Arizona Youth Survey State Report Conducted by Bach Harrison, LLC 2014 Arizona Youth Survey State Report 2014 Sponsored by: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Conducted by: Bach Harrison, L.L.C. ARIZONA CRIMINAL JUSTICE COMMISSION Chairperson BILL MONTGOMERY Maricopa County Attorney Vice-Chairperson DAVID K. BYERS, Director Administrative Office of the Courts JOSEPH ARPAIO Maricopa County Sheriff JOSEPH R. BRUGMAN, Chief Safford Police Department TIMOTHY J. DORN, Chief Gilbert Police Department CLARENCE DUPNIK Pima County Sheriff CHRIS GIBBS, Mayor City of Safford ROBERT C. HALLIDAY, Director Department of Public Safety MARC BRNOVICH Attorney General DREW JOHN Graham County Supervisor BARBARA LAWALL Pima County Attorney ELLEN KIRSCHBAUM, Chairperson Board of Executive Clemency SHEILA POLK Yavapai County Attorney WILLIAM PRIBIL Coconino County Sheriff CHARLES RYAN, Director Department of Corrections DAVID SANDERS Pima County Chief Probation Officer DANIEL G. SHARP, Chief Oro Valley Police Department MARK SPENCER Law Enforcement Leader VACANT Former Judge JOHN A. BLACKBURN, JR. Executive Director T Table of Contents Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................................................ vi Executive Summary..............................................................................................................................................................vii Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Section 1: Survey Methods................................................................................................................................................... 3 Survey Questionnaire..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Completion Rate............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Survey Participants........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Participation by County................................................................................................................................................. 4 Survey Norms and Comparative Data........................................................................................................................... 5 Validity of the Data ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Section 2: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Abuse and Other Youth Problem Behaviors..................... 9 Community Risk and Protective Factors..................................................................................................................... 11 Community Risk and Protective Factor Scales............................................................................................................ 13. Family Risk and Protective Factors............................................................................................................................. 14 Family Risk and Protective Factor Scales................................................................................................................... 16 School Risk and Protective Factors............................................................................................................................. 17 School Risk and Protective Factor Scales.................................................................................................................... 18 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factors................................................................................................................ 19 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factor Scales...................................................................................................... 22 Section 3: Substance Use Outcomes................................................................................................................................. 23 Age of Initiation........................................................................................................................................................... 23 Lifetime ATOD Use, By Grade.................................................................................................................................... 25 30-Day ATOD Use (Current prevalence of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use), By Grade.................................... 28 Lifetime ATOD Use by Gender................................................................................................................................... 31 Arizona Youth Survey 2014 i 30-Day Use by Gender ............................................................................................................................................... 33 Perceived Harmfulness of ATODs............................................................................................................................... 35 Perceived Availability of ATODs................................................................................................................................. 37 Where Students Obtained Alcohol............................................................................................................................... 39 Where Students Obtained Prescription Drugs............................................................................................................. 41 Where Students Obtained Marijuana........................................................................................................................... 43 Drinking and Driving................................................................................................................................................... 45 Section 4: Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results............................................................................... 47 Binge Drinking and Other Antisocial Behaviors by Grade and Gender...................................................................... 47 Handguns..................................................................................................................................................................... 50 Violence....................................................................................................................................................................... 52 Gangs ........................................................................................................................................................................ 54 Student Safety.............................................................................................................................................................. 56 Academic Performance and Substance Use................................................................................................................. 58 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Approval........................................................................................ 60 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Approval.............................................................................................. 62 Parent/Youth Communication About the Dangers of Substance Use.......................................................................... 64 Prevention-Related Advertisements............................................................................................................................. 65 Youth Resiliency to ATODs......................................................................................................................................... 66 Gambling..................................................................................................................................................................... 70 Section 5: Summary of Findings.............................................................................................................................. 73 Appendices A. B. C. D. E. F. G. 2012 Arizona Youth Survey Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Arizona Youth Survey Results, Frequency and Percentage for Each Response Category Item Dictionary for the 2012 Arizona Student Survey Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use for Participating Counties Profile Report Charts for Arizona Males Compared to Females (2012) Changes in question wording across the 2010, 2012, and 2014 AYS Administrations Arizona Youth Survey 2014 ii T Table of Figures and Tables Executive Summary Table 1: Table 2: Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade............................................................................. ix Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade............................................................................. x Figure 1: Lifetime and 30-Day Use, 2014 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed........................................................ xii Figure 2: Heavy Use, Drinking and Driving, and Antisocial Behavior, 2014 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed............................................................................ xiii Figure 3: Risk Factor Profile, 2014 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed.............................................................. xiv Figure 4: Protective Factor Profile, 2014 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed........................................................ xv Figure 5: Safe School Profile, 2014 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed............................................................................ xvi Section 1: Introduction Table 3: Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and Demographic Characteristics.................................................................... 6 Table 4: Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and Race/Ethnicity............................................. 7 Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Table 5: Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents and Enrolled School Students by Grade and County......... 8 Section 2: Risk and Protective Factors and Scales Table 6: Youth At Risk: Community................................................ 11 Table 7: Community Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores................................................................................. 13 Table 8: Youth At Risk: Family....................................................... 14 Table 9: Family Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores........... 16 Table 10: Youth At Risk: School........................................................ 17 Table 11: School Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores........... 18 Table 12: Youth At Risk: Peer/Individual.......................................... 19 Table 13: Peer/Individual Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores...................................................................... 22 Section 3: Substance Use Outcomes Table 14: Age of Initiation................................................................. 23 Figure 6: Average Age of First Substance Use.................................. 24 Figure 7: Lifetime Substance Use: 2010, 2012, and 2014 Arizona State Totals........................................................... 25 Figure 8: Lifetime Substance Use: Arizona (2010, 2012, 2014) Compared to National (2013) (Chart 1 of 2)..................... 26 iii Figure 9: Lifetime Substance Use: Arizona (2010, 2012, 2014) Compared to National (2013) (Chart 2 of 2)..................... 26 Table 15: Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Use ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade........................................ 27 Figure 10: 30-Day Substance Use: 2010, 2012, and 2014 Arizona State Totals........................................................... 28 Figure 11: 30-Day Substance Use: Arizona (2010, 2012, 2014) Compared to National (2013) (Chart 1 of 2)..................... 29 Figure 12: 30-Day Substance Use: Arizona (2010, 2012, 2014) Compared to National (2013) (Chart 2 of 2)..................... 29 Table 16: Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade....................... 30 Figure 13: Arizona Lifetime Substance Use by Gender...................... 31 Table 17: Percentage of Males and Females by Grade Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime........................................... 32 Figure 14: Arizona 30-Day Substance Use by Gender....................... 33 Figure 17: Students’ Sources for Obtaining Alcohol, of Students Who Indicated Drinking Alcohol....................................... 40 Table 22: Percentage of Students Indicating Their Sources for Obtaining Prescription Drugs............................................ 41 Figure 18: Students’ Sources of Obtaining Prescription Drugs........... 42 Table 23: Percentage of Students Indicating Their Sources for Obtaining Marijuana.......................................................... 43 Figure 19: Students’ Sources of Obtaining Marijuana........................ 44 Table 24: Driving After Drinking, and Riding with a Driver Who Has Been Drinking............................................................. 45 Figure 20: Past Month Driving After Drinking or Riding with a Driver Who Had Been Drinking........................................ 46 Section 4: Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results Table 18: Percentage of Males and Females By Grade Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days....................................... 34 Figure 21: Arizona Binge Drinking and Antisocial Behaviors: Male, Female, and State Total...................................................... 48 Table 19: Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive That Using the Five Categories of Substances Places People at “Great Risk”... 35 Table 25: Percentage of Males, Females, and State Total Who Engaged in Binge Drinking and Delinquent Behavior in the Past Year................................................... 49 Figure 15: Perceived Harmfulness of Using Cigarettes, Alcohol, or Marijuana: Arizona (2010, 2012, 2014) Compared to National (2013)............................................ 36 Table 26: Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Handguns........................................... 50 Figure 22: Table 27: Students’ Use of Handguns and Perceptions About Them.................................................................................. 51 Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Violence............................................. 52 Table 20: Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive the Four Substances as “Sort of Easy” or “Very Easy” to Get................................ 37 Figure 16: Perceived Availability of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana: Arizona (2010, 2012, 2014) Compared to National (2013)............................................ 38 Table 21: Percentage of Alcohol-Drinking Students Indicating Their Sources of Obtaining Alcohol.................................. 39 Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Figure 23: Student Violent Behavior and Attitudes............................. 53 Table 28: Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Gangs................................................. 54 Figure 24: Student Gang Involvement................................................ 55 iv Figure 25: Student Gang Reasons for Joining..................................... 55 Table 29: Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Safety and Schools.................................................. 56 Figure 26: Student Responses to School Safety Questions................. 57 Table 30: Percentage Using ATODs by Academic Grades................ 58 Figure 27: Arizona ATOD Use and Academic Grades........................ 59 Table 31: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Approval of Use ................................................................ 60 Figure 28: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Approval............................................................................ 61 Table 32: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Approval of Use................................................................. 62 Figure 29: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Approval............................................................................ 63 Table 33: Table 34: Percentage of Students Responding to Questions Regarding Prevention-Related Advertising....................... 65 Figure 31: Percentage of Students Reporting Having Noticed Prevention-Related Advertisements................................... 65 Table 35: Student Reports of Being Offered Various Substances in the Past Month............................................................... 66 Figure 32: Youth Resiliency to ATODs............................................... 67 Table 36: Youth Resiliency to ATODs: Refusal Strategies................ 68 Figure 33: Youth Resiliency to ATODs: Refusal Strategies................ 69 Table 37: Gambling: Percentage of Students Reporting Participation in Various Gambling Activities in the Past Year, and Average Age of First Gambling.................. 71 Figure 34: Past Year Participation in Various Gambling Activities, by Grade............................................................................. 72 Percentage of Students Indicating Communication With Parents About Substance Use.................................... 64 Figure 30: Percentage of Students Indicating Communication With Parents About Substance Use.................................... 64 Arizona Youth Survey 2014 v A Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center (SAC) thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2014 Arizona Youth Survey. We benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from the input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state. Additionally, the success of the 2014 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 vi E Executive Summary Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416 requires the Arizona Criminal Justice Substance Use Findings: In Brief Commission to conduct a statewide survey that is designed to measure the The improvements made to the survey model during the 2002 administration prevalence and frequency of substance abuse by youth, as well as their attitudes were sustained during the 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014 survey toward substance abuse. To comply with Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416 the administrations. With the enhancements made to the survey methodology, the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center conducts a results from the 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, and 2012 surveys are comparable, biennial Arizona Youth Survey. This survey is administered to a statewide survey though this report contains comparisons for only the most recent three years of population of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students attending public and charter data. This State Report presents findings from the past three administrations of middle and high schools throughout Arizona. The Arizona Criminal Justice the AYS only (2002, 2004, 2006, AND 2008 data can be viewed in reports Commission has been conducting a youth survey for 23 years on a biennial online at azcjc.gov). Because of enhancements made to the methodology basis; however, notable improvements in the survey model, sampling for the surveys administered in 2002 to the present, we caution against The Arizona methods and the increasing levels of participation distinguish the comparisons to pre-2002 survey results. Youth Survey uses Arizona Youth Surveys administered in 2002 to the present from the Risk and Protective It is noteworthy that alcohol is still the most common prior surveys. Framework to guide substance used by Arizona students. The past-month use prevention efforts aimed at rate for alcohol for AYS participants was 24.1%, and 46.2% reducing youth The 2014 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) was administered problem of students have used alcohol in their lifetime. Marijuana and between January and April 2014 in Arizona public and charter behaviors. cigarettes are the second and third most used substances by Arizona schools. This statewide effort encompassed all 15 counties and 243 youth. For marijuana, 13.6% of survey participants indicated they had schools, which resulted in the participation of 48,244 8th, 10th, and used marijuana at least once in the past 30 days and 27.1% indicated use 12th grade students throughout Arizona (figure represents honest/valid during their lifetime. For cigarette use, 9.4% of survey participants used participation only). This report provides a comprehensive statewide perspective cigarettes in the past month and 23.4% used in their lifetime. In regard to on the data obtained through this significant statewide survey effort. Participating prescription drug use, 6.3% of youth indicated use of any type of prescription school and district officials also received school and district-specific data in the drugs at least once in the past month, and 13.2% indicated use at least once in their lifetime. form of individualized reports to aid in local planning strategies and program development. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 vii A comparison between the Arizona Youth Survey and the national Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey is another measure for assessing current substance abuse and risk behaviors of Arizona youth. The MTF survey is conducted annually by the University of Michigan and is designed to provide ATOD use information from a sample of students representative of the United States as a whole. A lower percentage of Arizona survey participants in all grades in 2014 have had lifetime experience with inhalants and prescription stimulants compared to youth in the same grades in the 2013 MTF survey (1.5 percentage points to 2.1 percentage points lower inhalant use for Arizona youth each grade, 2.6 percentage points to 4.0 percentage points lower stimulant use for Arizona youth in each grade). Additionally, a lower percentage of Arizona students have had lifetime experience with marijuana in comparison to youth in the 2013 national MTF survey population (0.8 percentage points to 3.4 percentage points lower marijuana lifetime use for Arizona youth in each grade). Eighth grade Arizona students indicated higher lifetime alcohol use (31.5% for Arizona 8th graders, 27.8% for national 8th graders), and higher lifetime cigarette use rates (15.8% for Arizona 8th graders, 14.8% for national 8th graders). In Arizona, lifetime use of many substances for students in all grades has significantly decreased since the 2012 survey (Table 1), with alcohol use decreasing 2.2 percentage points to 6.2 percentage points in each grade, cigarette use decreasing 3.9 percentage points to 6.4 percentage points in each grade, inhalant use decreasing 2.0 percentage points to 2.8 percentage points in each grade, prescription pain reliever use decreasing 1.8 percentage points to 5.7 percentage points in each grade, prescription drug use decreasing 1.8 percentage points to 5.2 percentage points in each grade, over-the-counter drug use decreasing 1.2 percentage points to 2.6 percentage points in each grade, and synthetic drug use decreasing 4.6 percentage points to 7.5 percentage points in each grade. Complete lifetime use results can be seen in Table 1 on the following page. A look at past month substance use (Table 2) reveals that a higher percentage of Arizona youth in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades have used alcohol and smokeless tobacco than youth in the same grades in the 2013 national MTF survey population. Alcohol use in Arizona was 1.4 percentage points to 3.2 percentage points higher in each grade in comparison to the national MTF survey, and smokeless tobacco use in Arizona was 1.1 percentage points to 2.3 percentage points higher in each grade in comparison to the national MTF survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Since the 2012 AYS, 30-day use rates for youth in all grades have decreased by 2.9 percentage points to 4.3 percentage points in all grades for alcohol, decreased 2.1 percentage points to 5.3 percentage points in all grades for cigarettes, decreased 0.8 percentage points to 2.2 percentage points in all grades for prescription pain relievers, and decreased 2.9 percentage points to 4.3 percentage points in all grades for synthetic drugs. The only substance that showed a consistent increase in use across all grades in Arizona was chewing tobacco use, which increased 2.2 percentage points for 8th graders (from 2.1% in 2012 to 4.3% in 2014), 3.6 percentage points for 10th graders (from 3.9% in 2012 to 7.5% in 2014), and 3.8 percentage points for 12th graders (from 6.6% in 2012 to 10.4% in 2014). Complete past month use results can be seen in Table 2 on the following pages. Risk and Protective Factors: In Brief In order to make the results of the 2014 Arizona Youth Survey more useful to Arizona communities, risk and protective factor profiles were developed for each participating school that show the percentage of youth at risk and the percentage of youth with protection on each scale. A detailed description of how the profiles were developed is contained in the main body of this Arizona Youth Survey 2014 State Report. Comparisons can be made between youth in Arizona and a more national survey population (Bach Harrison (BH) Norm). The BH Norm is comprised of responses to the same survey questions used in the Arizona Youth Survey but administered in a variety of other states to create a benchmark of responses for comparative purposes. The states upon which the BH Norm is based include Arizona, Florida, Iowa, Louisiana, Montana, Nebraska, New York, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Washington. An example of the substance use rates and risk and protective factor profiles contained in the main report can be seen in Figures 1 through 5 on the following pages. As the profile reports provided data on students for each individual grade (8th, 10th, and 12th) without reporting a total of those grades combined, the profile charts in this Executive Summary represent only 10th graders, as a means of providing an example of the information that is both covered in those profile reports and discussed at the grade level in Section 2 of this report. Similar profile reports that provide results by grade were prepared for each participating school (when schools returned a sufficient number of surveys) and district in the state. These profile reports allow prevention planners to more precisely plan, implement, and evaluate prevention interventions. viii Table 1 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade Grade 8 Drug Used Arizona Arizona Arizona Grade 10 MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Grade 12 MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Total MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona 2010 2012 2014 2013 2010 2012 2014 2013 2010 2012 2014 2013 2010 2012 2014 Alcohol 45.1 37.3 31.5 27.8 64.1 59.1 52.9 52.1 72.8 69.2 67.0 68.2 58.2 51.7 46.2 Cigarettes 23.8 19.7 15.8 14.8 37.2 31.7 25.6 25.7 46.9 42.1 35.7 38.1 34.0 28.8 23.4 Marijuana 17.8 16.2 14.9 16.5 34.3 34.7 32.4 35.8 44.7 44.8 44.7 45.5 29.9 28.7 27.1 Hallucinogens 2.2 1.7 1.6 2.5 5.9 5.2 4.7 5.4 9.0 8.4 8.0 7.6 5.1 4.4 4.0 Cocaine 2.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 5.3 3.9 3.0 3.3 8.8 7.4 6.2 4.5 5.0 3.7 3.1 Inhalants 14.5 11.4 9.0 10.8 11.8 9.4 6.6 8.7 9.4 7.4 5.4 6.9 12.3 9.8 7.5 Methamphetamines 0.7 0.6 0.5 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.6 2.5 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.2 0.9 Heroin 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.0 2.6 1.4 1.1 1.0 3.4 1.8 1.3 1.0 2.1 1.2 0.9 Ecstasy 3.9 2.8 2.1 1.8 8.2 7.4 4.4 5.7 10.6 10.4 7.4 7.1 7.0 6.1 4.1 Steroids 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.3 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.7 1.7 1.7 Prescription Pain RelieversƗ 11.5 8.8 7.0 N/C 18.9 15.6 12.0 N/C 23.1 20.7 15.0 N/C 16.8 13.8 10.4 Prescription Stimulants 3.0 2.0 1.6 4.2 7.0 6.6 5.3 8.1 8.5 9.9 8.4 12.4 5.7 5.3 4.3 Prescription SedativesƗ 8.7 4.4 3.9 N/C 11.5 8.0 6.3 N/C 13.4 10.0 7.8 N/C 10.8 6.9 5.5 Prescription DrugsƗ 16.5 11.1 9.3 N/C 23.7 18.8 15.0 N/C 27.3 23.9 18.7 N/C 21.5 16.6 13.2 Over-the-Counter DrugsƗ 9.5 7.0 5.8 N/C 13.2 10.6 8.2 N/C 14.1 12.2 9.6 N/C 11.8 9.3 7.4 Synthetic Drugs**Ɨ N/A 6.9 2.3 N/C N/A 11.1 4.2 N/C N/A 13.9 6.4 N/C N/A 9.9 3.8 N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. ** - Indicates substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2012. Ɨ and NC - Indicate where equivalent category for these substances is not available from the Monitoring the Future survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 ix Table 2 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade Grade 8 Drug Used Arizona Arizona Arizona Grade 10 MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Grade 12 MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Total MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona 2010 2012 2014 2013 2010 2012 2014 2013 2010 2012 2014 2013 2010 2012 2014 Alcohol 21.9 17.1 13.4 10.2 34.7 32.1 27.8 25.7 45.0 43.5 40.6 39.2 31.9 28.1 24.1 Cigarettes 8.9 7.8 5.7 4.5 15.6 14.0 10.1 9.1 22.9 21.0 15.7 16.3 14.7 12.9 9.4 Chewing Tobacco 2.8 2.1 4.3 2.8 5.7 3.9 7.5 6.4 8.1 6.6 10.4 8.1 5.1 3.8 6.7 Marijuana 8.9 7.7 6.9 7.0 17.4 17.7 16.8 18.0 21.3 22.5 22.9 22.7 14.8 14.3 13.6 Hallucinogens 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.8 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.1 2.4 2.3 2.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.4 Cocaine 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.8 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.0 Inhalants 5.6 4.2 3.1 2.3 3.0 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3 0.9 1.0 3.7 2.8 2.0 Methamphetamines 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 Heroin 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.3 Ecstasy 1.7 0.9 0.8 0.5 2.9 1.7 1.3 1.2 3.4 2.0 1.7 1.5 2.5 1.4 1.2 Steroids 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain RelieversƗ 5.7 4.5 3.8 N/C 8.9 7.3 5.4 N/C 9.7 7.9 5.5 N/C 7.7 6.2 4.7 Prescription Stimulants 1.4 0.9 0.8 1.4 2.8 2.7 2.1 2.8 2.5 3.0 2.8 4.1 2.1 2.0 1.6 Prescription SedativesƗ 3.6 1.9 1.7 N/C 4.7 3.3 2.6 N/C 4.7 3.2 2.7 N/C 4.2 2.7 2.2 Prescription DrugsƗ 8.2 5.7 4.9 N/C 11.8 9.3 7.1 N/C 12.4 10.0 8.0 N/C 10.4 7.9 6.3 Over-the-Counter DrugsƗ 5.4 4.0 3.1 N/C 6.3 4.9 3.7 N/C 6.3 4.3 3.4 N/C 5.9 4.4 3.4 Synthetic Drugs**Ɨ N/A 3.8 0.9 N/C N/A 5.0 0.8 N/C N/A 5.2 0.9 N/C N/A 4.5 0.8 N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. ** - Indicates substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2012. Ɨ and NC - Indicate where equivalent category for these substances is not available from the Monitoring the Future survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 x Rates of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs (ATOD) and antisocial behaviors for the statewide survey population can be seen in Figure 1. As was mentioned previously, lifetime and 30-day use of alcohol, cigarettes, prescription drugs, and synthetic drugs saw decreases in reported usage since the 2012 survey. Figure 2 displays 10th graders alcohol and prescription drug use, impaired driving measures, and antisocial behavior data. Tenth grade student’s rates of most of these behaviors decreased since 2012 with the most notable decreases for binge drinking in the past two weeks, riding in a car driven by someone who had been drinking, going to school while drunk or high, and selling illegal drugs. The 2014 AYS administration was the first time in which the survey included questions on simultaneous use of alcohol and prescription drugs in the past 30 days (4.6% of Arizona 10th graders indicated past month use for this measure) and driving a car after they had taken prescription drugs to get “high” (3.1% of Arizona 10th graders indicated the behavior). Figure 3 shows the percentage of the AYS statewide 10th grade survey population who are at risk for problem behaviors compared to the BH Norm. Based on the 2014 survey, Arizona 10th grade students have risk factor scores that are significantly lower (1% difference or greater) than the BH Norm for twelve scales (Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use, Perceived Availability of Drugs, Perceived Availability of Handguns, Poor Family Management, Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use, Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior, Rebelliousness, Early Initiation of Drug Use, Peer Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior, Peer Attitudes Favorable to Drug use, Interaction with Antisocial Peers, and Gang Involvement). However, several scales such as Low Neighborhood Attachment, Family Conflict, Academic Failure, Low Commitment to School, and Peer Rewards for Antisocial Behavior are above the BH Norm level for 10th grade students in the survey population in 2014. A review of the 10th grade risk factor scale scores shows that most risk factor scales for the 10th grade survey population decreased since 2012. Only two scales showed a significant increase including Low Commitment to School and Perceived Risk of Drug Use. Protective factors buffer the influence of the risk factors operating in a young person’s life. Research has shown that young people who spend time with Arizona Youth Survey 2014 prosocial peers and participate in prosocial activities in the community and at school and are rewarded for those activities, are less likely to become involved in problem behaviors. These and other important protective factors are measured in the AYS. In three of the protective factor scales, the 10th grade Arizona survey population had lower levels of protection (Figure 4) than students from the BH Norm. However, protection for 10th grade Arizona students was significantly higher than the BH Norm for Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement, Belief in the Moral Order, and Peer/Individual Prosocial Involvement. Comparisons between the 2012 and 2014 results show that the 10th grade survey population levels of protection were largely unchanged (less than a 1% change) for Family Attachment, Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement, and School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. The six scales that show a significant increase in protection were Family Opportunities For Prosocial Involvement, Belief in the Moral Order, Peer/Individual Prosocial Involvement, and Peer/ Individual Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. The following scales showed significant decreases for 10th grade students since 2012: Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement and Interaction with Prosocial Peers. The profile reports created for participating schools, school districts, counties, and some cities across the state also contain charts and tables reporting responses to questions regarding school safety. Figure 5 is an example of the school safety charts included in the profile reports. Figure 5 reveals that the percentage of 10th grade students reporting that they were in a physical fight on school property have decreased since the 2012 survey. The tenth grade respondents’ rate of being picked on or bullied on school property is slightly up since the 2012 survey. A new item was added in 2014 and Figure 5 shows that in 2014, 18.0% of 10th grade survey respondents had bullied another student on school property in the past year. All readers of this report are encouraged to investigate the profile report data presented for other grades and populations-city, county, etc. These analyses of the data obtained from the survey and provided in this report are quite extensive but are not intended to be exhaustive. Rather, it is believed that the data and highlights contained within this report will provide insights for the many important decisions pertaining to the wellbeing of Arizona youth. xi Figure 1 *Denotes a change in the question between administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. **Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2014. †No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. In the case of Prescription Pain Relievers, MTF does not have reliable data for grades 8 and 10. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 xii Figure 2 Arizona Youth Survey 2014 xiii Figure 3 *Total Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) Note that in 2010/2012, there were 21 possible risk scales for this Total Risk calculation and in 2014, there were 20 possible risk scales. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 xiv Figure 4 * *Total Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 xv Figure 5 *Prior to 2012, the AYS did not ask respondents about online and electronic harassment. **Prior to 2014, the AYS did not ask students about the bullying against others. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 xvi I Introduction Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416 requires the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission to conduct a statewide survey that is designed to measure the prevalence and frequency of substance abuse by youth, as well as the attitudes youth hold toward substance abuse. To comply with Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416 the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center conducts a biennial Arizona Youth Survey. This survey is administered to a statewide survey population of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students attending public and charter middle and high schools throughout Arizona. identifies "the factors that increase and mitigate the likelihood of delinquent involvement and other dysfunctional behaviors. The model emphasizes the need for community-wide efforts to ameliorate those risk factors” (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, 1995). August Risk-and-protective-factor-focused prevention is based on a simple premise: to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing while simultaneously identifying those factors that decrease the problem from developing and then find ways to reduce risk factor levels and build upon the protective factors. The substance abuse The 2014 Arizona Youth Survey was conducted by the Arizona Criminal prevention field has evolved over time, often through empirically-based Justice Commission with technical assistance from Bach Harrison, research. The theoretical development and rigorous empirically-based L.L.C. The successful implementation of the Arizona Youth Survey The survey was research in substance abuse prevention and programming in recent can be attributed to strong collaborative efforts and support from conducted by years are among the most important developments in the field. state and local agencies and non-profits that serve youth. Finally, the Arizona The focus has been on risk and protective factors as a unifying the cooperation of local prevention coordinators, school Criminal Justice descriptive and predictive framework for developing and administrators, teachers, and students directly contributed Commission and evaluating prevention programs. to the success of the 2014 Arizona Youth Survey. Bach Harrison, L.L.C. In 2002, the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission made the decision to change the substance abuse survey instrument to a model that would benefit multiple state agencies and generate data that are comparable to data collected at a national level. The Arizona Youth Survey is based upon the nationally recognized Risk and Protective Factor model. The Risk and Protective Factor model was developed in 1989 by J. David Hawkins, Ph.D. and Richard F. Catalano, Ph.D. at the University of Washington as a comprehensive prevention model. The Risk and Protective Factor model Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Substance abuse prevention programs aim to deter the onset of alcohol, tobacco and other drug use by changing individuals’ knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Researchers with the Social Development Research Group at the University of Washington have defined areas of risk that affect youth problem behaviors within the community, family, school, and peer/individual domains. Likewise, protective factors have been identified and include prosocial opportunities, rewards for prosocial involvement, and developing prosocial skills within the community, family, school, and peer/individual domains. 