Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona YouthSurvey Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona State Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Sur Report vey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Ari zona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Ari zona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Conducted by Bach Harrison, Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona L.L.C. Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth 2010 Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Ari zona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Sur vey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Arizona Arizona Youth Survey State Report 2010 Sponsored by: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Conducted by: Bach Harrison, L.L.C. ARIZONA CRIMINAL JUSTICE COMMISSION Chairperson RALPH OGDEN Yuma County Sheriff Vice-Chairperson DANIEL G. SHARP, Chief Oro Valley Police Department JOHN R. ARMER Gila County Sheriff JOSEPH ARPAIO Maricopa County Sheriff DUANE BELCHER, Chairperson Board of Executive Clemency DAVID K. BYERS, Director Administrative Office of the Courts CLARENCE DUPNIK Pima County Sheriff ROBERT C. HALLIDAY, Director Department of Public Safety TOM HORNE Attorney General ROBERT HUDDLESTON, Chief Casa Grande Police Department BARBARA LAWALL Pima County Attorney BILL MONTGOMERY Maricopa County Attorney CHARLES RYAN, Director Department of Corrections DAVID SANDERS Pima County Chief Probation Officer LINDA SCOTT Former Judge GEORGE E. SILVA Santa Cruz County Attorney CARL TAYLOR Coconino County Supervisor Mayor VACANT Police Chief VACANT JOHN A. BLACKBURN, JR. Executive Director MICHELLE NEITCH Research Analyst PHILLIP STEVENSON Statistical Analysis Center Director R. STEVEN HARRISON, PH.D. Bach Harrison, L.L.C. T Table of Contents Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................................................ vi Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................................................vii Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Section 1: Survey Methods................................................................................................................................................... 3 Survey Questionnaire..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Completion Rate and Ability to Generalize the Results................................................................................................ 4 Survey Participants........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Participation by County................................................................................................................................................. 4 Survey Norms and Comparative Data........................................................................................................................... 5 Validity of the Data ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Section 2: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Abuse and Other Youth Problem Behaviors. ................... 9 Community Risk and Protective Factors..................................................................................................................... 11 Community Risk and Protective Factor Scales............................................................................................................ 13. Family Risk and Protective Factors............................................................................................................................. 14 Family Risk and Protective Factor Scales................................................................................................................... 16 School Risk and Protective Factors............................................................................................................................. 17 School Risk and Protective Factor Scales.................................................................................................................... 18 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factors................................................................................................................ 19 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factor Scales...................................................................................................... 22 Section 3: Substance Use Outcomes................................................................................................................................ 23 Age of Initiation........................................................................................................................................................... 23 Lifetime ATOD Use, By Grade.................................................................................................................................... 25 30-Day ATOD Use, By Grade..................................................................................................................................... 28 Lifetime ATOD Use by Gender................................................................................................................................... 31 Arizona Youth Survey 2010 i 30-Day Use by Gender ............................................................................................................................................... 33 Perceived Harmfulness of ATODs............................................................................................................................... 35 Perceived Availability of ATODs................................................................................................................................. 37 Where Students Obtained Alcohol............................................................................................................................... 39 Where Students Obtained Prescription Drugs............................................................................................................. 41 Drinking and Driving................................................................................................................................................... 43 Section 4: Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results.............................................................................. 45 Heavy Substance Use and Other Antisocial Behaviors by Grade and Gender............................................................ 45 Handguns..................................................................................................................................................................... 48 Violence....................................................................................................................................................................... 50 Gangs ........................................................................................................................................................................ 52 Student Safety.............................................................................................................................................................. 54 Academic Performance and Substance Use................................................................................................................. 56 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability.................................................................................. 58 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability........................................................................................ 60 Parent/Youth Communication About the Dangers of Substance Use.......................................................................... 62 Prevention-Related Advertisements............................................................................................................................. 63 Youth Resiliency to ATODs......................................................................................................................................... 64 Youth Resiliency to ATODs: Refusal Strategies.......................................................................................................... 66 Gambling..................................................................................................................................................................... 68 Section 5: Summary of Findings. ............................................................................................................................ 71 Appendices A. B. C. D. E. F. G. 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Arizona Youth Survey Results, Frequency and Percentage for Each Response Category Item Dictionary for the 2010 Arizona Student Survey Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use for Participating Counties Profile Report Charts for Arizona Males Compared to Females (2010) Changes in question wording across the 2006, 2008, and 2010 AYS Administrations Arizona Youth Survey 2010 ii T Table of Figures and Tables Executive Summary Section 2: Risk and Protective Factors and Scales Table 6: Youth At Risk: Community................................................ 11 Table 7: Community Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores................................................................................. 13 Table 8: Youth At Risk: Family....................................................... 14 Table 9: Family Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores........... 16 Lifetime and 30-Day Use, Arizona All Students Surveyed............................................................................ xii Table 10: Youth At Risk: School........................................................ 17 Figure 2: Heavy Use, Drinking and Driving, and Antisocial Behavior, Arizona All Students Surveyed.......................... xiii Table 11: School Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores........... 18 Table 12: Youth At Risk: Peer/Individual.......................................... 19 Figure 3: Risk Factor Profile, Arizona All Students Surveyed.......... xiv Figure 4: Protective Factor Profile, Arizona All Students Surveyed............................................................................ xv Table 13: Peer/Individual Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores...................................................................... 22 Figure 5: Safe School Profile, Arizona All Students Surveyed......... xvi Table 1: Table 2: Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade............................................................................. ix Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade............................................................................. x Figure 1: Section 1: Introduction Section 3: Substance Use Outcomes Table 14: Age of Initiation................................................................. 23 Figure 6: Average Age of First Substance Use.................................. 24 Figure 7: Lifetime Substance Use: 2004, 2006, and 2010 Arizona State Totals........................................................... 25 Figure 8: Lifetime Substance Use: Arizona (2006, 2008, 2010) Compared to National (2005)............................................ 26 Table 3: Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and Demographic Characteristics.................................................................... 6 Table 4: Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and Race/Ethnicity for the 2010 Survey............ 7 Table 15: Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Use ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade........................................ 27 Table 5: Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents and Enrolled School Students by Grade and County......... 8 Figure 9: 30-Day Substance Use: 2004, 2006, and 2010 Arizona State Totals........................................................... 28 Arizona Youth Survey 2010 iii Figure 10: 30-Day Substance Use: Arizona (2006, 2008, 2010) Compared to National (2005)............................................ 29 Table 16: Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade....................... 30 Figure 11: Arizona Lifetime Substance Use by Gender...................... 31 Table 17: Percentage of Males and Females by Grade Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime........................................... 32 Figure 12: Arizona 30-Day Substance Use by Gender....................... 33 Table 18: Percentage of Males and Females By Grade Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days....................................... 34 Table 19: Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive That Using the Five Categories of Substances Places People at “Great Risk”... 35 Figure 13: Perceived Harmfulness of Using Cigarettes, Alcohol, or Marijuana: Arizona (2006, 2008, 2010) Compared to National (2007)............................................ 36 Table 20: Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive the Four Substances as “Sort of Easy” or “Very Easy” to Get................................ 37 Figure 14: Perceived Availability of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana: Arizona (2006, 2008, 2010) Compared to National (2007)............................................ 38 Table 21: Percentage of Alcohol-Drinking Students Indicating Their Sources of Obtaining Alcohol.................................. 39 Figure 15: Students’ Sources for Obtaining Alcohol, of Students Who Indicated Drinking Alcohol....................................... 40 Table 22: Percentage of Students Indicating Their Sources for Obtaining Prescription Drugs............................................ 41 Figure 16: Students’ Sources of Obtaining Prescription Drugs........... 42 Table 23: Driving After Drinking, and Riding with a Driver Who Has Been Drinking............................................................. 43 Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Figure 17: Past Month Driving After Drinking or Riding with a Driver Who Had Been Drinking........................................ 44 Section 4: Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results Figure 18: Arizona Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behaviors: Male, Female, and State Total............................................ 46 Table 24: Percentage of Males, Females, and State Total Who Engaged in Heavy Substance Use and Delinquent Behavior in the Past Year................................................... 47 Table 25: Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Handguns........................................... 48 Figure 19: Students’ Use of Handguns and Perceptions About Them.................................................................................. 49 Table 26: Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Violence............................................. 50 Figure 20: Student Violent Behavior and Attitudes............................. 51 Table 27: Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Gangs................................................. 52 Figure 21: Student Gang Involvement................................................ 53 Figure 22: Student Gang Reasons for Joining..................................... 53 Table 28: Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Safety and Schools.................................................. 54 Figure 23: Student Responses to School Safety Questions................. 55 Table 29: Percentage Using ATODs by Academic Grades................ 56 Figure 24: Arizona ATOD Use and Academic Grades........................ 57 Table 30: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability of Use ......................................................... 