
school?"
"How old were you
when you first: (g)
got arrested?"

"How old were you "How old were you "How old were you "How old were you "How old were you
when you first: (h) when you first: (h) when you first: (h) when you first: (h) when you first: (h)
carried a handgun?" carried a handgun?" carried a handgun?" carried a handgun?" carried a handgun?"
"How many times
have you done the
following things: (a)
done what feels
good no matter
what?"
"How many times
have you done the
following things: (b)
done something
dangerous because
someone dared you
to do it?"
"How many times
have you done the
following things: (c)
done crazy things
even if they are a
little dangerous?"

"Are your school
grades better than
the grades of most
students in your
class?"

2016

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(g) done extra work
on your own for
school?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(i) attacked
someone with a
weapon?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(m) stolen or tried to
steal something
worth less than
$50?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(n) stolen or tried to
steal something
worth more than
$50?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(o) gone into or
tried to go into a
building to steal
something?"
"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(p) used a weapon
or force to get
money or other
material items from
someone?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(g) done extra work
on your own for
school?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(g) done extra work
on your own for
school?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(g) done extra work
on your own for
school?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(g) done extra work
on your own for
school?"

"How many times in
the past year (12
months) have you:
(g) done extra work
on your own for
school?"

"You're looking at
CD's in a music
store with a friend.
You look up and
see her slip a CD
under her coat. She
smiles and says
"Which one do you
want? Go ahead,
take it while
nobody's around."
There is nobody in
sight, no employees
and no other
customers. What
would you do now?"

"You're looking at
CD's in a music
store with a friend.
You look up and
see her slip a CD
under her coat. She
smiles and says
"Which one do you
want? Go ahead,
take it while
nobody's around."
There is nobody in
sight, no employees
and no other
customers. What
would you do now?"

"You're looking at
CD's in a music
store with a friend.
You look up and
see her slip a CD
under her coat. She
smiles and says
"Which one do you
want? Go ahead,
take it while
nobody's around."
There is nobody in
sight, no employees
and no other
customers. What
would you do now?"

2016

2004

2006

2008

"You are visiting
another part of town
and you don't know
any of the people
your age there. You
are walking down
the street, and
some teenager you
don't know is
walking toward you.
He is about your
size, and as he is
about to pass you,
he deliberately
bumps into you and
you almost lose
your balance. What
would you say or
do?"
"You are at a party
at someone's
house, and one of
your friends offers
you a drink
containing alcohol.
What would you say
or do?"

"You are visiting
another part of town
and you don't know
any of the people
your age there. You
are walking down
the street, and
some teenager you
don't know is
walking toward you.
He is about your
size, and as he is
about to pass you,
he deliberately
bumps into you and
you almost lose
your balance. What
would you say or
do?"
"You are at a party
at someone's
house, and one of
your friends offers
you a drink
containing alcohol.
What would you say
or do?"

"You are visiting
another part of town
and you don't know
any of the people
your age there. You
are walking down
the street, and
some teenager you
don't know is
walking toward you.
He is about your
size, and as he is
about to pass you,
he deliberately
bumps into you and
you almost lose
your balance. What
would you say or
do?"
"You are at a party
at someone's
house, and one of
your friends offers
you a drink
containing alcohol.
What would you say
or do?"

"It's 8:00 on a
weeknight and you
are about to go over
to a friend's home
when your mother
asks you where you
are going. You say,
"Oh, just going to
hang out with some
friends." She says,
"No, you'll just get
into trouble if you
go out. Stay home
tonight." What
would you do now?"
"How often do you
attend religious
services or
activities?"

"It's 8:00 on a
weeknight and you
are about to go over
to a friend's home
when your mother
asks you where you
are going. You say,
"Oh, just going to
hang out with some
friends." She says,
"No, you'll just get
into trouble if you
go out. Stay home
tonight." What
would you do now?"
"How often do you
attend religious
services or
activities?"

"It's 8:00 on a
weeknight and you
are about to go over
to a friend's home
when your mother
asks you where you
are going. You say,
"Oh, just going to
hang out with some
friends." She says,
"No, you'll just get
into trouble if you
go out. Stay home
tonight." What
would you do now?"
"How often do you
attend religious
services or
activities?"

"How often in the
past 12 months
have you: (a)
gambled at a
casino?"