1 Initiation of substance abuse and risk factor behaviors at an early age affect the involvement of youth within the community, family, school, and peer group setting (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, 2004). The 2014 Arizona Youth Survey was administered between January and May 2014 in Arizona public and charter schools. The statewide effort encompassed all 15 counties and 243 schools, which resulted in the participation of 48,244 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students throughout Arizona (figure represents valid evengrade participation only). School principals and teachers were provided detailed instructions for administering the survey. Students’ anonymity was emphasized through a teacher-read script, which instructed students not to put their names on the survey. Upon completion, all surveys were returned and electronically scanned by Bach Harrison L.L.C. This report is organized into five sections: 1. Survey Methods: describes how the survey was conducted, who participated, and the procedures used to ensure that valid information was collected. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 2. Risk and Protective Factors and Scales: provides a description of the risk and protective factor model of substance abuse prevention, including the four domains of risk and protection (community, family, school, and peer/individual). Also included are the risk and protective factor scale scores for grades 8, 10, and 12. 3. Substance Use Outcomes: presents data on recent and lifetime use of ATODs among Arizona’s youth and information on other ATOD-related questions (perceived harm; perceived availability; where students obtained alcohol, prescription drugs, and marijuana; and drinking and driving). Some of these results are comparable to the results of the national Monitoring the Future survey. 4. Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results: presents data on binge drinking and other antisocial behaviors. This section also presents findings that show the correlation of substance use to academic achievement, socioeconomic background, perceived parental approval of substance use, and perceived peer approval of substance use. 5. Summary of Findings: fully summarizes the results and conclusions of the report. 2 1 Section 1: Survey Methods August The information presented in this report was gathered using the 2014 Arizona In addition to measuring risk and protective factors, the survey measures alcohol, Youth Survey questionnaire (Appendix A). The survey is intended to provide tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use and anti-social behavior. The substances that information about the levels of risk and protection in a community as well as are measured by the survey include: 1) alcohol; 2) cigarettes; 3) smokeless tobacco levels of substance use and anti-social behaviors of youth. Risk factors are those (past-month use only); 4) marijuana; 5) hallucinogens; 6) cocaine; 7) inhalants; conditions or situations that increase the likelihood that a child will develop one 8) methamphetamines; 9) heroin; 10) ecstasy; 11) steroids; 12) prescription or more health and/or behavior problems in adolescence. Protective factors are pain relievers; 13) prescription stimulants; 14) prescription sedatives; 15) overthe conditions or situations that decrease the likelihood of future substance abuse the-counter drugs; and 16) synthetic drugs. Another substance category of and behavior problems. Risk and protective factors are found in four domains “prescription drugs,” which represents use of at least one of the prescription — community, school, family, and the peer/individual. The information drug substance categories, was created in order to have comparable data gathered on risk and protective factors, youth drug use, and anti-social to the 2006 prescription drugs question and is included in lifetime and Besides behavior is essential in supporting prevention planning, intervention past-month substance use charts and tables. Most of the questions measuring risk and planning, and needs assessment at the local and state levels. that ask about substance use are similar to those used in the protective factors, national survey, Monitoring the Future (MTF), so comparisons the survey also assesses The topics addressed in this section include the survey the current prevalence of between the two surveys can be made. alcohol, tobacco, questionnaire, how it was administered, the participant and other demographics, completion rates, and the validity of the results. There are a total of 14 risk factors and 10 protective factors that are drug use. measured by the 2014 survey. However, some of the risk factors are Survey Questionnaire broad enough to require more than one scale for adequate measurement. As a result, there are 20 separate risk factor scales and 10 protective factor The survey questionnaire was originally developed through the combined scales measured by the survey. Appendix B provides a complete list of the efforts of six states and the Social Development Research Group at the University risk and protective factors and the corresponding risk and protective factor of Washington. The collaborative survey development process was a Center scales in the survey. for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) funded project called the Six-State Consortium. The goal of the Consortium was to develop a survey that provided There are approximately four survey items that measure each risk factor. Reliability scientifically sound information about the levels of risk and protection in a for the constructs is good (the average value for Cronbach’s alpha = .79). The community. The survey was further refined through the Diffusion Consortium questionnaire has 149 questions; however, many of the questions have multiple Project that involved seven states and was funded by four federal agencies: the components so students actually responded to a total of 237 items. The questions National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), Safe and Drug Free Schools Program, were printed in a test booklet that was machine-scoreable. Most students from all Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and CSAP. grades could easily complete the questionnaire in one class period. A complete Arizona Youth Survey 2014 3 item dictionary that lists the risk and protective factor scales and the items they contain as well as the outcome variables can be seen in Appendix D. Completion Rate Not all 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students in Arizona participated in the survey. Some schools didn’t participate, some students individually chose not to participate, some parents did not allow their child to participate, and some students were absent on the day the survey was administered. Of the 54,916 students in grades 6 through 12 that took the 2014 Arizona Youth Survey 48,244 comprise the final survey pool for the analysis contained in this state report. The final survey pool discussed in this report is only comprised of students in grades 8, 10, and 12 who provided valid responses. Survey Participants The characteristics of the youth who took the survey and who contributed to the final state-level findings in this report are presented in Table 3. In the 2014 survey, there were nearly an equal number of males and females who took the survey in all grades (female = 50.9% and males = 49.1%). An analysis of the family structure of respondents showed that 56.0% lived with both of their biological parents, 15.7% lived in a step-family structure, and 23.3% lived in a single-parent home. In 2010, Race/Ethnicity data began to be collected consistent with the US Census Bureau, which asks race (White, Native American, African American, and Asian or Pacific Islander) and ethnicity (Hispanic or non-Hispanic) separately. Race by ethnicity and grade data are displayed in Table 4 on the following pages. Of the 2014 survey respondents, 38.7% of respondents Arizona Youth Survey 2014 indicated they were of Hispanic ethnic background and 58.1% indicated being non-Hispanic. Within those ethnic categories, 32.5% of Hispanic youth were White, and 73.4% of non-Hispanics were White. Of Hispanic youth, the next biggest racial category was Multi-Racial (5.5%), and 51.5% of students marking that they were Hispanic did not mark a specific race in which they identified. Of non-Hispanic youth, the next biggest racial category was Multi-Racial (8.6%) and African American (6.4%). Participation by County Table 5 displays 2014 survey participation rates by county. Every county in the State of Arizona had schools participate in the 2014 Arizona Youth Survey. The data reported show that the percentage of the statewide sample population in each county is very close to the percentage of students who completed the Arizona Youth Survey (AYS). Thus, the survey is a good representation of the students in Arizona. For example, in the state of Arizona, 64.6% of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students live in Maricopa County, 1.7% live in Navajo County, and 1.0% live in Apache County. Similarly, of the 2014 Arizona Youth Survey participants, 69.4% live in Maricopa County, 2.3% live in Navajo County, and 0.9% live in Apache County. While the percentage participating for most counties is very close to the percentage enrolled, Pima County is the exception with 14.3% enrolled and 5.2% participating. However, Pima County had 2,514 students complete the survey, which is adequate for most analyses. Tables reporting substance use by county are located in Appendix E of this report. These tables show the total percentage of students in each participating county who used each substance. 4 Survey Norms and Comparative Data It can be helpful to know how the results from Arizona students compare to the results from a national survey population of students. The 2014 Arizona Youth Survey data are compared throughout this report to the national Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey data. State results from the 8th, 10th, and 12th graders are compared to national results from the same grades, when the wording of AYS and MTF questions were the same. It should be noted that the latest national data from MTF are for 2013. The MTF survey, a national survey, is conducted annually by the University of Michigan and is designed to provide ATOD use information from a survey population of students representative of the United States as a whole. The survey questions, measurements, and protocol for both the Arizona Youth Survey and the MTF surveys are similar, making most comparisons valid without any additional analysis. More information on the Monitoring the Future survey and survey results can be found at http://www.monitoringthefuture.org. Validity of the Data There were a total of 54,916 survey questionnaires completed. However, not all of the questionnaires contained valid information. Of these surveys, 17 were first removed due to their participation as a Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) school (those data were reported to the school uniquely and separately). Of the remaining 54,899, 2,195 (4.0%) were eliminated because respondents were determined to be dishonest, because students did not answer enough Arizona Youth Survey 2014 of the validity questions to determine whether or not they were honest in their responses, or because a student marked a grade that was incompatible with the grade range of the school. Dishonest surveys were eliminated because of four predetermined dishonesty indicators: 1) the students indicated that they had used the non-existent drug phenoxydine (1,707 surveys); 2) the students reported an impossibly high level of multiple drug use (803 surveys); 3) the students indicated past-month use rates that were higher than lifetime use rates (879 surveys); and 4) the students reported an age that was inconsistent with their grade (304 surveys). These surveys were not included in the final analyses. Because the results reported in this state report and in the profile reports focus on data from the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades, an additional 4,398 students in the 6th, 7th, 9th, and 11th grades were also eliminated from these state level results. These 6th, 7th, 9th, and 11th graders took the survey because they were attending a class that was largely made up of students in the even grades, or the school chose to survey students in these grades for a more complete description of their students. Further, an additional 62 were removed due to students either not reporting a grade or due to the student marking more than one grade option. A total of 6,672 questionnaires were eliminated from all survey analysis. This is less than the sum of those eliminated according to the criteria cited above because many of those eliminated met more than one criteria for elimination. Other steps taken to reduce response bias included carefully pretesting the questionnaire to ensure that students understood the meaning of each question, using a well developed and tested administration protocol, and reading the same instructions to all students who participated in the survey. 5 Table 3 Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and Demographic Characteristics for 2014 Survey Grade 8 Number Grade 10 Percent Number Grade 12 Percent Number 2014 Total Percent Number 2012 Total Percent Number 2010Total Percent Number Percent 22,675 47.0 14,028 29.1 11,541 23.9 48,244 100.0 62,817 100.0 67,405 100.0 Male 11,029 49.1 6,797 48.9 5,634 49.1 23,460 49.1 30,383 49.5 30,645 49.0 Female 11,423 50.9 7,091 51.1 5,839 50.9 24,353 50.9 30,938 50.5 31,928 51.0 Both Parents 12,847 56.7 7,837 55.9 6,349 55.0 27,033 56.0 35,128 55.9 35,439 55.6 Step-Families 3,711 16.4 2,317 16.5 1,569 13.6 7,597 15.7 9,914 15.8 9,550 15.0 Single Parent 5,147 22.7 3,214 22.9 2,883 25.0 11,244 23.3 14,697 23.4 15,465 24.2 Total Sample Gender Family Structure Note: Numbers and percentages listed here reflect only those students who answered each of the demographic questions. Therefore, the numbers and percentages in the Total column do not add up to the final completion rate indicated in the text of the report. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 6 Table 4 Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and Race/Ethnicity for 2014 Survey Grade 8 Number Grade 10 Percent Number Grade 12 Percent Number 2014 Total Percent Number 2012 Total Percent Number 2010 Total Percent Number Percent Hispanic -- Student marked 'Yes' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American 587 5.7 252 5.3 150 4.1 989 5.3 1,121 4.9 1,207 4.9 African American 320 3.1 149 3.1 105 2.9 574 3.1 658 2.9 657 2.6 77 0.8 61 1.3 31 0.9 169 0.9 222 1.0 206 0.8 118 1.2 63 1.3 39 1.1 220 1.2 225 1.0 280 1.1 2,886 28.2 1,682 35.2 1,499 41.1 6,067 32.5 6,774 29.7 5,772 23.2 549 5.4 303 6.4 175 4.8 1,027 5.5 1,099 4.8 1,021 4.1 5,690 55.6 2,263 47.4 1,650 45.2 9,603 51.5 12,732 55.8 15,726 63.2 Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked Non-Hispanic -- Student marked 'No' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American 596 5.1 411 4.7 267 3.5 1,274 4.5 1,909 5.2 2,517 6.8 African American 785 6.8 550 6.3 455 6.0 1,790 6.4 1,979 5.4 2,129 5.7 Asian 470 4.1 512 5.8 477 6.2 1,459 5.2 1,641 4.5 1,551 4.2 Pacific Islander 115 1.0 82 0.9 63 0.8 260 0.9 324 0.9 372 1.0 White 8,386 72.3 6,429 73.1 5,772 75.4 20,587 73.4 26,247 72.1 27,180 73.2 Multi-Racial 1,126 9.7 738 8.4 549 7.2 2,413 8.6 2,561 7.0 2,539 6.8 122 1.1 78 0.9 68 0.9 268 1.0 1,759 4.8 824 2.2 Hispanic Students 10,227 46.9 4,773 35.2 3,649 32.3 18,649 38.7 22,831 36.4 24,869 39.0 Non-Hispanic Students 11,600 53.1 8,800 64.8 7,651 67.7 28,051 58.1 36,420 58.0 37,112 58.2 Race Unmarked Totals Note: As a small percentage of students skipped the question Are you Hispanic or Latino? (at the state level, 1,544 students, or 3.2% of the total), the sum of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic students is less than Total Students Arizona Youth Survey 2014 7 Table 5 Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents and Enrolled School Students by Grade and Participating County for the 2014 Survey Grade 8 2014 Survey Participation # Grade 10 October 2013 Enrollment Information % # % 2014 Survey Participation # % Grade 12 October 2013 Enrollment Information # % 2014 Survey Participation # % 2014 Total October 2013 Enrollment Information # % 2014 Survey Participation # % October 2013 Enrollment Information # % 2012 Survey Participation # % 2010 Survey Participation # % Apache 143 0.6 976 1.2 185 1.3 794 1.0 121 1.0 715 0.9 449 0.9 2,485 1.0 764 1.2 1,105 1.7 Cochise 660 2.9 1,504 1.8 606 4.3 1,468 1.8 472 4.1 1,324 1.6 1,738 3.6 4,296 1.7 1,674 2.7 989 1.6 Coconino 198 0.9 1,288 1.5 79 0.6 1,471 1.8 83 0.7 1,417 1.7 360 0.7 4,176 1.7 505 0.8 1,212 1.9 71 0.3 586 0.7 215 1.5 596 0.7 108 0.9 560 0.7 394 0.8 1,742 0.7 919 1.5 714 1.1 Graham 131 0.6 489 0.6 321 2.3 475 0.6 211 1.8 400 0.5 663 1.4 1,364 0.6 754 1.2 840 1.3 Greenlee 110 0.5 134 0.2 91 0.6 129 0.2 55 0.5 144 0.2 256 0.5 407 0.2 302 0.5 255 0.4 La Paz 116 0.5 178 0.2 137 1.0 185 0.2 85 0.7 161 0.2 338 0.7 524 0.2 375 0.6 366 0.6 17,076 75.3 53,780 64.6 8,694 62.0 51,450 64.0 7,699 66.7 54,282 65.2 33,469 69.4 159,512 64.6 40,846 65.0 42,435 66.5 Mohave 584 2.6 1,857 2.2 194 1.4 1,761 2.2 264 2.3 1,746 5,364 2.2 2,485 4.0 2,257 3.5 Navajo 341 1.5 1,333 1.6 417 3.0 1,416 1.8 368 3.2 Pima 843 3.7 11,635 14.0 874 6.2 11,421 14.2 797 6.9 Pinal 516 2.3 3,851 4.6 1,435 10.2 3,304 4.1 741 6.4 Santa Cruz 316 1.4 853 1.0 26 0.2 766 1.0 31 Yavapai 877 3.9 1,992 2.4 698 5.0 2,015 2.5 Yuma 693 3.1 2,833 3.4 56 0.4 2,878 3.6 Gila Maricopa Arizona Youth Survey 2014 2.1 1,042 2.2 1,418 1.7 1,126 2.3 4,167 1.7 1,363 2.2 1,539 2.4 12,243 14.7 2,514 5.2 35,299 14.3 4,999 8.0 3,574 5.6 3,266 3.9 2,692 5.6 10,421 4.2 4,043 6.4 3,560 5.6 0.3 762 0.9 373 0.8 2,381 1.0 608 1.0 994 1.6 435 3.8 1,947 2.3 2,010 4.2 5,954 2.4 2,248 3.6 2,553 4.0 71 0.6 2,904 3.5 820 1.7 8,615 3.5 932 1.5 1,391 2.2 8 2 Section 2: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Use and Other Youth Problem Behaviors The History and Importance of Risk and Protective Factors August The Arizona Youth Survey is based upon the Risk and Protective Factor Model factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can of substance abuse prevention. In medical research, risk factors have been be identified and targeted by preventive interventions that also promote related found for heart disease and other health problems. Through media campaigns protective factors. For example, if academic failure is identified as an elevated risk that inform the general public about the risk factors for heart disease, most factor in a community, then mentoring and tutoring interventions can be provided people are now aware that behaviors such as eating high-fat diets, smoking, to improve academic performance and also increase opportunities and rewards for high cholesterol, being overweight, and lack of exercise place them at risk classroom participation. for heart disease. Just as medical research discovered the risk factors for heart disease, social scientists have identified a set of factors that place The risk and protective factors measured by the Arizona Youth Survey have young people at risk for the problem behaviors of substance abuse, Just been organized into the four important domains of a young person’s life delinquency, violence, teen pregnancy, and school dropout. They as medical — community, family, school, and peer/individual. There are a total of research discovered also have identified a set of protective factors that help to buffer 14 risk factors and 10 protective factors that are measured by the the risk factors for heart the harmful effects of risk. 2014 survey. However, some of the risk factors require more disease, social scientists than one scale for adequate measurement. As a result, there have defined risk factors that Dr. J. David Hawkins, Dr. Richard F. Catalano, and their are 20 separate risk factor scales and 10 protective factor scales place youth at risk for colleagues at the University of Washington have reviewed measured by the survey. Appendix B provides a complete list of the problem behaviors. more than 30 years of existing work on risk factors from various risk and protective factors and the corresponding risk and protective fields and have completed extensive work of their own to identify factor scales in the survey. risk factors for youth problem behaviors. They identified risk factors in important areas of daily life: 1) the community, 2) the family, 3) the The remainder of this section of the report is organized according to the four school, and 4) within individuals themselves and their peer interactions. domains. For each domain, the definition of each risk factor is presented and Many of the problem behaviors faced by youth — delinquency, substance then risk and protective results gathered from the Arizona Youth Survey for each abuse, violence, school dropout, and teen pregnancy — share many common domain are provided by grade. Risk and protective factor charts are also provided risk factors. Programs designed to reduce those common risk factors will to illustrate levels of risk and protection among Arizona youth in a visual format. have the benefit of reducing several problem behaviors. On the following page is more information about how to read and interpret the risk and protective charts. The Risk and Protective Factor Model and data from the Arizona Youth Survey can be used to help school and community planners assess current conditions and prioritize areas of greatest need. By measuring risk and protective Arizona Youth Survey 2014 9 How to Read the Risk and Protective Factor Charts in This Section It is important that the reader gain an understanding of the cut-points that are used to create the risk and protective factor scale scores presented in this section. These cut-points are an important component of the risk and protective factor tables in this section. Cut-Points Before the percentage of youth at-risk on a given scale could be calculated, a scale value or cut-point needed to be determined that would separate the at-risk group from the group that was not at-risk. The Prevention Needs Assessment survey instrument was designed to assess adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior, and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. Because risk and protective factor model surveys have been given to thousands of youth in the Six-State and Seven-State Consortium Projects, it was possible to select two groups of youth nationwide, one that was more at-risk for problem behaviors and another group that was less at-risk. A cut-point score was then determined for each risk and protective factor scale that best divided the youth from the two groups into their appropriate group, more at-risk or less at-risk. The Arizona Youth Survey 2014 criteria for selecting the more at-risk and the less at-risk groups included academic grades (the more at-risk group received “D” and “F” grades, the less at-risk group received “A” and “B” grades); alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use (the more at-risk group had more regular use, the less at-risk group had no drug use and use of alcohol or tobacco on only a few occasions); and antisocial behavior (the more at-risk group had two or more serious delinquent acts in the past year, the less at-risk group had no serious delinquent acts). The cut-points that were determined by analyzing the results of the more at-risk and less at-risk groups will remain constant and will be used in the profiles for future surveys. Because the cut-points for each scale will remain fixed, the percentage of youth above the cut-point on a scale (at-risk) will provide a method for evaluating the progress of prevention programs over time. For example, if the percent of youth at risk for family conflict in a community prior to implementing a community-wide family/parenting program was 60% and then decreased to 50% one year after the program was implemented, the results may indicate that the program helped to reduce family conflict. 10 Community Risk and Protective Factors When looking at the community domain, it is important to consider more than how members of a community interact with the youth of the community. Youth benefit from living in an area where neighbors and community members show concern for them, offer them support, and give encouragement and praise. Youth also benefit from living in a community that functions in a socially healthy manner. What is the community like? Are drugs and guns readily available? Is the community lacking in economic resources? Do community members, businesses, or police turn a blind eye toward drug use and antisocial behaviors or condone such behaviors? Is there a sense of community disorganization or does the community have a common set of shared norms and expectations of behavior? All of these community issues, and more, play significant roles in shaping the behaviors of the youth that live within a particular community. By understanding how youth perceive their neighborhood, Arizona communities can get a better sense of how they need to change in order to reduce the risk that youth will participate in problem behaviors. Definitions of all community domain risk factors, as well as scale scores for the community domain, are provided on the following pages. Table 6 below shows the links between the community risk factors and the five problem behaviors. Check marks have been placed in this and similar tables to indicate where at least two well-designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Table 6     Violence Delinquency  School Dropout Substance Abuse YOUTH AT RISK Teen Pregnancy PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Community Availability of Drugs Availability of Firearms Community Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms, and Crime    Low Neighborhood Attachment    Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Availability of Drugs (Linked to Substance Abuse and Violence) The more available drugs are in a community, the higher the risk that young people will abuse drugs in that community. Perceived availability of drugs is also associated with risk. For example, in schools where students just think drugs are more available, a higher rate of drug use typically occurs. Availability of Firearms (Linked to Delinquency and Violence) Firearm availability and firearm homicide have increased together since the late 1950s. When a firearm is used in a crime or assault instead of another weapon, or no weapon, the outcome is much more likely to be fatal. While a few studies report no association between firearm availability and violence, more studies show a positive relationship. Given the lethality of firearms, the increase in the likelihood of conflict escalating into homicide when guns are present, and the strong association between availability of guns and homicide rates, firearm availability is included as a risk factor. Community Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms, and Crime (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Community norms, the attitudes and policies a community holds about drug use and crime, are communicated in a variety of ways: through laws and written policies, through informal social practices, and through the expectations parents and other community members have of young people. When laws and community standards are favorable toward drug use or crime, or even if they are just unclear, youth are at higher risk. 11 Low Neighborhood Attachment (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Higher rates of drug problems, juvenile delinquency, and violence occur in communities or neighborhoods where people have little attachment to the community, where the rates of vandalism are high, and where there is low surveillance of public places. These conditions are not limited to low-income neighborhoods; they can also be found in wealthier neighborhoods. The less homogeneous a community (in terms of race, class, religion, and even the mix of industrial to residential neighborhoods), the less connected its residents may feel to the overall community, and the more difficult it is to establish clear community goals and identity. The challenge of creating neighborhood attachment and organization is greater in these neighborhoods. Perhaps the most significant issue affecting community attachment is whether residents feel they can make a difference in their own lives. If the key players in the neighborhood, such as merchants, teachers, police, and human services personnel, live outside the neighborhood, residents’ sense of commitment will be less. Lower rates of voter participation and parental involvement in schools also indicate lower attachment to the community. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 12 Community Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors In all grades, a majority of Arizona survey participants in 2014 were not at-risk in the community domain. Table 7 shows that Low Neighborhood Attachment was the highest scaled score for 8th, 10th, and 12th graders with 37.6% of 8th graders, 42.9% of 10th graders, and 47.8% of 12th graders at risk in this scale. The Low Neighborhood Attachment scale was the only scale that was at least 1.0% higher than the Bach Harrison Norm for all grades. The following scales were at least 1.0% lower than the BH Norm for all grades: Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use and Perceived Availability of Drugs. Protective Factors There is one protective factor scale for the community domain – Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. Rates of Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement were as follows for respondents in each grade: 31.4% for 8th graders, 35.0% for 10th graders, 34.0% for 12th graders, and 33.1% for all grades combined. Comparisons to Previously Gathered AYS Survey Data Three administrations (2010, 2012, and 2014) of risk and protective factor data are presented in this report. Data presented in Table 7 depict changes in risk and protective factor rates since the 2010 and 2012 surveys. Since the 2012 survey, rates of Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use decreased 2.9 percentage points for 8th graders (from 32.1% in 2012 to 29.2% in 2014), decreased 4.5 percentage points for 10th graders (from 39.3% in 2012 to 34.8% in 2014), and decreased 3.4 percentage points for 12th graders (from 37.1% in 2012 to 33.7% in 2014). Rates of Perceived Availability of Drugs decreased 4.7 percentage points for 8th graders (from 34.3% in 2012 to 29.6% in 2014), decreased 5.7 percentage points for 10th graders (from 42.3 % in 2012 to 36.6% in 2014), and decreased 3.7 percentage points for 12th graders (from 43.5% in 2012 to 39.8% in 2014). Rates of Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Table 7 Community Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores RISK FACTORS Grade 8 Grade 8 BH Norm Grade 10 Grade 10 BH Norm Grade 12 Grade 12 BH Norm Total Total BH Norm 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 Low Neighborhood 35.9 36.8 37.6 34.0 43.6 42.8 42.9 41.5 47.3 48.1 47.8 45.9 41.3 41.6 41.6 40.4 Attachment Laws & Norms 35.0 32.1 29.2 31.1 41.8 39.3 34.8 37.8 35.5 37.1 33.7 38.1 37.2 35.6 32.0 35.7 Favorable to Drug Use Perceived 36.9 34.3 29.6 30.7 42.9 42.3 36.6 38.6 43.8 43.5 39.8 41.0 40.6 39.2 34.2 36.6 Availability of Drugs Perceived Availability of Handguns PROTECTIVE FACTORS 33.4 34.6 31.8 36.7 22.3 22.8 20.6 23.7 26.5 29.1 27.5 27.6 28.2 29.5 27.4 29.3 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 Rewards for Prosocial 32.9 33.2 31.4 40.9 38.0 37.9 35.0 45.2 37.0 37.7 34.0 44.5 35.6 35.8 33.1 43.5 Involvement Perceived Availability of handguns decreased 2.8 percentage points for 8th grade students (from 34.6% in 2012 to 31.8% in 2014), 2.2 percentage points for 10th graders (from 22.8% in 2012 to 20.6% in 2014), and 1.6 percentage points for 12th grade students (from 29.1% in 2012 to 27.5% in 2014). In regard to the Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement scale, rates decreased significantly in all grades (a decrease of 1.8% for 8th graders, 2.9% for 10th graders, and 1.6% for 12th graders) since 2012. Appendix E contains risk and protective factor charts for respondents in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. All of these profile charts contain all of the risk and protective factors with comparisons between the 2010, 2012, and 2014 state survey data. 13 Family Risk and Protective Factors For the family domain, one must consider more than parents’ personal interaction with their children. Youth benefit from being bonded with their family and from belonging to a family in which their parent(s) or caregiver(s) offer support, encouragement, and praise. Other important factors that can contribute to youth problem behaviors are whether or not the youth’s parent(s), caregiver(s), or siblings have used substances, approve of the use of substances, or have participated in antisocial behaviors. If a youth’s living situation is full of conflict (fights and arguments) and disorganization (lack of family communication or situations in which parent(s) or caregiver(s) do not know the whereabouts or doings of their children), the youth is likely to be at risk for problem behaviors. Definitions of all family domain risk factors, as well as scores for the family domain are provided on the following pages. Table 8 below shows the links between the family risk factors and the five problem behaviors. Table 8 Substance Abuse Delinquency Teen Pregnancy School Dropout Violence PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Family History of the Problem Behavior      Family Management Problems      Family Conflict      Favorable Parental Attitudes and Involvement In the Problem Behavior   YOUTH AT RISK Family History of the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) If children are raised in a family with a history of addiction to alcohol or other drugs, the risk of their having alcohol and other drug problems themselves increases. If children are born or raised in a family with a history of criminal activity, their risk of juvenile delinquency increases. Similarly, children who are raised by a teenage mother are more likely to become teen parents and children of dropouts are more likely to drop out of school themselves. Family Management Problems (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Poor family management practices include lack of clear expectations for behavior, failure of parents to monitor their children (knowing where they are and who they are with), and excessively severe or inconsistent punishment. Family Arizona Youth Survey 2014  Family Conflict (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Persistent, serious conflict between primary caregivers or between caregivers and children appears to increase risk for children raised in these families. Conflict between family members appears to be more important than family structure. Whether the family is headed by two biological parents, a single parent, or some other primary caregiver, children raised in families high in conflict appear to be at risk for all of the problem behaviors. 14 Favorable Parental Attitudes and Involvement In the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Parental attitudes and behavior toward drugs, crime, and violence influence the attitudes and behavior of their children. Parental approval of a young person using alcohol, even under parental supervision, can subsequently increase the risk of that child using alcohol. Similarly, children of parents who excuse their children for breaking the law are more likely to have those children develop problems with juvenile delinquency. In families where parents display violent behavior toward those outside or inside the family, there is an increase in the risk that a child will become violent. Further, in families where parents involve children in their own drug or alcohol behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or to get the parent a beer, there is an increased likelihood that their children will become substance abusers in adolescence. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 15 Family Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors In all grades, a majority of Arizona survey respondents were not at-risk in the family domain. Table 9 shows that the Family Conflict scale was the highest scale score for 8th graders (51.0% at risk), while the Parent Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior was the highest scaled score for 10th graders (44.6% at risk) and 12th graders (43.2% at risk). In comparison to the Bach Harrison Norm (BH Norm), Arizona grade-level scale scores for Family Conflict were consistently (1.0 percentage point to 1.7 percentage points for each grade) higher than the Bach Harrison Norm. In contrast, Arizona scale scores for Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior and Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use were consistently lower (1.6 percentage points to 5.7 percentage points for each grade) than the BH Norm. Protective Factors There are three protective factor scales for the family domain – Family Attachment, Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement, and Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. The highest protective factor score for students in all grades was Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement (62.2% for 8th graders, 53.6% for 10th graders, 52.0% for 12th graders). Comparisons to Previously Gathered AYS Survey Data Three administrations (2010, 2012, and 2014) of risk and protective factor data are presented in this report. Data presented in Table 9 depict changes in risk and protective factor rates since the 2010 and 2012 surveys. As seen in Table 9, there were many decreases in risk. For the Poor Family Management scale, risk decreased 1 percentage point to 1.8 percentage points for students in each grade and 1.3 percentage points for all grades combined. The Family History of Antisocial Behavior scale scores decreased 1.8 percentage points to 3.6 percentage points in each grade and 2.6 percentage points for all grades combined. The Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior scale scores decreased 2.9 percentage points to 5.5 percentage points in each grade and 4.3 percentage points for all grades combined. While the Parental Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Table 9 Family Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores Grade 8 Grade 8 BH Norm Grade 10 Grade 10 BH Norm Grade 12 Grade 12 BH Norm Total Total BH Norm RISK FACTORS 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 Poor Family Management 43.7 42.5 41.2 40.3 40.6 37.2 35.4 40.0 41.2 39.4 38.4 40.5 42.1 40.0 38.7 40.3 Family Conflict 53.1 51.2 51.0 49.3 42.1 41.6 41.2 39.9 39.1 39.5 39.0 38.0 45.9 45.1 45.0 42.4 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 39.3 38.5 36.7 35.4 41.5 40.4 36.8 37.6 37.4 38.6 35.9 35.9 39.4 39.1 36.5 36.3 Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB 47.7 46.1 43.2 49.1 50.0 49.9 44.6 53.5 48.6 48.7 43.2 52.9 48.6 48.0 43.7 51.8 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 24.7 23.7 21.2 23.7 37.9 39.7 32.8 39.6 38.6 43.0 33.0 40.3 32.4 33.8 27.6 34.3 PROTECTIVE FACTORS Family Attachment Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 51.1 51.7 53.3 54.8 45.6 46.9 47.8 48.0 56.6 55.7 55.2 57.9 50.9 51.2 52.1 53.5 59.7 60.6 62.2 62.5 54.6 56.0 57.2 56.2 56.4 56.8 56.8 56.2 57.2 58.1 59.3 58.3 61.7 59.0 60.0 61.9 54.9 53.0 53.6 54.3 56.4 53.3 52.0 54.0 58.2 55.6 56.0 56.7 Attitudes Favorable to Drug use scale showed decreases of 2.5 percentage points to 10.0 percentage points for students in each grade and 6.2 percentage points for all grades combined. As for protection in the family domain, scale scores for the Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement scale increased 3.1 percentage points for 8th graders, 1.6 percentage points for 10th graders, and 2.1 percentage points for all grades combined since 2012. Appendix E contains risk and protective factor charts for 8th, 10th, and 12th graders. All of these profile charts contain all of the risk and protective factors with comparisons to the 2010 and 2012 state survey data. 16 School Risk and Protective Factors In the school domain, the early school years are a formative time when mitigating childrens’ risk is important. Academic failure in elementary school puts children at risk for substance use, delinquency, teen pregnancy, school drop out, and violence later in life. Further, a child with early and persistent antisocial behavior is at risk for substance use and other problems later in life. These two factors (academic failure and early engagement in antisocial behavior) indicate that prevention programs targeting school-based risk should begin early in a student’s schooling. Programs that can effectively target the needs of the school population will help decrease the level of risk, thereby decreasing problem behaviors. As with the community and family domains, bonding at the school level also decreases risk and increases protection. When students have healthy relationships with their teachers, when they feel as if they are able to play an active role in their classes and in their school, and when they receive encouragement and support they are more bonded to their school and their commitment to school is less likely to falter. Definitions of all school domain risk factors, as well as scores for the school domain are provided on the following pages. Table 10 below shows the links between the school risk factors and the five problem behaviors. Academic Failure in Elementary School (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Beginning in the late elementary grades, academic failure increases the risk of drug abuse, delinquency, violence, teen pregnancy, and school dropout. Students fail for many reasons. It appears that the experience of failure, not necessarily the student’s ability, increases the risk of problem behaviors. Lack of Commitment to School (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Lack of commitment to school means the young person has ceased to see the role of student as a viable one. Young people who have lost this commitment to school are at higher risk for all five problem behaviors. Table 10 Substance Abuse Delinquency Teen Pregnancy School Dropout Violence PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Academic Failure Beginning in Late Elementary School      Lack of Commitment to School      YOUTH AT RISK School Arizona Youth Survey 2014 17 School Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors There are two risk factor scales for the school domain – Academic Failure and Low Commitment to School. Of the two scale scores, 8th, 10th, and 12th graders in Arizona were at higher risk in the Low Commitment to School scale (45.0% at risk for 8th graders, 51.6% at risk for 10th graders, and 55.3% at risk for 12th graders). Compared to the BH Norm, Arizona risk scale scores within the school domain were all higher than the BH Norm (1.8 to 3.5 percentage points higher within the Academic Failure scale, and 6.8 to 13.2 percentage points higher within the Low Commitment to School scale). Protective Factors There are also two protective factor scales for the school domain – School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement and School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. The highest protective factor scale score for students in all grades was School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement (64.7% for 8th graders, 66.6% for 10th graders, 67.4% for 12th graders). Arizona scale scores for School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement are 2.9 to 4.0 percentage points lower than BH Norm scores, while scale scores for School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement are 0.9 to 4.6 percentage points lower than BH Norm scores. Table 11 School Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores RISK FACTORS Academic Failure Low Commitment to School PROTECTIVE FACTORS Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Grade 8 Grade 8 BH Norm Grade 10 Grade 10 BH Norm Grade 12 Grade 12 BH Norm Total Total BH Norm 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 45.5 44.0 44.6 41.1 48.5 45.8 44.3 42.5 40.6 40.3 40.9 37.9 45.1 43.6 43.6 40.6 41.0 40.2 45.0 38.2 41.7 45.9 51.6 40.4 42.2 46.4 55.3 42.1 41.5 43.4 49.4 40.2 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 63.0 61.6 64.7 68.7 65.6 65.0 66.6 69.5 67.6 66.6 67.4 71.4 65.0 63.8 65.9 69.8 52.0 53.2 53.7 56.9 61.2 62.8 62.5 63.4 46.9 49.5 47.8 52.4 53.5 55.2 54.9 57.7 for Prosocial Involvement scale score showed an increase of 3.1 percentage points for 8th graders, 1.6 percentage points for 10th graders, and 2.1 percentage points for all grades combined since 2012. Appendix E contains risk and protective factor charts for students in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. All of these profile charts contain all of the risk and protective factors with comparisons to the 2010 and 2012 state survey data. Comparisons to Previously Gathered AYS Survey Data Three administrations (2010, 2012, and 2014) of risk and protective factor data are presented in this section. Data presented in Table 11 depict changes in risk and protective factor rates since the 2010 and 2012 surveys. Since the 2012 survey, Academic Failure scale scores decreased 1.5 percentage points for 10th graders. In contrast, since the 2012 survey, Low Commitment to School scale scores increased 4.8 percentage points for 8th graders, 5.7 percentage points for 10th graders, 8.9 percentage points for 12th graders, and 6.0 percentage points for all grades combined. As for protective factors in the school domain, the School Opportunities Arizona Youth Survey 2014 18 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factors The final domain of a student’s life — peer/individual — consists of much more than mere peer pressure. While students are at risk for problem behaviors when they have friends who are engaging in problem behaviors or their friends have favorable attitudes toward the behaviors (i.e. it is seen as “cool”), the peer/individual domain also consists of several factors that spring from the individual. For example, students who are depressed, rebellious, or who feel alienated are more likely to use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior. Other constitutional factors also play a part in whether or not a student is at risk for ATOD use or antisocial behaviors. Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Definitions of all peer/individual domain risk and protective factors, as well as a description of individual characteristics, bonding, and healthy beliefs and clear standards, are presented in this section. Also in this discussion of peer/ individual risk factors, scores for the scales in this domain are provided in the form of tables and charts. Table 12 below shows the links between peer/individual risk factors and the five problem behaviors. This risk factor also includes persistent antisocial behavior in early adolescence, like misbehaving in school, skipping school, and getting into fights with other children. Young people, both girls and boys, who engage in these behaviors during early adolescence are at increased risk for drug abuse, delinquency, teen pregnancy, school dropout, and violence. Alienation, Rebelliousness, and Lack of Bonding to Society (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and School Dropout) Table 12 Substance Abuse Delinquency Teen Pregnancy School Dropout Violence PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior      Rebelliousness   Friends Who Engage in a Problem Behavior   Gang Involvement   Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior     Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior     Constitutional Factors   YOUTH AT RISK Peer/Individual Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Boys who are aggressive in grades K-3 are at higher risk for substance abuse and delinquency. When a boy’s aggressive behavior in the early grades is combined with isolation or withdrawal there is an even greater risk of problems in adolescence. This increased risk also applies to aggressive behavior combined with hyperactivity or attention deficit disorder.        Young people who feel they are not part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society are at higher risk of drug abuse, delinquency, and school dropout. Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Youth who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are much more likely to engage in the same problem behaviors. This is one of the most consistent predictors of youth problem behaviors identified through research. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, just hanging out with those who engage in problem behaviors increases their risks. However, young people who experience a low number of risk factors are less likely to associate with those who are involved in problem behaviors. 19 Gang Involvement (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, School Dropout, and Violence) Youth who belong to gangs or who have friends that belong to gangs are at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. The risk factors associated with gang involvement are well known as many gang-related crimes and events are covered by local media. Gang membership has been linked to violence, shootings, destruction of public property, and involvement in other illegal behaviors including distribution of drugs. Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, and School Dropout) During the elementary school years, children usually express anti-drug, anticrime, prosocial attitudes. They have difficulty imagining why people use drugs, commit crimes, and drop out of school. In middle school, as others they know participate in such activities, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. This places them at higher risk. Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) The earlier young people begin using drugs, committing crimes, engaging in violent activity, becoming sexually active, and dropping out of school, the greater the likelihood that they will have problems with these behaviors later on. For example, research shows that young people who initiate drug use before age 15 are at twice the risk of having drug problems as those who begin using after age 19. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Constitutional Factors (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Constitutional factors are factors that may have a biological or physiological basis. These factors are often seen in young people with behaviors such as sensation seeking, low harm avoidance, and lack of impulse control. These factors appear to increase the risk of young people abusing drugs, engaging in delinquent behavior, and/or committing violent acts. It is important to note that young people who are exposed to multiple risk factors do not become substance abusers, juvenile delinquents, teen parents, or school dropouts. Balancing the risk factors are protective factors, those aspects of people’s lives that counter risk factors or provide buffers against them. They protect by either reducing the impact of the risks or by changing the way a person responds to the risks. A key strategy to counter risk factors is to enhance protective factors that promote positive behavior, health, well-being, and personal success. Research indicates that peer/individual protective factors fall into three basic categories: Individual Characteristics, Bonding, and Healthy Beliefs and Clear Standards. Individual Characteristics Research has identified four individual characteristics as protective factors. These attributes are considered to be inherent in the youngster and are difficult, if not impossible, to change. They consist of: Gender. Given equal exposure to risks, girls are less likely to develop health and behavior problems in adolescence than are boys. A Resilient Temperament. Young people who have the ability to quickly adjust to or recover from misfortune or changes are at reduced risk. 20 A Positive Social Orientation. Young people who are good natured, enjoy social interactions, and elicit positive attention from others are at reduced risk. Intelligence. Intelligence is a factor in delinquency rates and school drop-out rates. However, intelligence does not protect against substance abuse. Bonding Research indicates that one of the most effective ways to reduce children’s risk is to strengthen their bond with positive, prosocial family members, teachers, other significant adults, and/or prosocial friends. Children who are attached to positive families, friends, schools, and their community, and who are committed to achieving the goals valued by these groups, are less likely to develop problems in adolescence. Children who are bonded to others who hold healthy beliefs are less likely to do things that threaten that bond, such as use drugs, commit crimes, or drop out of school. For example, if children are attached to their parents and want to please them, they will be less likely to risk breaking this connection by doing things which their parents strongly disapprove of. Studies of successful children who live in high-risk neighborhoods or situations indicate that strong bonds with a caregiver can keep children from getting into trouble. Positive bonding makes up for many disadvantages caused by risk factors or other environmental characteristics. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Healthy Beliefs and Clear Standards Bonding is only part of the protective equation. Research indicates that another group of protective factors falls into the category of healthy beliefs and clear standards. The people with whom children are bonded need to have clear, positive standards for behavior. The content of these standards is what protects young people. For example, being opposed to youth alcohol and drug use is a standard that has been shown to protect young people from the damaging effects of substance abuse risk factors. Children whose parents have high expectations for their school success and personal achievement are less likely to drop out of school. A similar protective effect is found when parents have clear standards against criminal activity and early, unprotected sexual activity. The negative effects of risk factors can be reduced when schools, families, and/ or peer groups teach young people healthy beliefs and set clear standards for their behavior. Examples of healthy beliefs include believing it is best for children to be drug and crime free and to do well in school. Examples of clear standards include establishing clear no drug and alcohol family rules, establishing the expectation that children do well in school, and having consistent family rules against problem behaviors. 21 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors When looking at the grades individually, the highest Peer/Individual domain risk score for youth in all grades was Perceived Risk of Drug Use (56.9% at risk for 8th graders, 58.4% at risk for 10th graders, and 65.4% at risk for 12th graders). In comparison to the BH Norm, the only scales that were higher in Arizona for all grades were the Perceived Risk of Drug Use scale and the Peer/Individual Rewards for Antisocial Behavior scale. The following scales were consistently lower than the BH Norm for all grades: Rebelliousness, Early Initiation of Drug Use, Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior, Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use, Interaction with Antisocial Peers, and Gang Involvement. Protective Factors There are five protective factor scales for the peer/individual domain. In all grades, the highest protective factor score was Belief in the Moral Order (69.6% reported by 8th graders, 75.8% reported by 10th graders, 59.6% reported by 12th graders). In comparison to the BH Norm, scale scores for the Belief in the Moral Order scale were consistently (3.8 to 5.6 percentage points for students in each grade) higher than for the BH Norm, while scale scores for the Interaction with Prosocial Peers scale were consistently (8.2 to 12.6 percentage points for students in each grade) lower than the BH Norm. Comparisons to Previously Gathered AYS Survey Data Three administrations (2010, 2012, and 2014) of risk and protective factor data are featured in this section. Data presented in Table 13 depict changes in risk and protective factor rates since the 2010 and 2012 surveys. Since the 2012 Arizona Youth Survey, decreases in risk factor scale scores (decreases of 1.0 percentage point or higher) were identified for students in all grades for Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior, Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior, Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use, Interaction with Antisocial Peers, Friends Use of Drugs, and Gang Involvement. The only risk factor scale to increase in all grades was the Perceived Risk of Drug Use scale. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Table 13 PeerIndividual Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores Grade 8 Grade 8 BH Norm Grade 10 Grade 10 BH Norm Grade 12 Grade 12 BH Norm Total Total BH Norm RISK FACTORS 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 Rebelliousness 43.8 37.1 33.4 34.5 47.6 40.6 36.6 39.8 44.6 36.8 36.6 37.7 45.1 38.1 35.1 37.4 Early Initiation of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to ASB Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Perceived Risk of Drug Use Interaction with Antisocial Peers Friend's Use of Drugs Rewards for ASB 29.3 24.0 19.8 23.5 31.0 27.5 22.4 36.1 29.6 27.8 23.4 44.5 29.9 26.0 21.4 34.6 41.4 36.8 31.7 34.7 44.7 41.4 36.1 41.0 41.7 37.8 35.6 39.0 42.4 38.4 33.9 38.2 29.3 26.1 21.4 24.7 36.2 36.1 29.8 35.5 35.9 35.8 29.5 36.0 33.1 31.4 25.8 32.0 47.8 50.2 56.9 37.9 45.9 51.4 58.4 40.1 50.4 56.3 65.4 47.4 47.9 52.1 59.4 41.6 55.8 50.2 43.6 44.8 56.3 47.2 41.5 45.5 51.5 45.6 40.1 43.7 54.8 48.2 42.2 44.7 39.4 35.7 29.7 30.7 42.6 39.0 34.7 34.7 38.1 34.8 32.0 32.6 40.0 36.5 31.7 32.7 48.2 44.9 41.9 37.1 46.8 50.6 49.0 42.1 57.1 60.4 60.3 54.7 50.1 50.4 48.3 44.3 Gang Involvement 20.8 14.9 10.4 14.7 20.9 13.4 8.4 PROTECTIVE FACTORS Belief in the Moral Order Interaction with Prosocial Peers Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 13.3 16.1 12.5 7.0 10.7 19.6 13.9 9.0 12.9 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 2010 2012 2014 2014 60.3 65.1 69.6 65.8 69.4 71.5 75.8 70.2 56.4 58.5 59.6 55.6 62.0 65.4 69.0 64.0 54.7 50.1 47.9 60.5 57.5 55.2 53.5 61.7 57.3 54.9 49.6 60.0 56.2 52.8 49.9 60.7 40.0 43.0 42.7 49.0 45.3 50.3 51.9 52.0 41.9 45.1 44.2 47.9 42.1 45.7 45.8 49.7 59.2 59.3 61.3 61.4 61.7 61.8 63.6 60.1 55.6 55.2 56.2 52.2 59.0 59.0 60.7 58.0 In regard to Peer/Individual domain protective factor scale scores since 2012, there were increases in protection in all grades for the following two scales: Belief in the Moral Order and Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. Scale scores for the Interaction with Prosocial Peers scale decreased 1.7 to 5.3 percentage points for those in each grade since 2012. Appendix E contains risk and protective factor charts for 8th, 10th, and 12th graders. All of these profile charts contain all of the risk and protective factors with comparisons to the 2010 and 2012 state survey data. 22 3 Section 3: Substance Use Outcomes Age of Initiation The earlier young people begin using drugs, committing crimes, and engaging in violent activity, the greater the likelihood that they will have problems with these behaviors later on. The Arizona Youth Survey asks students to report how old they were when, if ever, they first used ATODs. Asking students to report their age of first substance use allows the average age when students begin using a substance to be determined. This not only gives prevention planners an age group in which to target interventions, but also gives the state of Arizona a better idea of the seriousness of the problem; the younger the age of initiation, the more serious the problem. Through future surveys, age of initiation can be tracked and if prevention programs are successful, the age of initiation will increase over time. In Table 14 on this page and Figure 6 on the following page, the average age of first use is reported. Students begin using cigarettes and taking their first drink of alcohol (a sip or more) at a younger age than other drugs. The average age of first use of cigarettes in 2014 was 12.9 years, as was also the first age of alcohol use (sip or more). For alcohol use, a distinction can be made between the first experimental use of alcohol (having more than a sip or two of alcohol) and the first regular use of alcohol (drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, or at least once or twice a month). Arizona students, on average, reported having their first drink of alcohol (having a sip or more of alcohol) at age 12.9 years in 2014 (up from 12.8 years in 2012), while the average age of first regular use of alcohol (drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, or at least once or twice a month) was over a year and a half later at age 14.5 years. Table 14 Age of Initiation Drug Used Average Age of First Use (Of Students Who Indicated That They Had Used) 2010 2012 2014 First Cigarette Use 12.9 12.7 12.9 First Marijuana Use 13.6 13.6 13.7 First Alcohol Sip or More 13.1 12.8 12.9 First Regular Alcohol Use 14.3 14.4 14.5 First Prescription Drug Use N/A 13.5 13.4 alcohol. In 2014, the average age of initiation for marijuana use was 13.7 years, while students began regularly using alcohol at 14.5 years. Of the students who reported having used prescription drugs without a doctor telling them to take them, the average age of first use was 13.4 years. The survey results also show that those students who have used marijuana, on average, try marijuana at a younger age than students who began regularly using Arizona Youth Survey 2014 23 Figure 6 Average Age of First Substance Use (2010, 2012, 2014) 2010 2014 2012 12.9 First Cigarette Use 12.7 12.9 13.6 13.6 13.7 First Marijuana Use 13.1 First Alcohol Sip or More 12.8 12.9 14.3 14.4 14.5 First Regular Alcohol Use First Prescription Drug Use 13.5 13.4 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15 Student age Arizona Youth Survey 2014 24 Lifetime ATOD Use, By Grade Arizona Lifetime Usage 2014 Results Compared to Past Survey Results Lifetime use is seen as a proxy measure of youth experimentation with alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. As can be seen in Figures 7, 8, and 9 the most commonly used substances are alcohol (46.2% of Arizona survey participants in the 2014 survey have used at least once), marijuana (27.1% have used), cigarettes (23.4% have used), prescription drugs (13.2% have used), prescription pain relievers (10.4% have used), inhalants (7.5% have used) and over-the-counter drugs (7.4% have used). In Arizona, lifetime use of many substances in all grades has significantly decreased since the 2012 survey, with alcohol use decreasing 2.2 to 6.2 percentage points for students in each grade, cigarette use decreasing 3.9 to 6.4 percentage points for students in each grade, inhalant use decreasing 2.0 to 2.8 percentage points for students in each grade, prescription pain reliever use decreasing 1.8 to 5.7 percentage points for students in each grade, prescription drug use decreasing 1.8 to 5.2 percentage points for those in each grade, overthe-counter drug use decreasing 1.2 to 2.6 percentage points for those in each grade, and synthetic drug use decreasing 4.6 to 7.5 percentage points for those in each grade. Complete lifetime use results can be seen in table and charts on the following pages. A comparison between the Arizona Youth Survey and the national Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey is another measure for assessing current substance abuse and risk behaviors of Arizona youth. A lower percentage of Arizona survey participants in all grades in 2014 have had lifetime experience with inhalants and prescription stimulants compared to youth in the same grades in the 2013 MTF survey (1.5 to 2.1 percentage points lower inhalant use for Arizona youth in each grade, 2.6 to 4.0 percentage points lower stimulant use for Arizona youth in each grade). Additionally, a lower percentage of Arizona students have had lifetime experience with marijuana in comparison to youth in the 2013 national MTF survey population (0.8 to 3.4 percentage points lower marijuana lifetime use for Arizona youth in each grade). Eighth grade Arizona students indicated higher lifetime alcohol use (31.5% for Arizona 8th graders, 27.8% for 8th graders nationally), and higher lifetime cigarette use rates (15.8% for Arizona 8th graders, 14.8% for 8th graders nationally). Figure 7 Lifetime Substance Use: 2010, 2012, and 2014 Arizona State Totals 2012 2012 2014 100 90 Percent of students who have used at least once in their lifetime Arizona Results Compared to National Results 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2014 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to this year’s survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 25 Figure 8 Lifetime Substance Use (Alcohol, Cigarettes, Marijuana, Hallucinogens, Cocaine, Inhalants, Methamphetamines, and Heroin): Arizona (2010, 2012, 2014) Compared to National (2013) Percent of students indicating that they used at least once in their lifetime Arizona 2010 Arizona 2012 Arizona 2014 MTF 2013 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Alcohol Figure 9 Cigarettes Marijuana Hallucinogens Cocaine Inhalants Methamphetamines 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 0 Heroin* Lifetime Substance Use (Ecstasy, Steroids, Prescription Pain Relievers, Prescription Stimulants, Prescription Sedatives, Prescription Drugs, Over-the-Counter Drugs, Synthetic Drugs): Arizona (2010, 2012, 2014) Compared to National (2013) Percent of students indicating that they used at least once in their lifetime Arizona 2010 Arizona 2012 Arizona 2014 MTF 2013 100 90 80 70 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2014 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. 60 50 40 30 20 ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2014. 10 Ecstasy Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Steroids Prescription Pain Relievers† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Drugs† Over-the-Counter Drugs† 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 0 Synthetic Drugs**† † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. 26 Table 15 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade Grade 8 Drug Used Arizona Arizona Arizona Grade 10 MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Grade 12 MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Total MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona 2010 2012 2014 2013 2010 2012 2014 2013 2010 2012 2014 2013 2010 2012 2014 Alcohol 45.1 37.3 31.5 27.8 64.1 59.1 52.9 52.1 72.8 69.2 67.0 68.2 58.2 51.7 46.2 Cigarettes 23.8 19.7 15.8 14.8 37.2 31.7 25.6 25.7 46.9 42.1 35.7 38.1 34.0 28.8 23.4 Marijuana 17.8 16.2 14.9 16.5 34.3 34.7 32.4 35.8 44.7 44.8 44.7 45.5 29.9 28.7 27.1 Hallucinogens 2.2 1.7 1.6 2.5 5.9 5.2 4.7 5.4 9.0 8.4 8.0 7.6 5.1 4.4 4.0 Cocaine 2.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 5.3 3.9 3.0 3.3 8.8 7.4 6.2 4.5 5.0 3.7 3.1 Inhalants 14.5 11.4 9.0 10.8 11.8 9.4 6.6 8.7 9.4 7.4 5.4 6.9 12.3 9.8 7.5 Methamphetamines 0.7 0.6 0.5 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.1 1.6 2.5 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.2 0.9 Heroin 0.9 0.7 0.6 1.0 2.6 1.4 1.1 1.0 3.4 1.8 1.3 1.0 2.1 1.2 0.9 Ecstasy 3.9 2.8 2.1 1.8 8.2 7.4 4.4 5.7 10.6 10.4 7.4 7.1 7.0 6.1 4.1 Steroids 1.6 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.3 1.7 1.9 1.9 2.1 1.7 1.7 1.7 Prescription Pain RelieversƗ 11.5 8.8 7.0 N/C 18.9 15.6 12.0 N/C 23.1 20.7 15.0 N/C 16.8 13.8 10.4 Prescription Stimulants 3.0 2.0 1.6 4.2 7.0 6.6 5.3 8.1 8.5 9.9 8.4 12.4 5.7 5.3 4.3 Prescription SedativesƗ 8.7 4.4 3.9 N/C 11.5 8.0 6.3 N/C 13.4 10.0 7.8 N/C 10.8 6.9 5.5 Prescription DrugsƗ 16.5 11.1 9.3 N/C 23.7 18.8 15.0 N/C 27.3 23.9 18.7 N/C 21.5 16.6 13.2 Over-the-Counter DrugsƗ 9.5 7.0 5.8 N/C 13.2 10.6 8.2 N/C 14.1 12.2 9.6 N/C 11.8 9.3 7.4 Synthetic Drugs**Ɨ N/A 6.9 2.3 N/C N/A 11.1 4.2 N/C N/A 13.9 6.4 N/C N/A 9.9 3.8 N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. ** - Indicates substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2012. Ɨ and NC - Indicate where equivalent category for these substances is not available from the Monitoring the Future survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 27 30-Day ATOD Use, By Grade When looking at the percent of students who indicated that they used ATODs in the past 30 days (Table 16; Figures 10, 11, and 12), an increase by grade can be seen for most substances except inhalants (peaks for those in the 8th grade at 3.1%), over-the-counter drug (peaks for those in the 10th grade at 3.7%), methamphetamines (10th and 12th graders use rate of 0.4% was the same), and over-the-counter drugs (peaks for those in the 10th grade at 4.9%). This is most clearly observed in Figures 11 and 12. 2014 Results Compared to Past Survey Results Since the 2012 AYS, 30-day use rates have decreased by 2.9 to 4.3 percentage points for students in all grades for alcohol, decreased 2.1 to 5.3 percentage points for those in all grades for cigarettes, decreased 0.8 to 2.2 percentage points for those in all grades for prescription pain relievers, and decreased 2.9 to 4.3 percentage points for those in all grades for synthetic drugs. The only substance that showed a consistent increase in use across all grades in Arizona was chewing tobacco use, which increased 2.2 percentage points among 8th grade youth (from 2.1% in 2012 to 4.3% in 2014), 3.6 percentage points among 10th graders (from 3.9% in 2012 to 7.5% in 2014), and 3.8 percentage points among 12th grade students (from 6.6% in 2012 to 10.4% in 2014). Complete past month use results can be seen in Table 16 and Figures 10, 11, and 12 on the following pages. Figure 10 30-Day Substance Use: 2008, 2010, and 2012 Arizona State Totals 2008 2010 2012 100 90 Percent of students who have used at least once in the past 30 days Arizona 30-Day Usage 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2014 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to this year’s survey. Arizona Results Compared to National Results A look at past month substance use (Table 16) reveals that a higher percentage of Arizona youth in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades have used alcohol and smokeless tobacco than youth in the same grades in the 2013 national MTF survey population. Alcohol use in Arizona was 1.4 to 3.2 percentage points higher for students in each grade in comparison to the national MTF survey, and smokeless tobacco use in Arizona was 1.1 to 2.3 percentage points higher for those in each grade in comparison to the national MTF survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 28 Figure 11 30-Day Substance Use (Alcohol, Cigarettes, Smokeless Tobacco, Marijuana, Hallucinogens, Cocaine, Inhalants, Methamphetamines, and Heroin): Arizona (2010, 2012, 2014) Compared to National (2013) Arizona 2010 Arizona 2012 Arizona 2014 MTF 2013 Percent of students indicating that they used at least once in the past 30 days 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Alcohol Figure 12 Cigarettes Smokeless Tobacco Marijuana Hallucinogens Cocaine Inhalants Methamphetamines 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 0 Heroin* 30-Day Substance Use (Ecstasy, Steroids, Prescription Pain Relievers, Prescription Stimulants, Prescription Sedatives, Prescription Drugs, Over-the-Counter Drugs, Synthetic Drugs): Arizona (2010, 2012, 2014) Compared to National (2013) Percent of students indicating that they used at least once in the past 30 days Arizona 2010 Arizona 2012 Arizona 2014 MTF 2013 100 90 80 70 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2014 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. 60 50 40 30 20 ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2014. 10 Ecstasy Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Steroids Prescription Pain Relievers† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Drugs† Over-the-Counter Drugs† 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 0 Synthetic Drugs**† † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. 29 Table 16 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade Grade 8 Drug Used Arizona Arizona Arizona Grade 10 MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Grade 12 MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Total MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona 2010 2012 2014 2013 2010 2012 2014 2013 2010 2012 2014 2013 2010 2012 2014 Alcohol 21.9 17.1 13.4 10.2 34.7 32.1 27.8 25.7 45.0 43.5 40.6 39.2 31.9 28.1 24.1 Cigarettes 8.9 7.8 5.7 4.5 15.6 14.0 10.1 9.1 22.9 21.0 15.7 16.3 14.7 12.9 9.4 Chewing Tobacco 2.8 2.1 4.3 2.8 5.7 3.9 7.5 6.4 8.1 6.6 10.4 8.1 5.1 3.8 6.7 Marijuana 8.9 7.7 6.9 7.0 17.4 17.7 16.8 18.0 21.3 22.5 22.9 22.7 14.8 14.3 13.6 Hallucinogens 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.8 2.0 1.7 1.7 1.1 2.4 2.3 2.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.4 Cocaine 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 1.6 1.2 0.9 0.8 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.0 Inhalants 5.6 4.2 3.1 2.3 3.0 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.3 0.9 1.0 3.7 2.8 2.0 Methamphetamines 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 Heroin 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.4 0.3 Ecstasy 1.7 0.9 0.8 0.5 2.9 1.7 1.3 1.2 3.4 2.0 1.7 1.5 2.5 1.4 1.2 Steroids 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 Prescription Pain RelieversƗƗ 5.7 4.5 3.8 N/C 8.9 7.3 5.4 N/C 9.7 7.9 5.5 N/C 7.7 6.2 4.7 Prescription Stimulants 1.4 0.9 0.8 1.4 2.8 2.7 2.1 2.8 2.5 3.0 2.8 4.1 2.1 2.0 1.6 Prescription SedativesƗ 3.6 1.9 1.7 N/C 4.7 3.3 2.6 N/C 4.7 3.2 2.7 N/C 4.2 2.7 2.2 Prescription DrugsƗ 8.2 5.7 4.9 N/C 11.8 9.3 7.1 N/C 12.4 10.0 8.0 N/C 10.4 7.9 6.3 Over-the-Counter DrugsƗ 5.4 4.0 3.1 N/C 6.3 4.9 3.7 N/C 6.3 4.3 3.4 N/C 5.9 4.4 3.4 Synthetic Drugs**Ɨ N/A 3.8 0.9 N/C N/A 5.0 0.8 N/C N/A 5.2 0.9 N/C N/A 4.5 0.8 N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. ** - Indicates substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2012. Ɨ and NC - Indicate where equivalent category for these substances is available from the Monitoring the Future survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 30 Lifetime ATOD Use by Gender Table 17 on the following page shows the percentage of lifetime ATOD use for males and for females. Traditionally, being female is generally considered a protective factor for substance use; however, of the Arizona students who took the survey, females are becoming the predominant substance users in the lower grades, and, for some substance use categories, females report higher use than males in all grades. Females in all grades indicated higher lifetime use rates of alcohol (48.4% total female use compared to 43.9% total male use) and sedatives (6.6% total female use compared to 4.4% total male use). In contrast, males in all grades indicate higher use rates for marijuana (0.4% to 5.1% higher than female use rates in each grade) and hallucinogens (0.3% to 5.1% higher than female use rates in each grade). As was previously mentioned, female lifetime use rates top male use rates in the younger grades, but become more equitable by 12th grade. In , females indicated significantly higher (i.e. 1.0% or more difference) lifetime use rates in seven of the 16 substance use categories. In the 10th grade, females have more similar, though still significantly higher use rates in five categories. By the 12th grade, females had significantly higher use rates in only one of 16 categories. These findings indicate that females may be experimenting with drug use at higher rates than males in the early grades and into high school, but as students finish high school, a higher percentage of males than females report substance abuse. Figure 13 Arizona Lifetime Substance Use by Gender (2010, 2012, 2014) 2010 2012 2014 Percent of students who used at least once in their lifetime 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Male Female Alcohol Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Male Female Cigarettes Male Female Marijuana 31 Table 17 Percentage of Males and Females by Grade Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime Grade 8 Males Drug Used Grade 10 Females Males Grade 12 Females Males Total Females Males Females 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 Alcohol 43.2 35.3 29.2 46.9 38.8 33.7 62.2 56.7 49.8 65.9 61.2 55.7 72.5 67.8 65.5 73.3 70.5 68.5 56.7 49.7 43.9 59.7 53.3 48.4 Cigarettes 24.4 19.6 15.3 23.1 19.5 16.4 37.5 32.1 25.7 36.8 31.2 25.5 48.9 43.9 38.5 45.0 40.3 33.1 34.9 29.3 23.8 33.2 28.1 23.0 Marijuana 19.2 17.2 15.1 16.2 15.1 14.7 35.8 37.0 33.1 32.9 32.2 31.8 48.0 47.3 47.3 41.6 42.5 42.2 31.8 30.6 28.1 28.1 27.0 26.3 Hallucinogens 2.2 1.9 1.7 2.1 1.5 1.4 6.3 5.8 5.5 5.4 4.5 3.9 11.3 10.1 10.6 6.8 6.7 5.5 5.8 5.1 4.9 4.4 3.7 3.1 Cocaine 2.3 1.5 1.6 2.4 1.5 1.7 5.6 4.5 3.8 5.1 3.4 2.3 10.1 8.4 8.2 7.6 6.3 4.5 5.4 4.1 3.8 4.6 3.2 2.5 Inhalants 11.5 8.7 6.8 17.4 14.1 11.2 9.5 7.6 5.7 14.0 11.1 7.4 9.4 7.0 5.8 9.4 7.7 4.9 10.3 7.9 6.3 14.2 11.6 8.6 Methamphetamines 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.5 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 0.9 2.6 2.0 1.7 2.3 1.7 0.9 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.6 1.1 0.7 Heroin 0.9 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.5 2.8 1.4 1.3 2.4 1.3 0.8 4.2 2.1 1.7 2.7 1.6 0.9 2.3 1.2 1.1 1.9 1.1 0.7 Ecstasy 3.7 2.7 2.2 4.1 2.8 2.1 7.7 7.4 5.0 8.6 7.4 3.9 11.8 10.6 8.4 9.4 10.2 6.4 7.1 6.1 4.5 6.9 6.0 3.6 Steroids 1.9 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.4 2.3 2.2 2.