58 Figure 25: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability...................................................................... 59 iv Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability of Use.......................................................... 60 Table 34: Figure 26: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability...................................................................... 61 Table 35: Table 31: Table 32: Percentage of Students Indicating Communication With Parents About Substance Use.................................... 62 Figure 27: Percentage of Students Indicating Communication With Parents About Substance Use.................................... 62 Table 33: Percentage of Students Responding to Questions Regarding Prevention-Related Advertising....................... 63 Youth Resiliency to ATODs............................................... 64 Figure 29: Youth Resiliency to ATODs............................................... 65 Youth Resiliency to ATODs: Refusal Strategies................ 66 Figure 30: Youth Resiliency to ATODs: Refusal Strategies................ 67 Table 36: Percentage of Students Reporting Participation in Various Gambling Activities in the Past Year, and Average Age of First Gambling....................................................... 66 Figure 31: Past Year Participation in Various Gambling Activities, by Grade............................................................................. 67 Figure 28: Percent of Students Reporting Having Noticed Prevention-Related Advertisements................................... 63 Arizona Youth Survey 2010 v A Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center (SAC) thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. We also extend our thanks to the Governor’s Office for Children, Youth, and Families; Arizona’s Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention; Office of Problem Gambling; the Tobacco Education and Prevention Program; and the Arizona Department of Health Services, Division of Behavioral Health for their collaborative effort and support of the Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from the input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Leslie Bloom, The Partnership for Drug Free America, AZ Affiliate Allie Bones, Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence Tim Christensen, Office of Problem Gambling Janet Garcia, Valley of the Sun United Way Michelle Gayles, Valley of the Sun United Way Charles Katz, Arizona State University Elise Mickkelsen, Office of Problem Gambling Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Rick Pyper, Office of Problem Gambling Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University Additionally, the success of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 vi E Executive Summary Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416 requires the Arizona Criminal Justice Substance Use Findings: In Brief Commission to conduct a statewide survey that is designed to measure the prevalence and frequency of substance abuse by youth, as well as their The improvements made to the survey model during the 2002 administration attitudes toward substance abuse. To comply with Arizona Revised Statute were sustained during the 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010 survey administrations. §41-2416 the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis With the enhancements made in the survey methodology, the results from the 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010 surveys are comparable, though this report Center conducts a biennial Arizona Youth Survey. This survey is administered contains comparisons for only three years of data. This State Report presents to a statewide sample of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students attending public findings from the past three administrations of the AYS only (2002 and 2004 and charter middle and high schools throughout Arizona. The Arizona data can be viewed in reports from previous administrations). Because of Criminal Justice Commission has been conducting a youth survey for enhancements made to the methodology for the surveys administered 19 years on a biennial basis; however, notable improvements in in 2002 to the present, we caution against comparisons to pre-2002 The Arizona the survey model, sampling methods and the increasing levels survey results. Youth Survey uses of participation distinguish the Arizona Youth Surveys the Risk and Protective It is noteworthy that alcohol is still the most common administered in 2002 to the present from prior surveys. Framework to guide substance used by Arizona students. In the past month, prevention efforts aimed at 31.9% of students have used alcohol, and 58.2% of students The 2010 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) was administered reducing youth have used alcohol in their lifetime. Cigarettes and marijuana are problem between January and April 2010 in Arizona public and charter the second and third most used substances by Arizona youth. For behaviors. schools. This statewide effort encompassed all 15 counties and cigarette use, 14.7% of survey participants used cigarettes in the past 372 schools, which resulted in the participation of 63,784 8th, 10th, month and 34.0% used in their lifetime. For marijuana, 14.8% of survey and 12th grade students throughout Arizona (figure represents honest/ participants indicated he/she had used marijuana at least once in the past 30 valid participation only). This report provides a comprehensive statewide days and 29.9% indicated use during their lifetime. Prescription drugs are the perspective on the data obtained through this significant statewide survey fourth highest substance used by Arizona youth, 10.4% of youth indicated use effort. Participating school and district officials also received school and of any type of prescription drugs at least once in the past month, and 21.5% district-specific data in the form of individualized reports to aid in local indicated use at least once in their lifetime. planning strategies and program development. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 vii A comparison between the Arizona Youth Survey and the national Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey is another measure for assessing current substance abuse and risk behaviors of Arizona youth. A lower percentage of Arizona survey participants in all grades have had lifetime experience with prescription stimulants compared to youth in the same grades in the 2009 national survey. Additionally, a lower percentage of 8th and 10th grade Arizona students have had lifetime experience with smokeless tobacco than 8th and 10th grade youth in the national MTF sample. However, Arizona students in all grades indicated higher cigarette, marijuana, ecstasy, and prescription pain reliever use than students in the same grades in the national sample. Further, alcohol use rates for Arizona 8th and 10th graders were also higher than 8th and 10th grade alcohol use rates in the national sample. Hallucinogen and heroin use rates for Arizona 10th and 12th graders were also higher than 10th and 12th grade hallucinogen and heroin use rates in the national sample. Alcohol use for Arizona students was 8.5% and 5.0% greater than a national sample of youth in the same grades. Cigarette use rates in Arizona were 3.3% to 4.5% higher for each grade than in the MTF sample; marijuana use rates in Arizona were 2.0% to 2.7% higher for each grade than in the MTF sample; ecstasy use rates in Arizona were 1.7% to 4.1% higher for each grade than in the MTF sample; and prescription pain reliever use rates in Arizona were 7.1% to 9.9% higher for each grade than in the national sample. Lifetime use of alcohol in all grades has significantly decreased since the 2008 survey, with alcohol use decreasing 2.0% to 2.7% in each grade. Eighth and 10th grade rates of lifetime smokeless tobacco use also significantly decreased since the 2008 survey, and 10th and 12th grade lifetime use of cocaine and prescription pain relievers decreased since the 2008 survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Further, in looking at 2010 results compared to 2006 results, alcohol use has decreased 1.7% to 5.3% in each grade, cigarette use has decreased 3.1% to 7.0% in each grade, cocaine use has decreased 1.3% to 2.8% in each grade, methamphetamine use has decreased 1.9% to 4.1% in each grade, and prescription sedative use has decreased 1.3% to 4.0% in each grade. Complete lifetime use results can be seen in Table 1 on the following page. A look at past month substance use (Table 2) shows us that a higher percentage of Arizona youth in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades have used alcohol, cigarettes, ecstasy, and prescription pain relievers than youth in the same grades in the 2009 national MTF sample. Since the 2008 AYS, 30-day use rates have decreased by 1.3% to 3.0% in all grades for alcohol, and 30-day cigarette use rates decreased 1.0% in the 10th grade and 1.0% in the 12th grade. Since the 2008 AYS, marijuana 30-day use rates increased in each grade, ecstasy use rates increased in the 10th and 12th grades, and smokeless tobacco use rates increased in the 10th and 12th grades. By grade level, 8th grade 30-day use rates decreased significantly since the 2008 survey for alcohol (1.3% decrease). Tenth grade past-month use rates decreased significantly for alcohol (3.0% decrease) and cigarettes (1.0% decreased) since the 2008 survey. Twelfth grade 30-day use rates decreased significantly since 2008 for alcohol (1.8% decrease), cigarettes (1.0% decrease), and cocaine (1.0% decrease); but also increased significantly since 2008 for smokeless tobacco use (1.3% increase), marijuana (2.6% increase), and ecstasy (1.4% increase). Further, in looking at 2010 results compared to 2006 results, 30-day alcohol use has decreased 2.2% in the 8th grade, 4.5% in the 10th grade, and 2.0% in the 12th grade in the past four years. Complete past month use results can be seen in Table 2 on the following pages. viii Table 1 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade 8th Grade Drug Used Arizona Arizona Arizona 2006 2008 2010 10th Grade MTF 2009 Arizona Arizona Arizona 2006 2008 2010 12th Grade MTF 2009 Arizona Arizona Arizona 2006 2008 2010 Total MTF 2009 Arizona Arizona Arizona 2006 2008 2010 Alcohol 50.4 47.8 45.1 36.6 67.6 66.2 64.1 59.1 74.5 74.8 72.8 72.3 61.7 59.6 58.2 Cigarettes 30.8 25.9 23.8 20.1 43.8 39.9 37.2 32.7 50.0 50.8 46.9 43.6 39.6 36.0 34.0 8.0 7.1 7.1 9.6 11.8 12.9 12.5 15.2 15.6 17.7 18.1 16.3 11.0 11.3 11.7 18.3 16.2 17.8 15.7 34.0 32.5 34.3 32.3 42.6 43.1 44.7 42.0 29.2 27.4 29.9 Hallucinogens** 2.1 1.9 2.2 1.7 4.1 5.2 5.9 3.0 5.6 7.9 9.0 3.1 3.6 4.3 5.1 Cocaine 3.6 2.7 2.3 2.6 7.6 6.8 5.3 4.6 11.6 11.2 8.8 6.0 6.8 5.9 5.0 15.2 14.3 14.5 14.9 11.9 12.6 11.8 12.8 9.8 9.2 9.4 9.5 12.9 12.6 12.3 Methamphetamines** 2.6 1.2 0.7 1.6 5.0 2.4 1.6 2.8 6.6 4.0 2.5 2.4 4.3 2.2 1.5 Heroin 1.4 1.0 0.9 1.3 2.1 2.0 2.6 1.5 2.8 3.1 3.4 1.2 2.0 1.8 2.1 Ecstasy** 1.9 2.2 3.9 2.2 3.4 4.9 8.2 5.5 4.4 7.0 10.6 6.5 3.0 4.2 7.0 Steroids 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.3 2.0 2.3 1.8 1.3 2.2 2.4 1.7 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.7 Prescription Pain Relievers* n/a 12.2 11.5 4.4 n/a 20.5 18.9 9.9 n/a 24.6 23.1 13.2 n/a 17.6 16.8 Prescription Stimulants** 3.4 3.8 3.0 6.0 7.1 7.6 7.0 10.3 8.5 7.9 8.5 9.9 5.9 5.9 5.7 Prescription Sedatives** 10.0 8.3 8.7 9.5 14.3 12.0 11.5 13.0 17.4 13.2 13.4 12.7 13.2 10.5 10.8 Prescription Drugs**Ɨ 14.4 17.1 16.5 n/c 20.7 25.7 23.7 n/c 24.0 28.7 27.3 n/c 18.7 22.4 21.5 n/a 9.7 9.5 n/c n/a 12.9 13.2 n/c n/a 13.4 14.1 n/c n/a 11.5 11.8 Smokeless Tobacco Marijuana Inhalants Over-the-Counter Drugs*Ɨ n/a - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2006, 2008, or 2010 Arizona Youth Surveys. *Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. Ɨ - No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 ix Table 2 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade 8th Grade Drug Used Arizona Arizona Arizona 2006 2008 2010 10th Grade MTF 2009 Arizona Arizona Arizona 2006 2008 2010 12th Grade MTF 2009 Arizona Arizona Arizona 2006 2008 2010 Total MTF 2009 Arizona Arizona Arizona 2006 2008 2010 Alcohol 24.1 23.2 21.9 14.9 39.2 37.7 34.7 30.4 47.0 46.8 45.0 43.5 34.4 33.1 31.9 Cigarettes 10.5 8.7 8.9 6.5 17.1 16.6 15.6 13.1 21.8 23.9 22.9 20.1 15.3 14.7 14.7 Smokeless Tobacco 2.7 2.6 2.8 3.7 4.0 4.6 5.7 6.5 5.4 6.8 8.1 8.4 3.8 4.2 5.1 Marijuana 8.5 7.6 8.9 6.5 15.7 15.1 17.4 15.9 18.1 18.7 21.3 20.6 13.1 12.5 14.8 Hallucinogens** 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.5 1.7 1.9 2.0 0.5 1.7 2.4 2.4 0.5 1.4 1.5 1.6 Cocaine 1.7 1.0 0.8 0.8 2.9 2.2 1.6 0.9 3.3 3.2 2.2 1.3 2.5 1.9 1.4 Inhalants 6.2 5.4 5.6 3.8 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.2 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.2 4.1 3.8 3.7 Methamphetamines** 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.5 1.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.3 0.6 0.4 Heroin 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.4 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.8 Ecstasy** 0.8 0.8 1.7 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.9 1.3 0.9 2.0 3.4 1.8 0.9 1.3 2.5 Steroids 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers* n/a 6.0 5.7 1.3 n/a 9.4 8.9 3.0 n/a 10.5 9.7 4.1 n/a 8.1 7.7 Prescription Stimulants** 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.5 3.0 2.2 2.1 2.1 Prescription Sedatives** 4.5 3.4 3.6 2.5 6.6 4.5 4.7 3.9 7.1 5.0 4.7 4.2 5.8 4.1 4.2 Prescription Drugs**Ɨ 7.0 8.6 8.2 n/c 10.3 12.2 11.8 n/c 10.4 13.1 12.4 n/c 8.9 10.7 10.4 Over-the-Counter Drugs*Ɨ n/a 5.6 5.4 n/c n/a 6.4 6.3 n/c n/a 5.9 6.3 n/c n/a 5.9 5.9 n/a - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2006, 2008, or 2010 Arizona Youth Surveys. *Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. Ɨ - No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 x Risk and Protective Factors: In Brief In order to make the results of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey more usable, risk and protective profiles were developed for each participating school that show the percentage of youth at risk and the percentage of youth with protection on each scale. A detailed description of how the profiles were developed is contained in the main body of this Arizona Youth Survey 2010 State Report. Comparisons can be made between youth in Arizona and a more national sample (Bach Harrison (BH) Norm). The states upon which the BH Norm is based include Arizona, Arkansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, New York, Oklahoma, and Utah. An example of the substance use rates and risk and protective factor profiles contained in the main report can be seen in Figures 1 through 5 on the following pages. The profile charts in this Executive Summary represent the total of all 8th, 10th, and 12th grade Arizona students who completed the survey. Charts for this group are merely provided as an example of the information that is discussed at the grade level in Section 2 of this report. Further, similar profile reports that provide results by grade were prepared for each participating school (when schools returned a sufficient number of surveys) and district in the state. These profile reports allow prevention planners to more precisely plan, implement, and evaluate prevention interventions. Rates of ATOD use (current prevalence of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use) and antisocial behaviors for the statewide sample can be seen in Figure 1. As was mentioned previously, lifetime and 30-day use of alcohol and cigarettes saw positive decreases since the 2006 and 2008 surveys, while marijuana use increased since 2008. Figure 2 displays heavy substance use, drinking and driving data, and antisocial behavior data. Rates of school suspensions and attacking someone with the intent to harm them also decreased for the AYS statewide sample. Further, all-grade reports of both drinking and then driving, and riding with a driver that had been drinking, have been gradually decreasing since the 2006 administration. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Figure 3 shows the percentage of the AYS statewide sample who are at risk for problem behaviors compared to the BH Norm. For the 2010 survey, Arizona all-grade students have risk factor scores that are significantly lower than the BH Norm for three scales (Perceived Availability of Handguns, Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use, and Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior). However, as can be seen in the risk profile chart (Figure 3), several scales such as Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use, Perceived Availability of Drugs, Poor Family Management, Family Conflict, Family History of Antisocial Behavior, Rebelliousness, Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use, Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use, Perceived Risk of Drug Use, Interaction with Antisocial Peers, Friends’ Use of Drugs, Rewards for Antisocial Behavior, and Gang Involvement are above the BH Norm level for all-grade students in 2010. A review of the risk factor scales shows that most risk factor scales for the statewide sample decreased since 2008. The only two scales that showed a significant increase were Perceived Risk of Drug Use and Peer/Individual Rewards for Antisocial Behavior. Protective factors buffer the influence of the risk factors operating in a young person’s life. Research has shown that young people who spend time with prosocial peers and participate in prosocial activities in the community and at school, and are rewarded for those activities, are less likely to become involved in problem behaviors. These important protective factors are measured in the AYS. In nine of the protective factor scales, the Arizona sample had similar, or lower levels, of protection (Figure 4) than students from the BH Norm. However, protection for Arizona all-grade students was significantly higher than the BH Norm for Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. Comparisons between the 2008 results and those of 2010 show that the statewide sample levels of protection increased significantly in all community, school, and peer/individual domain scales. The scales in the family domain were relatively unchanged since the 2008 administration. The profile reports created for Arizona’s schools, school districts, counties, and some cities across the state also contain charts and tables reporting responses to questions regarding school safety. Figure 5 is an example of xi the Safe School charts included in the profile reports. Figure 5 illustrates the percentage of students reporting that he/she felt unsafe at school, that he/she were threatened or injured on school property, that he/she carried a weapon on school property, that he/she were in a physical fight on school property, or that he/she were picked on or bullied on school property have decreased since the 2008 survey. Figure 1 The analyses of the data obtained from the survey are quite extensive but are not intended to be exhaustive. Rather, it is believed that the data and highlights contained within this report will provide insights for future decisions pertaining to the well-being of Arizona youth. LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** State 2010 Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol State 2008 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol State 2006 MTF * Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010. ** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 xii Figure 2 HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them State 2010 Been Arrested State 2008 Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks State 2006 MTF*/BH Norm** *(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future values. **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 xiii Figure 3 RISK PROFILE 2010 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment xiv Arizona Youth Survey 2010 BH Norm State 2010 State 2008 State 2006 Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: eight or more risk factors, 10th & 12th grades: nine or more risk factors.) Figure 4 PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement State 2010 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* Belief in the Moral Order State 2008 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement State 2006 BH Norm * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. ** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have five or more protective factors operating in their lives. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 xv Figure 5 SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 State of Arizona, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Picked On or Bullied on School Property State 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School State 2006 State 2010 Note: Not all states that comprise the BH Norm data ask school safety questions. Therefore, no BH Norm value is reported. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 xvi I Introduction In 2002, the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission made a decision to change the substance abuse survey instrument to a model that would benefit multiple state agencies and generate data that are comparable to data collected at a national level. The Arizona Youth Survey is based upon the nationally recognized Risk and Protective Factor model, which is used by numerous state agencies throughout the United States. The Risk and Protective Factor model was developed in 1989 by J. David Hawkins, Ph.D. and Richard F. Catalano, Ph.D. at the University of Washington as a comprehensive prevention model. The Risk and Protective Factor model identifies "the factors that increase and mitigate the likelihood of delinquent involvement and other dysfunctional behaviors. The model emphasizes the need for community-wide efforts to ameliorate those risk factors” (Office of Juvenile Justice and The survey was Delinquency Prevention, 1995). August Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416 requires the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission to conduct a statewide survey that is designed to measure the prevalence and frequency of substance abuse by youth, as well as the attitudes youth hold toward substance abuse. To comply with Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416 the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center conducts a biennial Arizona Youth Survey. This survey is administered to a statewide sample of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students attending public and charter middle and high schools throughout Arizona. The 2010 Arizona Youth Survey was conducted by the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission with technical assistance from Bach Harrison, L.L.C. The 2010 Arizona Youth Survey is conducted by the result of a partnership among the Arizona Criminal the Arizona Risk-and-protective-factor-focused prevention is based on Criminal Justice Justice Commission; Governor’s Office for Children, a simple premise: to prevent a problem from happening, Commission and Youth and Families; Arizona’s Parent’s Commission we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that Bach Harrison, L.L.C. on Drug Education and Prevention; the Arizona Juvenile problem developing while simultaneously identifying those Justice Commission; The Arizona Department of Health factors that decrease the problem from developing; and then find Services; and the Office of Problem Gambling. The successful ways to reduce risk factor levels and build upon the protective factors. implementation of the Arizona Youth Survey can also be attributed to The substance abuse prevention field has evolved over time, often through empirical-based research. The theoretical development and rigorous strong collaborative efforts and support from the Arizona Department of Education, the Tobacco Education and Prevention Program and the Arizona empirical-based research in substance abuse prevention and programming in State University. Finally, the cooperation of local prevention coordinators, recent years are among the most important developments in the field. The school administrators, teachers, and students directly contributed to the focus has been on risk and protective factors as a unifying descriptive and predictive framework for developing and evaluating prevention programs. success of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 1 Substance abuse prevention programs aim to deter the onset of alcohol, tobacco and other drug use by changing the individuals’ knowledge, attitudes and behaviors. Researchers with the Social Development Research Group at the University of Washington have defined areas of risk that affect youth problem behaviors within the community, family, school, and peer/individual domains. Likewise, protective factors have been identified and include prosocial opportunities, rewards for prosocial involvement, and developing prosocial skills within the community, family, school, and peer/individual domains. Initiation of substance abuse and risk factor behaviors at an early age affect the involvement of the youth within the community, family, school, and peer group setting (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, 2004). The 2010 Arizona Youth Survey was administered between January and April 2010 in Arizona public and charter schools. The statewide effort encompassed all 15 counties and 372 schools, which resulted in the participation of 63,784 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students throughout Arizona (figure represents honest/valid participation only). School principals and teachers were provided detailed instructions for administering the survey. Students’ anonymity was emphasized through a teacher-read script which instructed students not to put their names on the survey. Upon completion, all surveys were returned and electronically scanned by Bach Harrison L.L.C. This report is organized into five sections: 1. Survey Methods: describes how the survey was conducted, who participated, and the procedures used to ensure that valid information was collected. 2. Risk and Protective Factors and Scales: provides a description of the risk and protective factor model of substance abuse prevention, including the four domains of risk and protection (community, family, school, and peer/ individual). Also included are the risk and protective factor scale scores for grades 8, 10, and 12. 3. Substance Use Outcomes: presents data on recent and lifetime use of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs (ATOD) among Arizona’s youth, and information on other ATOD-related questions (perceived harm, perceived availability, where students obtained alcohol and prescription drugs, and drinking and driving). Some of these results are comparable to the results of the national Monitoring the Future survey. 4. Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results: presents data on heavy substance use and other antisocial behaviors. This section also presents findings that show the correlation of substance use to academic achievement, socioeconomic background, perceived parental approval of substance use, and perceived peer approval of substance use. 5. Summary of Findings: fully summarizes the results and conclusions of the report. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 2 1 Section 1: Survey Methods August The information presented in this report was gathered using the 2010 Arizona by four federal agencies: the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), Safe Youth Survey questionnaire (Appendix A). The survey is intended to provide and Drug Free Schools Program, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency scientifically sound information about the levels of risk and protection in Prevention, and CSAP. a community as well as levels of substance use and anti-social behaviors of youth. Risk factors are those conditions or situations that increase the In addition to measuring risk and protective factors, the survey also measures likelihood that a child will develop one or more health and/or behavior alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use and delinquent behavior. The problems in adolescence. Protective factors are the conditions or situations substances that are measured by the survey include: 1) alcohol; 2) cigarettes; that decrease the likelihood of future behavior problems. Risk and 3) smokeless tobacco; 4) marijuana; 5) hallucinogens; 6) cocaine; 7) protective factors are found in four domains — community, school, inhalants; 8) methamphetamines; 9) heroin; 10) ecstasy; 11) steroids; family, and the peer/individual. The information gathered on risk and 12) prescription pain relievers; 13) prescription stimulants; 14) Besides protective factors, youth drug use, and delinquency is essential prescription sedatives; and 15) over-the-counter drugs. Another measuring risk and in supporting prevention planning, intervention planning, and substance category of “prescription drugs,” which represents protective factors, needs assessment at the local and state levels. use of at least one of the prescription drug substance the survey also assesses categories, was created in order to have comparable data the current prevalence of The topics addressed in this section include the survey to the 2006 prescription drugs question and is included in alcohol, tobacco, questionnaire, how it was administered, the demographics of and other lifetime and past-month substance use charts and tables. Most of participants, completion rates, and the validity of the results. drug use. the questions that ask about substance use are similar to those used in the national survey, Monitoring the Future (MTF), so comparisons Survey Questionnaire between the two surveys can be made easily. The survey questionnaire was originally developed through the combined efforts of six states and the Social Development Research Group at the University of Washington. The collaborative survey development process was a Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) funded project called the Six-State Consortium. The goal of the Consortium was to develop a survey that provided scientifically sound information about the levels of risk and protection in a community. The survey was further refined through the Diffusion Consortium Project that involved seven states and was funded Arizona Youth Survey 2010 There are a total of 14 risk factors and 10 protective factors that are measured by the 2010 survey. However, some of the risk factors are broad enough to require more than one scale for adequate measurement. As a result, there are 21 separate risk factor scales and 10 protective factor scales measured by the survey. Appendix B provides a complete list of the risk and protective factors and the corresponding risk and protective factor scales in the survey. There are approximately four survey items that measure each risk factor. Reliability for the constructs is good (the average value for Cronbach’s alpha = .79). The questionnaire has 142 questions; however, many of the questions 3 have multiple components so students actually responded to a total of 319 items. The questions were printed in a test booklet that was machine scoreable. Most students from all grades could easily complete the questionnaire in one class period. A complete item dictionary that lists the risk and protective factor scales and the items they contain as well as the outcome variables can be seen in Appendix D. Completion Rate and Ability to Generalize the Results Not all 