"How often in the
past 12 months
have you: (a)
gambled at a
casino?"

2010

2012

2014

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(a) played a slot
machine, poker
machine or other
gambling
machine?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(a) played a slot
machine, poker
machine or other
gambling
machine?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(a) played a slot
machine, poker
machine or other
gambling
machine?"

2016

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(e) bought a raffle
ticket?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(e) bought a raffle
ticket?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(e) bought a raffle
ticket?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(j) bet on a horse or
other animal race?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(j) bet on a horse or
other animal race?"

"How often in the
past 12 months
have you: (e) bet
money on horse
races?"

"How often in the
past 12 months
have you: (e) bet
money on horse
races?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(j) bet on a horse or
other animal race?"

"How often in the
past 12 months
have you: (f) played
bingo for money or
prizes?"

"How often in the
past 12 months
have you: (f) played
bingo for money or
prizes?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(f) played bingo?

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(f) played bingo?

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(f) played bingo?

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(g) gambled on the
internet?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(g) gambled on the
internet?"

"How often have
you done the
following for money,
possessions, or
anything of value:
(g) gambled on the
internet?"

"How often in the
past 12 months
have you: (g)
gambled on the
Internet?"
"Think of your four "Think of your four
best friends (the
best friends (the
friends you feel
friends you feel
closest to). In the
closest to). In the
past year (12
past year (12
months), how many months), how many
of your best friends of your best friends
have: (l) regularly
have: (l) regularly
attended religious
attended religious
services?"
services?"
"It is important to
think before you
act."
"Sometimes I think "Sometimes I think
that life is not worth that life is not worth
it."
it."
"At times I think I
"At times I think I
am no good at all." am no good at all."
"All in all, I am
"All in all, I am
inclined to think that inclined to think that
I am a failure."
I am a failure."
"In the past year,
"In the past year,
have you felt
have you felt
depressed or sad
depressed or sad
MOST days, even if MOST days, even if
you felt okay
you felt okay
sometimes?"
sometimes?"

"How often in the
past 12 months
have you: (g)
gambled on the
Internet?"
"Think of your four
best friends (the
friends you feel
closest to). In the
past year (12
months), how many
of your best friends
have: (l) regularly
attended religious
services?"

"Sometimes I think
that life is not worth
it."
"At times I think I
am no good at all."
"All in all, I am
inclined to think that
I am a failure."
"In the past year,
have you felt
depressed or sad
MOST days, even if
you felt okay
sometimes?"

2016

2004

2006

2008

2010

"Sometimes we
don't know what we
will do as adults,
but we may have an
idea. Please
answer how true
these statement
may be for you.
WHEN I AM AN
ADULT I WILL: (a)
smoke cigarettes."
"Sometimes we
don't know what we
will do as adults,
but we may have an
idea. Please
answer how true
these statement
may be for you.
WHEN I AM AN
ADULT I WILL: (b)
drink beer, wine, or
liquor."
"Sometimes we
don't know what we
will do as adults,
but we may have an
idea. Please
answer how true
these statement
may be for you.
WHEN I AM AN
ADULT I WILL: (c)
smoke marijuana."
"Sometimes we
don't know what we
will do as adults,
but we may have an
idea. Please
answer how true
these statement
may be for you.
WHEN I AM AN
ADULT I WILL: (d)
use LSD, cocaine,
amphetamines or
another illegal
drug."
"During the past 30
days, on the days
you smoked, how
many cigarettes did
you smoke per
day?"

"Sometimes we
don't know what we
will do as adults,
but we may have an
idea. Please
answer how true
these statement
may be for you.
WHEN I AM AN
ADULT I WILL: (a)
smoke cigarettes."
"Sometimes we
don't know what we
will do as adults,
but we may have an
idea. Please
answer how true
these statement
may be for you.
WHEN I AM AN
ADULT I WILL: (b)
drink beer, wine, or
liquor."
"Sometimes we
don't know what we
will do as adults,
but we may have an
idea. Please
answer how true
these statement
may be for you.
WHEN I AM AN
ADULT I WILL: (c)
smoke marijuana."
"Sometimes we
don't know what we
will do as adults,
but we may have an
idea. Please
answer how true
these statement
may be for you.
WHEN I AM AN
ADULT I WILL: (d)
use LSD, cocaine,
amphetamines or
another illegal
drug."
"During the past 30
days, on the days
you smoked, how
many cigarettes did
you smoke per
day?"
"Does anyone who
lives with you now
smoke cigarettes?
(Mark all that
apply.)"