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 2.6 2.8 2.5 0.9 0.9 1.4 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.2 1.3 1.4 Prescription Pain Relievers 9.9 6.9 5.2 13.1 10.6 8.8 17.9 14.7 11.1 19.8 16.4 12.8 25.0 21.1 16.1 21.4 20.4 14.0 16.3 12.8 9.5 17.4 14.8 11.2 Prescription Stimulants 2.6 1.5 1.4 3.4 2.5 1.9 6.3 6.3 5.2 7.6 6.7 5.4 9.3 10.2 9.2 7.7 9.6 7.7 5.5 5.1 4.3 5.8 5.5 4.3 Prescription Sedatives 6.0 3.1 2.4 11.3 5.6 5.4 8.8 6.3 5.1 14.0 9.7 7.4 12.2 9.4 7.5 14.5 10.6 7.9 8.5 5.6 4.4 13.0 8.1 6.6 Prescription Drugs 13.7 8.6 6.8 19.1 13.5 11.7 21.5 17.2 13.4 25.8 20.4 16.5 28.3 23.9 19.4 26.5 23.9 18.1 19.9 15.0 11.7 23.1 18.1 14.6 Over-the-Counter Drugs 8.2 5.8 4.9 10.6 8.1 6.7 11.9 9.9 8.0 14.3 11.1 8.4 16.1 12.9 11.3 12.3 11.6 8.1 11.4 8.8 7.3 12.2 9.9 7.6 Synthetic Drugs N/A 6.5 1.9 N/A 7.2 2.7 N/A 12.6 4.9 N/A 9.7 3.6 N/A 16.3 8.4 N/A 11.4 4.5 N/A 10.7 4.4 N/A 9.0 3.4 N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 32 30-Day ATOD Use by Gender Table 18 on the following page shows the percentage of ATOD use in the past 30 days by males and females in all three grades and the total for all males and all females. Again, rates are very similar for both genders. However, 30-day use rates of smokeless tobacco are higher for males (0.2 to 8.8 percentage points higher than females in each grade). As with lifetime substance use, females are using substances in the past month (i.e. more regular use) at higher rates than males in the younger grades as 8th grade females indicated significantly higher (difference of 1.0% or more) use rates in six of the 17 substance categories. In the 10th grade, past-month use rates were higher for females in four of the 17 categories. However, for those in the 12th grade, most past-month use rates were equal among the two genders or higher for males. Such findings seem to match what was discovered from looking at lifetime use rates by gender — that more younger females are experimenting with substances and are indicating regular use of substances than young males. Figure 14 Arizona 30-Day Substance Use by Gender (2010, 2012, 2014) 2010 2012 2014 Percent of students who used at least once in the past 30 days 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Male Female Alcohol Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Male Female Cigarettes Male Female Marijuana 33 Table 18 Percentage of Males and Females by Grade Who Used ATODs During The Past 30 Days Grade 8 Drug Used Males Grade 10 Females Males Grade 12 Females Males Total Females Males Females 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 Alcohol 19.3 15.4 11.4 24.3 18.6 15.2 33.4 30.7 26.2 35.8 33.2 29.3 46.7 43.8 41.1 43.3 43.1 40.1 30.8 27.0 22.8 32.9 29.0 25.3 Cigarettes 8.5 7.6 5.3 9.2 7.8 6.1 16.2 14.2 10.9 14.9 13.7 9.4 26.2 23.6 18.5 19.9 18.5 13.1 15.5 13.5 10.0 13.8 12.2 8.7 Chewing Tobacco 3.3 2.6 4.4 2.3 1.6 4.2 8.9 6.0 10.1 2.7 2.0 5.0 13.3 10.9 14.9 3.2 2.3 6.1 7.6 5.7 8.5 2.7 1.9 4.9 Marijuana 9.3 8.2 6.8 8.5 7.2 7.0 19.0 19.8 17.6 15.9 15.7 16.0 24.9 25.8 26.6 18.0 19.3 19.5 16.3 16.0 14.7 13.3 12.7 12.6 Hallucinogens 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.5 1.3 3.2 3.1 3.6 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.1 1.0 Cocaine 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.7 1.8 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.0 0.7 2.7 2.6 2.7 1.7 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.9 0.9 Inhalants 3.8 3.0 2.0 7.2 5.4 4.1 2.4 1.4 1.2 3.5 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.5 1.2 0.6 2.8 2.1 1.6 4.6 3.5 2.5 Methamphetamines 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 Heroin 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 1.3 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.3 1.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.2 Ecstasy 1.6 0.9 0.9 1.7 0.8 0.8 3.0 1.8 1.7 2.8 1.6 1.0 4.1 2.3 2.3 2.7 1.7 1.1 2.7 1.5 1.5 2.3 1.2 0.9 Steroids 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.1 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.1 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.5 Prescription Pain Relievers 4.6 3.2 2.4 6.6 5.6 5.1 8.6 6.7 4.9 9.3 7.9 5.9 11.4 8.6 6.1 8.1 7.2 4.9 7.6 5.6 4.0 7.8 6.7 5.3 Prescription Stimulants 1.3 0.6 0.7 1.5 1.1 0.8 2.6 2.5 2.0 2.9 2.9 2.2 3.1 3.4 3.0 2.0 2.6 2.7 2.2 1.9 1.6 2.1 2.0 1.7 Prescription Sedatives 2.5 1.3 0.8 4.6 2.4 2.5 3.5 2.5 1.9 5.7 4.1 3.2 4.5 3.3 2.5 4.9 3.1 2.7 3.3 2.2 1.5 5.0 3.1 2.8 Prescription Drugs 6.7 4.1 3.0 9.5 7.1 6.6 10.8 8.2 6.0 12.8 10.3 8.2 13.7 10.7 8.4 11.1 9.3 7.7 9.8 7.0 5.2 10.9 8.7 7.3 Over-the-Counter Drugs 4.6 3.4 2.5 6.2 4.6 3.7 5.5 4.5 3.5 6.9 5.2 3.9 7.1 4.5 4.0 5.5 4.2 2.9 5.7 4.1 3.2 6.2 4.7 3.6 Synthetic Drugs N/A 3.5 0.7 N/A 4.0 1.0 N/A 5.8 0.9 N/A 4.2 0.7 N/A 6.3 1.2 N/A 4.0 0.6 N/A 4.9 0.9 N/A 4.0 0.8 N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 34 Perceived Harmfulness of ATODs When students perceive that a substance is harmful, they are less likely to use it. The 2014 AYS asked students, “How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they:” “Smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day,” “ Try marijuana once or twice,” “Smoke marijuana regularly,” “Drink one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day,” or “Use prescription drugs without a doctor telling them to take them.” Response categories were “No Risk,” “Slight Risk,” “Moderate Risk,” or “Great Risk.” in , 6.3 percentage points higher for 10th graders, and 11.8 percentage points higher for 12th graders. A higher percentage of Arizona 12th graders compared to their counterparts nationwide perceived great risk of binge drinking every week (48.0% of 12th graders in Arizona perceived great risk compared to 45.8% of 12th graders nationally). However, Arizona youth perceived significantly less risk than national MTF students for regularly using marijuana. Rates of perceived harmfulness of smoking marijuana regularly were significantly lower than MTF rates in all grades (21.4 percentage points lower for 8th graders, 21.7 percentage points lower for 10th graders, 20.6 percentage points lower for 12th graders). For Arizona 8th, 10th, and 12th grade youth, the greatest perceived harm was associated with heavy cigarette smoking (61.0% of 8th graders perceived great risk, 67.8% of 10th graders perceived great risk, and 69.4% of 12th graders perceived great risk). The question that captured the behavior considered the least harmful by 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students asked about trying marijuana once or twice (23.3% of 8th graders, 14.5% of 10th graders, and 11.3% of 12th graders perceived great risk). From 2012 to 2014, the Arizona Youth Survey data showed significant decreases in perceived harmfulness of trying marijuana once or twice (decreases of 2.2 to 3.6 percentage points for students in each grade) and smoking marijuana regularly (decreases of 13.8 to 16.3 percentage points for those in each grade). However, from 2012 to 2014, perceived harmfulness of drinking one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day increased 1.1 to 3.7 percentage points for those in each grade and 2.4 percentage points for students in all grades combined. Arizona youth in all grades perceived a greater risk in drinking one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day than national MTF students. Arizona perceived risk of regular alcohol use was 6.7 percentage points higher for students Table 19 Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive that Using the Five Categories of Substances Places People at "Great Risk" Arizona Grade 8 Question 2010 MTF Grade 8 2012 2014 2009 Smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day 61.1 61.7 61.0 Try marijuana once or twice 31.8 26.9 Smoke marijuana regularly 67.3 69.8 70.8 71.1 69.1 69.4 74.9 77.7 78.2 65.3 65.3 65.0 23.3 29.5 28.2 24.1 21.5 16.7 14.5 20.5 19.3 15.7 17.9 14.2 11.3 18.5 15.6 14.5 25.0 20.6 17.8 60.1 55.9 39.6 69.8 68.3 61.0 46.1 39.1 24.8 59.5 55.2 46.5 39.2 32.7 18.9 52.4 45.7 39.5 50.2 45.0 30.2 Drink one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day 32.2 35.1 37.3 31.5 31.8 30.6 33.4 33.2 36.9 33.8 32.9 30.6 34.6 33.8 34.9 23.7 24.6 23.1 33.2 34.2 36.6 Drinking five or more drinks once or twice a week 54.0 53.3 52.0 55.8 58.4 55.7 53.5 51.9 52.5 54.2 55.5 52.3 53.1 49.5 48.0 48.0 47.6 45.8 53.6 51.9 51.2 Arizona Youth Survey 2014 --- --- --- --- --- 2014 59.9 2009 --- 2011 --- 2013 --- --- --- 58.0 2009 --- 2011 Total 59.1 62.5 62.4 66.3 67.4 67.8 59.1 2012 MTF Grade 12 2014 --- 2010 Arizona Grade 12 2012 --- 2013 MTF Grade 10 2010 Use prescription drugs without a doctor telling them to take them 2011 Arizona Grade 10 --- 2013 --- 2010 --- 2012 --- 2014 59.1 35 Figure 15 Perceived Harmfulness of Using Cigarettes, Alcohol, Marijuana, or Prescription Drugs: Arizona (2010, 2012, 2014) Compared to National (2013) Arizona 2010 Arizona 2012 Arizona 2014 MTF 2013 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8th 10th 12th 8th 10th 12th Smoke one or more Try marijuana once or twice packs of cigarettes per day Arizona Youth Survey 2014 8th 10th 12th Smoke marijuana regularly 8th 10th 12th 8th 10th 12th 8th 10th 12th Drink five or more Use prescription drugs Drink one or two alcoholic beverages drinks once or twice a without a doctor teling them to take them week nearly every day 36 Perceived Availability of ATODs Availability of ATODs has been linked to substance abuse and violence. On the 2014 AYS, participants were asked how easy it was to obtain different substances. The response choices were: “Very Hard,” “Sort of Hard,” “Sort of Easy,” and “Very Easy.” Table 20 contains the percentage of youth who reported that it was “Sort of Easy” or “Very Easy” to get the substances. When looking at the 2014 results by grade, Arizona 8th graders and 10th graders perceived alcohol as the substance that was the most available, and for those in the 12th grade, the substance perceived as being the easiest to get was cigarettes. The group of substances with the lowest perceived availability (or the substance category perceived as being the most difficult to get) were cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines. In all categories, and for those in all grades, there is a 8.1 to 17.6 point difference in perceived availability between Arizona results and national results. This difference is illustrated in Figure 16, which looks at the perceived availability of students in grades 8, 10, and 12 in the Arizona and national surveys. In comparing 2012 data to 2014 data, perceived availability of cigarettes decreased by 4.4 to 7.8 percentage points for students in each grade. The perceived availability of alcohol decreased 2.8 to 5.4 percentage points for those in each grade. The perceived availability of marijuana decreased 2.6 percentage points for 8th graders and 2.3 percentage points for 10th graders. The perceived availability of other drugs (cocaine, LSD, and amphetamines) decreased 1.6 to 2.8 percentage points for those in all grades. The results reveal that Arizona survey participants do not perceive any type of drug as being as easy to get as do the youth from the national survey population. Table 20 Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive the Four Substances as "Sort of Easy" or "Very Easy" to Get Arizona Grade 8 Question MTF Grade 8 Arizona Grade 10 MTF Grade 10 Arizona Grade 12 MTF Grade 12 Total 2010 2012 2014 2009 2011 2013 2010 2012 2014 2009 2011 2013 2010 2012 2014 2009 2011 2013 2010 2012 2014 Cigarettes 41.8 40.1 34.8 55.3 51.9 49.9 59.7 62.3 54.5 76.1 73.6 71.4 76.4 81.6 77.2 N/A N/A N/A 56.6 57.7 51.1 Alcoholic beverages 48.8 47.9 42.5 61.8 59.0 56.1 64.2 68.3 64.5 80.9 77.9 77.2 70.2 74.9 72.1 92.1 88.9 89.7 59.3 61.2 56.4 Marijuana 36.7 33.6 31.0 39.8 37.9 39.1 61.0 61.4 59.1 69.3 68.4 69.7 69.2 69.4 69.1 81.1 82.2 81.4 52.9 51.4 48.8 Cocaine, LSD, or Amphetamines 14.9 11.8 10.1 N/A N/A N/A 26.3 23.1 20.3 N/A N/A N/A 30.7 27.4 25.8 N/A N/A N/A 22.7 19.3 17.0 Arizona Youth Survey 2014 37 Figure 16 Perceived Availability of Cigarettes, Alcohol, Marijuana, and Other Drugs: Arizona (2010, 2012, 2014) Compared to National (2013) Arizona 2010 Arizona 2012 Arizona 2014 MTF 2013 100 90 Percent of students 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8th 10th Cigarettes Arizona Youth Survey 2014 12th 8th 10th Alcohol 12th 8th 10th Marijuana 12th 8th 10th 12th Cocaine, LSD, or Amphetamines 38 Where Students Obtained Alcohol Table 21 and Figure 17 contain data on where students obtained alcohol. When examining sources of alcohol data, it is important to note that the categories are not mutually exclusive and students were allowed to select more than one option. For example, students who report getting alcohol from a parent or guardian might also report getting it at a party. Accordingly, total percentages will not sum to 100% within each grade. Further, it must be noted that the percentages only account for alcohol-using students and not those students who answered “did not use” to the question. money to buy it (25.3% for 10th graders, 35.7% for 12th graders), having a non-relative over the age of 21 give it to them (21.5% of 10th graders, 27.2% of 12th graders), and getting it from someone under the age of 21 (26.3% of 10th graders, 21.6% of 12th graders). Encouragingly, very few students reported buying alcohol themselves at a liquor store, gas station, or grocery store (7.4% to 10.5% of alcohol-drinking students in each grade), at a restaurant, bar, or club (3.5% to 4.7% of alcohol-drinking students in each grade), or at a public event (3.0% to 3.7% of alcohol-drinking students in each grade). Across all grades, the most prominent alcohol sources for Arizona students is getting it at a party. This source becomes increasingly more frequent as students progress from the 8th grade (33.8% obtained alcohol at a party) to the 12th grade (50.9% obtained alcohol at a party). For alcohol-using 8th graders, the primary sources for obtaining alcohol are getting it at a party (33.8%), getting it some other way not listed (26.3%), and taking it from home (25.2%). For alcoholusing 10th and 12th graders, the primary sources for obtaining alcohol are getting it at a party (45.6% for 10th graders, 50.9% for 12th graders), giving someone In comparing 2012 data to 2014 data, Table 21 shows that most rates were unchanged. A few alcohol sources that changed significantly in all grades were the following: the percentage of alcohol-using students who reported giving someone else money to buy alcohol decreased 2.8 to 4.5 points for students in each grade, the percentage of alcohol-using students who reported having a nonrelative over the age of 21 buy alcohol decreased 1.8 to 3.9 points for those in each grade, and the percentage of alcohol-using students who reported getting alcohol from a party decreased 2.6 to 3.8 points for those in each grade. Table 21 Percentage of Alcohol-Drinking Students Indicating Their Sources of Obtaining Alcohol 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 Sample size 4,473 3,700 2,574 5,295 5,007 3,493 6,341 5,656 4,131 16,109 14,363 10,198 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 4.9 5.6 7.4 6.3 6.2 7.6 9.9 10.4 10.5 7.3 7.7 8.7 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 2.5 3.4 4.7 2.1 2.7 3.5 3.6 4.7 5.4 2.8 3.7 4.6 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 3.0 3.7 4.5 2.2 2.9 3.0 2.5 2.7 3.7 2.6 3.0 3.7 I gave someone else money to buy it for me 19.2 17.3 14.5 32.6 29.8 25.3 42.5 39.3 35.7 32.8 30.3 26.8 My parent or guardian gave it to me 17.5 19.5 19.8 15.0 16.0 16.7 13.3 15.3 17.1 15.0 16.6 17.7 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 17.3 19.2 20.5 16.8 17.1 16.2 14.8 16.3 15.8 16.1 17.3 17.1 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 16.2 17.2 15.4 24.8 24.5 21.5 30.4 31.1 27.2 24.6 25.2 22.3 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 21.0 22.9 19.8 23.1 25.8 26.3 18.6 22.7 21.6 20.7 23.8 22.8 I got it at a party 38.7 37.2 33.8 49.6 49.4 45.6 53.8 53.5 50.9 48.2 47.9 44.8 I took it from home 30.2 26.8 25.2 21.9 22.2 21.8 13.1 14.0 15.2 20.7 20.2 20.0 I took it from a store or someone else's home 9.4 8.8 7.5 9.8 9.2 9.2 5.6 5.6 5.7 8.1 7.7 7.3 I got it some other way 25.2 25.4 26.3 18.8 17.8 17.8 13.3 13.2 13.7 18.4 17.9 18.3 Arizona Youth Survey 2014 2010 2012 2014 39 Figure 17 Students' Sources for Obtaining Alcohol 2010 2012 2014 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 I bought it in a I bought it at a I bought it at a I gave someone My parent or Another family Someone not Someone under store such as a restaurant, bar, public event else money to guardian gave it member who is related to me the age of 21 liquor store, or club such as a buy it for me to me 21 or older gave who is 21 or gave it to me convenience concert or it to me older gave it to store, sporting event me supermarket, discount store, or gas station I got it at a party I took it from home I took it from a store or someone else's home 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 0 I got it some other way NOTE: Students could select all sources that applied to them in the past month. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 40 Where Students Obtained Prescription Drugs Table 22 and Figure 18 contain data on where students obtained prescription drugs. When examining prescription drugs sources data, it is important again to note that the categories are not mutually exclusive and students were allowed to select more than one option. For example, students who report getting prescription drugs from friends might also report getting it at a party. Accordingly, total percentages will not sum to 100% within each grade. In all grades, among students who have used prescription drugs to get high, the most prominent method of obtaining prescription drugs was by getting them from a friend. This source becomes increasingly more frequent as students progress from the 8th grade (47.1% obtained prescription drugs from a friend) to the 12th grade (59.4% obtained prescription drugs from a friend). The next most frequent methods of obtaining prescription drugs (among students who used them) included getting them from home (e.g., a medicine cabinet) (22.2% to 26.1% in each grade) and getting them from a party (20.4% to 21.6% in each grade and 20.9% overall). Of the students in the survey population who indicating having used prescription drugs to get high, 16.4% indicated having gotten prescription drugs from family/ relatives, 15.9% got them from a doctor/pharmacy, 12.0% got them at school, 15.1% got them some other place not listed, 2.5% got them over the Internet, and 6.2% got them outside the United States. Table 22 Percentage of Prescription-Drug Using Students who Indicated Their Sources of Obtaining Prescription Narcotics Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining prescription drugs. Students indicating they have never used prescription drugs to get high are not included in the sample. 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2,424 1,637 1,130 2,989 2,321 1,428 3,184 2,478 1,596 8,597 6,436 4,154 Friends 58.5 48.7 47.1 67.7 59.8 56.3 69.8 62.8 59.4 65.9 58.2 55.0 Family/Relatives 22.9 16.8 14.8 22.3 16.6 17.3 21.0 16.3 16.7 22.0 16.5 16.4 Parties 26.9 21.4 20.4 29.6 19.6 21.6 27.4 19.5 20.5 28.0 20.0 20.9 Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) 30.4 28.2 26.1 30.0 31.3 25.9 25.8 24.7 22.2 28.6 28.0 24.6 Doctor/Pharmacy 13.6 13.5 12.9 16.9 14.3 16.2 22.2 19.5 17.7 17.9 16.1 15.9 School 17.1 12.9 11.9 22.4 15.6 12.4 18.1 12.7 11.7 19.3 13.8 12.0 Other 19.1 17.8 17.9 17.8 13.2 14.2 15.7 12.3 13.9 17.4 14.0 15.1 Over the Internet 3.1 2.4 2.7 2.3 1.4 3.0 1.6 0.9 1.9 2.3 1.5 2.5 Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) 7.3 5.1 8.6 6.2 4.2 5.0 6.7 3.6 5.7 6.7 4.2 6.2 Sample size Arizona Youth Survey 2014 41 Figure 18 Prescription Drug-Using Students'* Sources of Obtaining Prescription Drugs (2010, 2012, 2014) *Data presented in this chart represents only students indicating at least one means of obtaining prescription drugs to get high. 2010 2012 2014 100 90 Percent of students 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Friends Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) 42 Where Students Obtained Marijuana Table 23 and Figure 19 contain data on where students obtained marijuana in the past 30 days. When examining marijuana sources data, again it is important to note that the categories are not mutually exclusive and students were allowed to select more than one option. For example, students who report getting marijuana in the past month from friends might also report getting it at a party. Further, as with alcohol and prescription drug sources data, it must be noted that the percentages reported in Table 23 reflect the percentage of students who reported at least one source of obtaining prescription drugs in the past month. Students that reported that they had not used marijuana in the past month were excluded from these analyses. In all grades, among students who have reported obtaining marijuana in the past month, the primary method of obtaining marijuana was by getting it from a friend. This source becomes increasingly more frequent as students progress from the 8th grade (69.5% obtained marijuana from a friend) to the 12th grade (78.2% obtained marijuana from a friend). The next highest methods of obtaining marijuana (among students who used in the past month) included getting them at a party (25.0% to 28.4% in each grade) and getting them from another source not listed as a response option (28.1% to 21.0% in each grade). Of the students in the survey population who indicated at least one source of obtaining marijuana in the past month, 14.3% indicated having gotten it from someone with a Medical Marijuana Card, 14.3% got them from family/relatives, 5.7% got them at home, and 11.3% got them from school. Table 23 Percentage of Marijuana-Using Students who Indicated Their Sources of Obtaining Marijuana Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining marijuana in the past 30 days. Students indicating they did not use marijuana in the past month are not included in the sample. Sample size 8th Grade 2012 3,000 2014 2,261 10th Grade 2012 3,911 2014 2,880 12th Grade Total 2012 2014 2012 2014 3,747 3,013 10,658 8,154 I got it from someone with a Medical Marijuana Card 8.5 10.9 10.9 13.4 14.9 17.7 11.6 14.3 Friends 72.7 69.5 80.8 77.9 80.9 78.2 78.6 75.7 Family/Relatives 17.4 16.8 14.7 14.7 12.7 11.9 14.8 14.3 Parties 25.9 25.0 28.9 28.4 30.4 27.6 28.6 27.1 Home 6.1 6.3 6.3 5.3 6.0 5.5 6.1 5.7 School 15.8 14.8 14.9 12.3 10.1 7.6 13.4 11.3 Other 28.8 28.1 22.3 21.4 21.0 21.0 23.7 23.1 Arizona Youth Survey 2014 43 Figure 19 Marijuana-Using Students'* Sources of Obtaining Marijuana (2012, 2014) *Data presented in this chart represents only students indicating at least one means of obtaining marijuana in the past month. 2012 2014 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 I got it from someone with a Medical Marijuana Card Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home School Other NOTE: Students could select all sources that applied to them in the past month. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 44 Impaired Driving The Arizona Youth Survey contains questions asking each student to report the number of times in the past 30 days they either drove a vehicle after drinking or using prescription drugs or rode with someone who had been drinking. The questions were worded as follows: “During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol?”, “During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE in a car or other vehicle when you had been using prescription drugs?”, and “During the past 30 days, how many times did you RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol?” Response options were “0 times,” “1 time,” “2 or 3 times,” “4 or 5 times,” and “6 or more times.” (2.0% of 8th graders, 3.1% of 10th graders, 5.4% of 12th graders), or ridden with a driver who had been drinking (21.1% of students in all grades combined) (see Table 24). Comparisons of 2012 and 2014 survey data show that reported rates of drinking alcohol and driving at least one time in the past 30 days and riding in a car with a driver who had been drinking decreased. Since the 2012 survey, the percentage of students indicating driving after drinking at least one time has decreased 0.8 points for 8th graders, 1.6 points for 10th graders, 2.6 points for 12th graders, and 1.6 points overall. Since the 2012 survey, the percentage of students indicating riding with a driver who had been drinking at least one time decreased by 2.6 points for 8th graders, 4.6 points for 10th graders, 4.5 points for 12th graders, and 3.6 points overall. The 2014 survey reveals that a minority of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade youth in the state had driven a vehicle after drinking (3.1% of 8th graders, 4.5% of 10th graders, 9.9% of 12th graders), driven a vehicle after abusing prescription drugs Table 24 Drunk Driving, Riding with a Drunk Driver, and Driving After Using Prescription Drugs 8th Grade 2010 2012 10th Grade 2014 2010 2012 12th Grade 2014 2010 2012 Total Sample 2014 2010 2012 2014 During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? 0 time 95.0 96.1 96.9 92.4 93.9 95.5 85.9 87.5 90.1 91.8 93.3 94.9 1 time 2.7 1.9 1.5 3.6 3.2 2.0 6.8 6.2 5.2 4.0 3.4 2.5 2-3 times 1.3 1.1 0.8 2.3 1.7 1.4 4.5 4.0 2.8 2.5 2.0 1.5 4-5 times 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.5 6 or more times 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.6 0.6 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.7 0.6 During the past 30 days, how many times did you RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? 0 time 72.3 75.9 78.5 70.9 75.5 80.1 71.1 74.0 78.5 71.5 75.3 78.9 1 time 11.3 10.1 9.6 11.5 10.0 8.6 11.4 10.5 9.4 11.4 10.2 9.2 2-3 times 9.5 8.1 6.9 10.3 8.9 6.9 9.9 9.7 7.7 9.9 8.7 7.1 4-5 times 2.9 2.4 1.8 3.2 2.3 1.8 3.3 2.4 2.0 3.1 2.4 1.9 6 or more times 4.0 3.5 3.3 4.1 3.2 2.7 4.2 3.4 2.4 4.1 3.4 2.9 During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been using prescription drugs? Arizona Youth Survey 2014 0 time --- --- 98.0 --- --- 96.9 --- --- 94.6 --- --- 96.9 1 time --- --- 0.9 --- --- 1.2 --- --- 1.8 --- --- 1.2 2-3 times --- --- 0.5 --- --- 1.1 --- --- 1.8 --- --- 1.0 4-5 times --- --- 0.2 --- --- 0.4 --- --- 0.8 --- --- 0.4 6 or more times --- --- 0.4 --- --- 0.5 --- --- 1.0 --- --- 0.5 45 Figure 20 Past Month Driving After Drinking, Riding with a Driver Who Had Been Drinking, and Driving After Using Prescription Drugs (2010, 2012, 2014) 2010 2012 2014 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total Indicated driving a vehicle after drinking Indicated riding in a vehicle with someone at least once in the past month who had been drinking at least once in the past month Arizona Youth Survey 2014 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total Indicated driving a vehicle after using prescription drugs in the past 30 days 46 4 Section 4: Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results Binge Drinking and Other Antisocial Behavior by Grade and Gender The male-female differences in heavy use of substances and antisocial behavior are more only slightly more pronounced than the results for lifetime and 30-day use by gender. Figure 21 and Table 25 show that males engage in most antisocial behaviors more than females. The only exceptions were that a higher percent of females than males in the 8th grade participated in binge drinking (1.5% more females than males), simultaneous alcohol and prescription drug use (1.3% higher for females than males), and being drunk or high in school (0.7% more females than males). These higher rates correspond with the slightly higher rates of drug and alcohol use by females in the lower grades. By the 10th grade, the rates for these outcomes are more equal, and by the 12th grade, male rates are higher than female rates. In looking at the male and female antisocial behavior data totals in Table 25, some of the biggest differences between males and females were in being suspended from school (15.0% for males compared to 7.6% for females), selling illegal drugs (8.4% for males compared to 3.8% for females), and being arrested (6.9% for males and 4.2% for females). Table 25, which contains percentages of reported binge drinking and antisocial behavior, shows that antisocial behavior doesn’t always increase by grade level. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 The rate of students being suspended from school peaked in the 8th grade (14.3%). The rates of student reporting having simultaneously used prescription drugs and alcohol peaked in the 10th grade (4.9%). Overall, binge drinking and being drunk or high at school appear to be one of the biggest problems among Arizona youth with 12.6% of surveyed 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students binge drinking at least once in the past two weeks and 13.4% of students surveyed in the three grades reported being at school while drunk or high at least once in the past year. These behaviors increase with increased grade level. For binge drinking, 8th graders had a rate of 6.3%, 10th graders had a rate of 14.4% and 12th graders had a rate of 22.7%. With respect to being drunk or high at school, 8th graders had a rate of 8.4%, 10th graders had a rate of 16.5%, and 12th graders had a rate of 19.8%. The behavior that the fewest students in all grades participated in was stealing a vehicle (1.9%). Engagement in antisocial behaviors by gender, and for the state as a whole, decreased from 2012 to 2014. Binge drinking rates are down 2.4 to 3.8 percentage points for students in each grade since 2012, rates of being drunk or high at school are down 1.8 to 3.3 percentage points for those in each grade since 2012, and school suspension rates are down 1.6 to 2.7 percentage points for those in each grade. 47 Figure 21 Arizona Frequent Substance Use and Antisocial Behaviors (2010, 2012, 2014): Male, Female, and State Total 2010 2012 2014 100 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Binge Drinking Prescription Drug Drunk or High at Suspended from Sold Illegal Drugs (Past year) (Past two weeks) and Alcohol Use School (Past year) School (Past year) (Past-month) Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Stolen a Vehicle (Past year) State Female Male State Female Male State Female Male State Female Male State Female Male State Female Male State Female 0 Male Percent of students who engaged in the following antisocial behaviors 90 Been Arrested (Past year) 48 Table 25 Percentage of Males, Females, and the State Total who Engaged in Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior In the Past Year Grade 8 Drug Used / Antisocial Behavior Males Grade 10 Females State Males Females State 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 10.6 7.8 5.5 14.0 9.5 7.0 12.4 8.7 6.3 20.9 17.5 14.2 21.1 17.5 14.5 21.0 17.5 14.4 Prescription Drug and Alcohol Use (past-month) --- --- 2.1 --- --- 3.4 --- --- 2.7 --- --- 4.2 --- --- 4.9 --- --- 4.6 Drunk or high at school (past year) 11.8 10.1 8.0 13.6 10.6 8.7 12.8 10.4 8.4 22.3 20.6 17.3 21.2 18.9 15.7 21.8 19.8 16.5 Suspended from school (past year) 24.3 22.0 19.0 12.6 11.7 9.7 18.5 17.0 14.3 18.3 15.7 12.4 10.5 8.5 6.9 14.4 12.1 9.6 Sold illegal drugs (past year) 6.4 5.8 4.9 3.6 3.1 2.3 5.0 4.5 3.6 14.2 13.4 10.0 7.0 6.3 5.4 10.6 9.8 7.7 Stolen a vehicle (past year) 4.4 2.7 2.5 2.9 1.6 1.0 3.7 2.1 1.7 6.0 3.6 2.8 3.1 1.7 1.5 4.6 2.6 2.1 Been arrested (past year) 9.0 6.8 6.0 5.2 4.2 4.0 7.1 5.5 5.0 12.6 8.9 7.6 7.2 5.0 4.4 9.9 7.0 6.0 Binge drinking (past two weeks) Grade 12 Drug Used / Antisocial Behavior Males Total Females State Males Females State 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 32.5 28.7 24.9 25.9 24.4 20.7 29.2 26.5 22.7 19.5 15.9 12.6 19.4 15.5 12.5 19.5 15.7 12.6 Prescription Drug and Alcohol Use (past-month) --- --- 5.4 --- --- 4.2 --- --- 4.8 --- --- 3.5 --- --- 4.0 --- --- 3.8 Drunk or high at school (past year) 26.2 25.1 23.2 18.2 18.1 16.5 22.1 21.6 19.8 18.8 16.8 14.3 17.2 14.9 12.6 18.0 15.9 13.4 Suspended from school (past year) 13.5 12.1 10.2 6.3 5.6 4.2 9.9 8.9 7.1 19.7 17.7 15.0 10.3 9.3 7.6 15.0 13.6 11.3 Sold illegal drugs (past year) 15.4 14.8 13.2 6.3 6.7 4.8 10.8 10.8 8.9 11.1 10.2 8.4 5.4 4.9 3.8 8.2 7.6 6.0 Stolen a vehicle (past year) 4.4 3.0 2.9 1.7 0.9 0.9 3.1 2.0 1.8 4.9 3.0 2.7 2.6 1.5 1.1 3.8 2.2 1.9 Been arrested (past year) 11.6 9.4 7.6 5.7 4.5 4.2 8.7 7.0 5.9 10.8 8.0 6.9 5.9 4.5 4.2 8.4 6.3 5.5 Binge drinking (past two weeks) Arizona Youth Survey 2014 49 Handguns The issue of youth carrying handguns is a serious concern of communities, schools, and families. The Arizona Youth Survey has several questions about handguns and violent behavior. Table 26 lists the questions concerning possession of handguns by grade. It is clear that a very low percentage of students carry handguns or take them to school. For example, 0.9% of the students surveyed reported having taken a handgun to school in the past 12 months. In regard to carrying a handgun in general, 5.5% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in the past 12 months. Only 6.0% of students think that they would be seen as cool if they carried a handgun. Most students (79.2%) also perceived that it would be difficult to get a handgun if they wanted one. When looking at the results by grade, it is interesting to note that 8th graders reported the highest rates of believing they had a good chance of being seen as cool if they carried a handgun (6.9%). All other rates peaked in the 12th grade, with 12th graders reporting the highest rates of carrying a handgun in the past year (5.6%, also the same rate for 10th graders), taking a handgun to school (1.4%), believing it was not at all wrong to take a handgun to school (1.3%), believing it was easy to get a gun (27.5%), that their parents wouldn’t know if they carried a handgun (28.0%), and that the police wouldn’t catch them if they carried a handgun (53.4%). In comparing 2012 and 2014 results, Table 26 and Figure 22 show that there were several significant changes. The belief that parents wouldn’t catch a kid with a handgun decreased 2.4 percentage points for the statewide survey population and 1.5 to 2.8 percentage points for those in each grade, the belief that the police wouldn’t catch a kid with a handgun decreased 3.9 percentage points for the statewide survey population and 3.2 to 3.6 percentage points for those in each grade, the perception that it would be very easy to get a gun decreased 2.3 percentage points for all grades combined (1.6 to 2.4 percentage points for those in each individual grade), and the perception that it is “cool” to carry a handgun decreased 1.2 percentage points for the state population (1.2 to 1.3 percentage points for those in each grade). Table 26 Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Handguns 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 Carried a Handgun in the Past 12 Months 6.7 5.7 5.5 7.6 5.2 5.6 7.2 5.9 5.6 7.1 5.6 5.5 Taken a Handgun to School in Past 12 Months 1.4 1.0 0.8 2.1 1.2 0.8 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.2 0.9 Very Easy or Sort of Easy to Get a Handgun 16.8 19.8 17.4 22.3 22.8 20.6 26.5 29.1 27.5 21.1 23.1 20.8 Not At All Wrong to Take a Handgun to School 1.0 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.1 1.2 1.1 Very or Pretty Good Chance You Would Be Seen As Cool if You Carried a Handgun 8.2 8.2 6.9 7.3 6.5 5.3 6.4 6.2 4.9 7.5 7.2 6.0 Parents Wouldn't Know if You Carried a Handgun (no or NO!) 19.8 18.7 17.2 26.8 23.8 21.3 32.7 30.8 28.0 25.4 23.5 21.1 Police Wouldn't Catch Kid Carrying a Handgun (no or NO!) 40.4 38.8 35.2 53.4 49.5 46.1 57.0 56.6 53.4 48.8 46.7 42.8 Arizona Youth Survey 2014 50 Figure 22 Students' Use of Handguns and Perceptions About Them (2010, 2012, 2014) 2010 2012 2014 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Very or Pretty Parents Wouldn't Police Wouldn't Taken a Handgun Very Easy or Sort Not At All Wrong Carried a Catch Kid Carrying Know if You Good Chance You to Take a Handgun in the to School in Past of Easy to Get a a Handgun (no or Carried a Would Be Seen As Handgun to Handgun 12 Months Past 12 Months NO!) Cool if You Carried Handgun (no or School NO!) a Handgun Arizona Youth Survey 2014 51 Violence The Arizona Youth Survey also asked several questions about violent behavior and attitudes towards violence. Table 27 and Figure 23 show the questions that relate to violence. A review of the responses reveals that 8.7% of the youth in Arizona have attacked someone in the past 12 months. Further, 45.7% of students have seen someone punched, kicked, choked, or beaten up in the past year. However, only a small percent (4.3%) believe that it isn’t at all wrong to attack someone to seriously hurt them. When looking at the results by grade, it appears that 8th and 10th graders have the most problems with violent behavior and attitudes. More 8th graders than students in other grades had attacked someone in the past year (9.8%), believed it was not at all wrong to attack someone to seriously hurt them (4.7%), believed it was not all wrong to pick a fight (4.7%), have been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by a boyfriend or girlfriend in the past the past year (12.3%), have seen someone be punched, kicked, choked, or beaten up (51.3%), have seen someone be attacked with a weapon other than a gun (10.2%), and have seen someone be shot or shot at (8.5%). Tenth graders had the highest rates of believing it was okay to beat someone up if they started the fight (45.3%). From 2012 to 2014, most data reported in Table 27 showed significant decreases. For the entire survey population, there were significant decreases in all grades for a large majority of violence measures. Among the most notable of changes, the percentage of students who have witnessed someone punched, kicked, choked, or beaten up decreased 9.9 points for the state survey population (9.5 to 10.6 percentage points for those in each grade). Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Table 27 Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Violence 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 Attacked Someone to Seriously Hurt Them in Past 12 Months 16.6 11.2 9.8 15.5 9.7 8.9 11.5 7.7 6.6 14.9 9.9 8.7 Not At All Wrong to Attack Someone to Seriously Hurt Them 3.6 6.4 4.7 3.7 5.8 4.4 2.7 4.1 3.2 3.4 5.7 4.3 It is okay to beat someone up if they start 50.6 the fight (response of "YES" or "yes") 45.9 41.0 54.4 50.5 45.3 50.3 46.7 43.6 51.7 47.5 42.9 Not At All Wrong to Pick a Fight 8.9 6.4 4.7 7.3 5.8 4.4 4.9 4.1 3.2 7.3 5.7 4.3 Have been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by a boyfriend or girlfriend in the past year 17.2 14.6 12.3 18.1 13.1 10.9 16.4 12.3 10.4 17.3 13.6 11.4 Have seen someone be punched with a fist, kicked, choked or beaten up in the past year 70.8 60.8 51.3 68.9 56.3 45.7 57.9 44.7 34.2 66.8 55.6 45.7 Have seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain in the past year 18.7 12.4 10.2 18.3 9.8 7.6 14.1 8.1 5.5 17.4 10.6 8.3 Have seen someone shot or shot at in the past year 12.8 9.6 8.5 12.3 7.9 6.3 10.2 6.5 5.4 11.9 8.3 7.1 52 Figure 23 Student Violent Behavior and Attitudes (2010, 2012, 2014) 2010 2012 2014 100 90 Percent of Students 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Have seen Have seen Have seen Not At All WrongIt is okay to beat Not At All Wrong Have been hit, Attacked someone shot or someone someone up if to Pick a Fight slapped, pushed, someone be to Attack Someone to shoved, kicked, punched with a attacked with a shot at in the they start the Someone to Seriously Hurt past year weapon other or any other way fist, kicked, fight Them in Past 12 Seriously Hurt than a gun, such choked or physically Them Months assaulted by a beaten up in the as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain past year boyfriend or in the past year girlfiend in the past year Arizona Youth Survey 2014 53 Gangs In covering a range of antisocial behaviors, the Arizona Youth Survey also asks questions about gang involvement. One of the most telling questions asks students not only if they have ever been in a gang or are currently in a gang, but also about how current gang members feel about their present membership. Further, an additional question asked students “If you ever belonged to a gang, what was the one major reason you joined?” Response options for this question included: Protection, Friendship, Parent(s) are in a gang, Sibling(s) are in a gang, Make money, or Other. Table 28 Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Gangs 8th Grade 2010 2012 10th Grade 2014 2010 2012 12th Grade 2014 2010 2012 Total 2014 2010 2012 2014 GANGS (Total Number and Percentage of Youth Who Responded to the Question, "Have you ever belonged in a gang?") No 90.1 92.0 93.4 91.4 93.7 94.2 93.1 94.1 95.0 91.3 93.0 94.0 No, but would like to 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.2 1.4 Yes, in the past 5.3 4.1 3.2 4.8 3.3 2.8 3.7 3.1 2.1 4.7 3.6 2.8 Yes, belong now 2.4 2.0 1.5 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.3 2.1 1.8 1.4 As can be seen in Table 28, a large majority of Arizona youth (94.0%) have never belonged to a gang, while 2.8% of the youth surveyed reported that they had been members in the past, 1.4% reported they belong now, 1.4% reported that they would like to join a gang, and 0.3% reported that they are in a gang, but would like to get out. The percentage of students reporting that they had never belonged to a gang increased 1.0% for the state survey population since 2012. Yes, but would like to get out 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 The second portion of Table 28, regarding major reasons for joining a gang, contains data for a survey population of students who indicated having belonged to a gang at some point in their lives. That data indicate that the top reasons for joining were friendship (30.5% of previous or current gang members indicated this reason), for protection (17.6%), and to make money (21.8%). Arizona Youth Survey 2014 GANGS (Total Number and Percentage of Youth Who Responded to the Question, "If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the one major reason you joined?". Sample contains only students who responded "Yes, in the past," "Yes, belong now," or "Yes, but would like to get out" from the gang question listed above). Sample size 1,679 1,287 847 1,041 697 478 705 527 320 3,425 2,511 1,645 Protection 19.6 21.0 19.4 12.2 16.4 17.6 13.0 12.5 12.8 16.0 17.9 17.6 Friendship 33.3 32.5 31.8 33.4 29.6 27.4 38.2 36.4 31.6 34.3 32.5 30.5 Parent(s) are in a gang 1.8 2.1 2.6 1.6 3.2 2.1 2.7 2.5 3.8 2.0 2.5 2.7 Sibling(s) are in a gang 6.7 6.3 5.1 8.0 6.0 8.4 5.8 6.1 4.4 6.9 6.2 5.9 Make money 14.8 14.2 19.0 17.2 20.9 25.5 17.0 18.6 23.4 16.0 17.0 21.8 Other 22.0 21.9 18.7 25.6 21.5 15.5 20.9 21.1 16.9 22.8 21.6 17.4 I have never belonged 1.8 2.0 3.5 2.0 2.4 3.6 2.4 2.8 7.2 2.0 2.3 4.3 54 Figure 25 Figure 24 Student Gang Involvement (2010, 2012, 2014) Student Gang Reasons For Joining (2014) Have Ever Belonged to a Gang? (Response of "Yes, in the past," "Yes, belong now," or "Yes, but would like to get out") 2010 2012 Total Number and Percent of Past or Present Gang Members Who Responded to the Question, "If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the one major reason you joined?". 2014 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total Protection Yes, in the past Friendship Parent(s) are in a gang Yes, belong now Sibling(s) are in a gang Make money Yes, but would like to get out Other 0 5 10 15 Percent of students (Scale is 25%) 20 25 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percent of Past or Present Gang Members NOTE: Figure 25 data pertain only to students who indicated they had either previously belonged to a gang or currently belonged to a gang. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 55 School Safety The Arizona Youth Survey also asked students questions regarding their safety on school property. Each student was asked to indicate the number of days in the past month that they carried a weapon to school and the number of days that they didn’t go to school because they felt unsafe at school or on their way to school. Additionally, students were asked how many times in the past year they were threatened by someone or injured with a weapon on school property, how many times they had a physical fight at school, and how many times they were bullied on school property. Results for these questions are found on the following pages in Table 29 and Figure 26. The survey also contained a question asking students to report how often, if ever, they had been bullied on school property in the past year. For all three grades combined, 31.3% of students reported having been bullied at least once in the past year (40.2% of 8th graders, 28.4% of 10th graders, and 17.0% of 12th graders). In looking at the 2014 results in comparison to 2012 survey results, there were few notable changes. Rates of being in a physical fight at school in the past year decreased 1.7 percentage points for the survey population (a 2.4 point decrease for 8th graders, a 1.4 point decrease for 10th graders, a 1.3 point decrease for 12th graders), and rates of not going to school at least one day in the past month due to safety concerns increased 2.0 percentage points for those in the 8th grade. Overall, a large majority of students feel safe at school, haven’t One of the 2014 AYS new measures — student reports of bullying another student at school been in a fight at school in the past year, haven’t been injured or — is included in Table 29 below. One in five AYS participants (20.3%) reported bullying threatened at school in the past year, and haven’t taken a weapon to another student at school in the past year. school in the past month. However, just as with handgun carrying, even small percentages for these safety issues can be serious. For Table 29 example, 4.2% of 8th graders, 5.6% of 10th graders, and 5.5% of Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Safety and Schools 12th graders have taken a weapon to school at least once in the past 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total month. Most safety issues (being in a fight at school, not feeling 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 safe at school, not going to school because they felt unsafe, being threatened or injured with a weapon at school), being bullied, and In a Physical Fight at School at 20.5 17.3 14.9 13.0 10.3 8.9 7.4 7.0 5.7 14.8 12.7 11.0 Least Once in the Past 12 Months bullying another student showed decreases with increased grade I Do Not Feel Safe At My School level. Results show that 9.9% of 8th graders did not go to school because they felt unsafe at least one day in the past month; this rate for 10th and 12th graders was lower, with 6.1% of 10th graders and 4.3% of 12th graders indicating they had skipped school because they felt unsafe. Compared to students avoiding school to avoid violence, a even higher percentage of Arizona youth indicated that they had been threatened or injured by someone at school. Of 8th graders, 11.5% indicated that they had been threatened by someone or injured with a weapon at school. This number decreases with increased grade level, with 8.0% of 10th graders, and 5.9% of 12th graders reporting being threatened or injured with a weapon at school. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 20.0 (response of "NO" or "no" to the statement "I feel safe at my school") 18.8 19.4 18.2 16.0 15.7 13.3 11.5 11.6 17.7 16.2 16.4 Did Not Go to School at Least One Day in the Past Month Because Felt Unsafe At School or On the Way to School 9.5 7.9 9.9 6.7 5.4 6.1 4.3 4.2 4.3 7.3 6.2 7.5 Carried a Weapon to School at Least Once in the Past 30 Days 4.8 5.2 4.2 5.0 5.5 5.6 4.6 5.5 5.5 4.8 5.3 4.9 Been Threatened or Injured With a Weapon on School Property in the Past 12 Months 8.3 11.1 11.5 7.3 8.5 8.0 4.7 6.1 5.9 7.0 9.1 9.2 Been Bullied At Least Once in the Past Year 39.5 39.9 40.2 26.9 27.4 28.4 14.6 17.1 17.0 29.1 30.7 31.3 Bullied Another Student At Least Once in the Past Year --- --- 26.2 --- --- 18.0 --- --- 11.4 --- --- 20.3 56 Figure 26 Student Responses to School Safety Questions (2010, 2012, 2014) 2010 2012 2014 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 In a Fight at I Do Not Feel Safe Did Not Go to Carried a Weapon Been Threatened Been Bullied At Bullied Another At My School School at Least to School at Least or Injured With a School At Least Student At Least School at Least Once in the Past Once in the Past Weapon on One Day in the Once in the Past Once in the Past Year Year School Property in 30 Days Past Month 12 Months the Past 12 Because Felt Months Unsafe At School or On the Way to School Arizona Youth Survey 2014 57 Academic Performance and Substance Use Table 30 and Figure 27 show a clear relationship between substance use and academic performance. Of the students who report getting better grades, fewer have tried ATODs and fewer have recently used ATODs than those who report poorer grades. For example, failing students (those students receiving mostly Ds and Fs) are nearly two times as likely to have used alcohol in the past 30 days, five times as likely to have used cigarettes in the past 30 days, and over three times more likely to have indicated use of marijuana in the past 30 days than students who reported they make “Mostly A’s.” Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Table 30 Percentage Using ATODs in the Past 30 Days by Academic Grades (2014) Drugs Used Academic Grades Mostly A's Mostly B's Mostly C's Mostly D's or F's Alcohol 18.1 24.9 30.4 33.9 Cigarettes 4.2 9.0 15.6 21.6 Smokeless Tobacco 3.4 6.9 10.0 12.4 Marijuana 7.4 14.1 20.6 24.9 Hallucinogens 0.7 1.5 2.2 2.8 Cocaine 0.5 1.1 1.5 2.3 Inhalants 1.3 2.0 2.8 4.1 Methamphetamines 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.8 Heroin 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.5 Ecstasy 0.6 1.0 1.8 3.3 Steroids 0.4 0.7 0.6 1.4 Prescription Pain Relievers 3.0 4.8 6.6 8.0 Prescription Stimulants 1.0 1.7 2.3 2.8 Prescription Sedatives 1.7 2.1 2.8 3.5 Prescription Drugs 4.2 6.6 8.4 10.2 Over-the-Counter Drugs 2.0 3.3 5.2 6.4 Synthetic Drugs 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.7 58 Figure 27 ATOD Use and Academic Grades (2014) Mostly As Mostly Bs Mostly Cs Mostly Ds or Fs 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Arizona Youth Survey 2014 59 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Approval When parents have favorable attitudes toward any drug or alcohol use, they influence the attitudes and behavior of their children, sometimes in unforeseen ways. For example, parental approval of youth marijuana use can also increase the risk of the young person using marijuana. Further, in families where parents involve children in their own drug or alcohol behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or to get the parent a beer, there is an increased likelihood that their children will engage in drug use during adolescence. Table 31 and Figure 28 illustrate how perceived parental approval is related to substance use. In the Arizona Youth Survey, students were asked how wrong their parents felt it was to use different ATODs. Table 31 displays the percentage of students who have used marijuana in their lifetime and in the past 30 days in relation to their responses about their parents’ approval of marijuana use. Table 31 Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability of Marijuana Use (2014) How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to smoke marijuana? Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Lifetime Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 Days Very Wrong 19.3 8.0 Wrong 52.4 27.6 A Little Bit Wrong 72.3 46.8 Not Wrong At All 76.1 58.4 As can be seen, a relatively low percentage of students (19.3% lifetime, 8.0% 30-day) use marijuana when their parents think it is “Very Wrong” to use it. In contrast, when a student believes that their parents have less strong negative feelings about marijuana use (i.e. the parent only believes that it is “Wrong” not “Very Wrong”) use increased substantially to 52.4% for lifetime use and 27.6% for 30-day use. These results make a strong argument for the importance of parents having strong and clear standards and rules when it comes to ATOD use. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 60 Figure 28 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Approval (2014) How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to smoke marijuana? Very Wrong Wrong A Little Bit Wrong Not Wrong At All Percent of students indicating substance use by perceived parental acceptability category 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Lifetime Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 Days 61 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Approval During the elementary school years, children usually express antidrug, anti-crime, and prosocial attitudes. They have difficulty imagining why people use drugs, commit crimes, and drop out of school. In middle school, as others they know participate in such activities, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. This places students at higher risk. The results provided in the following table and figure illustrate the relation between peer approval and individual drug use. As with perceived parental approval, the slightest perceived peer acceptability increases the chance that a student will use ATODs. In this section, lifetime and 30-day marijuana use are looked at in relation to what students thought were their chances of being seen as cool if they used marijuana. Table 32 Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability of Marijuana Use (2014) What are your chances you would be seen as cool if you smoked marijuana? Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Lifetime Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 Days No or very little chance 9.9 3.5 Little chance 32.0 13.6 Some chance 40.8 20.2 Pretty good chance 45.6 25.2 Very good chance 53.0 32.9 Of the students who thought there was “No or very little chance” that they would be seen as cool if they used marijuana, only 9.9% had tried marijuana in their lifetime and only 3.5% had used it in the last month. However, students who thought that there was even a “Little chance” that they would be seen as cool, marijuana use rates were three times higher for lifetime use (32.0%) and nearly four times higher for past-month use (13.6%). Students who thought that there was a “Very good chance” they would be seen as cool, indicated past-month marijuana use rates that were nine times higher than students who perceived that marijuana use was not cool. These results clearly illustrate how peer acceptability puts youth at risk for ATOD use. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 62 Figure 29 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Approval (2014) What are your chances you would be seen as cool if you smoked marijuana? No or very little chance Little chance Some chance Pretty good chance Very good chance 100 Percent of students indicating substance use by perceived peer acceptability category 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Lifetime Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 Days 63 Parent/Youth Communication About the Dangers of Substance Use The results of the question presented in Table 33 and Figure 30 indicate that slightly over half of students surveyed (51.1%) have not had a discussion with their parents about the dangers of any substance. When it comes to parents talking to their kids about the dangers of tobacco use, 32.3% of 8th graders, 28.1% of 10th graders, and 25.0% of 12th graders indicated they had a discussion with their parents. With respect to discussing the dangers of alcohol use, 31.2% of 8th graders, 31.1% of 10th graders, and 28.8% of 12th graders indicated they had discussed it with their parents. In regard to speaking with parents about the dangers of drug use, 38.1% of 8th graders, 35.5% of 10th graders, and 29.1% of 12th graders reported that they had discussed it during the past year. The question was expanded in the 2014 AYS to include communication about prescription drug use. The 2014 AYS data reveal that 22.0% of AYS participants indicated having spoken with their parents about the dangers of prescription drug use. In comparing 2012 and 2014 data, Table 33 reveals an increase in the percentage of students who reported that they had not spoken with their parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use (increases of 2.8 percentage points for 10th graders, 4.7 percentage points for 12th graders, and 1.5 percentage points for those in all grades combined). In general, 2014 AYS data reveal that while 8th grade students appear to be having more discussions with parents regarding cigarette and alcohol use, 10th and 12th graders communication with parents about substance use dangers is either stable or decreasing. Table 33 Percentage of Students Indicating Communication with Parents About Substance Use During the past 12 months, have you talked with at least one of your parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use? By parents, we mean your biological parents, adoptive parents, stepparents, or adult guardians -- whether or not they live with you. (Choose all that apply) No, I did not talk with my parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use. Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of tobacco use. Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of alcohol use. Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of prescription drug use. Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of drug use. 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 46.9 48.4 47.4 48.0 49.3 52.1 50.9 51.9 56.6 48.3 49.6 51.1 31.4 28.2 32.3 31.8 27.5 28.1 30.8 27.0 25.0 31.4 27.7 29.3 28.7 27.9 31.2 31.5 31.3 31.1 32.3 31.6 28.8 30.5 29.9 30.6 N/A N/A 24.4 N/A N/A 21.7 N/A N/A 18.0 N/A N/A 22.0 40.0 38.3 38.1 39.0 38.7 35.5 34.1 34.6 29.1 38.1 37.5 35.1 Percentage of Students Indicating Communication with Parents About Substance Use (2010, 2012, 2014) 2010 2012 2014 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total No, I did not talk with my parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 8th Grade Figure 30 Percent of students In the Arizona Youth Survey, students were asked to indicate whether or not their parents had talked to them about the dangers of substance use. The question was worded as follows: “During the past 12 months, have you talked with at least one of your parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use? By parents, we mean your biological parents, adoptive parents, stepparents, or adult guardians – whether or not they live with you. (Choose all that apply).” 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total Yes, I talked to my parents Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of tobacco about the dangers of alcohol use. use. 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of prescription drug use. 64 Prevention-Related Advertisements In the 2014 Arizona Youth Survey, one advertising-related question was posed to students to gather information on whether they remembered hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year. The results of this question are presented in Table 34 and Figure 31. The results show that the majority of youth (73.9%) have remembered hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year. Further, the data show that the reported rates of hearing, reading, or watching substance abuse prevention ads increases with increased grade level (70.6% for students in 8th grade, 76.5% for those in 10th grade, 76.7% for those in 12th grade). Table 34 Percentage of Students Responding to Questions Regarding Prevention-Related Advertisements 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 Reported hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year 73.2 73.7 70.6 79.5 81.4 76.5 82.3 83.0 76.7 77.6 78.5 73.9 Figure 31 In comparing 2010, 2012, and 2014 data, Table 34 shows that the percent of students reporting having heard, read, or watched a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year has decreased in all grades since the 2012 survey (a decrease of 3.1 percentage points for 8th graders, 4.9 percentage points for 10th graders, 6.3 percentage points for 12th graders, and 4.6 percentage points for those in all grades combined). Percentage of Students Reporting Having Noticed Prevention-Related Advertisements (2010, 2012, 2014) 2010 2012 2014 100 90 Percent of students 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total Reported hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year Arizona Youth Survey 2014 65 Youth Resiliency to ATODs The Arizona Youth Surveys asked students to indicate whether they had been offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs in the past year and how often they avoided people or places for fear of being offered those substances. The results of the question presented in Table 35 and Figure 32 indicate that most students surveyed have never been offered a substance – 65.2% of students were not offered alcohol in the past month, 81.5% were not offered cigarettes in the past month, 65.2% were not offered marijuana in the past month, and 85.2% were not offered other drugs in the past month. Alcohol and marijuana are the substances most often offered to students. In regard to student reports of avoiding people or places to avoid being offered substances, it appears that 8th and 10th graders are more likely than 12th graders to avoid places or people to avoid substance use offers. Of all students combined, 10.2% indicate that they’ve avoided places or people one time in the past month, 10.0% have avoided them two to three times in the past month, and 9.1% have avoided them four or more times in the past month. Table 35 Student Reports of Being Offered Various Substances in the Past Month 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: Alcohol? Cigarettes? Marijuana? Other drugs? Never 71.4 72.9 78.5 52.3 53.1 58.3 41.6 41.6 47.1 57.7 59.4 Once 12.3 12.1 10.3 14.2 13.7 13.1 13.2 12.9 13.2 13.1 12.8 65.2 11.8 2-3 times 9.5 8.5 6.7 17.3 17.0 15.2 21.3 20.1 19.4 15.0 13.9 12.2 4-6 times 3.4 3.1 2.1 7.7 7.3 6.7 10.7 11.5 9.4 6.7 6.4 5.2 7-10 times 1.0 1.1 0.7 2.9 3.2 2.3 4.9 4.7 3.4 2.6 2.6 1.8 More than 10 times 2.4 2.3 1.7 5.7 5.7 4.4 8.3 9.2 7.5 4.9 5.0 3.8 Never 80.6 82.8 86.5 68.4 73.3 79.6 62.7 65.7 73.9 72.2 75.7 81.5 Once 8.7 8.2 6.8 10.3 10.1 8.4 10.3 10.1 9.2 9.6 9.2 7.8 2-3 times 5.2 4.6 3.7 8.6 6.8 5.3 9.6 8.9 6.8 7.4 6.3 4.9 4-6 times 2.2 1.7 1.2 3.9 3.2 2.5 4.8 4.4 3.1 3.4 2.8 2.0 7-10 times 1.0 0.8 0.5 2.3 1.8 1.2 2.8 2.2 1.6 1.9 1.4 1.0 More than 10 times 2.4 1.9 1.3 6.5 4.8 3.1 9.8 8.7 5.4 5.6 4.4 2.8 Never 75.4 74.3 75.5 58.7 57.4 57.5 56.9 53.8 54.1 65.4 64.3 65.2 Once 8.1 8.4 8.3 11.1 10.8 11.4 11.0 10.9 10.5 9.7 9.7 9.8 2-3 times 6.5 6.5 6.6 10.3 11.1 10.8 10.7 11.4 12.0 8.7 9.1 9.1 4-6 times 3.5 3.5 3.3 6.2 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.8 6.8 5.1 5.3 5.2 7-10 times 1.9 2.1 1.7 3.6 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.8 2.9 3.0 2.8 More than 10 times 4.7 5.2 4.6 10.2 10.4 9.8 11.4 13.3 12.7 8.2 8.7 8.0 Never 88.4 88.4 88.4 81.4 82.9 82.6 81.7 82.1 82.1 84.5 85.2 85.2 Once 5.4 5.3 5.5 7.5 7.3 7.6 7.3 6.6 6.7 6.6 6.2 6.4 2-3 times 2.7 2.6 2.7 4.8 4.2 4.3 4.8 4.8 5.0 3.9 3.6 3.7 4-6 times 1.2 1.2 1.1 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.7 1.6 7-10 times 0.6 0.7 0.6 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.8 More than 10 times 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.0 2.4 2.4 2.3 In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Never 64.9 57.4 69.0 63.0 59.0 70.4 67.0 61.4 75.5 64.9 58.9 71.0 Once 13.6 15.1 11.2 12.7 13.7 10.5 10.9 2-3 times 10.3 12.5 9.6 11.9 13.2 10.4 10.8 12.1 7.8 12.6 13.9 10.2 12.7 10.3 10.9 12.8 10.0 4-6 times 3.5 4.8 3.4 4.5 5.1 3.5 7-10 times 1.5 2.1 0.9 1.9 2.2 1.0 4.2 5.4 3.0 4.0 5.0 3.4 2.0 2.3 0.8 1.7 2.2 0.9 More than 10 times 6.2 8.1 5.9 6.0 6.8 4.1 5.1 6.2 2.6 5.8 7.2 4.6 66 Figure 32 Youth Resiliency to ATOD's (2014) 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Was offered alcohol at least once in the past month Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Was offered cigarettes at least once in the past month Was offered marijuana at least once in the past month Was offered other drugs at least once in the past month Avoided people or places because they might have been offered a substance at least once in the past month 67 The 2012 and 2014 Arizona Youth Surveys asked students to indicate their resiliency to offers of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other substances. They were asked, “In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs were offered to you: say ‘no’ without giving a reason why, give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer, decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer, and use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs.” Response options were as follows: “Never,” “Once,” “Twice,” “Three times,” “Four or more times,” and “I never got offers.” The results of the question presented in Table 36 and Figure 33 indicate that 28.0% responded “I say ‘no’ without giving a reason why” at least one time in the past 30 days, 25.4% responded with “I give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer” at least once in the past month, 18.5% responded with “I decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer” at least once in the past month, and 14.7% indicated that “I use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs” at least once in the past month. A simple “no” to the offer is the most used strategy by students in all grades. Table 36 Student Responses to Being Offered Various Substances in the Past Month 8th Grade 12th Grade Total In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? 30.9 28.2 30.5 33.4 32.1 35.2 33.8 34.1 39.2 32.4 30.8 34.0 14.2 12.4 11.6 17.4 15.2 14.4 17.2 15.5 15.6 16.0 14.0 13.4 5.8 4.6 4.6 8.9 7.1 6.9 10.3 8.9 7.6 8.0 6.4 6.0 2.7 2.6 2.3 4.1 3.7 3.5 5.5 4.4 3.8 3.9 3.4 3.0 5.3 5.5 4.6 8.8 8.1 6.3 10.4 9.1 6.7 7.7 7.2 5.6 I never got offers 41.1 46.8 46.4 27.3 33.8 33.6 22.8 28.0 27.1 32.0 38.2 38.0 Never 35.7 31.7 33.6 38.7 34.9 37.1 39.4 37.2 41.5 37.6 34.0 36.6 Once 10.9 9.7 9.4 13.9 13.2 13.2 15.2 14.5 14.2 13.0 12.0 11.7 Twice 5.4 4.7 4.3 8.2 7.5 7.0 10.2 8.6 8.1 7.5 6.5 6.0 Three times 2.7 2.6 2.2 4.6 4.3 3.6 5.2 4.8 4.0 3.9 3.7 3.1 Four or more times 4.4 4.4 3.7 7.3 6.5 5.4 7.4 7.1 5.2 6.1 5.7 4.6 I never got offers 41.0 47.0 46.7 27.3 33.6 33.7 22.5 27.8 26.9 31.9 38.1 38.1 Never 37.3 34.0 35.4 45.1 43.7 46.0 50.9 50.0 53.3 43.3 40.9 42.8 Once 10.2 8.8 8.5 12.3 10.2 9.7 11.4 10.1 9.2 11.1 9.5 9.0 Twice 3.7 3.1 3.2 5.2 4.0 3.9 5.2 4.3 3.9 4.6 3.7 3.6 Three times 2.4 2.2 1.9 2.9 2.5 2.3 3.2 2.3 2.3 2.8 2.3 2.1 Four or more times 4.6 4.5 3.7 6.3 5.1 4.0 5.9 4.8 3.7 5.5 4.8 3.8 I never got offers 41.8 47.5 47.3 28.1 34.6 34.2 23.4 28.6 27.6 32.8 38.9 38.7 Never 40.7 36.8 38.2 49.7 47.6 49.7 55.3 53.8 57.0 47.4 44.3 46.1 Once 8.2 7.1 6.8 9.9 8.0 7.8 9.6 7.6 7.6 9.1 7.5 7.3 Twice 3.3 2.7 2.4 4.2 3.3 2.9 4.3 3.7 3.0 3.8 3.1 2.7 Three times 1.9 1.8 1.5 2.6 2.3 1.7 2.4 2.1 1.8 2.3 2.0 1.6 Never Once say "No" Twice without giving a reason why? Three times Four or more times give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? Arizona Youth Survey 2014 10th Grade 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 Four or more times 3.8 3.7 3.3 5.2 4.1 3.3 4.6 3.9 2.7 4.4 3.9 3.1 I never got offers 42.1 47.9 47.8 28.3 34.8 34.6 23.7 29.0 27.9 33.0 39.2 39.1 68 Figure 33 Youth Resiliency to ATOD's (2014) In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 100 90 Percent of students 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 say "No" without giving a reason why? Arizona Youth Survey 2014 give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? 69 Gambling In the AYS, students were asked to report how often (if ever) they participated in various gambling activities in the past year. Table 37 and Figure 34 display the data for survey questions regarding past year gambling and the average age when youth first gambled. Past year gambling percentages include those students who responded that they had gambled “A few times in the past year,” “Once or twice a month,” “Once or twice a week,” or “Almost every day.” Average age of initiation was determined by asking students to report how old they were they first time they bet or gambled. When students were asked how often they participated in various gambling activities, betting on cards was the activity in which the greatest number of students participated in the past year. Of respondents in the 8th, 10th, and 12th Arizona Youth Survey 2014 grades, 28.4% indicated that they had bet on cards at least once in the past year. Betting on a game of personal skill (24.9% of the three grades) had the second highest rates of participation. Betting on sports had the third highest rates of participation (23.6% of students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grade participating). The gambling activities with the least past-year participation were playing a slot machine, poker machine, or other gambling machine (4.1%) and betting on a horse or other animal race (4.7%). Rates of reported past year gambling tend to decrease with increased grade level, as rates of gambling peaked in the 8th grade for six of the eight gambling categories (betting on sports, playing cards, playing bingo for money, playing a dice game, betting on personal skill, and betting at a horse or animal race). 70 Table 37 Gambling: Percentage of Students Reporting Participation in Various Gambling Activities in the Past Year, and Average Age of First Gambling 8th Grade 2010 2012 10th Grade 2014 2010 2012 12th Grade 2014 2010 Total 2012 2014 2010 2012 2014 Have engaged in one of the following gambling activities for money, possessions, or anything of value at least once in the past year Any Gambling 61.6 59.0 54.6 59.8 57.2 52.6 56.5 53.7 46.8 59.7 57.2 52.2 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? 5.3 4.6 3.7 4.8 4.2 4.2 5.3 5.1 4.6 5.2 4.6 4.1 Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? 21.4 23.1 20.7 20.7 22.4 21.1 18.9 21.5 19.4 20.6 22.5 20.5 Bet on sports? 28.6 26.1 25.1 27.0 24.5 23.8 24.4 21.5 20.3 27.0 24.5 23.6 Played cards? 36.1 31.7 29.1 36.0 31.1 28.9 34.8 30.3 26.6 35.7 31.2 28.4 Played bingo? 26.4 25.7 23.6 20.4 19.6 18.3 14.2 13.2 12.1 21.4 20.8 19.4 Played a dice game? 26.0 24.4 23.8 21.9 20.5 19.7 17.9 16.1 15.2 22.6 21.2 20.6 Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? 28.2 25.6 26.2 27.7 24.3 25.7 24.9 22.1 21.5 27.2 24.4 24.9 Bet on a horse or other animal race? 5.0 4.8 5.0 5.0 4.5 4.6 4.4 4.0 4.1 4.8 4.5 4.7 11.5 12.8 10.8 12.2 13.3 11.5 13.2 13.5 12.5 12.1 13.1 11.4 Average age of first gambling or betting? Average age of initiation Arizona Youth Survey 2014 71 Figure 34 Past Year Participation in Various Gambling Activities (2014) Percent of students indicating they had gambled a few times in the past year, once or twice a month, once or twice a week, or almost every day 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 100 90 Percent of Students 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Bet on a horse or other animal race? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Played a dice game? Played bingo? Played cards? Bet on sports? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Any Gambling 0 72 5 Section 5: Summary of Findings The AYS, conducted in February through May 2014, gathered a substantial amount of information that can be used by Arizona policy makers and practitioners. Because of time and resource constraints, the data presented in this report merely skim the surface of the data gathered by the survey; however, the results can be highly beneficial in helping Arizona communities identify the needs of Arizona youth and plan prevention and delinquency programs that fit their needs. The Arizona Youth Survey is based on the national Communities That Care model and the research of J. David Hawkins, Ph.D. and Richard F. Catalano, Ph.D. The model has strong support from numerous federal agencies including the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), the National Youth Gang Center, and the CSAP. Given the limited resources available to schools and service providers today, the information contained within this report and the ongoing analysis of the data provides Arizona with a considerable advantage at all levels of government in securing additional funding for youth programming. This statewide effort encompassed all 15 counties and 243 schools, which resulted in the participation of 48,244 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students throughout Arizona (figure represents honest/valid participation only). As a result of this year’s success and the success of previous administrations, outstanding strides continue to be made in developing a data infrastructure that provides valuable information regarding youth at the state and local level. Continuing to build and strengthen partnerships with those who work with youth remains the primary goal of the Arizona Youth Survey. factors are powerful tools for identifying and locating populations with a high potential for substance abuse, delinquency, school drop-out, and/or violence, and they provide valuable targets for programs aimed at preventing or reducing these problem behaviors. Protective factors are also important tools for enhancing the availability of positive interactions and bonding with the community, family, school, and peer groups. Additionally, the data obtained on the use of ATOD and delinquency provide further insight into the experiences of Arizona youth, which can assist in the development of school and community-based intervention programming. Findings for each of the report sections are summarized below: Risk Factor Profiles The following risk factor scales showed significant decreases of 1.0 percentage points or higher in all grades since the 2012 survey: Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use, Perceived Availability of Drugs, Perceived Availability of Handguns, Poor Family Management, Family History of Antisocial Behavior, Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior, Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use, Early Initiation of Drug Use, Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior, Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use, Interaction with Antisocial Peers, Friend’s Use of Drugs, and Gang Involvement. Only two risk factor scales showed a significant increase in all grades since 2012: Perceived Risk of Drug Use and Low Commitment to School. The ability to accurately understand the underlying factors — behaviors, attitudes, conditions, or events — that increase and decrease the risk for substance abuse and delinquency provide a basis on which to bring about positive change. Risk Arizona Youth Survey 2014 73 Protective Factor Profiles The following protective factor scales showed significant increases of 1.0% or higher in all grades since the 2012 survey: Belief in the Moral Order and Prosocial Involvement. Two scales showed significant decreases in all grades since 2012: Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement and Interaction with Prosocial Peers. Age of Initiation In Arizona, lifetime use of many substances in all grades has significantly decreased since the 2012 survey, with alcohol use decreasing 2.2 to 6.2 percentage points for students in each grade, cigarette use decreasing 3.9 to 6.4 points for those in each grade, inhalant use decreasing 2.0 to 2.8 points for those in each grade, prescription pain reliever use decreasing 1.8 to 5.7 points for those in each grade, prescription drug use decreasing 1.8 to 5.2 points for those in each grade, over-the-counter drug use decreasing 1.2 to 2.6 points for those in each grade, and synthetic drug use decreasing 4.6 to 7.5 points for those in each grade. Students begin using cigarettes and taking their first drink of alcohol (a sip or more) at a younger age than other drugs. The average age of first use of cigarettes in 2014 was 12.9 years, as was also the first age of alcohol use (sip or more). For alcohol use, a distinction can be made between the first experimental use of alcohol (having more than a sip or two of alcohol) and the first regular use of alcohol (drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, or at least once or twice a month). Arizona students, on average, reported having their first drink of alcohol (having a sip or more of alcohol) at age 12.9 years in 2014 (up from 12.8 years in 2012), while the average age of first regular use of alcohol (drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, or at least once or twice a month) was over a year and a half later at age 14.5 years. Since the 2012 AYS, 30-day use rates have decreased by 2.9 to 4.3 percentage points for students in all grades for alcohol, decreased 2.1 to 5.3 points for those in all grades for cigarettes, decreased 0.8 to 2.2 points for those in all grades for prescription pain relievers, and decreased 2.9 to 4.3 points for those in all grades for synthetic drugs. The only substance that showed a consistent increase in use by students across all grades in Arizona was chewing tobacco, which increased 2.2 percentage points for 8th graders (from 2.1% in 2012 to 4.3% in 2014), 3.6 points for 10th graders (from 3.9% in 2012 to 7.5% in 2014), and 3.8 points for 12th graders (from 6.6% in 2012 to 10.4% in 2014). Substance Use for Arizona A comparison between the Arizona Youth Survey and the national Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey is another measure for assessing current substance abuse and risk behaviors of Arizona youth. The MTF survey is conducted annually by the University of Michigan and is designed to provide ATOD use information from a sample of students representative of the United States as a whole. A lower percentage of Arizona survey participants in all grades in 2014 have had lifetime experience with inhalants and prescription stimulants compared to youth in the same grades in the 2013 MTF survey (1.5 to 2.1 percentage points lower inhalant use for Arizona youth in each grade, 2.6 to 4.0 points lower stimulant use for Arizona youth in each grade). Additionally, a lower percentage of Arizona students have had lifetime experience with marijuana in comparison to youth in the 2013 national MTF survey population (0.8 to 3.4 percentage points lower marijuana lifetime use for Arizona youth in each grade). Eighth grade Arizona students indicated higher lifetime alcohol use (31.5% for Arizona 8th graders, 27.8% for national 8th graders), and higher lifetime cigarette use rates (15.8% for Arizona 8th graders, 14.8% for national 8th graders). It is noteworthy that alcohol is still the most common substance used by Arizona students. In the past month, 24.1% of students have used alcohol, and 46.2% of students have used alcohol in their lifetime. Marijuana and cigarettes are the second and third most used substances by Arizona youth. For marijuana, 13.6% of survey participants indicated they had used marijuana at least once in the past 30 days and 27.1% indicated use during their lifetime. For cigarette use, 9.4% of survey participants used cigarettes in the past month and 23.4% used in their lifetime. In regard to prescription drug use, 6.3% of youth indicated use of any type of prescription drugs at least once in the past month, and 13.2% indicated use at least once in their lifetime. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Arizona Results Compared to National Results 74 A higher percentage of Arizona youth in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades have used alcohol and smokeless tobacco than youth in the same grades in the 2013 national MTF survey population. Alcohol use in Arizona was 1.4 to 3.2 percentage points higher for students in each grade in comparison to the national MTF survey, and smokeless tobacco use in Arizona was 1.1 to 2.3 points higher for those in each grade in comparison to the national MTF survey. Substance Use by Gender Being female is generally considered a protective factor for substance use. However, of the Arizona students who took the survey, females are becoming the predominant substance users in the lower grades. In some substance use categories, females report higher use than males in all grades. Females in all grades indicated higher lifetime use rates of alcohol (48.4% total female use compared to 43.9% total male use) and sedatives (6.6% total female use compared to 4.4% total male use). In contrast, males in all grades indicate higher use rates for marijuana (0.4% to 5.1% higher than female use rates in each grade) and hallucinogens (0.3% to 5.1% higher than female use rates in each grade). Female lifetime use rates top male use rates in the younger grades, while 12th grade use is more similar among males and females. In , females indicated significantly higher (i.e. 1.0% or more difference) lifetime use rates in seven of the 16 substance use categories. In the 10th grade, females have more similar, though still significantly higher use rates in five categories. By the 12th grade, females had significantly higher use rates in only one of 16 categories. These findings indicate that females may be experimenting with drug use at higher rates than males in the early grades and into high school, but as students finish high school, males overtake females as the more numerous substance users. As with lifetime substance use, females are using substances in the past month (i.e. more regular use) at higher rates than males in the younger grades as 8th grade females indicated significantly higher (difference of 1.0% or more) use rates in six of the 17 substance categories. In the 10th grade, past-month use rates were higher for females in four of the 17 categories. However, in the 12th grade, most past-month use rates were equal among the two genders or higher for males. Such findings seem to match what was discovered from looking at lifetime use rates by gender — that more younger females are experimenting with substances and are indicating regular use of substances than young males. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Perceived Harmfulness of Drugs: Arizona Compared to National Survey population Arizona youth in all grades perceived a greater risk in drinking one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day than national MTF students. Arizona perceived risk of regular alcohol use was 6.7 percentage points higher for students in , 6.3 percentage points higher for 10th graders, and 11.8 percentage points higher for 12th graders. A greater percentage of Arizona 12th graders perceived great risk of binge drinking every week when compared to their national counterparts (48.0% of 12th graders in Arizona perceived great risk compared to 45.8% of national 12th graders). However, Arizona youth perceived significantly less risk than national MTF students in regularly using marijuana. Rates of perceived harmfulness of smoking marijuana regularly were significantly lower than MTF rates in all grades (21.4% lower for 8th graders, 21.7% lower for 10th graders, 20.6% lower for 12th graders). Perceived Availability of Drugs: Arizona Compared to National Survey population The results reveal that Arizona survey participants do not perceive any type of drug as being as easy to get, as do the youth from the national survey population. In all categories, and for all grades, there is a 8.1 to 17.6 point difference in perceived availability between Arizona results and national results. Where Students Obtained Alcohol Across all grades, one of the most prominent alcohol sources for Arizona students is getting it at a party. This source becomes increasingly more frequent as students progress from the 8th grade (33.8% obtained alcohol at a party) to the 12th grade (50.9% obtained alcohol at a party). For alcohol-using 8th graders, the primary sources for obtaining alcohol are getting it at a party (33.8%), taking it from home (25.2%), and getting it some other way not listed (26.3%). For alcoholusing 10th and 12th graders, the primary sources for obtaining alcohol are getting it at a party (45.6% for 10th graders, 50.9% for 12th graders), giving someone money to buy it (25.3% for 10th graders, 35.7% for 12th graders), having a non-relative over the age of 21 give it to them (21.5% of 10th graders, 27.2% of 12th graders), and getting it from someone under the age of 21 (26.3% of 75 10th graders, 21.6% of 12th graders). Encouragingly, very few students reported buying alcohol themselves at a liquor store, gas station, or grocery store (7.4% to 10.5% of alcohol-drinking students in each grade), at a restaurant, bar, or club (3.5% to 4.7% of alcohol-drinking students in each grade), or at a public event (3.0% to 3.7% of alcohol-drinking students in each grade). Where Students Obtained Prescription Drugs In all grades, among students who have used prescription drugs to get high, the most prominent method of obtaining prescription drugs was by getting it from a friend. This source becomes increasingly more frequent as students progress from the 8th grade (47.1% obtained prescription drugs from a friend) to the 12th grade (59.4% obtained prescription drugs from a friend). The next most frequent methods of obtaining prescription drugs (among students who used them) included getting them from home (e.g., a medicine cabinet) (22.2% to 26.1% in each grade) and getting them from a party (20.4% to 21.6% in each grade and 20.9% overall). Where Students Obtained Marijuana In all grades, among students who have reported obtaining marijuana in the past month, the primary method of obtaining marijuana was by getting it from a friend. This source becomes increasingly more frequent as students progress from the 8th grade (69.5% obtained marijuana from a friend) to the 12th grade (78.2% obtained marijuana from a friend). The next most prevalent sources of obtaining marijuana (among students who used in the past month) included getting them at a party (25.0% to 28.4% in each grade) and getting them from another source not listed as a response option (21.0% to 28.1% in each grade). Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior by Grade and Gender The male-female differences in heavy use of substances and antisocial behavior are only slightly more pronounced than the results for lifetime and 30-day use by gender. Males engage in most antisocial behaviors more than females. The only exceptions were that a higher percent of females than males in the 8th grade participated in binge drinking (1.5% more females than males), simultaneous alcohol and prescription drug use (1.3% higher for females than males), and being drunk or high in school (0.7% more females than males). These higher rates correspond with the slightly higher rates of drug and alcohol use by females in the lower grades. By the 10th grade, the rates for these outcomes are more equal, and by the 12th grade, male rates are higher than female rates. In looking at the male and female antisocial behavior data totals, some of the biggest differences between males and females were in being suspended from school (15.0% for males compared to 7.6% for females), selling illegal drugs (8.4% for males compared to 3.8% for females), and being arrested (6.9% for males and 4.2% for females). Overall, binge drinking and being drunk or high at school appear to be one of the biggest problems among Arizona youth with 12.6% of surveyed 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students binge drinking at least once in the past two weeks and 13.4% of students surveyed reported being at school while drunk or high at least once in the past year. These behaviors increase with increased grade level. For binge drinking, 8th graders had a rate of 6.3%, 10th graders had a rate of 14.4% and 12th graders had a rate of 22.7%. With respect to being drunk or high at school, 8th graders had a rate of 8.4%, 10th graders had a rate of 16.5%, and 12th graders had a rate of 19.8%. The behavior that the fewest students in all grades participated in was stealing a vehicle (1.9%). Impaired Driving The 2014 survey reveals that a minority of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade youth in the state had driven a vehicle after drinking (3.1% of 8th graders, 4.5% of 10th graders, 9.9% of 12th graders), driven a vehicle after using prescription drugs (2.0% of 8th graders, 3.1% of 10th graders, 5.4% of 12th graders), or ridden with a driver who had been drinking (21.1% of students in all grades combined). Arizona Youth Survey 2014 76 Handguns Gangs It is clear that a very low percentage of students carry handguns or take them to school. For example, 0.9% of the students surveyed reported having taken a handgun to school in the past 12 months. In regards to carrying a handgun in general, 5.5% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in the past 12 months. Only 6.0% of students think that they would be seen as cool if they carried a handgun. Most students (79.2%) also perceived that it would be difficult to get a handgun if they wanted one. A large majority of Arizona youth (94.0%) have never belonged to a gang, while 2.8% of the youth surveyed reported that they had belonged to a gang in the past, 1.4% reported they belong now, 1.4% reported that they would like to join a gang, and 0.3% reported that they are in a gang, but would like to get out. The percentage of students reporting that they had never belonged to a gang increased 1.0 percentage points for the state survey population since 2012. In regard to the major reasons for joining a gang, the 2014 AYS data indicate that the top reasons for joining were friendship (30.5% of previous or current gang members indicated this reason), for protection (17.6%), and to make money (21.8%). In comparing 2012 and 2014 results, there were several significant changes. The belief that parents wouldn’t catch a kid with a handgun decreased 2.4 percentage points for the statewide survey population and 1.5 to 2.8 percentage points for students in each grade, the belief that the police would not catch a kid with a handgun decreased 3.9 points for the statewide survey population and 3.2 to 3.6 points in each grade, the perception that it would be very easy to get a gun decreased 2.3 points for those in all grades combined (1.6 to 2.4 points for those in each individual grade), and the perception that it is “cool” to carry a handgun decreased 1.2 points for the state population (1.2 to 1.3 points for those in each grade). Violence A review of the data reveals that 8.7% of the youth in Arizona have attacked someone in the past 12 months. Further, 45.7% of students have seen someone punched, kicked, choked, or beaten up in the past year. However, only a small percent (4.3%) believe that it isn’t at all wrong to attack someone to seriously hurt them. From 2012 to 2014, most youth violence-related AYS data showed significant decreases. For the entire survey population, there were significant decreases in all grades for a large majority of violence measures. Among the most notable of changes, the percent of students who have witnessed someone punched, kicked, choked, or beaten up decreased 9.9 percentage points for the state survey population (9.5 to 10.6 points for those in each grade). Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Student Safety Overall, a large majority of students feel safe at school, haven’t been in a fight at school in the past year, haven’t been injured or threatened at school in the past year, and haven’t taken a weapon (a weapon that is not a gun) to school in the past month. However, just as with handgun carrying, even small percentages for these safety issues can be serious. For example, 4.2% of 8th graders, 5.6% of 10th graders, and 5.5% of 12th graders have taken a weapon to school at least once in the past month. Most safety issues (being in a fight at school, not feeling safe at school, not going to school because they felt unsafe, being threatened or injured with a weapon at school), being bullied, and bullying another student showed decreases with increased grade level. In looking at the 2014 results in comparison to 2012 survey results, there were few notable changes. Rates of being in a physical fight at school in the past year decreased 1.7 percentage points for the survey population (a 2.4 point decrease for 8th graders, a 1.4 point decrease for 10th graders, and a 1.3 point decrease for 12th graders), and rates of not going to school at least one day in the past month due to safety concerns increased 2.0 points for 8th graders. 77 Students’ Academic Performance and Substance Use Parent/Youth Communication About the Dangers of Substance Use There is a clear relationship between substance use and school performance. Of the students who report getting better grades, fewer have tried ATODs and fewer have recently used ATODs than those who report poorer grades. For example, failing students (those students receiving mostly Ds and Fs) are nearly two times as likely to have used alcohol in the past 30 days, five times as likely to have used cigarettes in the past 30 days, and over three times more likely to have indicated use of marijuana in the past 30 days than students who reported they make “Mostly A’s.” Slightly over half of students surveyed (51.1%) have not had a discussion with their parents about the dangers of any substance. When it comes to parents talking to their kids about the dangers of tobacco use, 32.3% of 8th graders, 28.1% of 10th graders, and 25.0% of 12th graders indicated they had that discussion with their parents. With respect to discussing the dangers of alcohol use, 31.2% of 8th graders, 31.1% of 10th graders, and 28.8% of 12th graders indicated they had a discussion with their parents. In regard to speaking with parents about the dangers of drug use, 38.1% of 8th graders, 35.5% of 10th graders, and 29.1% of 12th graders reported that they had that discussion in the past year. The question was expanded in the 2014 AYS to include communication about prescription drug use. The 2014 AYS data reveal that 22.0% of AYS participants indicated having spoken with their parents about the dangers of prescription drug use. Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Approval Parental attitudes toward drugs influence the attitudes and behavior of their children. Even a small amount of perceived parental approval can lead to substance use. For example, a relatively low percentage of students (19.3% lifetime, 8.0% 30-day) use marijuana when their parents think it is “Very Wrong” to use it. In contrast, when a student believes that their parents have less strong negative feelings about marijuana use (i.e. the parent only believes that it is “Wrong” not “Very Wrong”) use increased substantially to 52.4% for lifetime use and 27.6% for 30-day use. Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Approval As with perceived parental approval, the slightest perceived peer approval increases the chance that a student will use ATODs. For example, when students thought there was “No or very little chance” that they would be seen as cool if they used marijuana, only 9.9% had tried marijuana in their lifetime and only 3.5% had used it in the last month. However, when students thought that there was even a “Little chance” that they would be seen as cool, marijuana use rates were three times higher for lifetime use (32.0%) and nearly four times higher for past-month use (13.6%). Students who thought that there was a “Very good chance” they would be seen as cool, indicated past-month marijuana use rates that were nine times higher than students who perceived that marijuana use was not cool. These results better illustrate how peer acceptability puts youth at risk for ATOD use. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 In comparing 2012 and 2014 data, there was an increase in the percentage of students who reported that they had not spoken with their parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use (increases of 2.8 percentage points for 10th graders, 4.7 points for 12th graders, and 1.5 points for those in all grades combined). In general, 2014 AYS data reveal that while 8th grade students appear to be having more discussions with parents regarding cigarette and alcohol use, 10th and 12th grade communication with parents about substance use dangers is either stable or decreasing. Prevention-Related Advertisements In the 2014 Arizona Youth Survey, one prevention message-related question was posed to students to gather information on whether they remembered hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year. The results show that the majority of youth (73.9%) have remembered hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year. In comparing 2010, 2012, and 2014 data, the percent of students reporting having heard, read, or watched a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year has decreased in all grades since the 2012 survey (a decrease of 3.1 percentage points for 8th graders, 4.9 points for 10th graders, 6.3 points for 12th graders, and 4.6 points for those in all grades combined). 78 Youth Resiliency to ATODs In the 2014 Arizona Youth Survey, questions were added asking students to indicate whether they had been offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs in the past year; and how often they avoided people or places for fear of being offered those substances. The results indicate that most students surveyed have never been offered a substance – 65.2% of students were not offered alcohol in the past month, 81.5% were not offered cigarettes in the past month, 65.2% were not offered marijuana in the past month, and 85.2% were not offered other drugs in the past month. In regards to student reports of avoiding people or places to avoid being offered substances, it appears that 8th and 10th graders are more likely than 12th graders to avoid places or people to avoid substance use offers. Of all students combined, 10.2% indicate that they’ve avoided places or people one time in the past month, 10.0% have avoided them two to three times in the past month, and 9.1% have avoided them four or more times in the past month. Questions were also added asking students to indicate their typical responses/ strategies when offered ATOD’s. The results indicate that 28.0% responded “I say ‘no’ without giving a reason why” at least one time in the past 30 days, 25.4% responded with “I give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer” at least once in the past month, 18.5% responded with “I decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer” at least once in the past month, and 14.7% indicated that “I use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs” at least once in the past month. A simple “no” to the offer is the most used strategy by students in all grades. Gambling When students were asked how often they participated in various gambling activities, betting on cards was the activity in which the greatest number of students participated in the past year. Of respondents in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades, 28.4% indicated that they had bet on cards at least once in the past year. Arizona Youth Survey 2014 Betting on a game of personal skill (24.9% of the three grades) had the second highest rates of participation. Betting on sports had the third highest rates of participation (23.6% of students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grade participating). The gambling activities with the least past-year participation were playing a slot machine, poker machine, or other gambling machine (4.1%) and betting on a horse or other animal race (4.7%). Rates of reported past year gambling tend to decrease with increased grade level, as rates of gambling peaked in the 8th grade for six of the eight gambling categories (betting on sports, playing cards, playing bingo for money, playing a dice game, betting on personal skill, and betting at a horse or animal race). Conclusion The Arizona Youth Survey fills a critical role within a statewide substance abuse, violence, and juvenile delinquency prevention strategy by providing information on the well-being of youth, families, and communities. In the next two years, the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission will continue to place an emphasis on building partnerships and working to disseminate survey data to community leaders and decision makers. Although this report provides a statewide perspective, additional reports are available at the county and city levels. In addition, topical research briefs will be made available as they are produced. The data made available through the 2014 Arizona Youth Survey provides local decision makers with information for developing strategies in directing scarce funding toward needed programs to serve the youth and families in their community. Data-driven programs are more likely to target needed areas and, therefore, are more likely to result in the successful maximization of limited resources. Critical to this effort is the continued development of a state data infrastructure that provides information on the wellbeing of our youth and the communities in which we live. 79 Appendix A: 2014 Arizona Youth Survey Appendix B: Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Community Domain Protective Factors Community Domain Risk Factors Protective Factor Associated Scales Community Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Community Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Risk Factor Associated Scales Low Neighborhood Attachment Low Neighborhood Attachment Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use, Firearms, and Crime Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use Availability of Drugs and Firearms Perceived Availability of Drugs Perceived Availability of Handguns Media Portrayals of Violence Extreme Economic Deprivation Family Domain Protective Factors No Scale No Scale Protective Factor Associated Scales Family Attachment Family Attachment Family Opportunities for Positive Involvement Family Opportunities for Positive Involvement Family Rewards for Positive Involvement Family Rewards for Positive Involvement Appendix B (Cont.): Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Family Domain Risk Factors School Domain Protective Factors School Domain Risk Factors Risk Factor Associated Scales Family Management Problems Poor Family Management Family Conflict Family Conflict Family Involvement in the Problem Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Favorable Parental Attitudes Towards The Problem Behavior Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Protective Factor Associated Scales School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Risk Factor Associated Scales Academic Failure Beginning in Late Elementary School Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Low School Commitment Appendix B (Cont.): Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Individual-Peer Protective Factors Individual-Peer Risk Factors Protective Factor Associated Scales Belief in the Moral Order Belief in the Moral Order Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers Interaction with Prosocial Peers Risk Factor Associated Scales Rebelliousness Rebelliousness Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior (Scale not included on the 2014 AYS) Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior Interaction with Antisocial Peers Friends’ Use of Drugs Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Favorable Attitudes Towards the Problem Behavior Attitudes Favorable Towards Antisocial Behavior Attitudes Favorable Towards Drug Use Perceived Risks of Drug Use Gang Involvement Gang Involvement Appendix C: AYS Survey Results, Frequency and Percentage for Each Response Category Question 1 2 Are you: How old are you? Response 4 What grade are you in? Do you get a free or reduced cost lunch at school? 23,460 49.1 female 24,353 50.9 12 29 0.1 13 8,657 17.9 14 13,226 27.4 15 6,170 12.8 16 8,207 17.0 17 5,131 10.6 18 6,355 13.2 469 1.0 8th 22,675 47.0 10th 14,028 29.1 12th 11,541 23.9 Free lunch 16,505 34.7 3,858 8.1 27,182 57.2 Reduced cost lunch Neither 5 What is your race? a. American Indian or Alaska Native b. c. d. Asian Black or African American Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander Question % male 19 or older 3 # e. 6 3,871 8.0 No 44,373 92.0 Yes 2,843 5.9 No 45,401 94.1 Yes 4,154 8.6 No 44,090 91.4 Yes 1,203 2.5 No 47,041 97.5 Are you Hispanic or Latino? # % Yes 30,552 63.3 No 17,692 36.7 Yes 18,649 39.9 No 28,051 60.1 7 Think of where you live most of the time. Which of the following people live there with you? (Mark all that apply.) a. Mother b. c. d. e. Yes White Response Stepmother Father Stepfather Foster Parent(s) Yes 42,717 88.5 No 5,527 11.5 Yes 2,641 5.5 No 45,603 94.5 Yes 31,385 65.1 No 16,859 34.9 Yes 5,971 12.4 No 42,273 87.6 252 0.5 47,992 99.5 Yes No f. g. h. Grandparent(s) Aunt Uncle Yes 4,479 9.3 No 43,765 90.7 Yes 1,829 3.8 No 46,415 96.2 Yes 1,875 3.9 No 46,369 96.1 Question i. j. k. l. m. n. 8 Other Adult(s) Brother(s) Stepbrother(s) Sister(s) Stepsister(s) Other Children What is the highest level of education completed by your mother? Response # Question % Yes 1,305 2.7 No 46,939 97.3 Yes 23,724 49.2 No 24,520 50.8 Yes 1,924 4.0 No 46,320 96.0 Yes 22,376 46.4 No 25,868 53.6 Yes 1,745 3.6 No 46,499 96.4 Yes 2,306 4.8 No 45,938 95.2 8th grade or less 2,460 5.2 Some high school 5,673 12.1 Completed high school or GED 7,272 15.5 Some college 6,163 13.2 Completed community/techical school 3,006 6.4 Completed 4 year college (Bachelor’s Degree) 8,131 17.3 Graduate or Professional (e.g., Master’s, Ph.D., M.D., Ed.D., J.D) 4,862 10.4 Don’t know 9,298 19.8 c. What, if any, is the current military status of your parent(s)? (Mark all that apply) a. Neither of my parents have ever been in the military d. e. 38,571 79.9 No 9,673 20.1 Active, Overseas - not in a combat zone Yes Active, Overseas - in a combat zone Yes No No f. Reserve Yes No g. Reserve, Not Deployed Yes No h. Reserve, In country Yes No i. j. k. Active Duty Yes No 502 1.0 47,742 99.0 % 466 1.0 47,778 99.0 231 0.5 48,013 99.5 176 0.4 48,068 99.6 394 0.8 47,850 99.2 487 1.0 47,757 99.0 235 0.5 48,009 99.5 Yes Reserve, Overseas - in a combat zone Yes 94 0.2 No 48,150 99.8 Former military Yes 5,549 11.5 No 42,695 88.5 Died while serving in the military No Yes In my school, students have lots of chances to help decide things like class activities and rules. NO! 127 0.3 48,117 99.7 133 0.3 48,111 99.7 6,407 13.6 no 18,072 38.3 yes 19,559 41.5 3,141 6.7 YES! b. # Reserve, Overseas - not in a combat zone No 10 Yes Yes No l. 9 Active, In country Response Question 11 12 13 14 15 16 Teachers ask me to work on special classroom projects. My teachers notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. There are lots of chances for students in my school to get involved in sports, clubs, and other school activities outside of class. There are lots of chances for students in my school to talk with a teacher one-on-one. I feel safe at my school. The school lets my parents know when I have done something well. Response NO! 10.5 no 19,702 41.9 yes 19,189 40.8 YES! 3,203 6.8 NO! 3,469 7.4 no 12,054 25.6 yes 24,332 51.6 YES! 7,312 15.5 NO! 1,284 2.7 no 2,916 6.2 yes 18,835 39.9 YES! 24,197 51.2 NO! 1,770 3.8 no 8,143 17.3 yes 25,485 54.1 YES! 11,742 24.9 NO! My teachers praise me when I work hard in school. 5,442 11.6 yes 26,978 57.4 YES! 12,308 26.2 NO! 10,791 23.0 no 21,177 45.2 yes 11,873 25.3 3,052 6.5 NO! Are your school grades better than the grades of most students in your class? 6,253 13.3 no 18,244 38.9 yes 18,595 39.6 3,810 8.1 NO! 3,420 7.3 no 14,227 30.4 yes 21,504 45.9 7,718 16.5 YES! 19 I have lots of chances to be part of class discussions or activities. Response NO! # % 1,566 3.3 no 7,097 15.2 yes 28,524 60.9 9,633 20.6 YES! 20 Which school-sponsored activities are you involved in during after-school hours? (Mark all that apply) a. Sports b. c. d. e. Yes 19,846 84.6 No 3,603 15.4 Performing arts (such as band, dance, drama, chorus) Yes 8,937 64.2 No 4,979 35.8 Academic clubs (such as language, math, and science clubs) Yes 3,090 34.6 No 5,835 65.4 Volunteering, service, or mentoring Yes 6,883 56.3 No 5,352 43.7 Yes 2,329 28.1 No 5,956 71.9 Yes 1,668 21.7 No 6,016 78.3 Homework help or tutoring to help your grades Yes 4,152 42.2 No 5,692 57.8 Other school group or club Yes 6,358 54.4 No 5,321 45.6 Yes 16,866 80.2 No 4,171 19.8 Student government 4.9 no YES! 18 2,292 Question % 4,946 YES! 17 # f. g. h. i. Newspaper or yearbook I do not participate in an organized activity at school 21 Which after-school activities, that are not school-sponsored, are you involved in? (Mark all that apply) a. Sports Yes 15,675 78.9 No 4,183 21.1 Question b. Response # Question % c. try to do your best work? Response Never d. e. f. g. h. i. Yes 5,428 49.7 No 5,501 50.3 Volunteering or service Yes 8,234 61.8 Often No 5,091 38.2 Almost Always 18,412 39.4 Yes 2,746 31.8 4,327 9.3 No 5,884 68.2 Seldom 10,754 23.0 Sometimes 16,802 36.0 10,732 23.0 4,071 8.7 Mostly F’s 799 1.7 Mostly D’s 2,056 4.5 Mostly C’s 9,239 20.0 Scouts/Campfire Seldom 23 How often do you feel that the school work you are assigned is meaningful and important? Never Boys & Girls Clubs/Junior Achievement/YMCA Yes 1,813 23.2 Often No 6,013 76.8 Almost Always 4-H/FFA (Future Farmers or America) Yes 1,538 20.3 No 6,037 79.7 24 Putting them all together, what were your grades like last year? 460 1.0 1,543 3.3 8,754 18.7 17,605 37.6 Big Brothers Big Sisters or another mentoring program Yes 1,300 17.6 Mostly B’s 17,348 37.6 No 6,083 82.4 Mostly A’s 16,693 36.2 Other after school activity Yes 7,426 58.7 Very important 8,093 17.2 No 5,216 41.3 Quite important 10,556 22.5 Fairly important 14,839 31.6 Yes 19,416 83.6 Slightly important 10,681 22.7 No 3,799 16.4 Not at all important 2,811 6.0 4,001 8.5 I do not participate in an organized activity after school 22 Now thinking back over the past year in school, how often did you: a. enjoy being in school? Never Seldom 25 26 How interesting are most of your courses to you? Very interesting 3,021 6.4 Quite interesting 10,198 21.8 6,234 13.2 Fairly interesting 17,640 37.6 19,419 41.2 Slightly interesting 12,143 25.9 Often 13,138 27.9 Not at all interesting 3,875 8.3 4,310 9.2 None 31,392 66.9 1 day 5,358 11.4 2 days 3,692 7.9 27 hate being in school? How important do you think the things you are learning in school are going to be for you later in life? Sometimes Almost Always b. % Performing arts (such as band, dance, drama, chorus) Sometimes c. # Never 3,326 7.1 Seldom 10,691 22.8 Sometimes During the LAST FOUR WEEKS how many whole days of school have you missed because you skipped or ‘cut’? 18,025 38.4 3 days 2,509 5.3 Often 9,636 20.5 4 to 5 days 2,386 5.1 Almost Always 5,219 11.1 6 to 10 days 977 2.1 11 or more days 640 1.4 Question 28 During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? Response 42,636 90.8 1 time 1,862 4.0 2-3 times 1,173 2.5 4-5 times 369 6-7 times 8-9 times During the past 12 months, how many times have you been harassed, mistreated, or made fun of by another person while on-line or through a cell phone or other electronic device? % 37,410 79.7 1 time 3,555 7.6 2-3 times 3,200 6.8 0.8 4-5 times 865 1.8 226 0.5 6-7 times 416 0.9 132 0.3 8-9 times 269 0.6 10-11 times 1.0 12 or more times 0 times 41,769 89.0 1 time 2,739 5.8 2-3 times 1,382 2.9 4-5 times 362 0.8 6-7 times 188 0.4 8-9 times 113 0.2 33 2.4 0 days 43,493 92.5 1 days 1,634 3.5 2-3 days 1,146 2.4 4-5 days 313 0.7 6 or more days 411 0.9 0 days 44,701 95.1 1 days 747 1.6 2-3 days 449 1.0 4-5 days 212 0.5 6 or more days 903 1.9 31,548 67.3 0.1 0.7 0 times 32,250 68.7 1 time 3,643 7.8 2-3 times 4,584 9.8 4-5 times 1,884 4.0 35 What are the chances you would be seen as cool if you: 6-7 times 908 1.9 a. smoked cigarettes? 8-9 times 654 1.4 Little Chance 7,496 16.0 10-11 times 249 0.5 Some Chance 4,579 9.8 2,752 5.9 Pretty Good Chance 2,093 4.5 Very Good Chance 1,134 2.4 0 times 34,675 73.9 1 time 3,365 7.2 No or Very Little Chance 6,912 14.8 2-3 times 3,769 8.0 Little Chance 9,094 19.4 4-5 times 1,553 3.3 Some Chance 13,255 28.3 6-7 times 734 1.6 Pretty Good Chance 11,058 23.6 8-9 times 550 1.2 Very Good Chance 6,499 13.9 10-11 times 220 0.5 2,076 4.4 b. c. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 0.2 45 12 or more times 34 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you NOT go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school? 112 1,123 331 12 or more times 31 # 0 times 0.1 12 or more times During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? During the past 12 months, how often have you picked on or bullied another student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 56 10-11 times 30 32 Response 486 12 or more times During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? Question % 0 times 10-11 times 29 # worked hard at school? began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? No or Very Little Chance No or Very Little Chance 23,176 49.6 Little Chance 7,307 15.6 Some Chance 7,124 15.2 Pretty Good Chance 5,993 12.8 Very Good Chance 3,164 6.8 Question d. defended someone who was being verbally abused at school? Response f. g. smoked marijuana? carried a handgun? regularly volunteer to do community service? Question % No or Very Little Chance 6,387 13.6 36 How old were you when you first: Little Chance 7,291 15.6 a. smoked marijuana? Some Chance 12,297 26.3 Pretty Good Chance 12,070 25.8 8,790 18.8 22,500 48.1 Little Chance 5,830 Some Chance 6,352 Pretty Good Chance Very Good Chance Response % 72.2 8 or younger 506 1.1 9 225 0.5 10 345 0.7 11 668 1.4 12 1,517 3.2 12.5 13 2,545 5.4 13.6 14 2,472 5.3 5,833 12.5 15 2,277 4.9 6,293 13.4 16 1,422 3.0 17 814 1.7 36,055 77.2 18 212 0.5 Little Chance 5,186 11.1 19 or Older 41 0.1 Some Chance 2,684 5.7 Pretty Good Chance 1,317 2.8 Never have 35,493 75.7 Very Good Chance 1,462 3.1 8 or younger No or Very Little Chance No or Very Little Chance b. smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Never have # 33,902 Very Good Chance e. # 1,190 2.5 9 469 1.0 No or Very Little Chance 13,847 29.6 10 650 1.4 Little Chance 11,463 24.5 11 796 1.7 Some Chance 11,376 24.3 12 1,375 2.9 Pretty Good Chance 6,296 13.5 13 2,079 4.4 Very Good Chance 3,784 8.1 14 1,573 3.4 15 1,388 3.0 16 936 2.0 17 647 1.4 18 265 0.6 31 0.1 19 or Older Question c. d. had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin)? began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, once or twice a month? Response # Question % Never have 23,350 49.9 8 or younger 2,789 6.0 766 1.6 9 10 1,278 2.7 11 1,253 2.7 12 2,576 5.5 13 4,054 8.7 14 3,556 15 3,514 16 % 40,376 86.3 8 or younger 1,455 3.1 378 0.8 10 564 1.2 11 545 1.2 12 835 1.8 13 1,042 2.2 7.6 14 782 1.7 7.5 15 401 0.9 2,207 4.7 16 243 0.5 17 1,055 2.3 17 116 0.2 18 340 0.7 18 35 0.1 19 or Older 52 0.1 19 or Older 30 0.1 Never have 37,557 80.2 Never have 44,849 95.9 298 0.6 8 or younger 473 1.0 9 84 0.2 9 104 0.2 10 177 0.4 10 152 0.3 11 248 0.5 11 142 0.3 12 594 1.3 12 273 0.6 13 1,212 2.6 13 323 0.7 14 1,442 3.1 14 228 0.5 15 1,998 4.3 15 96 0.2 16 1,628 3.5 16 56 0.1 17 1,117 2.4 17 26 0.1 18 428 0.9 18 12 0.0 66 0.1 19 or Older 31 0.1 8 or younger 19 or Older f. attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? # Never have 9 e. Response belonged to a gang? Question g. h. gambled or bet on anything (cards, lottery, sports, bingo, dice, raffles, casino, internet or video games, etc.)? used prescription drugs without a doctor telling you to take them? Response c. # % 31,474 67.4 Very Wrong 19,420 41.8 3,409 7.3 Wrong 16,510 35.5 9 1,050 2.2 A Little Bit Wrong 8,593 18.5 10 1,850 4.0 Not Wrong at All 1,979 4.3 11 1,307 2.8 12 2,098 4.5 13 2,289 4.9 14 1,406 15 877 16 504 1.1 17 224 0.5 18 d. pick a fight with someone? Response 8 or younger 33,887 72.6 Wrong 9,162 19.6 3.0 A Little Bit Wrong 2,799 6.0 1.9 Not Wrong at All 860 1.8 Very Wrong 22,973 49.0 Wrong e. attack someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? stay away from school all day when their parents think they are at school? Very Wrong 153 0.3 19 or Older 41 0.1 Never have 41,073 87.6 8 or younger 530 1.1 9 123 0.3 10 252 11 287 12 565 1.2 13 942 2.0 14 974 2.1 Wrong 15 937 2.0 16 659 1.4 17 370 0.8 18 124 0.3 25 0.1 37 How wrong do you think it is for someone your age to: a. take a handgun to school? Very Wrong 15.5 Not Wrong at All 1,670 3.6 65.6 9,733 20.8 0.5 A Little Bit Wrong 4,634 9.9 0.6 Not Wrong at All 1,748 3.7 31,802 67.9 8,869 18.9 A Little Bit Wrong 4,020 8.6 Not Wrong at All 2,156 4.6 26,463 56.7 Wrong 7,422 15.9 A Little Bit Wrong 6,513 13.9 Not Wrong at All 6,306 13.5 39,359 84.1 Wrong 4,650 9.9 A Little Bit Wrong 1,646 3.5 Not Wrong at All 1,158 2.5 Wrong 4,223 9.0 A Little Bit Wrong 1,086 2.3 497 1.1 Very Wrong 23,677 50.5 Wrong 16,509 35.2 A Little Bit Wrong 5,603 12.0 Not Wrong at All 1,062 2.3 g. h. i. j. have one or two drinks of beer, wine, or hard liquor nearly every day? 31.9 7,269 30,705 87.6 f. 14,928 A Little Bit Wrong Wrong 41,117 Not Wrong at All steal anything worth more than $5? Question % Never have 19 or Older b. # smoke cigarettes? smoke marijuana? use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drug? use prescription drugs without a doctor telling them to take them? Very Wrong Very Wrong Very Wrong Very Wrong Very Wrong 33,446 71.5 Wrong 8,676 18.5 A Little Bit Wrong 3,328 7.1 Not Wrong at All 1,327 2.8 Question Response 38 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: a. been suspended from school? Never # Question % e. 1 or 2 Times 9,183 19.7 8.7 3 to 5 Times 6,438 13.8 3 to 5 Times 737 1.6 6 to 9 Times 3,727 8.0 6 to 9 Times 209 0.4 10 to 19 Times 3,296 7.1 10 to 19 Times 99 0.2 20 to 29 Times 2,038 4.4 20 to 29 Times 29 0.1 30 to 39 Times 1,083 2.3 30 to 39 Times 6 0.0 40+ Times 7,602 16.3 105 0.2 44,125 94.5 Never Never 44,261 94.5 1 or 2 Times 1,914 4.1 1,133 2.4 3 to 5 Times 333 0.7 3 to 5 Times 563 1.2 6 to 9 Times 113 0.2 6 to 9 Times 278 0.6 10 to 19 Times 41 0.1 10 to 19 Times 193 0.4 20 to 29 Times 36 0.1 20 to 29 Times 92 0.2 30 to 39 Times 14 0.0 35 0.1 40+ Times 113 0.2 299 0.6 Never 12,598 27.0 Never done extra work on your own for school? 43,738 94.0 1 or 2 Times 10,891 23.4 1 or 2 Times 1,128 2.4 3 to 5 Times 8,330 17.9 3 to 5 Times 543 1.2 6 to 9 Times 5,170 11.1 6 to 9 Times 300 0.6 10 to 19 Times 4,092 8.8 10 to 19 Times 202 0.4 20 to 29 Times 1,925 4.1 20 to 29 Times 116 0.2 30 to 39 Times 885 1.9 40+ Times 2,713 5.8 30 to 39 Times 65 0.1 456 1.0 45,919 98.1 1 or 2 Times 459 3 to 5 Times 6 to 9 Times 40+ Times h. stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? been arrested? 1 or 2 Times g. d. 28.6 88.7 40+ Times sold illegal drugs? 