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students in Arizona participated in the survey. Some schools didn’t participate, some students individually chose not to participate, some students’ parents did not give consent for them to participate, and some students were absent on the day the survey was administered. Of the 71,571 students in grades 6 through 12 (67,344 students in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grade) that took the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey 63,784 comprise the final survey pool for the analysis contained in this state report. The final survey pool discussed in this report is only comprised of students in grades 8, 10, and 12 who were deemed to be honest in their responses. Survey Participants The characteristics of the youth who took the survey are presented in Table 3. In the 2010 survey, there were nearly an equal number of males and females who took the survey in all grades (female = 51.0% and males = 49.0%). Table 3 also shows that English is the primary language spoken in 81.3% of homes. An analysis of the family structure of respondents showed that 55.6% lived with both of their biological parents, 15.0% lived in a step-family structure, and 24.2% lived in a single-parent home. In 2010, Race/Ethnicity data began to be collected consistent with the US Census Bureau, which asks race (White, Native American, African American, and Asian or Pacific Islander) and ethnicity (Hispanic or nonHispanic) separately. Race by ethnicity and grade data are displayed in Table 4 on the following pages. Of the 2010 survey respondents, 59.9% of respondents indicated they were of Hispanic ethnic background and 40.1% indicated being non-Hispanic. Within those ethnic categories, 23.2% of Hispanic youth were White, and 73.2% of non-Hispanics were White. Of Hispanic youth, the next biggest racial category was Native American (4.9%), and of non-Hispanic youth, the next biggest racial category was Native American (6.8%) and Multiracial (6.8%). Participation by County Table 5 displays 2010 survey participation rates by county. Every county in the State of Arizona had schools participate in the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey. The data reported show that the percentage of the statewide sample in each county is very close to the percentage of students who completed the AYS. Thus, the survey is a good representation of the students in Arizona. For example, in the state of Arizona, 63.1% of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students live in Maricopa County, 2.1% live in Navajo County, and 1.9% live in Coconino County. Similarly, of the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey participants, 66.5% live in Maricopa County, 2.4% live in Navajo County, and 1.9% live in Coconino County. While the percentage participating for most counties is very close to the percentage enrolled, Pima County is the exception with 14.1% enrolled and 5.6% participating. However, Pima County had 3,574 students complete the survey, which is adequate for most analyses. Tables reporting substance use by county are located in Appendix E of this report. These tables show the total percentage of students in each participating county who used each substance. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 4 Survey Norms and Comparative Data It can be helpful to know how the results from Arizona students compare to the results from a national sample of students. The 2010 Arizona Youth Survey data are compared throughout this report to the national Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey data. State results from the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades are compared to national results from the same grades, when the wording of AYS and MTF questions were the same. It should be noted that the latest national data from MTF are for 2009. The MTF survey is conducted annually by the University of Michigan and is designed to provide ATOD use information from a sample of students representative of the United States as a whole. The survey questions, measurements, and protocol for both the Arizona Youth Survey and the MTF surveys are similar, making most comparisons valid without any additional analysis. More information on the Monitoring the Future survey and survey results can be found at http://www.monitoringthefuture.org. Validity of the Data There were a total of 71,571 survey questionnaires completed. However, not all of the questionnaires contained valid information. Of these surveys, 4,090 (5.7%) were eliminated because respondents were determined to be dishonest, because students did not answer enough of the validity questions to determine whether or not he/she were honest in their responses, or because a student marked a grade that was incompatible with the grade range of the school. Dishonest surveys were eliminated because of five Arizona Youth Survey 2010 predetermined dishonesty indicators — 1) the students indicated that he/she were “Not Honest At All” in completing the survey (1,020 surveys); 2) the students indicated that he/she had used the non-existent drug phenoxydine (2,737 surveys); 3) the students reported an impossibly high level of multiple drug use (1,094 surveys); 4) the students indicated past-month use rates that were higher than lifetime use rates (1,513 surveys); and 5) the students reported an age that was inconsistent with their grade or their school (373 surveys). These surveys were not included in the final analyses. Because the results reported in this state report and in the profile reports focus on data from the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades, an additional 3,621 students in the 6th, 7th, 9th, and 11th grades were also eliminated from these state level results. These 6th, 7th, 9th, and 11th graders took the survey because he/she were attending a class that was largely made up of students in the even grades, or the school chose to survey students in these grades for a more complete description of their students. Further, 76 surveys were eliminated because of students not reporting a grade level or because he/she marked more than one grade level. A total of 7,787 questionnaires were eliminated from most analyses. This is less than the sum of those eliminated according to the criteria cited above because many of those eliminated met more than one criteria for elimination. Other measures to reduce response bias included carefully pretesting the questionnaire to ensure that students understood the meaning of each question, using a well developed and tested administration protocol, and reading the same instructions to all students who participated in the survey. 5 Table 3 Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and Demographic Characteristics for 2010 Survey 8th Grade Number 10th Grade Percent Number 12th Grade Percent Number 2010 Total Percent Number 2008 Total Percent Number 2006 Total Percent Number Percent 27,592 40.9 19,489 28.9 16,703 24.8 63,784 100.0 54,734 100.0 60,401 100.0 Male 13,338 49.3 9,307 48.7 8,000 48.7 30,645 49.0 26,213 48.8 28,381 48.2 Female 13,698 50.7 9,797 51.3 8,433 51.3 31,928 51.0 27,514 51.2 30,505 51.8 31,887 48.8 26,761 45.7 4,812 7.4 3,394 5.8 21,525 32.9 21,376 36.5 African American 3,915 6.0 2,592 4.4 Asian or Pacific Islander 3,232 4.9 1,798 3.1 Total Sample Gender Race/Ethnicity White Native American Hispanic The Method for Gathering and Reporting Race/Ethnicity Data changed in 2010. See Following Table for 2010 Race/Ethnicity Data Family Structure Both Parents 15,692 56.9 10,556 54.2 9,191 55.0 35,439 55.6 30,311 55.4 32,068 56.8 Step-Families 4,236 15.4 3,102 15.9 2,212 13.2 9,550 15.0 8,704 15.9 9,164 16.2 Single Parent 6,481 23.5 4,853 24.9 4,131 24.7 15,465 24.2 12,707 23.2 15,230 27.0 English 21,161 79.6 15,402 81.8 13,490 83.3 50,053 81.3 43,273 80.5 46,011 78.5 Spanish 4,740 17.8 2,909 15.4 2,253 13.9 9,902 16.1 9,219 17.1 11,376 19.4 672 2.5 526 2.8 449 2.8 1,647 2.7 1,265 2.4 1,244 2.1 Language Used at Home Another Language *Numbers and percentages listed here reflect only those students who answered each of the demographic questions. Therefore, the numbers and percentages in the Total column do not add up to the final completion rate indicated in the text of the report. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 6 Table 4 Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and Race/Ethnicity for 2010 Survey 8th Grade Number 10th Grade Percent Number 12th Grade Percent Number 2010 Total Percent Number Percent Hispanic Student marked 'Yes' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American 618 5.3 369 5.0 220 3.8 1,207 4.9 African American 316 2.7 208 2.8 133 2.3 657 2.6 99 0.9 69 0.9 38 0.6 206 0.8 136 1.2 90 1.2 54 0.9 280 1.1 2,751 23.7 1,618 21.8 1,403 24.0 5,772 23.2 539 4.6 307 4.1 175 3.0 1,021 4.1 7,133 61.5 4,769 64.2 3,824 65.4 15,726 63.2 Asian Pacific Islander White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked Non-Hispanic Student marked 'No' to Are you Hispanic or Latino? and marked their race as: Native American 1,017 6.8 834 7.2 666 6.3 2,517 6.8 African American 1,011 6.7 669 5.8 449 4.3 2,129 5.7 Asian 688 4.6 446 3.9 417 4.0 1,551 4.2 Pacific Islander 145 1.0 112 1.0 115 1.1 372 1.0 10,589 70.4 8,454 73.1 8,137 77.5 27,180 73.2 1,253 8.3 760 6.6 526 5.0 2,539 6.8 337 2.2 292 2.5 195 1.9 824 2.2 Hispanic Students 11,592 43.5 7,430 39.1 5,847 35.8 24,869 40.1 Non-Hispanic Students 15,040 56.5 11,567 60.9 10,505 64.2 37,112 59.9 White Multi-Racial Race Unmarked Totals *As a small percentage of students skipped the question Are you Hispanic or Latino? (at the state level, 1,803 students, or 2.8% of the total), the sum of Hispanic and NonHispanic students is less than Total Students Arizona Youth Survey 2010 7 Table 5 Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents and Enrolled School Students by Grade and Participating County for the 2010 Survey 8th Grade 2010 Survey Participation # % 10th Grade 2006-2007 School Year Enrollment Information # % 2010 Survey Participation # % 12th Grade 2006-2007 School Year Enrollment Information # % 2010 Survey Participation # % 2010 Total 2006-2007 School Year Enrollment Information # % 2010 Survey Participation # % 2006-2007 School Year Enrollment Information # % 2008 Survey Participation # % 2006 Survey Participation # % Apache 393 1.4 1,106 1.4 409 2.1 1,037 1.3 303 1.8 1,016 1.3 1,105 1.7 3,159 1.3 300 0.5 871 1.4 Cochise 696 2.5 1,492 1.9 151 0.8 1,606 2.0 142 0.9 1,385 1.8 989 1.6 4,483 1.9 1,163 2.1 1,576 2.6 Coconino 533 1.9 1,385 1.7 370 1.9 1,608 2.0 309 1.8 1,540 2.0 1,212 1.9 4,533 1.9 1,129 2.1 1,107 1.8 Gila 289 1.0 617 0.8 224 1.1 695 0.9 201 1.2 585 0.8 714 1.1 1,897 0.8 835 1.5 831 1.4 Graham 169 0.6 433 0.5 359 1.8 446 0.6 312 1.9 465 0.6 840 1.3 1,344 0.6 788 1.4 885 1.5 79 0.3 152 0.2 99 0.5 137 0.2 77 0.5 135 0.2 255 0.4 424 0.2 162 0.3 239 0.4 126 0.5 194 0.2 146 0.7 216 0.3 94 0.6 183 0.2 366 0.6 593 0.3 349 0.6 376 0.6 19,118 69.3 51,076 63.4 12,105 62.1 49,617 62.3 11,212 67.1 48,085 63.5 42,435 66.5 148,778 63.1 32,929 60.2 36,136 59.8 1,061 3.8 2,089 2.6 776 4.0 2,110 2.7 420 2.5 1,785 2.4 2,257 3.5 5,984 2.5 1,772 3.2 1,877 3.1 Navajo 586 2.1 1,536 1.9 494 2.5 1,684 2.1 459 2.7 1,751 2.3 1,539 2.4 4,971 2.1 1,706 3.1 1,415 2.3 Pima 845 3.1 10,880 13.5 1,487 7.6 11,370 14.3 1,242 7.4 10,900 14.4 3,574 5.6 33,150 14.1 4,961 9.1 7,600 12.6 Pinal 1,633 5.9 3,744 4.6 1,170 6.0 3,013 3.8 757 4.5 2,320 3.1 3,560 5.6 9,077 3.8 2,896 5.3 1,848 3.1 221 0.8 774 1.0 371 1.9 917 1.2 402 2.4 742 1.0 994 1.6 2,433 1.0 1,175 2.1 1,355 2.2 1,033 3.7 2,189 2.7 893 4.6 1,996 2.5 627 3.8 1,917 2.5 2,553 4.0 6,102 2.6 2,853 5.2 1,656 2.7 810 2.9 2,855 3.5 435 2.2 2,988 3.8 146 0.9 2,845 3.8 1,391 2.2 8,688 3.7 1,716 3.1 2,629 4.4 Greenlee La Paz Maricopa Mohave Santa Cruz Yavapai Yuma Arizona Youth Survey 2010 8 2 Section 2: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Use and Other Youth Problem Behaviors The History and Importance of Risk and Protective Factors August The Arizona Youth Survey is based upon the Risk and Protective Factor conditions and prioritize areas of greatest need. By measuring risk and protective Model of Substance Abuse Prevention. In medical research, risk factors factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can have been found for heart disease and other health problems. Through be identified and targeted by preventive interventions that also promote related media campaigns that inform the general public about the risk factors for protective factors. For example, if academic failure is identified as an elevated heart disease, most people are now aware that behaviors such as eating risk factor in a community, then mentoring and tutoring interventions can be high-fat diets, smoking, high cholesterol, being overweight, and lack of provided to improve academic performance and also increase opportunities and exercise place them at risk for heart disease. Just as medical research rewards for classroom participation. discovered the risk factors for heart disease, social scientists have identified a set of risk factors that place young people at risk The risk and protective factors measured by the Arizona Youth Survey Just for the problem behaviors of substance abuse, delinquency, have been organized into four important areas of a young person’s as medical violence, teen pregnancy, and school dropout. They also life — community, family, school, and peer/individual. There research discovered have identified a set of protective factors that help to the risk factors for heart are a total of 14 risk factors and 10 protective factors that are disease, social scientists buffer the harmful effects of risk. measured by the 2010 survey. However, some of the risk have defined risk factors that factors are broad enough to require more than one scale place youth at risk Dr. J. David Hawkins, Dr. Richard F. Catalano, and their for adequate measurement. As a result, there are 21 separate for problem colleagues at the University of Washington have reviewed risk factor scales and 10 protective factor scales measured by the behaviors. more than 30 years of existing work on risk factors from various survey. Appendix B provides a complete list of the risk and protective fields and have completed extensive work of their own to identify factors and the corresponding risk and protective factor scales in the risk factors for youth problem behaviors. They identified risk factors survey. in important areas of daily life: 1) the community, 2) the family, 3) the school, and 4) within individuals themselves and their peer interactions. The remainder of this section of the report is organized according to the four Many of the problem behaviors faced by youth — delinquency, substance domains. For each domain, the definition of each risk factor is presented and abuse, violence, school dropout, and teen pregnancy — share many then risk and protective results gathered from the Arizona Youth Survey are common risk factors. Programs designed to reduce those common risk provided by grade. Risk and protective factor charts are also provided to illustrate factors will have the benefit of reducing several problem behaviors. Arizona risk and protection in a visual format. On the following page is more information about how to read and interpret the risk and protective charts. The Risk and Protective Factor Model and data from the Arizona Youth Survey can be used to help school and community planners assess current Arizona Youth Survey 2010 9 How to Read the Risk and Protective Factor Charts in This Section It is important that the reader gain an understanding of the cut-points that are used to create the risk and protective factor scale scores presented in this section. These cut-points are an important component of the risk and protective factor tables in this section. Cut-Points Before the percentage of youth at risk on a given scale could be calculated, a scale value or cut-point needed to be determined that would separate the at-risk group from the group that was not at-risk. The Prevention Needs Assessment survey instrument was designed to assess adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. Because risk and protective factor model surveys have been given to thousands of youth in the Six-State and SevenState Consortium Projects, it was possible to select two groups of youth nationwide, one that was more at-risk for problem behaviors and another group that was less at-risk. A cut-point score was then determined for each risk and protective factor scale that best divided the youth from the two groups into their appropriate group, more at-risk or less at-risk. The Arizona Youth Survey 2010 criteria for selecting the more at-risk and the less at-risk groups included academic grades (the more at-risk group received “D” and “F” grades, the less at-risk group received “A” and “B” grades); alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use (the more at-risk group had more regular use, the less at-risk group had no drug use and use of alcohol or tobacco on only a few occasions); and antisocial behavior (the more at-risk group had two or more serious delinquent acts in the past year, the less at-risk group had no serious delinquent acts). The cut-points that were determined by analyzing the results of the more atrisk and less at-risk groups will remain constant and will be used to produce the profiles for future surveys. Because the cut-points for each scale will remain fixed, the percentage of youth above the cut-point on a scale (at-risk) will provide a method for evaluating the progress of prevention programs over time. For example, if the percentage of youth at risk for family conflict in a community prior to implementing a community-wide family/parenting program was 60% and then decreased to 50% one year after the program was implemented, the program could be viewed as helping to reduce family conflict. 