"Sometimes we
don't know what we
will do as adults,
but we may have an
idea. Please
answer how true
these statement
may be for you.
WHEN I AM AN
ADULT I WILL: (a)
smoke cigarettes."
"Sometimes we
don't know what we
will do as adults,
but we may have an
idea. Please
answer how true
these statement
may be for you.
WHEN I AM AN
ADULT I WILL: (b)
drink beer, wine, or
liquor."
"Sometimes we
don't know what we
will do as adults,
but we may have an
idea. Please
answer how true
these statement
may be for you.
WHEN I AM AN
ADULT I WILL: (c)
smoke marijuana."
"Sometimes we
don't know what we
will do as adults,
but we may have an
idea. Please
answer how true
these statement
may be for you.
WHEN I AM AN
ADULT I WILL: (d)
use LSD, cocaine,
amphetamines or
another illegal
drug."
"During the past 30
days, on the days
you smoked, how
many cigarettes did
you smoke per
day?"
"Does anyone who
lives with you now
smoke cigarettes?
(Mark all that
apply.)"

"During the past 30
days, on the days
you smoked, how
many cigarettes did
you smoke per
day?"
"Does anyone who
lives with you now
smoke cigarettes?
(Mark all that
apply.)"

"Which statement
best describes the
rules about smoking
where you live?"

"Which statement
best describes the
rules about smoking
where you live?"

"Which statement
best describes the
rules about smoking
where you live?"

2012

2014

2016

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

"Have you ever
used smokeless
tobacco (chew,
snuff, plug, dipping
tobacco, or chewing
tobacco)?"

"Have you ever
used smokeless
tobacco (chew,
snuff, plug, dipping
tobacco, or chewing
tobacco)?"

"Have you ever
used smokeless
tobacco (chew,
snuff, plug, dipping
tobacco, or chewing
tobacco)?"

"Have you ever
used smokeless
tobacco (chew,
snuff, plug, dipping
tobacco, or chewing
tobacco)?"

"Have you ever
used smokeless
tobacco (chew,
snuff, plug, dipping
tobacco, or chewing
tobacco)?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
other "club" drugs
(such as Special K,
Roofies, GHB) or
Rohypnol) in your
lifetime?"
"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
other "club" drugs
(such as Special K,
Roofies, GHB) or
Rohypnol) in the
past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription drugs
(such as Valium,
Xanax, Ritalin,
Adderall, Oxycontin,
or sleeping pills)
without a doctor
telling you to take
them, in your
lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription drugs
(such as Valium,
Xanax, Ritalin,
Adderall, Oxycontin,
or sleeping pills)
without a doctor
telling you to take
them, in your
lifetime?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription drugs
(such as Valium,
Xanax, Ritalin,
Adderall, Oxycontin,
or sleeping pills)
without a doctor
telling you to take
them, during the
past 30 days?"

"On how many
occasions (if any)
have you: used
prescription drugs
(such as Valium,
Xanax, Ritalin,
Adderall, Oxycontin,
or sleeping pills)
without a doctor
telling you to take
them, during the
past 30 days?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(b) try marijuana
once or twice?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(b) try marijuana
once or twice?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(b) try marijuana
once or twice?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(b) try marijuana
once or twice?"

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(b) try marijuana
once or twice?"
"If a kid smoked
cigarettes in your
neighborhood,
would he or she be
caught by the
police?"

2014

"How much do you
think people risk
harming themselves
(physically or in
other ways) if they:
(b) try marijuana
once or twice?"

2016

2004

2006

2008

"Are you currently
on probation, or
assigned a
probation officer
with Juvenile
Court?"
"If you have ever
belonged to a gang,
did the gang have a
name?"
"How many times
have you changed
homes since
kindergarten?"
"Have you changed
homes in the past
year (the last 12
months)?"
"Which of the
following activities
for people your age
are available in your
community?"

"Are you currently
on probation, or
assigned a
probation officer
with Juvenile
Court?"
"If you have ever
belonged to a gang,
did the gang have a
name?"
"How many times
have you changed
homes since
kindergarten?"
"Have you changed
homes in the past
year (the last 12
months)?"
"Which of the
following activities
for people your age
are available in your
community?"