13,361 4,094 30 to 39 Times c. % 41,632 f. carried a handgun? Never # 1 or 2 Times 40+ Times b. participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? Response 42,668 91.3 1 or 2 Times 2,616 5.6 1.0 3 to 5 Times 700 1.5 134 0.3 6 to 9 Times 329 0.7 78 0.2 10 to 19 Times 143 0.3 10 to 19 Times 39 0.1 20 to 29 Times 65 0.1 20 to 29 Times 20 0.0 30 to 39 Times 34 0.1 12 0.0 40+ Times 202 0.4 132 0.3 Never 30 to 39 Times 40+ Times attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? Never Question i. j. been drunk or high at school? volunteered to do community service? Response Never taken a handgun to school? 86.6 1 or 2 Times 2,630 5.6 3 to 5 Times 1,183 2.5 6 to 9 Times 651 10 to 19 Times 496 20 to 29 Times 30 to 39 Times 40+ Times been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? % 54.3 1 or 2 Times 10,888 23.3 3 to 5 Times 5,600 12.0 1.4 6 to 9 Times 2,255 4.8 1.1 10 to 19 Times 1,116 2.4 264 0.6 20 to 29 Times 473 1.0 130 0.3 30 to 39 Times 180 0.4 915 2.0 40+ Times 831 1.8 20,403 43.7 42,875 91.7 1 or 2 Times 8,672 18.6 1 or 2 Times 2,224 4.8 3 to 5 Times 6,013 12.9 3 to 5 Times 696 1.5 6 to 9 Times 3,983 8.5 6 to 9 Times 365 0.8 10 to 19 Times 2,944 6.3 10 to 19 Times 197 0.4 20 to 29 Times 1,593 3.4 20 to 29 Times 103 0.2 30 to 39 Times 720 1.5 30 to 39 Times 51 0.1 2,320 5.0 40+ Times 250 0.5 Never n. seen someone attacked with a weapon, other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? seen someone shot or shot at? Never 46,198 99.1 43,441 92.9 1 or 2 Times 166 0.4 1 or 2 Times 2,067 4.4 3 to 5 Times 62 0.1 3 to 5 Times 532 1.1 6 to 9 Times 43 0.1 6 to 9 Times 248 0.5 10 to 19 Times 32 0.1 10 to 19 Times 113 0.2 20 to 29 Times 16 0.0 20 to 29 Times 67 0.1 30 to 39 Times 10 0.0 30 to 39 Times 30 0.1 105 0.2 40+ Times 286 0.6 Never o. seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked, or beaten up? # 25,401 Never m. Response Never 40+ Times l. Question % 40,422 40+ Times k. # Never 41,409 88.6 39 How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: 1 or 2 Times 2,611 5.6 a. 3 to 5 Times 1,109 2.4 played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? 6 to 9 Times 543 1.2 10 to 19 Times 308 0.7 20 to 29 Times 166 0.4 30 to 39 Times 77 0.2 528 1.1 40+ Times Never 41,912 89.8 Before, but not in the past 12 months 2,885 6.2 At least once in the past 12 months 1,305 2.8 Once or twice a month 326 0.7 Once or twice a week 123 0.3 Almost every day 137 0.3 Question b. c. d. played the lottery or scratch off tickets? bet on sports? played cards? Response Never played bingo? Question % 29,925 64.2 Before, but not in the past 12 months 7,095 15.2 At least once in the past 12 months 6,733 14.5 Once or twice a month 2,151 Once or twice a week Almost every day 6,113 13.2 At least once in the past 12 months 5,944 12.8 4.6 Once or twice a month 2,414 5.2 460 1.0 Once or twice a week 707 1.5 217 0.5 Almost every day 444 1.0 30,446 65.4 30,047 64.5 Before, but not in the past 12 months 5,129 11.0 Before, but not in the past 12 months 4,899 10.5 At least once in the past 12 months 6,862 14.7 At least once in the past 12 months 5,486 11.8 Once or twice a month 2,520 5.4 Once or twice a month 3,230 6.9 Once or twice a week 862 1.9 Once or twice a week 1,541 3.3 Almost every day 733 1.6 Almost every day 1,358 2.9 Never 27,386 58.9 42,204 90.6 5,886 12.7 Before, but not in the past 12 months 2,181 4.7 At least once in the past 12 months 7,309 15.7 At least once in the past 12 months 1,210 2.6 Once or twice a month 4,003 8.6 Once or twice a month 499 1.1 Once or twice a week 1,163 2.5 Once or twice a week 213 0.5 735 1.6 Almost every day 259 0.6 29,699 63.9 Before, but not in the past 12 months 7,781 16.7 At least once in the past 12 months 6,194 13.3 Once or twice a month 1,925 4.1 Once or twice a week 476 1.0 Almost every day 404 0.9 bet on a horse or other animal race? Never Before, but not in the past 12 months Never h. bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Never % Before, but not in the past 12 months g. played a dice game? # 66.2 Never f. Response 30,642 Almost every day e. # Never 40 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: a. participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? b. smoked cigarettes? 0 Friends 8,256 17.8 1 Friend 6,922 15.0 2 Friends 9,458 20.4 3 Friends 6,723 14.5 4 Friends 14,916 32.2 0 Friends 31,761 68.5 1 Friend 6,788 14.6 2 Friends 3,667 7.9 3 Friends 1,683 3.6 4 Friends 2,457 5.3 Question c. d. e. f. g. h. tried beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) when their parents didn’t know about it? made a commitment to stay drugfree? used marijuana? tried to do well in school? used LSD, cocaine, amphetamines, or other illegal drugs? been suspended from school? Response # Question % 0 Friends 21,245 45.9 1 Friend 6,596 2 Friends 5,691 3 Friends 4 Friends i. # % 0 Friends 14,499 31.4 14.2 1 Friend 7,432 16.1 12.3 2 Friends 9,860 21.4 3,916 8.5 3 Friends 6,550 14.2 8,847 19.1 4 Friends 7,813 16.9 0 Friends 17,785 38.7 0 Friends 43,508 94.0 1 Friend 6,901 15.0 1 Friend 1,386 3.0 2 Friends 4,461 9.7 2 Friends 646 1.4 3 Friends 3,821 8.3 3 Friends 264 0.6 4 Friends 12,976 28.2 4 Friends 502 1.1 0 Friends 24,547 53.1 0 Friends 39,442 85.3 1 Friend 6,167 13.3 1 Friend 3,529 7.6 2 Friends 4,727 10.2 2 Friends 1,640 3.5 3 Friends 3,605 7.8 3 Friends 663 1.4 4 Friends 7,183 15.5 4 Friends 988 2.1 0 Friends 2,769 6.0 0 Friends 44,278 95.5 1 Friend 2,925 6.3 1 Friend 1,196 2.6 2 Friends 6,021 13.1 2 Friends 404 0.9 3 Friends 8,573 18.6 3 Friends 154 0.3 4 Friends 25,814 56.0 4 Friends 316 0.7 0 Friends 39,341 85.0 0 Friends 39,651 85.5 1 Friend 3,576 7.7 1 Friend 3,911 8.4 2 Friends 1,522 3.3 2 Friends 1,533 3.3 3 Friends 679 1.5 3 Friends 568 1.2 4 Friends 1,162 2.5 4 Friends 696 1.5 0 Friends 31,110 67.2 0 Friends 42,457 91.7 1 Friend 7,515 16.2 1 Friend 2,591 5.6 2 Friends 4,076 8.8 2 Friends 654 1.4 3 Friends 1,569 3.4 3 Friends 246 0.5 4 Friends 2,054 4.4 4 Friends 368 0.8 j. k. l. m. n. liked school? Response carried a handgun? sold illegal drugs? stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? been arrested? dropped out of school? Question o. 41 been members of a gang? I ignore rules that get in my way. Response 43 I do the opposite of what people tell me, just to get them mad. I like to see how much I can get away with. 42,995 92.9 1,594 3.4 2 Friends 644 1.4 3 Friends 314 0.7 4 Friends 748 1.6 6 or more times Very False 14,828 32.2 Somewhat False 16,300 35.4 Somewhat True 13,133 28.5 1,746 3.8 Very False 21,332 46.4 Somewhat False 14,312 31.1 Somewhat True 8,711 18.9 Very True 1,666 3.6 Very False 19,461 42.4 Somewhat False 13,603 29.6 Somewhat True 10,177 22.2 2,680 5.8 45 46 I think sometimes it’s okay to cheat at school. NO! 14,038 30.5 no 17,993 39.1 yes 11,902 25.9 YES! 2,103 4.6 It is all right to beat up people if they start the fight. NO! 15,457 33.6 no 10,790 23.5 yes 11,995 26.1 YES! 7,702 16.8 I think it is okay to take something without asking if you can get away with it. NO! 27,400 59.7 no 15,558 33.9 yes 2,307 5.0 598 1.3 YES! 47 48 49 50 51 During the past 30 days, how many times did you RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? Response 1 Friend Very True 44 Question % 0 Friends Very True 42 # During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? # % 0 times 36,160 78.9 1 time 4,234 9.2 2-3 times 3,239 7.1 4-5 times 850 1.9 1,319 2.9 0 times 43,560 94.9 1 time 1,145 2.5 2-3 times 677 1.5 4-5 times 234 0.5 6 or more times 280 0.6 44,456 96.9 1 time 554 1.2 2-3 times 447 1.0 4-5 times 177 0.4 6 or more times 245 0.5 During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been taking prescription drugs (e.g., OxyContin, Vicodin, Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderal, sleeping pills) that were not prescribed to you by a doctor or that you took only for the experience or feeling they cause? 0 times Think back over the LAST TWO WEEKS. How many times have you had five or more alcoholic drinks in a row? None 40,129 87.4 Once 2,482 5.4 Twice 1,522 3.3 3-5 times 1,080 2.4 6-9 times 282 0.6 10 or more times 394 0.9 35,263 76.6 Once or Twice 5,884 12.8 Once in a while but not regularly 2,674 5.8 Regularly in the past 1,176 2.6 Regularly now 1,025 2.2 Have you ever smoked cigarettes? Never Question 52 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes? Response 0 days # Question % d. How frequently have you used smokeless tobacco during the past 30 days? 90.6 None 38,838 85.2 1,851 4.0 Once 2,924 6.4 3 to 5 days 717 1.6 2-3 times 1,679 3.7 6 to 9 days 401 0.9 4-6 times 727 1.6 10 to 19 days 455 1.0 7-10 times 20 to 29 days 344 0.8 More than 10 times All 30 days 527 1.1 42,710 93.3 1 or 2 days 1,324 2.9 3 to 5 days 497 1.1 6 to 9 days 362 0.8 10 to 19 days 317 0.7 20 to 29 days 195 0.4 All 30 days 348 0.8 0 days a. alcohol? 2.3 None 25,361 55.6 Once 7,294 16.0 2-3 times 6,893 15.1 4-6 times 2,453 5.4 7-10 times 1,014 2.2 More than 10 times 2,575 5.6 had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine, or hard liquor) to drink in your lifetime - more than just a few sips? 24,944 53.8 6,670 14.4 0 Occasions 1-2 Occasions 29,810 65.2 3-5 Occasions 4,116 8.9 Once 5,410 11.8 6-9 Occasions 2,860 6.2 2-3 times 5,580 12.2 10-19 Occasions 2,889 6.2 4-6 times 2,361 5.2 20-39 Occasions 1,986 4.3 822 1.8 40+ Occasions 2,912 6.3 1,757 3.8 35,013 75.9 More than 10 times 57 had beer, wine or hard liquor to drink during the past 30 days? 0 Occasions None 37,228 81.5 1-2 Occasions 6,120 13.3 Once 3,573 7.8 3-5 Occasions 2,317 5.0 2-3 times 2,227 4.9 6-9 Occasions 1,217 2.6 4-6 times 925 2.0 10-19 Occasions 811 1.8 7-10 times 441 1.0 20-39 Occasions 222 0.5 1,270 2.8 40+ Occasions 414 0.9 None 29,760 65.2 33,695 72.9 Once 4,454 9.8 1-2 Occasions 2,992 6.5 2-3 times 4,141 9.1 3-5 Occasions 1,804 3.9 4-6 times 2,353 5.2 6-9 Occasions 1,405 3.0 7-10 times 1,272 2.8 10-19 Occasions 1,566 3.4 More than 10 times 3,670 8.0 20-39 Occasions 1,137 2.5 40+ Occasions 3,641 7.9 More than 10 times marijuana? 0.8 None 7-10 times c. During the past 12 months, how many times have you talked with your parents about strategies to avoid or resist people or places where you might be offered alcohol, prescription drugs, or other drugs? 365 1,040 On how many occasions (if any) have you: 56 In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: cigarettes? % 41,539 54 b. # 1 or 2 days 55 53 other drugs? Response 58 used marijuana in your lifetime? 0 Occasions Question 59 60 used marijuana during the past 30 days? used LSD or other hallucinogens in your lifetime? Response 0 Occasions 86.4 1-2 Occasions 2,170 4.7 3-5 Occasions 1,122 2.4 6-9 Occasions 770 10-19 Occasions 20-39 Occasions 40+ Occasions 0 Occasions used LSD or other hallucinogens during the past 30 days? used cocaine or crack during the past 30 days? 1.4 1.7 6-9 Occasions 278 0.6 725 1.6 10-19 Occasions 189 0.4 466 1.0 20-39 Occasions 83 0.2 985 2.1 40+ Occasions 166 0.4 45,072 98.0 1-2 Occasions 641 1.4 3-5 Occasions 373 0.8 6-9 Occasions 215 0.5 3-5 Occasions 143 0.3 6-9 Occasions 67 0.1 10-19 Occasions 125 20-39 Occasions 61 0.3 10-19 Occasions 33 0.1 0.1 20-39 Occasions 17 0.0 101 0.2 40+ Occasions 38 0.1 45,404 98.6 1-2 Occasions 405 0.9 3-5 Occasions 108 0.2 6-9 Occasions 57 0.1 10-19 Occasions 24 0.1 0 Occasions 8 0.0 38 0.1 44,694 96.9 1-2 Occasions 804 1.7 3-5 Occasions 232 0.5 6-9 Occasions 128 0.3 10-19 Occasions 106 0.2 20-39 Occasions 41 0.1 132 0.3 45,476 99.0 1-2 Occasions 290 0.6 3-5 Occasions 80 0.2 6-9 Occasions 38 0.1 10-19 Occasions 18 0.0 8 0.0 42 0.1 0 Occasions 40+ Occasions 63 4.5 633 2.1 40+ Occasions used cocaine or crack in your lifetime? 2,094 3-5 Occasions 96.0 0 Occasions 20-39 Occasions 40+ Occasions 65 sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high during the past 30 days? 0 Occasions % 1-2 Occasions 969 sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high in your lifetime? # 92.5 44,300 64 Response 42,682 1-2 Occasions 20-39 Occasions 62 Question % 39,641 40+ Occasions 61 # 0 Occasions 66 used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in your lifetime? 0 Occasions 45,949 100.0 67 used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) during the past 30 days? 0 Occasions 45,901 100.0 68 used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth) in your lifetime? 0 Occasions 69 used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth) in the past 30 days? 45,616 99.1 1-2 Occasions 201 0.4 3-5 Occasions 63 0.1 6-9 Occasions 33 0.1 10-19 Occasions 29 0.1 20-39 Occasions 12 0.0 40+ Occasions 62 0.1 0 Occasions 45,788 99.7 1-2 Occasions 61 0.1 3-5 Occasions 22 0.0 6-9 Occasions 11 0.0 7 0.0 4 0.0 28 0.1 10-19 Occasions 20-39 Occasions 40+ Occasions Question 70 71 used heroin in your lifetime? used heroin during the past 30 days? Response 0 Occasions 45,597 99.1 212 0.5 3-5 Occasions 55 0.1 6-9 Occasions 33 0.1 10-19 Occasions 16 20-39 Occasions 40+ Occasions 98.3 0.9 3-5 Occasions 134 0.3 6-9 Occasions 61 0.1 0.0 10-19 Occasions 41 0.1 22 0.0 20-39 Occasions 22 0.0 65 0.1 40+ Occasions 95 0.2 45,737 99.7 45,514 99.4 1-2 Occasions 65 0.1 1-2 Occasions 146 0.3 3-5 Occasions 19 0.0 3-5 Occasions 44 0.1 6-9 Occasions 14 0.0 6-9 Occasions 18 0.0 3 0.0 10-19 Occasions 15 0.0 40+ Occasions 0 Occasions 73 used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, MDMA, or ‘Molly’) in the past 30 days? 8 0.0 20-39 Occasions 13 0.0 0.1 40+ Occasions 40 0.1 44,063 95.9 1,046 2.3 3-5 Occasions 375 0.8 6-9 Occasions 160 0.3 10-19 Occasions 113 20-39 Occasions 54 0 Occasions 0 Occasions 28 1-2 Occasions 40+ Occasions used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone) in the past 30 days? 0 Occasions % 433 75 used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone) in your lifetime? # 45,126 0 Occasions 74 Response 1-2 Occasions 20-39 Occasions used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, MDMA, or ‘Molly’) in your lifetime? Question % 1-2 Occasions 10-19 Occasions 72 # 76 41,102 89.6 1-2 Occasions 1,779 3.9 3-5 Occasions 1,104 2.4 6-9 Occasions 600 1.3 0.2 10-19 Occasions 522 1.1 0.1 20-39 Occasions 270 0.6 115 0.3 40+ Occasions 493 1.1 43,626 95.3 1,246 2.7 77 used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet, or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? 0 Occasions 45,271 98.8 1-2 Occasions 348 0.8 3-5 Occasions 84 0.2 used prescription pain relievers (such 0 Occasions as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet, or 1-2 Occasions Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? 3-5 Occasions 468 1.0 6-9 Occasions 32 0.1 6-9 Occasions 190 0.4 10-19 Occasions 12 0.0 10-19 Occasions 124 0.3 20-39 Occasions 12 0.0 20-39 Occasions 40 0.1 40+ Occasions 54 0.1 40+ Occasions 67 0.1 43,856 95.7 1-2 Occasions 804 1.8 3-5 Occasions 443 1.0 6-9 Occasions 262 0.6 10-19 Occasions 181 0.4 96 0.2 196 0.4 78 used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? 0 Occasions 20-39 Occasions 40+ Occasions Question 79 80 81 82 used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbituarates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbituarates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purpose of getting high in your lifetime? Response 0 Occasions # 44,962 98.4 1-2 Occasions 444 1.0 3-5 Occasions 145 0.3 6-9 Occasions 68 10-19 Occasions 20-39 Occasions 40+ Occasions 0 Occasions Question % 1-2 Occasions 800 1.8 3-5 Occasions 361 0.8 0.1 6-9 Occasions 203 0.4 36 0.1 10-19 Occasions 138 0.3 30 0.1 20-39 Occasions 68 0.1 30 0.1 40+ Occasions 185 0.4 94.5 1,047 2.3 3-5 Occasions 560 1.2 6-9 Occasions 322 0.7 10-19 Occasions 231 20-39 Occasions 124 40+ Occasions 45,158 99.2 1-2 Occasions 219 0.5 3-5 Occasions 57 0.1 6-9 Occasions 43 0.1 0.5 10-19 Occasions 21 0.0 0.3 20-39 Occasions 10 0.0 247 0.5 40+ Occasions 35 0.1 44,573 97.8 43,838 96.2 1-2 Occasions 572 1.3 1-2 Occasions 948 2.1 3-5 Occasions 205 0.4 3-5 Occasions 349 0.8 6-9 Occasions 0 Occasions 85 86 used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purpose of getting high during the past 30 days? drank beer, wine or hard liquor at the same time you used prescription drugs (e.g., OxyContin, Vicodin, Valium, Ritalin, Adderal, sleeping pills) during the past 30 days? 0 Occasions 0 Occasions 106 0.2 6-9 Occasions 176 0.4 10-19 Occasions 47 0.1 10-19 Occasions 103 0.2 20-39 Occasions 26 0.1 20-39 Occasions 49 0.1 40+ Occasions 41 0.1 40+ Occasions 102 0.2 0 Occasions 42,288 92.6 87 If during the past 30 days you used marijuana, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply.) 1-2 Occasions 1,146 2.5 a. Yes 36,635 79.5 3-5 Occasions 773 1.7 I did not use marijuana during the past 30 days No 9,426 20.5 6-9 Occasions 402 0.9 10-19 Occasions 372 0.8 1,163 2.5 206 0.5 I got it from someone with a Medical Marijuana Card Yes 20-39 Occasions No 44,890 97.5 40+ Occasions 495 1.1 Friends Yes 6,170 13.4 No 39,882 86.6 b. c. 83 used synthetic drugs (such as Bath Salts like Ivory Wave or White Ligthning or herbal incense products like K2, Spice, or Gold) during the past 30 days? 0 Occasions % 96.2 43,162 used synthetic drugs (such as Bath Salts like Ivory Wave or White Ligthning or herbal incense products like K2, Spice, or Gold) in your lifetime? # 43,900 1-2 Occasions 84 Response 0 Occasions 44,036 96.6 1-2 Occasions 816 1.8 3-5 Occasions 379 0.8 6-9 Occasions 164 0.4 10-19 Occasions 70 0.2 20-39 Occasions 37 0.1 40+ Occasions 73 0.2 d. Family/Relatives Yes 1,162 2.5 No 44,889 97.5 Question e. f. Parties Home Response 2,212 4.8 No 43,842 95.2 462 1.0 45,589 99.0 919 2.0 45,132 98.0 Yes School Yes No h. Other Question % Yes No g. # Yes 1,884 4.1 No 44,168 95.9 None 31,828 71.0 Once 4,564 10.2 2-3 times 4,496 10.0 4-6 times 1,505 3.4 401 0.9 2,040 4.6 c. decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer Response 18,816 42.8 Once 3,958 9.0 Twice 1,577 3.6 926 2.1 1,655 3.8 I never got offers 17,003 38.7 Never 20,238 46.1 Once 3,200 7.3 Twice 1,193 2.7 714 1.6 Four or more times use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs Three times Four or more times 88 In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs including prescription drugs? 7-10 times More than 10 times 89 In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs including prescription drugs were offered to you? (Fill in an answer for each way of responding) a. say “No” without giving a reason why Never 15,039 34.0 Once 5,933 13.4 Twice 2,666 6.0 Three times 1,339 3.0 Four or more times 2,470 5.6 16,807 38.0 I never got offers b. give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer Never 16,100 36.6 Once 5,148 11.7 Twice 2,653 6.0 Three times 1,356 3.1 Four or more times 2,008 4.6 16,774 38.1 I never got offers % Never Three times d. # I never got offers 1,381 3.1 17,151 39.1 90 How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they: a. smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day? No Risk 3,878 8.7 Slight Risk 3,342 7.5 Moderate Risk b. c. try marijuana once or twice? smoke marijuana once or twice a week? 8,366 18.8 Great Risk 28,955 65.0 No Risk 17,115 38.5 Slight Risk 12,369 27.8 Moderate Risk 7,032 15.8 Great Risk 7,918 17.8 10,986 25.1 Slight Risk 9,588 21.9 Moderate Risk 9,986 22.8 13,230 30.2 No Risk 5,447 12.3 Slight Risk 9,679 21.8 Moderate Risk 13,011 29.3 Great Risk 16,221 36.6 No Risk Great Risk d. take one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, liquor) nearly every day? Question e. f. have five or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage in a row once or twice a week? use prescription drugs without a doctor telling them to take them? Response No Risk Slight Risk # 4,125 9.3 5,251 11.8 Moderate Risk 12,309 27.7 Great Risk 22,735 51.2 No Risk 3,926 8.8 Slight Risk 4,497 10.1 9,746 22.0 26,214 59.1 Moderate Risk Great Risk Question % h. i. j. k. 91 Compared to using illegal drugs (e.g., cocaine, meth, heroin), how harmful do you think it is for people to take prescription drugs (e.g., OxyContin, Vicodin, Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderal, sleeping pills) without a doctor telling them to take them? A lot less harmful 2,966 6.8 Less harmful 6,157 14.1 No difference 13,737 31.5 More harmful 9,144 21.0 11,611 26.6 A lot more harmful l. m. 92 If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply.) a. I did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days Yes 33,753 74.3 No 11,645 25.7 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station Yes 889 2.0 44,506 98.0 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club Yes 465 1.0 44,930 99.0 375 0.8 b. No No I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event Yes No 45,019 99.2 I gave someone else money to buy it for me Yes 2,732 6.0 No 42,662 94.0 My parent or guardian gave it to me Yes 1,801 4.0 No 43,593 96.0 Yes 1,747 3.8 No 43,647 96.2 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 2,271 5.0 No 43,123 95.0 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me Yes 2,321 5.1 No 43,073 94.9 I got it at a party Yes 4,566 10.1 No 40,828 89.9 Yes 2,037 4.5 No 43,357 95.5 I took it from home I took it from a store or someone else’s house Yes 747 1.6 No 44,650 98.4 I got it in some other way Yes 1,865 4.1 No 43,530 95.9 Yes 39,422 86.8 No 5,975 13.2 Friends Yes 2,284 5.0 No 43,112 95.0 681 1.5 44,715 98.5 Family/Relatives Yes No Parties Yes No f. g. Yes I’ve never used prescription drugs to get high e. f. Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me a. d. e. % If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply.) c. d. # 93 b. c. Response Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy 867 1.9 44,528 98.1 Yes 1,020 2.2 No 44,375 97.8 659 1.5 44,736 98.5 Yes No Question g. School Response Yes No h. Other Yes No i. Over the Internet Yes No j. 94 a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) Yes No # 497 1.1 44,898 98.9 626 1.4 44,769 98.6 104 0.2 45,292 99.8 259 0.6 45,138 99.4 If you used alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs in the past 30 days, please tell us about some of your reasons for using (Mark all that apply): To fit in with my friends To try something new or exciting Yes 2,608 5.7 No 42,786 94.3 Yes 3,727 8.2 No 41,667 91.8 517 1.1 44,877 98.9 862 1.9 No 44,532 98.1 Yes 4,024 8.9 No 41,371 91.1 I was bored and needed something to do Yes 3,220 7.1 No 42,175 92.9 To get a high or to have a good feeling Yes 5,130 11.3 To help me feel normal Yes 1,331 2.9 No 44,063 97.1 To get back at my parents or to get my parent’s attention Yes To help me lose weight Yes To keep from feeling sad or down No No 40,265 Question % 88.7 i. Response # % To help me stay focused or think better Yes 2,071 4.6 No 43,325 95.4 j. To have fun Yes 7,234 15.9 k. To be like an actor or musician/band that I admire Yes To feel more grown up or prove that I am grown up Yes I needed it, craved it, or am addicted Yes 1,041 2.3 No 44,354 97.7 l. m. n. o. p. q. r. No No 0.6 99.4 501 1.1 44,894 98.9 To deal with the stress in my life (Please mark all areas of stress that were related to your substance use below) Yes 5,139 11.3 No 40,256 88.7 Parents/family stress Yes 3,376 7.4 No 42,018 92.6 Peer/Friends stress (e.g., fighting with friends, getting bullied, dealing with rumors, etc…) Yes 2,537 5.6 No 42,857 94.4 School stress Yes 3,642 8.0 No 41,753 92.0 968 2.1 44,426 97.9 Yes 6,630 14.6 No 38,766 85.4 Community stress Yes No s. 265 45,130 Other Question Question Response # 95 If you did not use alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs in the past 30 days, please tell us about some of the reasons for not using (Mark all that apply): a. I’m not interested in using drugs b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. It can harm my body Yes 31,092 68.5 No 14,319 31.5 Yes 21,457 47.3 No 23,949 52.7 My parents would be disappointed in me Yes 21,260 46.8 No 24,145 53.2 My parents would take away my privileges if they found out Yes 16,317 35.9 No 29,084 64.1 My teachers/mentors/other adults in my life would be disappointed in me Yes 16,219 35.7 No 29,184 64.3 I might get kicked out of school or extracurricular Yes 15,898 35.0 No 29,504 65.0 My friends would stop talking to me or hanging out with me Yes 10,184 22.4 No 35,215 77.6 I would get a bad reputation with peers Yes 13,274 29.2 No 32,129 70.8 I wanted to, but couldn’t get it or wasn’t offered it Yes 2,613 5.8 No 42,784 94.2 It’s illegal - I could get arrested Question % Yes 17,860 39.3 No 27,543 60.7 I’ve tried them before and I don’t like them Yes 2,973 6.5 No 42,422 93.5 It’s morally wrong Yes 16,051 35.4 No 29,351 64.6 m. It’s against my religious or spiritual beliefs Response # % Yes 7,904 17.4 No 37,496 82.6 96 About how many adults (over 21) have you known personally who in the past year have: a. used marijuana, crack, cocaine, or other drugs b. c. d. 97 sold or dealt drugs? done other things that could get them in trouble with the police, like stealing, selling stolen goods, mugging or assaulting other, etc? gotten drunk or high? If you wanted to get some cigarettes, how easy would it be for you to get some? 0 adults 24,157 55.9 1 adult 6,150 14.2 2 adults 4,272 9.9 3 adults 2,501 5.8 4 adults 1,152 2.7 5+ adults 4,981 11.5 0 adults 31,859 74.0 1 adult 4,544 10.6 2 adults 2,483 5.8 3 adults 1,335 3.1 4 adults 667 1.6 5+ adults 2,141 5.0 0 adults 31,274 72.7 1 adult 4,701 10.9 2 adults 2,408 5.6 3 adults 1,334 3.1 4 adults 731 1.7 5+ adults 2,541 5.9 0 adults 14,838 34.5 1 adult 6,424 14.9 2 adults 4,771 11.1 3 adults 3,230 7.5 4 adults 1,896 4.4 5+ adults 11,877 27.6 Very hard 13,913 33.0 6,719 15.9 8,476 20.1 13,064 31.0 Sort of hard Sort of easy Very easy Question Question 98 99 If you wanted to get some beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin), how easy would it be for you to get some? If you wanted to get some marijuana, how easy would it be for you to get some? Response Very hard 101 102 103 104 If you wanted to get a drug like cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines, how easy would it be for you to get some? If you wanted to get a handgun, how easy would it be for you to get one? If a kid smoked marijuana in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? If a kid drank some beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? If a kid carried a handgun in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? Question % 27.3 Sort of hard 6,875 16.3 No, but would like to Sort of easy 10,830 25.8 Yes, in the past Very easy 12,867 30.6 Very hard 15,891 37.9 Sort of hard 5,592 13.3 Sort of easy 7,661 18.3 12,795 30.5 Very hard 105 106 Have you ever belonged to a gang? Response 11,481 Very easy 100 # If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the one major reason you joined? No # % 40,095 94.0 584 1.4 1,201 2.8 Yes, belong now 614 1.4 Yes, but would like to get out 146 0.3 Protection 1,150 3.2 Friendship 792 2.2 Parent(s) are in a gang 74 0.2 Sibling(s) are in a gang 128 0.4 26,945 64.3 Make money 716 2.0 Sort of hard 7,839 18.7 Other 654 1.8 Sort of easy 3,877 9.3 32,749 90.3 Very easy 3,240 7.7 Very hard 26,548 63.4 Sort of hard 6,605 15.8 Sort of easy 4,015 Very easy 4,716 NO! 7,842 18.5 no 19,935 yes 9,969 YES! I have never belonged 107 How wrong would most adults (over 21) in your neighborhood think it is for kids your age: a. to use marijuana? 26,552 62.9 Wrong 9,403 22.3 9.6 A Little Bit Wrong 4,550 10.8 11.3 Not Wrong at All 1,694 4.0 Very Wrong 23,118 54.9 47.1 Wrong 10,737 25.5 23.5 A Little Bit Wrong 6,261 14.9 4,622 10.9 Not Wrong at All 2,015 4.8 NO! 10,156 24.0 26,667 63.3 no 21,227 50.2 Wrong 9,529 22.6 yes 7,635 18.1 A Little Bit Wrong 4,103 9.7 YES! 3,242 7.7 Not Wrong at All 1,806 4.3 21,696 51.7 Wrong 9,612 22.9 A Little Bit Wrong 6,284 15.0 Not Wrong at All 4,402 10.5 NO! b. c. to drink alcohol? to smoke cigarettes? Very Wrong Very Wrong 5,322 12.6 108 How wrong do your friends feel it would be for you to: no 12,721 30.2 a. yes 13,954 33.1 have one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage nearly every day? YES! 10,112 24.0 Very Wrong Question b. c. d. 109 110 111 112 smoke tobacco? smoke marijuana? use prescription drugs not prescribed to you? During the past 12 months, do you recall hearing, reading, or watching an advertisement about the prevention of substance use? If I had to move, I would miss the neighborhood I now live in. My neighbors notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. I like my neighborhood. Response Very Wrong 58.6 Wrong 8,526 A Little Bit Wrong 4,970 Not Wrong at All 3,844 9.2 20,394 48.8 Wrong 5,863 14.0 A Little Bit Wrong 6,546 15.6 Not Wrong at All 9,027 21.6 Very Wrong Very Wrong There are lots of adults in my neighborhood I could talk to about something important. Question % 24,589 114 # % NO! 13,234 32.0 20.3 no 16,835 40.7 11.9 yes 7,257 17.5 YES! 4,082 9.9 NO! 13,828 33.3 no 14,071 33.9 yes 10,165 24.5 YES! 3,418 8.2 NO! 13,448 32.5 no 12,763 30.8 115 116 I’d like to get out of my neighborhood. Response There are people in my neighborhood who are proud of me when I do something well. 27,674 66.1 Wrong 7,794 18.6 A Little Bit Wrong 3,934 9.4 yes 10,764 26.0 Not Wrong at All 2,467 5.9 YES! 4,444 10.7 No 10,500 26.1 NO! 3,025 7.3 Yes 29,696 73.9 no 4,655 11.2 yes 19,810 47.9 YES! 13,908 33.6 0 times 4,825 11.7 1 time 3,946 9.6 2 times 4,225 10.2 117 There are people in my neighborhood who encourage me to do my best. I feel safe in my neighborhood. NO! 5,498 13.1 no 9,013 21.5 yes 14,783 35.3 YES! 12,556 30.0 3 times 4,772 11.6 NO! 18,536 44.4 4 times 4,257 10.3 no 15,261 36.6 5 times 5,401 13.1 yes 5,781 13.9 6 times 3,462 8.4 7 times 10,382 25.2 YES! 2,132 5.1 NO! 4,514 10.9 no 6,272 15.1 yes 20,699 50.0 9,954 24.0 YES! 113 # NO! 14,418 34.8 no 14,056 33.9 yes 8,708 21.0 YES! 4,224 10.2 118 How many days a week does your family eat together? 119 During the past 12 months, have you talked with at least one of your parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, prescription drugs, or illegal drugs? By parents, we mean your biological parents, adoptive parents, stepparents, or adult guardians - whether or not they live with you. (Mark all that apply) a. No, I did not talk with my parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, prescription drugs, or illegal drugs Yes 21,690 51.1 No 20,791 48.9 Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of tobacco use. Yes 12,429 29.3 No 30,054 70.7 b. Question c. d. e. Response # Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of alcohol use. Yes 12,986 30.6 No 29,497 69.4 Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of prescription drug use. Yes 9,351 22.0 No 33,133 78.0 Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of illegal drug use. Yes 14,930 35.1 No 27,570 65 120 Which of the following people do you feel comfortable going to for help when things go wrong or when you need someone to talk to about your problems? (Mark all that apply) a. Parents/Step-parents b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. Grandparents Siblings Other relatives Friends Teachers Coaches Mentors Tutors Yes 25,968 61.0 No 16,568 39.0 Yes 9,330 21.9 No 33,241 78.1 Yes 16,584 39.0 No 25,973 61.0 Yes 9,541 22.4 No 33,023 77.6 Yes 27,884 65.5 No 14,682 34.5 Yes 7,596 17.9 No 34,889 82.1 Yes 5,539 13.0 No 36,942 87.0 Yes 2,790 6.6 No 39,693 93.4 Yes No Question % 919 2.2 41,563 97.8 j. k. l. Counselors Other adults I have no one I can talk to or go to for help Response 5,148 12.1 No 37,336 87.9 Yes 5,853 13.8 No 36,629 86.2 Yes 2,660 6.3 No 39,823 93.7 No 20,886 51.1 Yes 17,950 44.0 2,004 4.9 No 26,859 65.9 Yes 11,883 29.2 2,002 4.9 No 28,347 69.7 Yes 10,291 25.3 2,013 5.0 37,971 93.5 Have any of your brothers or sisters ever: a. drunk beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin)? I don’t have any brothers or sisters smoked marijuana? I don’t have any brothers or sisters c. smoked cigarettes? I don’t have any brothers or sisters d. taken a handgun to school? No Yes 640 1.6 1,996 4.9 No 28,372 69.7 Yes 10,319 25.4 2,010 4.9 32,045 78.5 Wrong 5,554 13.6 A Little Bit Wrong 2,284 5.6 950 2.3 I don’t have any brothers or sisters e. been suspended or expelled from school? % Yes 121 b. # I don’t have any brothers or sisters 122 How wrong do your parents feel it would be for YOU to: a. have 1 to 2 drinks of beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) nearly every day? Very Wrong Not Wrong at All Question b. smoke cigarettes? Response Very Wrong d. smoke marijuana? steal something worth more than $5? 86.4 Wrong 3,874 9.5 A Little Bit Wrong 1,087 2.7 578 1.4 33,006 81.4 Wrong 4,078 10.1 A Little Bit Wrong 2,211 5.5 Not Wrong at All 1,243 3.1 Very Wrong Very Wrong 32,083 78.9 Wrong 6,491 16.0 A Little Bit Wrong 1,586 482 Not Wrong at All e. draw graffiti, write things, or draw pictures on buildings or other property (without the owner’s permission)? Very Wrong g. 123 pick a fight with someone? use prescription drugs without a doctor telling you to take them? The rules in my family are clear. 19.6 no 17,401 43.0 yes 10,826 26.8 YES! 4,297 10.6 NO! 1,681 4.2 no 3,701 9.2 yes 17,457 43.3 YES! 17,463 43.3 3.9 yes 12,556 31.3 1.2 YES! 5,205 13.0 A Little Bit Wrong 1,590 3.9 566 1.4 25,725 63.1 Wrong 9,380 23.0 A Little Bit Wrong 4,580 11.2 Not Wrong at All 1,079 2.6 36,079 88.5 127 128 129 We argue about the same things in my family over and over. 7,926 38.6 13.6 126 When I am not at home, one of my parents knows where I am and who I am with. NO! % 17.1 81.1 Wrong 125 People in my family often insult or yell at each other. # 6,876 5,537 Very Wrong 124 Response 15,517 33,078 Very Wrong Question no Wrong Not Wrong at All f. % 35,313 Not Wrong at All c. # If you drank some beer, wine or liquor without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents? My family has clear rules about alcohol and drug use. If you carried a handgun without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents? NO! NO! 5,353 13.4 no 13,045 32.6 yes 10,487 26.2 YES! 11,141 27.8 NO! 2,132 5.3 no 5,372 13.4 yes 13,621 34.0 YES! 18,929 47.3 NO! 3,190 8.0 no 5,229 13.1 yes 10,997 27.6 YES! 20,429 51.3 NO! 2,448 6.1 no 5,086 12.7 3,179 7.8 A Little Bit Wrong 950 2.3 Not Wrong at All 547 1.3 NO! 1,444 3.6 no 3,931 9.7 yes 18,328 45.1 yes 13,131 32.8 YES! 16,903 41.6 YES! 19,312 48.3 NO! 5,192 13.1 no 9,519 24.1 yes 15,872 40.2 8,948 22.6 130 131 If you skipped school would you be caught by your parents? My parents ask me what I think before most family decisions affecting me are made. YES! Question 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 Do you feel very close to your mother? Do you feel very close to your father? Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your mother? Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your father? Do you enjoy spending time with your mother? Do you enjoy spending time with your father? If I had a personal problem, I could ask my mom or dad for help. Response # % NO! 3,389 8.5 no 4,709 11.8 yes 12,253 YES! 19,421 NO! 6,750 17.0 no 6,905 17.4 yes 11,791 YES! 14,202 NO! 5,379 13.6 no 9,033 22.8 yes 12,652 31.9 YES! 12,627 31.8 NO! 9,158 23.2 no 11,656 29.5 yes 11,091 28.0 YES! 7,640 19.3 NO! 2,747 6.9 no 3,139 7.9 yes 15,653 39.5 YES! 18,110 45.7 NO! 4,997 12.7 no 3,932 10.0 yes 15,168 38.5 YES! 15,296 38.8 NO! 3,940 9.9 no 5,628 14.2 yes 14,424 36.4 YES! 15,618 39.4 Question 139 # % NO! 3,108 7.9 no 7,548 19.1 30.8 yes 15,870 40.1 48.8 YES! 13,051 33.0 140 My parents give me lots of chances to do fun things with them. Response NO! 3,111 7.9 no 5,884 14.9 29.7 yes 15,052 38.0 35.8 YES! 15,563 39.3 NO! 8,191 20.8 no 16,799 42.7 yes 9,559 24.3 YES! 4,810 12.2 NO! 2,110 5.4 no 5,616 14.3 yes 15,770 40.1 YES! 15,875 40.3 NO! 2,169 5.5 no 4,363 11.1 yes 16,068 40.8 YES! 16,764 42.6 Has anyone in your family ever had severe alcohol or drug problems? No 24,313 61.6 Yes 15,149 38.4 My parents notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. Never or almost never 4,441 11.3 Sometimes 12,150 30.9 Often 12,414 31.5 All the time 10,358 26.3 141 142 143 144 145 146 My parents ask if I’ve gotten my homework done. People in my family have serious arguments. Would your parents know if you did not come home on time? It is important to be honest with your parents, even if they become upset or you get punished. How often do your parents tell you they’re proud of you for something you’ve done? Never or almost never 4,825 12.3 Sometimes 11,140 28.4 Often 12,638 32.2 All the time 10,628 27.1 Question 147 Response In a normal school week, how many Never or almost never days are you home after school for at 1 day least one hour without an adult there? 2 days 3 days # 12,959 Question % 33.1 4,416 11.3 3,980 10.2 3,824 9.8 4 days 2,802 7.2 5 days 11,199 28.6 k. Have any of your relatives previously been in prison or jail? (Mark all that apply) a. No one has been in prison or jail b. c. Mother Stepmother Yes 22,509 78.5 No 6,173 21.5 Yes 2,182 15.3 No 12,110 84.7 Yes No 424 3.2 12,718 96.8 l. Father Yes 5,608 33.8 No 11,005 66.2 n. Stepfather Yes 1,203 8.8 No 12,455 91.2 Grandparent(s) Yes 1,412 10.2 No 12,399 89.8 Aunt Yes 2,495 17.2 No 11,981 82.8 Uncle Yes 8,997 47.6 No 9,893 52.4 Other Adult(s) Yes 4,296 27.6 No 11,244 72.4 Brother(s) Yes 2,434 16.8 No 12,067 83.2 Father Stepfather Grandparent(s) i. Other Adult(s) 12,643 95.5 824 6.1 12,586 93.9 2.0 Yes 1,472 10.7 No 12,308 89.3 Yes 29,995 89.0 No 3,714 11.0 350 2.7 12,754 97.3 Yes Yes 142 1.1 No 12,836 98.9 Yes 1,025 7.5 No 12,559 92.5 253 1.9 12,794 98.1 Yes Yes 289 2.2 12,777 97.8 593 4.5 12,681 95.5 Yes 3,453 22.6 No 11,807 77.4 Yes 1,991 14.1 No 12,168 85.9 Yes No Uncle 4.5 98.0 No Aunt 594 257 No h. j. Stepmother % 12,781 No g. i. Mother # No No one has been in prison or jail f. h. Other Children Yes Are any of your relatives currently in prison or jail? (Mark all that apply) e. g. Stepsister(s) a. d. f. Yes 149 c. e. Sister(s) No b. d. Yes No m. 148 Stepbrother(s) Response Question j. Brother(s) Response Yes No k. Stepbrother(s) Yes No l. Sister(s) Yes No m. Stepsister(s) Yes No n. Other Children Yes No # % 617 4.6 12,676 95.4 228 1.7 12,804 98.3 180 1.4 12,822 98.6 111 0.9 12,850 99.1 742 5.6 12,603 94.4 Appendix D: Item Dictionary for the 2014 Arizona Youth Survey Scales and Questions Response options Notes '12 '10 '08 (Question #) 14 DEMOGRAPHICS County: 2 digit code Type: 2 digit code District: 2 digit code District Site: 3 digit code Student's Zip Code: 5 digit ZIP code 1 1 1 1 Are you: Female, Male 2 2 2 2 How old are you? 10 or younger, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 3 3 3 What grade are you in? 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 3 4 4 24 n/a Do you get a free or reduced cost lunch at school? 5 5 4 4 What is your race? (Mark all that apply.) 6 6 5 5 Are you Hispanic or Latino? Yes, No 7 6 6 What is the language you use most often at home? English, Spanish, Another language 7 9 7 8 Think of where you live most of the time. Which of the following people live there with you? (Mark all that apply.) Free lunch; Reduced cost lunch; Neither AYS08: n/a Asian, Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, American Indian, Alaskan Native, Black or African American, White Mother; Stepmother; Father; Stepfather; Foster Parent(s); Grandparent(s); Aunt; Uncle; Other Adult(s); Brother(s); Stepbrother(s); Sister(s); Stepsister(s); Other Children 8 10 n/a n/a What is the highest level of education completed by your mother? AYS08/10: n/a 8th grade or less, Some high school, Completed high school or GED, Some college, Completed community college or technical school, Completed 4 year college (Bachelor's Degree), Graduate or Professional (e.g., Master's, Ph.D., M.D., Ed.D., J.D), Don't know 9 11 n/a n/a What, if any, is the current military status of your parent(s)? (Mark all that apply) Neither of my parents have ever been in the military, Active Duty, In country, Active Duty, Overseas - not in a combat zone, Active Duty, Overseas - in a combat zone, Reserve, Not Deployed, Reserve, In country, Reserve, Overseas - not in a combat zone, Reserve, Overseas in a combat zone, Died while serving in the military AYS08/10: n/a COMMUNITY: Low neighborhood Attachment 114 114 103 100 I'd like to get out of my neighborhood. NO!, no, yes, YES! 112 112 101 98 I like my neighborhood. '' 110 110 99 96 If I had to move, I would miss the neighborhood I now live in. '' COMMUNITY: Community Disorganization 117 117 106 103 I feel safe in my neighborhood. NO!, no, yes, YES! COMMUNITY: Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use 107 108 98 95 How wrong would most adults (over 21) in your neighborhood think it is for kids your age: Very Wrong, Wrong, A little bit wrong, Not wrong at all a. to use marijuana? b. to drink alcohol? c. to smoke cigarettes? 