10 Community Risk and Protective Factors When looking at the community domain, it is important to consider more than how members of a community interact with the youth of the community. Youth benefit from living in an area where neighbors and community members show concern for them, offer them support, and give encouragement and praise. However, youth also benefit from living in a community that functions in a socially healthy manner. What is the community like? Are drugs and guns readily available? Is there an active presence of law enforcement officers in the community? Is the community lacking in economic resources? Do community members, businesses, or police turn a blind eye toward drug use and antisocial behaviors or condone such behaviors? Is there a sense of community disorganization or does the community have a common set of shared norms and expectations of behavior? All of these community issues, and more, play significant roles in shaping the behaviors of the youth that live within a particular community. By understanding how youth perceive their neighborhood, Arizona communities can get a better sense of how they need to change in order to reduce the risk that youth will participate in problem behaviors. Definitions of all community domain risk factors, as well as scale scores for the community domain are provided on the next pages. Table 6 below shows the links between the community risk factors and the five problem behaviors. Check marks have been placed in this and similar tables to indicate where at least two welldesigned, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Table 6 Violence School Dropout Teen Pregnancy Delinquency YOUTH AT RISK Substance Abuse PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Community Availability of Drugs  Availability of Firearms       Low Neighborhood Attachment   Extreme Economic and Social Deprivation   Community Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms, and Crime Media Portrayals of Violence Arizona Youth Survey 2010  Availability of Drugs (Linked to Substance Abuse and Violence) The more available drugs are in a community, the higher the risk that young people will abuse drugs in that community. Perceived availability of drugs is also associated with risk. For example, in schools where students just think drugs are more available, a higher rate of drug use occurs. Availability of Firearms (Linked to Delinquency and Violence) Firearm availability and firearm homicide have increased together since the late 1950s. If a gun is present in the home, it is much more likely to be used against a relative or friend than an intruder or stranger. Also, when a firearm is used in a crime or assault instead of another weapon or no weapon, the outcome is much more likely to be fatal. While a few studies report no association between firearm availability and violence, more studies show a positive relationship. Given the lethality of firearms, the increase in the likelihood of conflict escalating into homicide when guns are present, and the strong association between availability of guns and homicide rates, firearm availability is included as a risk factor. Community Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms, and Crime (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Community norms, the attitudes and policies a community holds about drug use and crime, are communicated in a variety of ways: through laws and written policies, through informal social practices, and through the expectations parents and other community members have of young people. When laws and community standards are favorable toward drug use or crime, or even if they are just unclear, youth are at higher risk.     11 Media Portrayals of Violence (Linked to Violence) The role of media violence on the behavior of viewers, especially young viewers, has been debated for more than three decades. Research over that time period has shown a clear correlation between media portrayal of violence and the development of aggressive and violent behavior. Exposure to violence in the media appears to have an impact on children in several ways: 1) children learn violent behavior from watching actors model that behavior, 2) they learn violent problem-solving strategies, and 3) media portrayals of violence appear to alter children’s attitudes and sensitivity to violence. Please note that a scale has not been developed for this risk factor, and the Arizona Youth Survey does not gather results for this risk factor. Low Neighborhood Attachment (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Higher rates of drug problems, juvenile delinquency and violence occur in communities or neighborhoods where people have little attachment to the community, where the rates of vandalism are high, and where there is low surveillance of public places. These conditions are not limited to low-income neighborhoods; they can also be found in wealthier neighborhoods. The less homogeneous a community (in terms of race, class, religion, and even the mix of industrial to residential neighborhoods), the less connected its residents may feel to the overall community, and the more difficult it is to establish clear community goals and identity. The challenge of creating neighborhood attachment and organization is greater in these neighborhoods. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Perhaps the most significant issue affecting community attachment is whether residents feel they can make a difference in their own lives. If the key players in the neighborhood, such as merchants, teachers, police, and human services personnel, live outside the neighborhood, residents’ sense of commitment will be less. Lower rates of voter participation and parental involvement in schools also indicate lower attachment to the community. Extreme Economic Deprivation (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Children who live in deteriorating and crime-ridden neighborhoods characterized by extreme poverty are more likely to develop problems with delinquency, violence, teen pregnancy, and school dropout. Children who live in these areas and have behavior and adjustment problems early in life are also more likely to have problems with drugs later on. Please note that a scale has not been developed for this risk factor, and the Arizona Youth Survey does not gather results for this risk factor. 12 Community Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors In all grades, a majority of Arizona survey participants in 2010 were not at-risk in the community domain. Table 7 shows that Perceived Availability of Drugs was the highest scaled score for the 8th grade with 36.9% of 8th graders at risk for this scale. In the 10th and 12th grades, Low Neighborhood Attachment was the highest scale score (43.6% at risk in the 10th grade, 47.3% at risk in the 12th grade). Protective Factors There is one protective factor scale for the community domain – Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. Rates of Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement were as follows for each grade: 32.9% in the 8th grade, 38.0% in the 10th grade, 37.0% in the 12th grade, and 35.6% for all grades combined. Table 7 Community Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores RISK FACTORS Low Neighborhood Attachment 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 40.7 38.5 35.9 46.9 46.2 43.6 49.8 51.0 47.3 45.0 43.8 41.3 Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use 37.8 36.6 35.0 42.5 42.1 41.8 34.6 36.3 35.5 38.6 38.1 37.2 Perceived Availability of Drugs 38.1 38.2 36.9 48.8 49.6 42.9 51.3 52.2 43.8 44.8 45.0 40.6 Perceived Availability of Handguns 37.0 37.8 33.4 27.6 26.7 22.3 34.1 33.1 26.5 33.2 33.4 28.2 PROTECTIVE FACTORS Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 30.4 31.3 32.9 36.3 35.4 38.0 35.2 33.2 37.0 33.5 33.0 35.6 Appendix E contains risk and protective factor charts for the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. All of these profile charts contain all of the risk and protective factors with comparisons to Three administrations (2006, 2008, and 2010) of risk and protective the 2008 and 2010 state survey data. factor data are presented in this State Report. Data presented in Table 7 depicts changes in risk and protective factor rates since the 2006 and 2008 surveys. Since the 2008 survey, rates of Low Neighborhood Attachment decreased 2.6% to 3.7% in each grade and 2.5% for all grades combined; rates of Perceived Availability of Drugs decreased 1.3% to 8.4% in each grade and 4.4% for all grades combined; and rates of Perceived Availability of Handguns decreased 4.4% to 6.6% in each grade and 5.2% for all grades combined. While the Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use scale showed a significant decrease of 1.6% in the 8th grade since 2008, changes for the 10th and 12th grades were minimal. Comparisons to Previously Gathered AYS Survey Data In regard to the Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement scale, the 8th grade showed a 1.6% increase in protection since 2008, the 10th grade showed a 2.6% increase in protection since 2008, the 12th grade showed a 3.8% increase in protection since 2008, and the all-grade total showed a 2.6% increase in protection since 2008. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 13 Family Risk and Protective Factors For the family domain, one must consider more than parents’ personal interaction with their children. Youth benefit from being bonded with their family, and from belonging to a family in which their parents offer support, encouragement, and praise. Other important factors that can contribute to youth problem behaviors are whether or not the youth’s parents or siblings have used substances, approve of the use of substances, or have participated in antisocial behaviors. If a youth’s living situation is full of conflict (fights and arguments) and disorganization (lack of family communication or parents’ not knowing the whereabouts or doings of their children), the youth is also at risk for problem behaviors. Definitions of all family domain risk factors, as well as scores for the family domain are provided on the following pages. Table 8 below shows the links between the family risk factors and the five problem behaviors. Table 8 Substance Abuse Delinquency Teen Pregnancy School Dropout Violence PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Family History of the Problem Behavior      Family Management Problems      Family Conflict      Favorable Parental Attitudes and Involvement In the Problem Behavior   YOUTH AT RISK Family Arizona Youth Survey 2010  Family History of the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) If children are raised in a family with a history of addiction to alcohol or other drugs, the risk of their having alcohol and other drug problems themselves increases. If children are born or raised in a family with a history of criminal activity, their risk of juvenile delinquency increases. Similarly, children who are raised by a teenage mother are more likely to become teen parents, and children of dropouts are more likely to drop out of school themselves. Family Management Problems (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Poor family management practices include lack of clear expectations for behavior, failure of parents to monitor their children (knowing where they are and who they are with), and excessively severe or inconsistent punishment. Family Conflict (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Persistent, serious conflict between primary care givers or between care givers and children appears to enhance risk for children raised in these families. Conflict between family members appears to be more important than family structure. Whether the family is headed by two biological parents, a single parent, or some other primary care giver, children raised in families high in conflict appear to be at risk for all of the problem behaviors. 14 Favorable Parental Attitudes and Involvement In the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Parental attitudes and behavior toward drugs, crime, and violence influence the attitudes and behavior of their children. Parental approval of young people’s moderate drinking, even under parental supervision, increases the risk of the young person using marijuana. Similarly, children of parents who excuse their children for breaking the law are more likely to develop problems with juvenile delinquency. In families where parents display violent behavior toward those outside or inside the family, there is an increase in the risk that a child will become violent. Further, in families where parents involve children in their own drug or alcohol behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or to get the parent a beer, there is an increased likelihood that their children will become substance abusers in adolescence. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 15 Family Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors In all grades, a majority of Arizona survey respondents were not at-risk in the family domain. Table 9 shows that the Family Conflict scale was the high scale score for the 8th grade (53.1% at risk), while the Parent Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior was the highest scaled score for the 10th (50.0% at risk) and 12th (48.6% at risk) grades. Protective Factors There are three protective factor scales for the family domain – Family Attachment, Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement, and Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. The highest protective factor score in the 8th and 10th grades was Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement (61.7% in the 8th grade, 54.9% in the 10th grade), while the highest scale score in the 12th grade was Family Attachment (56.6% at risk). Table 9 Family Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores RISK FACTORS 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 Poor Family Management 47.9 45.5 43.7 45.0 42.8 40.6 44.8 44.3 41.2 46.1 44.4 42.1 Family Conflict 52.2 53.5 53.1 42.2 42.8 42.1 38.3 38.3 39.1 45.3 46.5 45.9 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 42.7 40.3 39.3 43.2 41.1 41.5 38.6 37.3 37.4 41.8 39.8 39.4 Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB 48.5 49.3 47.7 50.0 53.4 50.0 45.9 50.2 48.6 48.3 50.8 48.6 Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 29.1 26.8 24.7 41.1 41.1 37.9 40.1 41.2 38.6 35.9 34.6 32.4 PROTECTIVE FACTORS 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 Family Attachment 48.7 51.5 51.1 44.1 46.1 45.6 57.1 56.2 56.6 49.3 51.1 50.9 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 57.4 59.7 59.7 53.0 54.0 54.6 55.9 55.2 56.4 55.5 56.9 57.2 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 60.6 61.4 61.7 54.9 55.1 54.9 56.9 55.8 56.4 57.7 58.1 58.2 Comparisons to Previously Gathered AYS Survey Data Three administrations (2006, 2008, and 2010) of risk and protective factor data are presented in this state report. Data presented in Table 9 depicts changes in risk and protective factor rates since the 2006 and 2008 surveys. As can be seen in Table 9, there were many positive decreases in risk in all grades. For the Poor Family Management scale, risk decreased 1.8% to 3.1% in each grade and 2.3% for all grades combined. The Parental Attitudes Favorable toward Antisocial Behavior scale decreased 1.6% to 3.4% in each grade and 2.2% for all grades combined, and the Parental Attitudes Favorable toward Drug Use scale decreased 2.1% to 3.2% in each grade and 2.2% for all grades combined. While the 8th grade scale score for Family History of Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Antisocial Behavior decreased 1.0% since 2008, all other scale scores for that scale and for the Family Conflict scale were relatively unchanged. The only significant increase in family domain protection since 2008 was in 12th grade Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement, which increased 1.2%, from 55.2% in 2008 to 56.4% in 2010. Appendix E contains risk and protective factor charts for the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. All of these profile charts contain all of the risk and protective factors with comparisons to the 2006 and 2008 state survey data. 16 School Risk and Protective Factors Lack of commitment to school means the young person has ceased to see the role of student as a viable one. Young people who have lost this commitment to school are at higher risk for all five problem behaviors. Table 10 Violence PROBLEM BEHAVIORS School Dropout Definitions of all school domain risk factors, as well as scores for the school domain are provided on the next pages. Table 10 below shows the links between the school risk factors and the five problem behaviors. Lack of Commitment to School (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Teen Pregnancy As with the community and family domains, bonding at the school level also decreases risk and increases protection. When students have healthy relationships with their teachers, when they feel as if they are able to play an active role in their classes and in their school, and when they receive encouragement and support, they are more bonded to their school and their commitment to school is less likely to falter. Beginning in the late elementary grades, academic failure increases the risk of drug abuse, delinquency, violence, teen pregnancy, and school dropout. Students fail for many reasons. It appears that the experience of failure, not necessarily the student’s ability, increases the risk of problem behaviors. Delinquency These two factors (academic failure and early engagement in antisocial behavior) indicate that prevention programs should begin early in a student’s schooling. Programs that can effectively target the needs of the school population will help to decrease the level of risk, thereby decreasing problem behaviors. The Arizona data will help schools target the problem behaviors and student populations that have the greatest need for services. Academic Failure in Elementary School (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Substance Abuse In the school domain, the early years are important as far as creating or decreasing the level of risk for children. Academic failure in elementary school puts children at risk for substance use, delinquency, teen pregnancy, school drop out, and violence later in life. Further, a child with early and persistent antisocial behavior is at risk for substance use and other problems later in life. Academic Failure Beginning in Late Elementary School      Lack of Commitment to School      YOUTH AT RISK School Arizona Youth Survey 2010 17 School Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors There are two risk factor scales for the school domain – Academic Failure and Low Commitment to School. Risk factor scale scores in this domain were the highest for Academic Failure in all grades (45.5% at risk in the 8th grade, 48.5% at risk in the 10th grade, and 40.6% at risk in the 12th grade). Protective Factors There are also two protective factor scales for the school domain – School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement and School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. The highest protective factor scale score for all grades was School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement (63.0% in the 8th grade, 65.6% in the 10th grade, 67.6% in the 12th grade). Comparisons to Previously Gathered AYS Survey Data Three administrations (2006, 2008, and 2010) of risk and protective factor data are presented in this section. Data presented in Table 11 depicts changes in risk and protective factor rates since the 2006 and 2008 surveys. There were many positive decreases in risk in Arizona from 2008 to 2010. Academic Failure scale scores decreased 1.8% in the 8th grade, 1.0% in the 10th grade, and 3.8% in the 12th grade. Low Commitment Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Table 11 School Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores RISK FACTORS 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 Academic Failure 48.6 47.3 45.5 51.6 49.5 48.5 44.1 44.4 40.6 48.5 47.3 45.1 Low Commitment to School 41.1 41.0 41.0 40.1 43.7 41.7 43.0 45.6 42.2 41.3 42.9 41.5 PROTECTIVE FACTORS 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 59.1 60.3 63.0 62.9 62.4 65.6 65.2 64.3 67.6 61.7 61.9 65.0 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 50.7 51.2 52.0 62.3 59.8 61.2 48.0 45.4 46.9 53.9 52.4 53.5 to School scale scores decreased 2.0% in the 10th grade and 3.4% in the 12th grade. As for protective factors in the school domain, the School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement scale scores showed positive increases for all grades since 2008 (increased 2.7% in the 8th grade, 3.2% in the 10th grade, and 3.3% in the 12th grade). While the 8th grade School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement scale score was relatively unchanged since 2008, the 10th grade score for this scale increased 1.4% since 2008 and the 12th grade score increased 1.5% since 2008. Appendix E contains risk and protective factor charts for the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. All of these profile charts contain all of the risk and protective factors with comparisons to the 2006 and 2008 state survey data. 18 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factors The final domain of a student’s life — peer/individual — consists of much more than mere peer pressure. While students are at risk for problem behaviors when they have friends who are engaging in unfavorable behaviors or their friends have favorable attitudes toward the behaviors (i.e. it is seen as “cool”), the peer/individual domain also consists of several factors that spring from the individual. For example, students who are depressed, rebellious, or who feel alienated are more likely to use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior. Other constitutional factors also play a part in whether or not a student is at risk for ATOD use or antisocial behaviors. Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Definitions of all peer/individual domain risk and protective factors, as well as a description of individual characteristics, bonding, and healthy beliefs and clear standards, are presented in this section. Also in this discussion of peer/ individual risk factors, scores for the scales in this domain are provided in the form of tables and charts. Table 12 below shows the links between the peer/ individual risk factors and the five problem behaviors. This risk factor also includes persistent antisocial behavior in early adolescence, like misbehaving in school, skipping school, and getting into fights with other children. Young people, both girls and boys, who engage in these behaviors during early adolescence are at increased risk for drug abuse, delinquency, teen pregnancy, school dropout, and violence. Alienation, Rebelliousness, and Lack of Bonding to Society (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and School Dropout) Table 12 Substance Abuse Delinquency Teen Pregnancy School Dropout Violence PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior      Rebelliousness   Friends Who Engage in a Problem Behavior   Gang Involvement   Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior     Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior     Constitutional Factors   YOUTH AT RISK Peer/Individual Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Boys who are aggressive in grades K-3 are at higher risk for substance abuse and delinquency. When a boy’s aggressive behavior in the early grades is combined with isolation or withdrawal, there is an even greater risk of problems in adolescence. This increased risk also applies to aggressive behavior combined with hyperactivity or attention deficit disorder.         Young people who feel they are not part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society are at higher risk of drug abuse, delinquency, and school dropout. Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Youth who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are much more likely to engage in the same problem behaviors. This is one of the most consistent predictors of youth problem behaviors that the research has identified. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, just hanging out with those who engage in problem behaviors greatly increases their risks. However, young people who experience a low number of risk factors are less likely to associate with those who are involved in problem behaviors. 19 Gang Involvement (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, School Dropout, and Violence) Youth who belong to gangs or who have friends that belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. The risk factors associated with gang involvement are well known as many gang-related crimes and events are covered by local media. Gang membership has been linked to violence, shootings, destruction of public property, and involvement in other illegal behaviors including distribution of drugs. Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, and School Dropout) During the elementary school years, children usually express anti-drug, anticrime, prosocial attitudes. They have difficulty imagining why people use drugs, commit crimes, and drop out of school. In middle school, as others they know participate in such activities, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. This places them at higher risk. Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) The earlier young people begin using drugs, committing crimes, engaging in violent activity, becoming sexually active, and dropping out of school, the greater the likelihood that they will have problems with these behaviors later on. For example, research shows that young people who initiate drug use before age 15 are at twice the risk of having drug problems as those who begin using after age 19. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Constitutional Factors (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Constitutional factors are factors that may have a biological or physiological basis. These factors are often seen in young people with behaviors such as sensation seeking, low harm avoidance, and lack of impulse control. These factors appear to increase the risk of young people abusing drugs, engaging in delinquent behavior, and/or committing violent acts. Many young people who are exposed to multiple risk factors do not become substance abusers, juvenile delinquents, teen parents, or school dropouts. Balancing the risk factors are protective factors, those aspects of people’s lives that counter risk factors or provide buffers against them. They protect by either reducing the impact of the risks or by changing the way a person responds to the risks. A key strategy to counter risk factors is to enhance protective factors that promote positive behavior, health, well-being, and personal success. Research indicates that protective factors fall into three basic categories: Individual Characteristics, Bonding, and Healthy Beliefs and Clear Standards. Individual Characteristics Research has identified four individual characteristics as protective factors. These attributes are considered to be inherent in the youngster and are difficult, if not impossible, to change. They consist of: Gender. Given equal exposure to risks, girls are less likely to develop health and behavior problems in adolescence than are boys. A Resilient Temperament. Young people who have the ability to quickly adjust to or recover from misfortune or changes are at reduced risk. 20 A Positive Social Orientation. Young people who are good natured, enjoy social interactions, and elicit positive attention from others are at reduced risk. Intelligence. Bright children are less likely to become delinquent or drop out of school. However, intelligence does not protect against substance abuse. Bonding Research indicates that one of the most effective ways to reduce children’s risk is to strengthen their bond with positive, prosocial family members, teachers, or other significant adults, and/or prosocial friends. Children who are attached to positive families, friends, schools, and their community, and who are committed to achieving the goals valued by these groups, are less likely to develop problems in adolescence. Children who are bonded to others who hold healthy beliefs are less likely to do things that threaten that bond, such as use drugs, commit crimes, or drop out of school. For example, if children are attached to their parents and want to please them, they will be less likely to risk breaking this connection by doing things of which their parents strongly disapprove. Studies of successful children who live in highrisk neighborhoods or situations indicate that strong bonds with a caregiver can keep children from getting into trouble. Positive bonding makes up for many disadvantages caused by risk factors or environmental characteristics. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Healthy Beliefs and Clear Standards Bonding is only part of the protective equation. Research indicates that another group of protective factors falls into the category of healthy beliefs and clear standards. The people with whom children are bonded need to have clear, positive standards for behavior. The content of these standards is what protects young people. For example, being opposed to youth alcohol and drug use is a standard that has been shown to protect young people from the damaging effects of substance abuse risk factors. Children whose parents have high expectations for their school success and achievement are less likely to drop out of school. A similar protective effect is found when parents have clear standards against criminal activity and early, unprotected sexual activity. The negative effects of risk factors can be reduced when schools, families, and/or peer groups teach young people healthy beliefs and set clear standards for their behavior. Examples of healthy beliefs include believing it is best for children to be drug and crime free and to do well in school. Examples of clear standards include establishing clear no drug and alcohol family rules, establishing the expectation that a youngster does well in school, and having consistent family rules against problem behaviors. 