"Are you currently
on probation, or
assigned a
probation officer
with Juvenile
Court?"
"If you have ever
belonged to a gang,
did the gang have a
name?"
"How many times
have you changed
homes since
kindergarten?"
"Have you changed
homes in the past
year (the last 12
months)?"
"Which of the
following activities
for people your age
are available in your
community?"

2010

2012

"If you have ever
belonged to a gang,
did the gang have a
name?"

"If you have ever
belonged to a gang,
did the gang have a
name?"

"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply) Sports"

"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply) Sports"
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply)
Performing arts
(such as band,
dance, drama,
chorus)
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply)
Performing arts
(such as band,
dance, drama,
chorus)
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply)
Academic clubs
(such as language,
math, and science
clubs"

"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply) Music"

"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply) Drama"

"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply) Foreign
Language Club"

2014

"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply) Sports"
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply)
Performing arts
(such as band,
dance, drama,
chorus)
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply)
Performing arts
(such as band,
dance, drama,
chorus)
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply)
Academic clubs
(such as language,
math, and science
clubs"

2016

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply) Student
Council/Governmen
t"
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply)
Newspaper/Yearbo
ok"

"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply) Student
government or
student council"
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply)
Newspaper or
yearbook"
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply)
Volunteering,
service, or
mentoring"
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply)
Homework help or
tutoring to help your
grades"
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply) Other
school group or
club"
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply) I do not
participate in an
organized activity at
school"
"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply)
Sports"

"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply) Student
government or
student council"
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply)
Newspaper or
yearbook"
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply)
Volunteering,
service, or
mentoring"
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply)
Homework help or
tutoring to help your
grades"
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply) Other
school group or
club"
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply) I do not
participate in an
organized activity at
school"
"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply)
Sports"

"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply)
Mentoring or
Tutoring"

"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply) Other
school group or
club"
"Which schoolsponsored activities
are you involved in
during after school
hours? (Mark all
that apply) I am
not involved in any
school-sponsored
activities"
"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply)
Sports"

2016

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply)
Performing arts
(such as band,
dance, drama,
chorus)"
"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply)
Scouts/Campfire"
"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply) Boys
and Girls
Club/Junior
Achievement/YMCA
"

"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply)
Performing arts
(such as band,
dance, drama,
chorus)"
"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply)
Scouts/Campfire"
"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply) Boys
and Girls
Club/Junior
Achievement/YMCA
"

"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply) Big
Brothers Big Sisters
or other mentoring
program"
"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply) 4H/FFA (Future
Famers of America)
"Which after-school "Which after-school
activities, that are
activities, that are
not schoolnot schoolsponsored, are you sponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark involved in? (Mark
all that apply)
all that apply)
Other after school Other after school
activity"
activity"

"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply) Big
Brothers Big Sisters
or other mentoring
program"
"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply) 4H/FFA (Future
Famers of America)
"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply)
Other after school
activity"

"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply)
Religious group"

"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply)
Music/Dance/Dram
a"
"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply)
Scouts/Campfire"
"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply) Boys
and Girls
Club/Junior
Achievement/YMCA
"
"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply) Big
Brothers Big Sisters
or other mentoring
program"

2016

2004

2006

2008

"Have you changed
schools (including
changing from
elementary to
middle and middle
to high school) in
the past year?"
"How many times
you changed
schools since
kindergarten
(including changing
from elementary to
middle and middle
to high school)?"

"Have you changed
schools (including
changing from
elementary to
middle and middle
to high school) in
the past year?"
"How many times
you changed
schools since
kindergarten
(including changing
from elementary to
middle and middle
to high school)?"

"Have you changed
schools (including
changing from
elementary to
middle and middle
to high school) in
the past year?"
"How many times
you changed
schools since
kindergarten
(including changing
from elementary to
middle and middle
to high school)?"