103 103 93 83 If a kid drank some beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or NO!, no, yes, YES! gin) in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? 102 102 92 82 If a kid smoked marijuana in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the '' police? 104 104 94 84 If a kid carried a handgun in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the '' police? COMMUNITY: Perceived Availability of Drugs 98 98 86 86 If you wanted to get some beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, Very hard, Sort of hard, Sort of easy, Very easy whiskey, or gin), how easy would it be for you to get some? 97 97 85 85 If you wanted to get some cigarettes, how easy would it be for you to get some? '' 99 99 89 89 If you wanted to get some marijuana, how easy would it be for you to get some? '' 100 100 87 87 If you wanted to get a drug like cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines, how easy would '' it be for you to get some? COMMUNITY: Perceived Availability of Handguns 101 101 88 88 If you wanted to get a handgun, how easy would it be for you to get one? Very hard, Sort of hard, Sort of easy, Very easy COMMUNITY: Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 113 113 102 99 There are lots of adults in my neighborhood I could talk to about something NO!, no, yes, YES! important. COMMUNITY: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 111 111 100 97 My neighbors notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. NO!, no, yes, YES! 116 116 105 102 There are people in my neighborhood who encourage me to do my best. '' 115 115 104 101 There are people in my neighborhood who are proud of me when I do something '' well. Page 2 of 16 FAMILY: Poor Family Management 140 140 133 129 My parents ask if I've gotten my homework done. NO!, no, yes, YES! 142 142 135 131 Would your parents know if you did not come home on time? '' 125 125 118 114 When I am not at home, one of my parents knows where I am and who I am '' with. 123 123 116 112 The rules in my family are clear. '' 128 128 121 117 My family has clear rules about alcohol and drug use. '' 127 127 120 116 If you drank some beer, wine or liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) '' without your parents' permission, would you be caught by your parents? 130 130 123 119 If you skipped school would you be caught by your parents? '' 129 129 122 118 If you carried a handgun without your parents' permission, would you be caught '' by your parents? FAMILY: Family Conflict 124 124 117 113 People in my family often insult or yell at each other. NO!, no, yes, YES! 141 141 134 130 People in my family have serious arguments. '' 126 126 119 115 We argue about the same things in my family over and over. '' FAMILY: Family History of Antisocial Behavior 144 144 114 110 Has anyone in your family ever had severe alcohol or drug problems? No, Yes AYS08: "Has anyone in your family ever had a severe alcohol or drug problem?" 121 121 115 111 Have any of your brothers or sisters ever: No, Yes, I don’t have any brothers or sisters a. drunk beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin)? b. smoked marijuana? c. smoked cigarettes? d. taken a handgun to school? e. been suspended or expelled from school? 96 96 91 91 About how many adults (over 21) have you known personally who in the past year have: a. used marijuana, crack, cocaine, or other drugs? b. sold or dealt drugs? c. done other things that could get them in trouble with the police, like stealing, selling stolen goods, mugging or assaulting others, etc? d. gotten drunk or high? Page 3 of 16 0; 1; 2; 3-4; 5+ FAMILY: Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Drug Use 122 122 113 109 How wrong do your parents feel it would be for YOU to: a. drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) Very Wrong, Wrong, A little bit wrong, Not wrong at all regularly? b. smoke cigarettes? c. smoke marijuana? FAMILY: Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior 122 122 113 109 How wrong do your parents feel it would be for YOU to: d. steal something worth more than $5? Very Wrong, Wrong, A little bit wrong, Not wrong at all e. draw graffiti, write things, or draw pictures on buildings or other property (without the owner's permission)? f. pick a fight with someone? FAMILY: Attachment 132 132 125 121 Do you feel very close to your mother? NO!, no, yes, YES! 134 134 126 122 Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your mother? '' 133 133 131 127 Do you feel very close to your father? '' 135 135 127 123 Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your father? '' FAMILY: Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 139 139 132 128 My parents give me lots of chances to do fun things with them. 131 131 124 120 My parents ask me what I think before most family decisions affecting me are NO!, no, yes, YES! '' made. 138 138 130 126 If I had a personal problem, I could ask my mom or dad for help. '' FAMILY: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 145 145 111 107 My parents notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. Never or almost never, Sometimes, Often, All the time 146 146 112 108 How often do your parents tell you they're proud of you for something you've '' done? 136 136 128 124 Do you enjoy spending time with your mother? 137 137 129 125 Do you enjoy spending time with your father? Page 4 of 16 NO!, no, yes, YES! '' SCHOOL: Academic Failure 24 26 20 21 Putting them all together, what were your grades like last year? Mostly F’s, Mostly D’s, Mostly C’s, Mostly B’s, Mostly 18 20 16 17 Are your school grades better than the grades of most students in your class? NO!, no, yes, YES! SCHOOL: Little Commitment to School 23 25 19 20 How often do you feel that the school work you are assigned is meaningful and important? Almost Always, Often, Sometimes, Seldom, Never 26 28 22 23 How interesting are most of your courses to you? Very Interesting & Stimulating, Quite Interesting, Fairly 25 27 21 22 How important do you think the things you are learning in school are going to be Very Important, Quite Important, Fairly Important, for your later life? 22 24 18 19 Now thinking back over the past year in school, how often did you: a. enjoy being in school? Slightly Important, Not at all Important Almost Always, Often, Sometimes, Seldom, Never b. hate being in school? c. try to do your best work in school? 27 29 23 24 During the LAST FOUR WEEKS how many whole days of school have you missed because you skipped or 'cut'? None, 1 days, 2 days, 3 days, 4-5 days, 6-10 days, 11 or more days SCHOOL: Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 10 12 8 9 In my school, students have lots of chances to help decide things like class NO!, no, yes, YES! activities and rules. 14 16 12 13 There are lots of chances for students in my school to talk with a teacher one-on- '' one. 11 13 9 10 Teachers ask me to work on special classroom projects. 13 15 11 12 There are lots of chances for students in my school to get involved in sports, '' '' clubs, and other school activities outside of class. 19 21 17 18 I have lots of chances to be part of class discussions or activities. '' SCHOOL: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 12 14 10 11 My teachers notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. NO!, no, yes, YES! 16 18 14 15 The school lets my parents know when I have done something well. '' 15 17 13 14 I feel safe at my school. '' 17 19 '' 15 16 My teachers praise me when I work hard in school. Page 5 of 16 PEER-INDIVIDUAL: Rebelliousness 42 43 28 30 I do the opposite of what people tell me, just to get them mad. 41 42 32 Very False, Somewhat False, Somewhat True, Very True 32 I ignore rules that get in my way. '' 43 44 31 31 I like to see how much I can get away with. '' PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Early Initiation of Drug Use 36 37 27 27 How old were you when you first: a. smoked marijuana? Never, 10 or younger, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or older b. smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? c. had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin)? d. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior 36 37 27 27 How old were you when you first: e. attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? Never, 10 or younger, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or The following options were removed from the older 2014 form: Got suspended from school?, Got arrested?, Carried a Handgun? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Favorable Attitudes Toward Antisocial Behavior 37 38 29 28 How wrong do you think it is for someone your age to: Very Wrong, Wrong, a. take a handgun to school? A little bit wrong, b. steal anything worth more than $5? Not wrong at all c. pick a fight with someone? d. attack someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? e. stay away from school all day when their parents think they are at PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use 37 38 29 28 How wrong do you think it is for someone you age to: f. drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) regularly? g. smoke cigarettes? h. smoke marijuana? i. use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drug? Page 6 of 16 Very Wrong, Wrong, A little bit wrong, Not wrong at all PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Perceived Risks of Drug Use 90 91 83 81 How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other No Risk, Slight Risk, Moderate Risk, Great Risk ways) if they: a. smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day? b. try marijuana once or twice? c. smoke marijuana regularly? d. take one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, liquor) nearly every day? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Interaction with Antisocial Peers 40 41 25 25 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 (12 months), how many of your best friends have: h. been suspended from school? j. carried a handgun? k. sold illegal drugs? l. stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? m. been arrested? n. dropped out of school? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Friends’ Use of Drugs 40 41 25 25 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 (12 months), how many of your best friends have: b. smoked cigarettes? c. tried beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) when their parents didn't know about it? e. used marijuana? g. used LSD, cocaine, amphetamines, or other illegal drugs? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Rewards for Antisocial Involvement 35 36 26 26 What are the chances you would be seen as cool if you: a. smoked cigarettes? Little Chance, c. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or Some Chance, twice a month? e. smoked marijuana? f. carried a handgun? Page 7 of 16 No or Very Little Chance, Pretty Good Chance, Very Good Chance PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Gang Involvement 105 105 95 92 Have you ever belonged to a gang? No; No, but would like to; Yes, in the past; Yes, belong now; Yes, but would like to get out PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Belief in Moral Order 46 47 43 43 I think it is okay to take something without asking if you can get away with it. 44 45 45 46 NO!, no, yes, YES! 41 41 I think sometimes it's okay to cheat at school. '' 42 42 It is all right to beat up people if they start the fight. '' 143 143 136 132 It is important to be honest with your parents, even if they become upset or you '' get punished. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Prosocial Involvement 38 39 30 29 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: Never 1 or 2 times, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40+ e. participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? g. done extra work on your own for school? j. volunteered to do community service? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 35 36 26 26 What are the chances you would be seen as cool if you: b. worked hard at school? Little Chance, d. defended someone who was being verbally abused at school? Some Chance, g. regularly volunteered to do community service? Pretty Good Chance, PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Interaction with Prosocial Peers 40 41 25 25 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: a. participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? d. made a commitment to stay drug-free? f. tried to do well in school? i. liked school? Page 8 of 16 No or Very Little Chance, V G d Ch 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 DRUG USE OUTCOMES 53 54 45 46 How frequently have you used smokeless tobacco during the past 30 days? 51 51 78 76 Have you ever smoked cigarettes? 0 days, 1 or 2 days, 3 to 5 days, 6 to 9 days, 10 to 19 AYS08: "During the past 30 days, on how many days, 20 to 29 days, All 30 days days did you use chewing tobacco, snuff, or Never; Once or twice; Once in a while but not regularly; Regularly in the past; Regularly now 52 52 79 78 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes? 0 days, 1 or 2 days, 3 to 5 days, 6 to 9 days, 10 to 19 days, 20 to 29 days, All 30 days 56 57 49 48 had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink in your lifetime - 0 occasions, 1-2, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-39, 40+ more than just a few sips? 57 58 50 49 had beer, wine or hard liquor to drink during the past 30 days? 50 50 46 47 Think back over the LAST TWO WEEKS. How many times have you had five or more alcoholic drinks in a row? 58 59 51 50 used marijuana in your lifetime? '' None, Once, Twice, 3-5 times, 6-9 times, 10 or more times 0 occasions, 1-2, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-39, 40+ 59 60 52 51 used marijuana during the past 30 days? 60 61 53 52 used LSD or other hallucinogens in your lifetime? '' 61 62 54 53 used LSD or other hallucinogens during the past 30 days? '' 62 63 55 54 used cocaine or crack in your lifetime? '' 63 64 56 55 used cocaine or crack during the past 30 days? '' 64 65 57 56 sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases '' or sprays, in order to get high in your lifetime? 65 66 58 57 sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases '' or sprays, in order to get high during the past 30 days? 68 69 61 60 used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth) in your lifetime? '' 69 70 62 61 used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth) in the past 30 days? '' 78 81 71 70 used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a '' doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? 79 82 72 71 used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? Page 9 of 16 '' DRUG USE OUTCOMES (Cont'd) 80 83 73 72 used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, '' or sleeping pills) in your lifetime? 81 84 74 73 used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, '' or sleeping pills) during the past 30 days? 70 71 63 62 used heroin in your lifetime? '' 71 72 '' 64 63 used heroin during the past 30 days? 72 73 65 64 used Ecstasy ('X', 'E', or MDMA) in your lifetime? '' 73 74 66 65 used Ecstasy ('X', 'E', or MDMA) in the past 30 days? '' 74 77 67 66 used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, '' AYS08/10: "used heroin or other opiates " Equipoise or Depotesterone) in your lifetime? 75 78 68 67 used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, '' Equipoise or Depotesterone) in the past 30 days? 76 79 69 68 used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, Oxycontin, Percocet, or '' Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? 77 80 70 69 used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, Oxycontin, Percocet, or '' Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? 82 85 75 74 used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for '' the purposes of getting high in your lifetime? 83 86 n/a used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for '' the purposes of getting high during the past 30 days? 84 87 n/a used synthetic drugs (such as Bath Salts like Ivory Wave or White Lighting or '' AYS08/10: n/a '' AYS08/10: n/a herbal incense products like K2, Spice, or Gold) in your lifetime? 85 88 n/a used synthetic drugs (such as Bath Salts like Ivory Wave or White Lighting or herbal incense products like K2, Spice, or Gold) during the past 30 days? 86 n/a drank beer, wine, or hard liquor at the same time you used prescription drugs (e.g. OxyContin, Vicodin, Valium, Xanax, Ritalin, Adderal, sleeping pills) during the Page 10 of 16 '' OUTCOME: Antisocial Behavior 38 39 30 29 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: Never 1 or 2 times, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40+ a. been suspended from school? b. carried a handgun? c. sold illegal drugs? d. stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? f. been arrested? h. attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? i. been drunk or high at school? k. taken a handgun to school? VALIDITY QUESTIONS 66 67 59 58 used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in your lifetime? 67 68 60 59 used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) during the past 30 days? 0 occasions, 1-2, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-39, 40+ Note: phenoxydine is a ficticious drug. ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS 20 22 108 n/a Which school-sponsored activities are you involved in during after school hours? (Mark all that apply) AYS08: n/a Sports; Performing arts (such as band, dance, drama, chorus); Academic clubs (such as language, math, and science clubs); Volunteering, AYS10: Some categories have changed service, or mentoring; Student government or student council; Newspaper or yearbook; Homework help or tutoring to help your grades; Other school group or club; I do not participate in an organized activity at school 21 23 109 n/a Which after-school activities, that are not school-sponsored, are you involved in? (Mark all that apply) AYS08: n/a Sports; Performing arts (such as band, dance, drama, chorus); Volunteering or service; Scouts/Campfire; Boys & Girls Clubs/Junior Achievement/YMCA; 4-H/FFA (Future Farmers of America); Big Brothers Big Sisters or another mentoring program; Other after school activity; I do not participate in an organized activity after school 28 30 36 36 During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 29 31 37 37 During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight ON 0 times, 1 time, 2-3 times, 4-5 times, 6-7 times, 8-9 times, 10-11 times, '' SCHOOL PROPERTY? 30 32 38 38 During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a 0 days, 1 day, 2-3 days, 4-5 days, 6 or more days student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 32 n/a n/a n/a During the past 12 months, how often have you picked or bullied another student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 33 34 39 39 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you NOT go to school because 0 times, 1 time, 2-3 times, 4-5 times, 6-7 times, 8-9 times, 10-11 times, '' you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school? 34 35 40 40 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? Page 11 of 16 '' AYS10: Some categories have changed ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (Cont'd) 36 37 27 27 How old were you when you first: n/a used methamphetamines (meth, crystal)? Never, 10 or younger, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or older AYS08: e. "used methamphetamines (meth, g. gambled or bet on anything (cards, lottery, sports, bingo, dice, raffles, crystal, crank)?" casino, internet or video games, etc.)? AYS08: k. "gambled or bet?" AYS08/10: l. n/a h. used prescription drugs without a doctor telling you to take them? AYS14: "used methamphetamines?" removed f. belonged to a gang? 37 38 n/a n/a How wrong do you think it is for someone your age to: j. use prescription drugs without a doctor telling them to take them? 38 39 30 n/a How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: Very Wrong, Wrong, AYS08/10: n/a A little bit wrong, Not wrong at all Never 1 or 2 times, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40+ AYS08: n/a Never; Before, but not in the past 12 months; A few "Bought a raffle ticket," and "Gambled on the times in the past 12 months; Once or twice a month; internet" were removed from the 2014 survey l. been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked or any otherway physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? m. seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked, or beaten up? n. seen someone attacked with a weapon, other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? o. seen someone shot or shot at? 39 40 33 35 How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: a. Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Once or twice a week; Almost every day b. Played the lottery or scratch off tickets? c. Bet on sports? d. Played cards? n/a Bought a raffle ticket? e. Played bingo? n/a Gambled on the internet? f. Played a dice game? g. Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? h. Bet on a horse or other animal race? 40 41 25 25 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 (12 months), how many of your best friends have: o. been members of a gang? 47 48 34 33 During the past 30 days, how many times did you RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? 0 times, 1 time, 2 or 3 times, 4 or 5 times, 6 or more times 48 49 35 34 During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle '' when you had been drinking alcohol? 49 n/a n/a n/a During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been taking prescription drugs (e.g. OxyContin, Vicodin, Valium, Page 12 of 16 0 times, 1 time, 2 or 3 times, 4 or 5 times, 6 or more times ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (Cont'd) 54 55 47 n/a In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: a. alcohol? More than 10 times; 7-10 times; 4-6 times; 2-3 times; AYS08: n/a Once; Never b. cigarettes? c. marijuana? d. other drugs? 55 n/a n/a n/a During the past 12 months, how many times have you talked with your parents about strategies to avoid or resist people or places where you might be offered 88 56 48 n/a In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs including Never, Once, 2-3 times, 4-6 times, 7-10 times, More than 10 times More than 10 times; 7-10 times; 4-6 times; 2-3 times; AYS08: n/a. Bolded words were added to this Once; Never question in 2014: In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you prescription drugs? might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs including prescription drugs? 89 90 77 n/a In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? Never; Once; Twice; Three times; Four or more times; AYS08: n/a I never got offers (Fill in an answer for each way of responding) a. say "No" without giving a reason why? b. give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? c. decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? d. use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? 90 91 83 81 How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically No Risk, Slight Risk, Moderate Risk, Great Risk or in other ways) if they: e. have five or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage in a row once or twice a week? n/a n/a f. use prescription drugs without a doctor telling them to take them? 91 n/a n/a n/a Compared to using illegal drugs (e.g. cocaine, meth, heroin), how harmful do you think it is for people to take prescription drugs (e.g. OxyContin, Vicodin, Valium, AYS08/10: f. n/a A lot less harmful, Less harmful, No difference, More harmful, A lot more harmful 92 92 90 90 If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply.) I did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days; I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station; I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club; I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event; I gave someone else money to buy it for me; My parent or guardian gave it to me; Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me; Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me; Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me; I got it at a party; I took it from home; I took it from a store or someone else's home; I got it some other way 93 93 84 n/a If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply.) I've never used prescription drugs to get high; Friends; Family/Relatives; Parties; Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet); Doctor/Pharmacy; School; Other; Over the Internet; Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) 108 n/a n/a n/a How wrong do your friends feel it would be for you to: Page 13 of 16 AYS08: n/a a. have one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage nearly every day? b. smoke tobacco? c. smoke marijuana? d. use prescription drugs not prescribed to you? 109 109 107 n/a During the past 12 months, do you recall hearing, reading, or watching an No; Yes advertisement about the prevention of substance use? 118 118 139 133 During a typical week, how many days do all or most of your family eat at least one meal together? Page 14 of 16 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 AYS08: n/a ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (Cont'd) 119 119 110 n/a During the past 12 months, have you talked with at least one of your parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use? By parents, AYS08: n/a we mean your biological parents, adoptive parents, stepparents, or adult guardians - whether or not they live with you. (Choose all that apply) No, I did not talk with my parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use.; Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of tobacco use.; Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of alcohol use.; Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of drug use. 122 122 113 109 How wrong do your parents feel it would be for YOU to: n/a n/a g. use prescription drugs without a doctor telling you to take them? Very Wrong, Wrong, A little bit wrong, AYS08/10: n/a Not wrong at all 148 148 137 n/a Have any of your relatives previously been in prison or jail? (Mark all that apply) AYS08: n/a No one has been in prison or jail; Mother; Stepmother; Father; Stepfather; Grandparent(s); Aunt Uncle; Other Adult(s); Brother(s); Stepbrother(s); Sister(s); Stepsister(s); Other Children 149 149 138 n/a Are any of your relatives currently in prison or jail? (Mark all that apply) AYS08: n/a No one has been in prison or jail; Mother; Stepmother; Father; Stepfather; Grandparent(s); Aunt Uncle; Other Adult(s); Brother(s); Stepbrother(s); Sister(s); Stepsister(s); Other Children ADDITIONAL NEW QUESTIONS: New items in 2012 AYS follow. None of these items are found in the 2010 or 2008 instruments. 31 33 n/a During the past 12 months, how many times have you been harassed, mistreated, 0 times, 1 time, 2-3 times, 4-5 times, 6-7 times, or made fun of by another person while on-line or through a cell phone or other 8-9 times, 10-11 times, 12 or more times AYS08/10: n/a electronic device? 87 89 n/a If during the past 30 days you used marijuana, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply.) AYS08/10: n/a I did not use marijuana during the past 30 days, I got it from someone with a Medical Marijuana Card, Friends, Family/Relatives, Parties, Home, School, Other 94 94 n/a If you used alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs in the past 30 days, please tell us about some of your reasons for using (Mark all that apply): To fit in with my friends; To try something new or exciting; To get back at my parents or to get my parent's attention; To help me lose weight; To keep from feeling sad or down; I was bored and needed something to do; To get a high or to have a good feeling: To help me feel normal; To help me stay focused or think better; To have fun; To be like an actor or musician/band that I admire; To feel more grown up or prove that I am grown up; I needed it, craved it, or am addicted; To deal with the stress in my life (Please mark all areas of stress that were related to your substance use below) Parents/family Peers/Friends (e.g., fighting with friends, getting bullied, dealing with rumors, etc...), School Community Other (Please tell us other reasons you had for using substances in the space provided) Page 15 of 16 AYS08/10: n/a ADDITIONAL NEW QUESTIONS (Cont'd) 95 95 n/a If you did not use alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs in the past 30 days, please tell us about some of the reasons for not using (Mark all that AYS08/10: n/a apply): I'm not interested in using drugs; It can harm my body; My parents would be disappointed in me; My parents would take away my privileges if they found out; My teachers/mentors/other adults in my life would be disappointed in me; I might get kicked out of school or extracurricular activities (e.g., sports, cheerleading, drama club/plays); My friends would stop talking to me or hanging out with me; I would get a bad reputation with peers; I wanted to, but I couldn't get it or wasn't offered it; It's illegal - I could get arrested; I've tried them before and I don't like them; It's morally wrong; It's against my religious or spiritual beliefs 120 120 n/a Which of the following people do you feel comfortable going to for help when things go wrong or when you need someone to talk to about AYS08/10: n/a your problems? (Mark all that apply) Parents/Step-parents, Grandparents, Siblings, Other relatives, Friends, Teachers, Coaches/Instructors, Mentors, Tutors, Counselors, Other adults, I have no one I can talk to or go to for help 147 147 n/a Page 16 of 16 In a normal school week, how many days are you home after school for at least Never or Almost Never, 1 day, 2 days, one hour without an adult there? 3 days, 4 day, 5 days AYS08/10: n/a Appendix E: Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD use for Participating Counties Alcohol Cigarettes Marijuana Inhalants Hallucinogen Cocaine Methamphetamines Stimulants Sedatives Prescription Narcotics Heroin Ecstasy Steroids Calculated Prescription Drugs Over the Counter drugs Synthetic Drugs Lifetime ATOD Use by County (2014) Apache 36.3 32.8 30.7 5.2 3.2 2.7 1.1 2.3 3.4 11.8 1.1 4.6 1.4 13.2 8.4 4.6 Cochise 53.9 29.9 26.7 7.9 3.0 3.1 0.5 4.0 6.0 12.2 0.5 4.1 1.9 14.2 8.2 3.8 Coconino 42.7 26.6 31.1 4.3 5.2 4.3 0.9 3.7 6.3 10.7 0.9 5.5 0.6 14.1 6.9 2.3 Gila 58.3 39.8 40.0 11.5 5.0 3.9 1.7 3.7 5.4 11.0 2.0 5.1 2.0 13.0 6.8 5.9 Graham 41.0 26.3 24.0 5.7 2.0 3.8 1.2 1.2 1.7 6.2 0.9 2.8 1.1 7.4 6.2 4.0 Greenlee 66.8 50.8 37.0 12.6 2.8 6.1 1.2 2.8 8.2 17.1 0.4 3.3 1.2 19.1 11.0 5.7 La Paz 41.5 28.4 31.8 7.3 2.4 2.4 0.3 3.0 4.6 9.4 0.9 1.8 2.1 11.2 6.2 2.2 Maricopa 44.6 20.5 25.7 7.2 3.9 2.9 0.8 4.5 5.3 9.8 0.8 3.8 1.6 12.7 6.9 3.5 Mohave 49.4 27.8 28.7 7.9 3.2 2.5 1.1 3.7 8.6 12.9 1.1 3.6 2.6 15.7 9.7 5.3 Navajo 37.2 28.4 28.5 7.8 3.4 2.4 1.7 3.6 5.6 11.8 1.6 3.5 2.3 14.0 9.4 4.9 Pima 56.5 29.3 36.1 8.6 6.1 5.4 1.2 5.3 7.0 13.5 1.3 6.9 2.2 16.4 9.4 6.2 Pinal 54.7 32.1 33.0 7.9 5.0 4.2 1.4 4.5 6.7 13.7 1.3 5.6 2.1 16.4 9.7 3.8 Santa Cruz 38.7 18.7 12.4 7.5 1.1 1.4 0.0 2.2 4.5 8.9 0.3 4.2 1.4 10.8 5.8 3.4 Yavapai 51.3 32.5 31.7 9.1 5.3 3.6 1.0 3.6 6.0 9.8 0.6 4.4 2.0 12.7 8.0 4.9 Yuma 39.8 20.7 18.7 9.8 1.3 2.2 1.3 2.9 5.4 10.2 0.3 3.7 2.0 12.6 7.5 3.3 Alcohol Cigarettes Chewing Tobacco Marijuana Inhalants Hallucinogen Cocaine Methamphetamines Stimulants Sedatives Prescription Narcotics Heroin Ecstasy Steroids Calculated Prescription Drugs Over the Counter drugs Synthetic Drugs 30-day ATOD Use by County (2014) Apache 16.4 14.5 12.1 14.6 0.9 1.6 0.2 0.0 1.1 1.8 5.9 0.0 1.4 0.5 6.8 3.6 0.5 Cochise 27.5 12.2 6.8 11.2 1.8 0.8 0.8 0.2 1.4 2.2 6.0 0.1 1.4 0.6 7.1 4.2 0.9 Coconino 20.2 13.3 8.6 15.5 1.1 1.2 2.0 0.0 2.3 2.3 4.0 0.3 1.2 0.3 6.3 2.6 0.6 Gila 30.8 18.2 15.3 19.3 4.2 1.7 2.0 1.4 1.1 2.8 6.5 0.3 2.2 0.3 7.6 2.8 1.4 Graham 22.2 9.7 8.6 9.4 1.2 0.3 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.5 1.2 0.2 0.9 0.5 1.9 2.0 0.3 Greenlee 35.5 23.0 16.4 16.7 2.9 0.4 1.2 0.4 0.8 3.7 7.0 0.4 1.2 0.8 8.9 5.3 0.0 La Paz 21.3 10.6 5.4 15.4 1.8 0.6 0.6 0.0 1.5 2.2 4.9 0.0 1.2 0.9 6.1 1.5 0.6 Maricopa 23.4 8.1 5.7 13.3 2.0 1.5 1.1 0.3 1.8 2.1 4.4 0.3 1.1 0.5 6.1 3.2 0.8 Mohave 25.8 11.5 8.3 12.7 2.1 1.0 1.0 0.4 1.3 3.2 6.3 0.1 1.1 1.1 7.7 4.3 1.7 Navajo 20.5 12.7 11.8 12.9 2.3 1.2 0.7 0.5 1.2 1.9 4.5 0.5 1.2 1.1 5.6 3.4 0.9 Pima 31.5 12.0 9.0 18.3 1.7 1.7 1.4 0.3 1.7 2.7 6.2 0.5 1.6 0.8 7.6 3.8 0.9 Pinal 26.9 11.2 7.6 15.3 2.1 1.8 1.1 0.4 1.6 2.7 6.2 0.4 1.3 0.4 7.8 5.0 0.7 Santa Cruz 16.3 8.3 5.0 5.2 2.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 1.1 1.7 5.3 0.0 0.8 0.8 6.4 2.5 0.6 Yavapai 26.6 14.3 9.6 16.6 2.2 1.3 0.9 0.2 1.2 2.1 4.2 0.3 1.3 1.0 5.5 4.2 1.2 Yuma 14.9 8.8 4.9 8.6 2.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.1 1.5 4.2 0.0 0.7 0.8 5.2 3.3 0.7 Appendix F: Profile Report Charts for Arizona Males Compared to Females (2014) Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2014 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2014. † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. In the case of Prescription Pain Relievers, MTF does not have reliable data for grades 8 and 10. Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females *Total Risk is defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) Note that in 2010/2012, there were 21 possible risk scales for this Total Risk calculation and in 2014, there were 20 possible risk scales. Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females *Total Protection is defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females *Prior to 2012, the AYS did not ask respondents about online and electronic harassment. **Prior to 2014, the AYS did not survey student reports of bullying against others. Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2014 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2014. † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. In the case of Prescription Pain Relievers, MTF does not have reliable data for grades 8 and 10. Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females *Total Risk is defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) Note that in 2010/2012, there were 21 possible risk scales for this Total Risk calculation and in 2014, there were 20 possible risk scales. Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females *Total Protection is defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females *Prior to 2012, the AYS did not ask respondents about online and electronic harassment. **Prior to 2014, the AYS did not survey student reports of bullying against others. Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2014 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. ** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2014. † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. In the case of Prescription Pain Relievers, MTF does not have reliable data for grades 8 and 10. Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females *Total Risk is defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) Note that in 2010/2012, there were 21 possible risk scales for this Total Risk calculation and in 2014, there were 20 possible risk scales. Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females *Total Protection is defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females *Prior to 2012, the AYS did not ask respondents about online and electronic harassment. **Prior to 2014, the AYS did not survey student reports of bullying against others. Appendix G: Changes in question wording across the 2010, 2012, and 2014 AYS Administrations Appendix Appendix - Comparability of survey administrations and additional notes Issue Drug Category Prior administration(s) On how many occasions (if any) have you: Current administration Notes regarding changes On how many occasions (if any) have you: Heroin used heroin or other opiates? (2010) used heroin? (2012/2014) Cautiously comparable across years. Ecstasy used Ecstasy ('X', 'E', or MDMA)? (2010/2012) used Ecstasy ('X', 'E', MDMA, or 'Molly')? (2014) Added popular identifier "Molly" for clarification in 2014. Synthetic Drugs n/a (2010) used synthetic drugs (such as Bath Salts like Ivory Wave or White Lighting or herbal incense products like K2, Spice, or Gold)? (2012/2014) Added in 2012 to track potential emerging usage trends. Combined results of On how many occasions have you: Prescription drugs used prescription pain relievers (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? *Blah Prescription Drugs is the the measure of any student report use of prescription sedatives, prescription stimulants or prescription pain relievers, (three separate questions) combined to create a single measure. Contacts for Prevention Regional Prevention Contacts Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai Counties Jacque Gencarelle Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) 928-226-6396 Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Gila, La Paz, Pinal, Yuma, and Santa Cruz Counties Linda Weinberg Cenpatico of Arizona 866-495-6738 Maricopa County Heather L. Brown Mercy Maricopa Integrated Care 602-453-8415 Pima County Michael Pensak Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) 520-618-8813 Gila River Indian Community Jamie Arthur Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority 520-562-3321 ext. 3936 Pascua Yaqui Tribe Centered Spirit Program Ralph Cota 480-768-2063 Vanessa M. Bustos 480-768-2064 Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Megan Armstrong/Phillip Stevenson 602-364-1172/602-364-1157 www.azcjc.gov Arizona Department of Education School Safety and Prevention www.ade.az.gov/sa/health/ Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling Kathy Donner 602-255-3889 www.problemgambling.az.gov 50 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Kelly Charbonneau 602-364-1356 www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Charles Katz 602-496-1471 cvpcs.asu.edu/ Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families 602-542-4043 www.gocyf.az.gov Partnership for a Drug Free America, Arizona Affiliate Thalia Williams 602-264-5700 ext. 13 www.drugfreeaz.org Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence (Blueprints for Healthy Youth Development) www.colorado.edu/cspv/blueprints/ Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) www.samhsa.gov/about/csap.aspx Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Model Programs Guide www.ojjdp.gov/mpg/ Office of Justice Programs Crime Solutions www.crimesolutions.gov Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Evidence Based Practices www.samhsa.gov/ebpwebguide/index.asp Center for the Application of Substance Abuse Technologies (CASAT) casat.unr.edu/westcapt.html Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. 801-359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com