21 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors When looking at the grades individually, the highest Peer/Individual domain risk score for youth in the 8th and 10th grades was Interaction with Antisocial Peers (55.8% at risk in the 8th grade, 56.3% in the 10th grade). The highest scale score in the 12th grade was Peer/Individual Rewards for Antisocial Behavior (57.1% at risk). Protective Factors There are five protective factor scales for the peer/individual domain. In the 8th and 10th grades, the highest protective factor score was Belief in the Moral Order (60.3% with protection in the 8th grade, 69.4% with protection in the 10th grade). In the 12th grade, the highest scale score was Interaction with Prosocial Peers (57.3% with protection). Comparisons to Previously Gathered AYS Survey Data Three administrations (2006, 2008, and 2010) of risk and protective factor data are featured in this section. Data presented in Table 13 depicts changes in risk and protective factor rates since the 2006 and 2008 surveys. Since the 2008 Arizona Youth Survey, positive risk factor scale score decreases were identified for all grades for Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior (decreases of 1.4% to 2.6% in each grade), Early Initiation of Drug Use (decreases of 1.0% to 3.5% in each grade), Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior (decreases of 3.2% to 6.0% in each grade), and Interaction with Antisocial Peers (decreases of 1.0% to 2.4% in each grade). There were two scales that showed significant increases in all grades since the 2008 survey: Perceived Risk of Drug Use (increases of 3.3% to 3.9% in each grade) and Peer Rewards for Antisocial Behavior (increases of 2.5% to 2.8% in each grade). In regard to Peer/Individual domain protective factor scale score changes since 2008, there were positive increases in protection in all grades for the following two scales: Interaction with Prosocial Peers (increases of Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Table 13 Peer-Individual Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores RISK FACTORS 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 Rebelliousness 43.8 43.1 43.8 47.5 46.8 47.6 44.3 44.0 44.6 45.1 44.4 45.1 Early Initiation of ASB 40.2 39.4 37.6 42.4 42.0 40.6 38.8 41.2 38.6 40.6 40.6 38.8 Early Initiation of Drug Use 35.2 30.3 29.3 36.6 32.7 31.0 34.1 33.1 29.6 35.4 31.7 29.9 Attitudes Favorable to ASB 46.2 44.6 41.4 49.7 50.7 44.7 45.6 46.9 41.7 47.2 46.9 42.4 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 32.4 29.1 29.3 36.6 37.4 36.2 34.6 36.3 35.9 34.3 33.2 33.1 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 45.4 44.5 47.8 39.2 42.3 45.9 40.5 46.5 50.4 42.2 44.3 47.9 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 58.4 58.2 55.8 58.1 57.3 56.3 52.0 53.2 51.5 56.8 56.8 54.8 Friend's Use of Drugs 41.3 39.4 39.4 43.2 41.9 42.6 35.9 37.3 38.1 40.7 39.7 40.0 Rewards for ASB 48.7 45.6 48.2 45.0 44.0 46.8 53.8 54.6 57.1 48.7 47.3 50.1 Gang Involvement 26.3 26.9 20.8 23.9 23.2 20.9 16.3 16.8 16.1 23.0 23.4 19.6 PROTECTIVE FACTORS 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 Belief in the Moral Order 54.3 59.4 60.3 62.6 66.5 69.4 51.2 53.6 56.4 56.3 60.1 62.0 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* 50.1 53.1 54.7 54.1 55.3 57.5 53.7 52.5 57.3 52.2 53.6 56.2 Prosocial Involvement 37.7 39.0 40.0 39.3 41.2 45.3 39.1 36.4 41.9 38.5 39.0 42.1 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 58.8 59.4 59.2 61.1 59.7 61.7 53.4 52.2 55.6 58.3 57.8 59.0 *Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. 1.6% to 4.8% in each grade) and Prosocial Involvement (increases of 1.0% to 5.5% in each grade). Appendix E contains risk and protective factor charts for the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. All of these profile charts contain all of the risk and protective factors with comparisons to the 2006 and 2008 state survey data. 22 3 Section 3: Substance Use Outcomes Age of Initiation The earlier young people begin using drugs, committing crimes, engaging in violent activity, and becoming involved in other behaviors, the greater the likelihood that they will have problems with these behaviors later on. The Arizona Youth Survey asks students to report how old they were when, if ever, they first used ATODs. Asking students to report their age of first substance use allows the average age when students generally begin using a substance to be determined. This not only gives prevention planners an age group in which to target interventions, but also gives the state of Arizona a better idea of the seriousness of the problem—the younger the age of initiation, the more serious the problem is. Through future surveys, age of initiation can be tracked; and if prevention programs are successful, the age of initiation will increase over time. In Table 14 on this page and Figure 6 on the following page, the average age of first use is reported. Students begin using cigarettes at a younger age than other drugs. The average age of first use of cigarettes in 2010 was 12.9 years. The age of first cigarette use has increased by 0.4 years since the 2006 survey. For alcohol use, a distinction can be made between the first experimental use of alcohol (having more than a sip or two of alcohol) and the first regular use of alcohol (drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, or at least once or twice a month). Arizona students, on average, reported having their first drink of alcohol (having more than a sip or two of alcohol) at age 13.1 years in 2010, while the average age of first regular use of alcohol (drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, or at least once or twice a month) was over a year later at age 14.3 years. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Table 14 Age of Initiation Average Age of First Use Drug Used 2006 2008 2010 First Cigarette Use 12.5 12.7 12.9 First Marijuana Use 13.2 13.5 13.6 First Alcohol Sip or More 12.8 12.9 13.1 First Regular Alcohol Use 14.2 14.3 14.3 First Methamphetamine Use 14.1 14.0 13.8 The survey results also show that those students who have used marijuana, on average, try marijuana at a younger age than students who began regularly using alcohol. In 2010, the average age of initiation for marijuana use was 13.6 years, while students began regularly using alcohol at 14.3 years. Of the students who reported having used methamphetamines at least once in their lifetime, the average age of first use was 13.8 years. 23 Figure 6 Average Age of First Substance Use (2006, 2008, 2010) 2004 2008 2006 First Methamphetamine Use 13.8 14.1 14.0 14.2 14.3 14.3 First Regular Alcohol Use 12.8 12.9 First Alcohol Sip or More 13.2 First Marijuana Use 12.5 First Cigarette Use 11.5 13.1 12.0 12.5 12.7 13.5 13.6 12.9 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 Student age in years Arizona Youth Survey 2010 24 Lifetime ATOD Use, By Grade Arizona Lifetime Usage 2010 Results Compared to Past Survey Results Lifetime use is seen as a good measure of youth experimentation with alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. As can be seen in Figures 7 and 8, the most commonly used substances are alcohol (58.2% of Arizona survey participants in the 2010 survey have used at least once), cigarettes (34.0% have used), marijuana (29.9% have used), prescription drugs (21.5% have used), prescription pain relievers (16.8% have used), inhalants (12.3% have used) and over-the-counter drugs (11.8% have used). Table 15 also shows that lifetime use of alcohol in all grades has significantly decreased since the 2008 survey, with alcohol use decreasing 2.0% to 2.7% in each grade. Further, 8th and 10th grade rates of lifetime smokeless tobacco use significantly decreased since the 2008 survey, and 10th and 12th grade lifetime use of cocaine and prescription pain relievers decreased since the 2008 survey. When looking at the Arizona and MTF survey results (Table 15), a lower percentage of Arizona survey participants in all grades have had lifetime experience with prescription stimulants compared to youth in the same grades in the national survey. Additionally, a lower percentage of 8th and 10th grade Arizona students have had lifetime experience with smokeless tobacco than 8th and 10th grade youth in the national MTF sample. However, Arizona students in all grades indicated higher cigarette, marijuana, ecstasy, and prescription pain reliever use than students in the same grades in the national sample. Further, alcohol use rates for Arizona 8th and 10th graders were also higher than 8th and 10th grade alcohol use rates in the national sample. Hallucinogen and heroin use rates for Arizona 10th and 12th graders were also higher than 10th and 12th grade hallucinogen and heroin use rates in the national sample. Alcohol use for Arizona youth who took the survey was 8.5% greater for Arizona 8th graders and 5.0% greater for Arizona 10th graders in comparison to national sample youth in the same grades. Cigarette use rates in Arizona were 3.3% to 4.5% higher for each grade than in the MTF sample; marijuana use rates in Arizona were 2.0% to 2.7% higher for each grade than in the MTF sample; ecstasy use rates in Arizona were 1.7% to 4.1% higher for each grade than in the MTF sample; and prescription pain reliever use rates in Arizona were 7.1% to 9.9% higher for each grade than in the national sample. Further, in looking at 2010 results compared to 2006 results, alcohol use has decreased 1.7% to 5.3% in each grade, cigarette use has decreased 3.1% to 7.0% in each grade, cocaine use has decreased 1.3% to 2.8% in each grade, methamphetamine use has decreased 1.9% to 4.1% in each grade, and prescription sedative use has decreased 1.3% to 4.0% in each grade. Complete lifetime use results can be seen in Table 15 on the following page. Figure 7 Lifetime Substance Use: 2006, 2008, and 2010 Arizona State Totals 2006 2008 2010 100 90 Percent of students who have used at least once in their lifetime Arizona Results Compared to National Results 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 25 Figure 8 Lifetime Substance Use: Arizona (2006, 2008, 2010) Compared to National (2009) Arizona 2006 Arizona 2008 Arizona 2010 MTF 2009 100 Percent of students indicating that they used at least once in their lifetime 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Alcohol Cigarettes Chewing Tobacco Marijuana Hallucinogens** Cocaine Inhalants Methamphetamines** Heroin Ecstasy** Steroids 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 0 Prescription Prescription Prescription Prescription Over-thePain Stimulants** Sedatives** Drugs** Counter Relievers* Drugs*Ɨ * Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2010. ** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 26 Table 15 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade 8th Grade Drug Used Arizona Arizona Arizona 2006 2008 2010 10th Grade MTF 2009 Arizona Arizona Arizona 2006 2008 2010 12th Grade MTF 2009 Arizona Arizona Arizona 2006 2008 2010 Total MTF 2009 Arizona Arizona Arizona 2006 2008 2010 Alcohol 50.4 47.8 45.1 36.6 67.6 66.2 64.1 59.1 74.5 74.8 72.8 72.3 61.7 59.6 58.2 Cigarettes 30.8 25.9 23.8 20.1 43.8 39.9 37.2 32.7 50.0 50.8 46.9 43.6 39.6 36.0 34.0 8.0 7.1 7.1 9.6 11.8 12.9 12.5 15.2 15.6 17.7 18.1 16.3 11.0 11.3 11.7 18.3 16.2 17.8 15.7 34.0 32.5 34.3 32.3 42.6 43.1 44.7 42.0 29.2 27.4 29.9 2.1 1.9 2.2 1.7 4.1 5.2 5.9 3.0 5.6 7.9 9.0 3.1 3.6 4.3 5.1 Smokeless Tobacco Marijuana Hallucinogens** 3.6 2.7 2.3 2.6 7.6 6.8 5.3 4.6 11.6 11.2 8.8 6.0 6.8 5.9 5.0 15.2 14.3 14.5 14.9 11.9 12.6 11.8 12.8 9.8 9.2 9.4 9.5 12.9 12.6 12.3 Methamphetamines** 2.6 1.2 0.7 1.6 5.0 2.4 1.6 2.8 6.6 4.0 2.5 2.4 4.3 2.2 1.5 Heroin 1.4 1.0 0.9 1.3 2.1 2.0 2.6 1.5 2.8 3.1 3.4 1.2 2.0 1.8 2.1 Ecstasy** 1.9 2.2 3.9 2.2 3.4 4.9 8.2 5.5 4.4 7.0 10.6 6.5 3.0 4.2 7.0 Steroids 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.3 2.0 2.3 1.8 1.3 2.2 2.4 1.7 2.2 1.9 2.0 1.7 Prescription Pain Relievers* n/a 12.2 11.5 4.4 n/a 20.5 18.9 9.9 n/a 24.6 23.1 13.2 n/a 17.6 16.8 Prescription Stimulants** 3.4 3.8 3.0 6.0 7.1 7.6 7.0 10.3 8.5 7.9 8.5 9.9 5.9 5.9 5.7 Prescription Sedatives** 10.0 8.3 8.7 9.5 14.3 12.0 11.5 13.0 17.4 13.2 13.4 12.7 13.2 10.5 10.8 Prescription Drugs**Ɨ 14.4 17.1 16.5 n/a 20.7 25.7 23.7 n/a 24.0 28.7 27.3 n/a 18.7 22.4 21.5 n/a 9.7 9.5 n/a n/a 12.9 13.2 n/a n/a 13.4 14.1 n/a n/a 11.5 11.8 Cocaine Inhalants Over-the-Counter Drugs*Ɨ n/a - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2006, 2008, or 2010 Arizona Youth Surveys. *Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. Ɨ - No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 27 30-Day ATOD Use, By Grade Arizona 30-Day Usage When looking at the percentages of students who indicated that they used ATODs in the past 30 days (Table 16, Figures 9 & 10), an increase by grade can be seen with most substances except inhalants (peaks in the 8th grade at 5.6%) and stimulants (peaks in the 10th grade at 2.8%). Arizona Results Compared to National Results Table 16 and Figure 10 show the percentage of Arizona survey participants and youth nationwide who used ATODs in the 30 days prior to completing the survey. A higher percentage of Arizona youth in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades have used alcohol, cigarettes, ecstasy, and prescription pain relievers than youth in the same grades in the 2009 national MTF sample. (1.3% decrease). Tenth grade past month use rates decreased significantly for alcohol (3.0% decrease) and cigarettes (1.0% decreased) since the 2008 survey. Twelfth grade 30-day use rates decreased significantly since 2008 for alcohol (1.8% decrease), cigarettes (1.0% decrease), and cocaine (1.0% decrease); but also increased significantly since 2008 for smokeless tobacco use (1.3% increase), marijuana (2.6% increase), and ecstasy (1.4% increase). Further, in looking at 2010 results compared to 2006 results, 30-day alcohol use has decreased 2.2% in the 8th grade, 4.5% in the 10th grade, and 2.0% in the 12th grade in the past four years. Complete past month use results can be seen in Table 16 on the following pages. Figure 9 30-Day Substance Use: 2010 Results Compared to Past Survey Results 2006 2008 2010 100 90 Percent of students who have used at least once in the past 30 days Since the 2008 AYS, 30-day use rates have decreased by 1.3% to 3.0% in all grades for alcohol, and 30-day cigarette use rates decreased 1.0% in the 10th grade and 1.0% in the 12th grade. Since the 2008 AYS, marijuana 30day use rates increased in each grade, and ecstasy and smokeless tobacco use rates increased in the 10th and 12th grades. By grade level, 8th grade 30-day use rates decreased significantly since the 2008 survey for alcohol 2006, 2008, and 2010 Arizona State Totals 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 28 Figure 10 30-Day Substance Use: Arizona (2006, 2008, 2010) Compared to National (2009) Arizona 2006 Arizona 2008 Arizona 2010 MTF 2009 100 Percent of students indicating that they used at least once in the past 30 days 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Alcohol Cigarettes Chewing Tobacco Marijuana Hallucinogens** Cocaine Inhalants Methamphetamines** Heroin Ecstasy** Steroids 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 0 Prescription Prescription Prescription Prescription Over-thePain Stimulants** Sedatives** Drugs** Counter Relievers* Drugs*Ɨ * Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2008. ** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2010 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 29 Table 16 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade 8th Grade Drug Used Arizona Arizona Arizona 2006 2008 2010 10th Grade MTF 2009 Arizona Arizona Arizona 2006 2008 2010 12th Grade MTF 2009 Arizona Arizona Arizona 2006 2008 2010 Total MTF 2009 Arizona Arizona Arizona 2006 2008 2010 Alcohol 24.1 23.2 21.9 14.9 39.2 37.7 34.7 30.4 47.0 46.8 45.0 43.5 34.4 33.1 31.9 Cigarettes 10.5 8.7 8.9 6.5 17.1 16.6 15.6 13.1 21.8 23.9 22.9 20.1 15.3 14.7 14.7 Smokeless Tobacco 2.7 2.6 2.8 3.7 4.0 4.6 5.7 6.5 5.4 6.8 8.1 8.4 3.8 4.2 5.1 Marijuana 8.5 7.6 8.9 6.5 15.7 15.1 17.4 15.9 18.1 18.7 21.3 20.6 13.1 12.5 14.8 Hallucinogens** 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.5 1.7 1.9 2.0 0.5 1.7 2.4 2.4 0.5 1.4 1.5 1.6 Cocaine 1.7 1.0 0.8 0.8 2.9 2.2 1.6 0.9 3.3 3.2 2.2 1.3 2.5 1.9 1.4 Inhalants 6.2 5.4 5.6 3.8 3.1 3.0 3.0 2.2 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.2 4.1 3.8 3.7 Methamphetamines** 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.5 1.