"How much does
each of the
following
statements describe
your neighborhood:
(a) crime and/or
drug selling"

"How much does
each of the
following
statements describe
your neighborhood:
(a) crime and/or
drug selling"

"How much does
each of the
following
statements describe
your neighborhood:
(a) crime and/or
drug selling"

"How much does
each of the
following
statements describe
your neighborhood:
(b) fights"

"How much does
each of the
following
statements describe
your neighborhood:
(b) fights"

"How much does
each of the
following
statements describe
your neighborhood:
(b) fights"

"How much does
each of the
following
statements describe
your neighborhood:
(c) lots of empty or
abandoned
buildings"

"How much does
each of the
following
statements describe
your neighborhood:
(c) lots of empty or
abandoned
buildings"

"How much does
each of the
following
statements describe
your neighborhood:
(c) lots of empty or
abandoned
buildings"

"How much does
each of the
following
statements describe
your neighborhood:
(d) lots of graffiti"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (e) been
suspended or
expelled from
school?"

"How much does
each of the
following
statements describe
your neighborhood:
(d) lots of graffiti"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (e) been
suspended or
expelled from
school?"

"How much does
each of the
following
statements describe
your neighborhood:
(d) lots of graffiti"
"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (e) been
suspended or
expelled from
school?"

2010

2012

2014

"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply) I am
not involved in after
school activities that
are not schoolsponsored"

"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply) I do
not participate in an
organized activity
after school"

"Which after-school
activities, that are
not schoolsponsored, are you
involved in? (Mark
all that apply) I do
not participate in an
organized activity
after school"

"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (e) been
suspended or
expelled from
school?"

"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (e) been
suspended or
expelled from
school?"

"Have any of your
brothers or sisters
ever: (e) been
suspended or
expelled from
school?"

2016

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Mother"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Stepmother"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Father"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Stepfather"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Foster Parent(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Grandparent(s)"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Aunt"
"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Uncle"
"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Other
Children"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply) No
one has been in
prison or jail"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Mother"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Stepmother"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Father"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Stepfather"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Foster Parent(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Grandparent(s)"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Aunt"
"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Uncle"
"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Other
Children"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply) No
one has been in
prison or jail"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Mother"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Stepmother"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Father"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Stepfather"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Foster Parent(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Grandparent(s)"

"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply) Aunt"

"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply) Aunt"

"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply) Aunt"

"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Foster
Parent(s)"
"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Aunt"
"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Uncle"
"Have any of your
relatives previously
been in prison or
jail? (Mark all that
apply) Other
Children"

2016

2004

"My family has clear
rules about
cigarettes and
tobacco use."
"To your
knowledge, can
someone (juvenile
or adult) who
carried a concealed
but unloaded gun in
the street be
convicted of a
weapons offense?"
"To your
knowledge, can
someone (juvenile
or adult) who has
ever been convicted
of a felony legally
carry a gun?"
"To your
knowledge, are
there federal
penalties for
carrying a gun?"

2006

2008

2010

2012

2014

"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Uncle"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Other Adult(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Brother(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Stepbrother(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Sister(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Stepsister(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Other Children"

"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Uncle"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Other Adult(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Brother(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Stepbrother(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Sister(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Stepsister(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Other Children"

"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Uncle"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Other Adult(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Brother(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Stepbrother(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Sister(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Stepsister(s)"
"Are any of your
relatives currently in
prison or jail? (Mark
all that apply)
Other Children"

2016

2004

2006

2008

"Have you ever
heard of the gun
violence prevention
program or Project
Safe
Neighborhoods
(PSN)?"

"Have you ever
heard of the gun
violence prevention
program or Project
Safe
Neighborhoods
(PSN)?"

2010

"Have you ever
heard of the gun
"Have you ever
violence prevention
heard of Project
program, Project
Safe
Safe
Neighborhoods
Neighborhoods
(PSN)?"
(PSN)?"
"How did you hear
"How did you hear "How did you hear "How did you hear about the gun
about Project Safe about the gun
about the gun
violence prevention
Neighborhoods?" ( violence prevention violence prevention program, Project
T.V. Radio
program or Project program or Project Safe
Billboard Other
Safe
Safe
Neighborhoods?
Have not heard of Neighborhoods
Neighborhoods
(Mark all that
PSN)
(PSN)?"
(PSN)?"
apply.)
"How honest were "How honest were "How honest were "How honest were
you in filling out this you in filling out this you in filling out this you in filling out this
survey?"
survey?"
survey?"
survey?"

2012

2014

2016