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.3 0.6 0.4 Heroin 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.7 1.1 0.4 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.8 Ecstasy** 0.8 0.8 1.7 0.6 1.0 1.5 2.9 1.3 0.9 2.0 3.4 1.8 0.9 1.3 2.5 Steroids 0.8 0.7 0.5 0.4 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.6 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 Prescription Pain Relievers* n/a 6.0 5.7 1.3 n/a 9.4 8.9 3.0 n/a 10.5 9.7 4.1 n/a 8.1 7.7 Prescription Stimulants** 1.5 1.6 1.4 1.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 3.3 2.6 2.1 2.5 3.0 2.2 2.1 2.1 Prescription Sedatives** 4.5 3.4 3.6 2.5 6.6 4.5 4.7 3.9 7.1 5.0 4.7 4.2 5.8 4.1 4.2 Prescription Drugs**Ɨ 7.0 8.6 8.2 n/a 10.3 12.2 11.8 n/a 10.4 13.1 12.4 n/a 8.9 10.7 10.4 Over-the-Counter Drugs*Ɨ n/a 5.6 5.4 n/a n/a 6.4 6.3 n/a n/a 5.9 6.3 n/a n/a 5.9 5.9 n/a - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2006, 2008, or 2010 Arizona Youth Surveys. *Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. **Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. Ɨ - No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 30 Lifetime ATOD Use by Gender Table 17 on the following page shows the percentage of lifetime ATOD use for males and for females. Lifetime use is a measure of the experience that young people have had with the various substances. While being female is generally considered a protective factor for substance of the Arizona students who took the survey, females are becoming the predominant substance users in the lower grades; and, in some substance use categories, females report higher use than males in all grades. Males in all grades indicate higher use rates for smokeless tobacco (2.7% higher use in the 8th grade, 11.4% higher use in the 10th grade, 18.6% higher use in the 12th grade) and marijuana (2.9% to 6.4% higher than female use rates in each grade). In contrast, the 2010 AYS results show that females in all grades indicated higher lifetime use rates of the following substances: alcohol (59.7% total female use compared to 56.7% total male use) and sedatives (13.0% total female use compared to 8.5% total male use). As was previously mentioned, female lifetime use rates top male use rates in the younger grades, while 12th grade use is more similar among males and females. In the 8th grade, females indicated significantly higher (i.e. 1.0% or more difference) lifetime use rates in six of the 17 substance use categories. In the 10th grade, females have more similar, though still significantly higher, use rates in seven of 17 categories. By the 12th grade, females had significantly higher use rates in only one of 17 categories. Such a finding indicates that females may be experimenting with drug use at higher rates than males in the early grades and into high school, but as students finish high school, males take over as the more dominant substance users. Figure 11 Arizona Lifetime Substance Use by Gender (2006, 2008, 2010) 2006 2008 2010 Percent of students who used at least once in their lifetime 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Male Female Alcohol Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Male Female Cigarettes Male Female Marijuana 31 Table 17 Percentage of Males and Females by Grade Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime 8th Grade Drug Used Males 10th Grade Females Males 12th Grade Females Males Total Females Males Females 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 Alcohol 48.8 45.9 43.2 51.7 49.7 46.9 65.8 63.4 62.2 69.2 68.8 65.9 73.8 73.4 72.5 75.1 76.1 73.3 60.2 57.4 56.7 62.9 61.8 59.7 Cigarettes 30.6 25.7 24.4 30.9 26.2 23.1 44.8 39.7 37.5 43.0 40.1 36.8 51.7 51.7 48.9 48.2 49.8 45.0 40.3 35.9 34.9 39.0 36.1 33.2 9.8 8.3 8.5 6.1 5.9 5.8 17.6 17.7 18.4 6.5 8.4 7.0 24.7 27.0 27.6 7.0 9.2 9.0 15.9 15.4 16.5 6.5 7.4 7.0 19.4 17.1 19.2 17.1 15.3 16.2 36.3 33.7 35.8 31.9 31.3 32.9 45.6 45.0 48.0 39.7 41.2 41.6 31.1 28.5 31.8 27.3 26.3 28.1 Hallucinogens* 2.0 1.9 2.2 2.1 1.9 2.1 4.5 5.7 6.3 3.8 4.8 5.4 6.8 10.0 11.3 4.4 6.0 6.8 4.0 4.9 5.8 3.2 3.8 4.4 Cocaine 3.4 2.5 2.3 3.8 2.9 2.4 7.5 6.5 5.6 7.7 7.0 5.1 12.3 11.7 10.1 10.8 10.6 7.6 6.9 5.8 5.4 6.7 6.0 4.6 12.7 11.2 11.5 17.5 17.3 17.4 10.8 10.6 9.5 12.8 14.5 14.0 10.6 9.3 9.4 9.2 9.0 9.4 11.6 10.6 10.3 14.0 14.5 14.2 Methamphetamines* 2.1 1.0 0.5 2.9 1.4 1.0 4.4 2.0 1.6 5.6 2.7 1.7 5.7 3.3 2.6 7.4 4.6 2.3 3.7 1.8 1.4 4.9 2.6 1.6 Heroin 1.3 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.1 1.0 2.3 2.2 2.8 1.9 1.9 2.4 3.5 3.7 4.2 2.1 2.5 2.7 2.1 2.0 2.3 1.8 1.7 1.9 Ecstasy* 1.6 2.1 3.7 2.1 2.4 4.1 3.3 4.9 7.7 3.4 5.0 8.6 4.7 8.0 11.8 4.0 6.1 9.4 2.9 4.3 7.1 3.0 4.0 6.9 Steroids 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.2 1.4 1.5 2.9 3.1 2.3 1.2 1.5 1.3 3.5 3.8 2.6 1.0 1.1 0.9 2.7 2.7 2.2 1.1 1.4 1.2 Prescription Pain Relievers n/a 10.0 9.9 n/a 14.3 13.1 n/a 19.3 17.9 n/a 21.6 19.8 n/a 25.4 25.0 n/a 24.0 21.4 n/a 16.3 16.3 n/a 18.8 17.4 Prescription Stimulants* 2.7 3.0 2.6 4.1 4.5 3.4 6.5 7.2 6.3 7.6 8.0 7.6 8.4 8.1 9.3 8.6 7.6 7.7 5.3 5.4 5.5 6.3 6.3 5.8 Prescription Sedatives* 7.4 5.7 6.0 12.3 10.8 11.3 11.8 9.3 8.8 16.4 14.4 14.0 16.3 11.6 12.2 18.5 14.8 14.5 11.0 8.2 8.5 15.1 12.9 13.0 Prescription Drugs* 8.1 14.0 13.7 11.2 20.3 19.1 14.0 23.3 21.5 17.6 27.9 25.8 19.7 28.5 28.3 20.1 29.0 26.5 12.9 20.1 19.9 15.4 24.7 23.1 Over-the-Counter Drugs n/a 8.3 8.2 n/a 11.2 10.6 n/a 11.3 11.9 n/a 14.3 14.3 n/a 13.6 16.1 n/a 13.1 12.3 n/a 10.4 11.4 n/a 12.6 12.2 Smokeless Tobacco Marijuana Inhalants * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2006, 2008, or 2010 Arizona Youth Surveys. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 32 30-Day ATOD Use by Gender Table 18 on the following page shows the percentage of ATOD use in the past 30 days by males and females in all three grades and the total for all males and all females. Again, rates are very similar in both genders. However, marijuana 30-day use rates were consistently higher for males (0.8% to 6.9% higher in each grade), and the 30-day use rates of smokeless tobacco are higher for males as well (1.0% to 10.1% higher than females in each grade). As with lifetime substance use, females are using substances at higher rates than males in the younger grades as 8th grade females indicated significantly higher (difference of 1.0% or more) use rates in six of the 17 substance categories. In the 10th grade, use rates were higher for females in five of the 17 categories. However, in the 12th grade, most use rates were equal among the two genders or higher for males. Such findings seem to match what was discovered from looking at lifetime use rates by gender — that more younger females are experimenting with substances and are indicating regular use of substances than young males. Figure 12 Arizona 30-Day Substance Use by Gender (2006, 2008, 2010) 2006 2008 2010 Percent of students who used at least once in the past 30 days 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Male Female Alcohol Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Male Female Cigarettes Male Female Marijuana 33 Table 18 Percentage of Males and Females by Grade Who Used ATODs During The Past 30 Days 8th Grade Drug Used Males 10th Grade Females Males 12th Grade Females Males Total Females Males Females 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 Alcohol 22.7 20.7 19.3 25.3 25.5 24.3 38.4 36.0 33.4 39.8 39.3 35.8 48.5 47.0 46.7 45.7 46.4 43.3 33.9 31.3 30.8 34.8 34.7 32.9 Cigarettes 10.1 8.6 8.5 10.8 8.8 9.2 18.1 17.1 16.2 16.2 16.1 14.9 24.4 26.4 26.2 19.4 21.5 19.9 16.1 15.3 15.5 14.6 14.1 13.8 Smokeless Tobacco 3.4 3.0 3.3 2.0 2.3 2.3 7.6 1.8 Marijuana 9.2 8.0 9.3 7.9 7.4 8.5 17.8 16.8 19.0 13.8 13.6 15.9 21.8 21.0 24.9 14.7 16.6 18.0 15.0 13.6 16.3 11.5 Hallucinogens* 1.1 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.8 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.3 3.5 3.2 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.1 1.2 1.4 Cocaine 1.6 1.0 0.7 1.6 1.0 0.9 3.1 2.5 1.8 2.7 2.0 1.3 4.0 3.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 1.7 2.7 2.0 1.6 2.2 1.8 1.2 Inhalants 5.0 3.9 3.8 7.3 6.9 7.2 3.2 2.7 2.4 3.0 3.4 3.5 2.0 1.8 1.5 1.3 1.4 1.5 3.7 3.0 2.8 4.5 4.6 4.6 Methamphetamines* 0.9 0.4 0.2 1.0 0.4 0.3 1.6 0.6 0.6 1.7 0.6 0.5 1.3 0.8 0.8 1.5 0.8 0.4 1.2 0.5 0.5 1.4 0.6 0.4 Heroin 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.3 1.1 0.9 1.3 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.5 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.6 Ecstasy* 0.8 0.9 1.6 0.7 0.8 1.7 1.3 1.6 3.0 0.8 1.4 2.8 1.1 2.5 4.1 0.7 1.5 2.7 1.0 1.5 2.7 0.7 1.2 2.3 Steroids 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 1.6 1.3 1.1 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.7 1.7 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.4 Prescription Pain Relievers N/A 4.8 4.6 N/A 7.3 6.6 N/A 8.7 8.6 N/A 10.1 9.3 N/A 11.6 11.4 N/A 9.6 8.1 N/A 7.5 7.6 N/A 8.7 7.8 Prescription Stimulants* 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.8 1.8 1.5 2.7 2.8 2.6 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.2 3.1 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.2 2.1 Prescription Sedatives* 3.2 2.3 2.5 5.7 4.6 4.6 5.7 3.5 3.5 7.5 5.4 5.7 7.6 4.6 4.5 6.6 5.5 4.9 5.1 3.2 3.3 6.5 5.1 5.0 Prescription Drugs* 3.9 6.7 6.7 5.0 10.4 9.5 6.7 10.6 10.8 7.6 13.5 12.8 8.8 13.6 13.7 7.4 12.8 11.1 6.0 9.5 9.8 6.4 Over-the-Counter Drugs N/A 4.8 4.6 N/A 6.2 N/A N/A N/A N/A 5.5 N/A 5.3 5.6 N/A 6.4 6.7 7.1 5.5 8.9 5.5 1.7 2.4 7.3 2.7 6.9 9.6 11.4 13.3 6.1 7.1 1.5 2.5 5.6 3.2 6.0 6.2 2.4 2.7 11.4 13.3 11.9 10.9 6.5 6.2 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2004, 2006, or 2008 Arizona Youth Surveys. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 34 Perceived Harmfulness of ATODs When a student perceives that a substance is harmful, he/she is less likely to use it. The survey asked students, “How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they smoked one or more packs of cigarettes per day, tried marijuana once or twice, smoked marijuana regularly, or drank one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day.” Response categories were “No Risk,” “Slight Risk,” “Moderate Risk,” or “Great Risk.” For Arizona 8th, 10th, and 12th grade youth, the greatest perceived harmfulness was for heavy cigarette smoking (61.1% of 8th graders perceived great risk, 66.3% of 10th graders perceived great risk, and 71.1% of 12th graders perceived great risk). The question that captured the behavior considered the least harmful by 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students asked about trying marijuana once or twice (31.8% for 8th grade, 21.5% for 10th grade, 17.9% for 12th grade). It is interesting to note that perceived harm for regular cigarette use and drinking one or two drinks every day increases with age, while perceived harm of smoking marijuana regularly, smoking marijuana once or twice, and regular binge drinking (drinking five or more drinks once or twice a week) decreases with increased age. While Arizona youth in the 8th and 10th grades perceived a greater risk in trying marijuana once or twice than national MTF students (2.3% higher perceived harmfulness for 8th grade Arizona participants, 1.0% higher for 10th grade Arizona participants), Arizona youth perceived significantly less risk in regularly using marijuana. Rates of perceived harmfulness of smoking marijuana regularly were significantly lower than MTF rates in all grades — 9.7% less perceived risk in the 8th grade (60.1% for Arizona, 69.8% for MTF), 13.4% less perceived risk in the 10th grade (46.1% for Arizona, 59.5% for MTF), and 13.2% less perceived risk for the 12th grade (39.2% for Arizona, 52.4% for MTF). From 2008 to 2010, the Arizona Youth Survey data showed significant increases in perceived harmfulness of drinking one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day (increases of 1.7% to 2.2% in each grade) and drinking five or more drinks once or twice a week (increases of 1.0% to 2.1% in each grade). However, from 2008 to 2010, there were significant decreases in perceived harmfulness of trying marijuana once or twice (decreases of 2.3% to 3.4% in each grade) and smoking marijuana regularly (decreases of 4.4% to 5.6% in each grade). While perceived risk of regular cigarette use increased 2.1% since 2008 in the 12th grade, rates for the 8th and 10th grades were relatively unchanged. Table 19 Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive that Using the Five Categories of Substances Places People at "Great Risk" Question Arizona 8th Grade 2006 2008 2010 MTF 8th Grade 2005 2007 2009 Arizona 10th Grade 2006 2008 2010 MTF 10th Grade 2005 2007 2009 Arizona 12th Grade 2006 2008 2010 MTF 12th Grade 2005 2007 2009 Total 2006 2008 2010 Smoke one or more packs of cigarettes 60.2 60.8 61.1 61.5 61.1 59.1 67.0 66.1 66.3 68.1 68.2 67.3 71.6 69.0 71.1 76.5 77.3 74.9 65.1 64.4 65.3 per day Try marijuana once or twice 32.9 35.2 31.8 31.4 32.8 29.5 23.8 23.8 21.5 22.3 22.2 20.5 21.2 20.4 17.9 16.1 18.6 18.5 27.1 28.3 25.0 Smoke marijuana regularly 64.8 64.5 60.1 73.9 74.3 69.8 54.2 51.1 46.1 65.5 64.5 59.5 51.1 44.8 39.2 58.0 54.8 52.4 58.0 55.8 50.2 Drink one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day Drinking five or more drinks once or twice a week Arizona Youth Survey 2010 30.5 30.5 32.2 31.4 32.6 31.5 33.6 31.2 33.4 32.6 33.3 33.8 36.6 32.5 34.6 23.7 25.1 23.7 33.0 31.2 33.2 N/A 53.0 54.0 57.2 57.9 55.8 N/A 52.2 53.5 53.3 54.1 54.2 N/A 51.0 53.1 45.0 45.8 48.0 N/A 52.3 53.6 35 Figure 13 Perceived Harmfulness of Using Cigarettes, Alcohol, or Marijuana: Arizona (2006, 2008, 2010) Compared to National (2009) Arizona 2006 Arizona 2008 Arizona 2010 MTF 2009 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day Arizona Youth Survey 2010 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Try marijuana once or twice 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Smoke marijuana regularly 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Drink one or two alcoholic Drink five or more drinks once or twice a week beverages nearly every day 36 Perceived Availability of ATODs Availability of ATODs has been linked to substance abuse and violence. On the survey questionnaire, a question asked if the participant wanted to get the substances listed in Table 20, “how easy would it be to get some.” The response choices were, “Very Hard,” “Sort of Hard,” “Sort of Easy,” and “Very Easy.” Table 20 contains the percentage of youth who reported that it was “Sort of Easy” or “Very Easy” to get the substances. The results reveal that Arizona survey participants do not perceive any type of drug as being as easy to get as do the youth from the national sample. In all categories, and for all grades, there is a 3.1% to 21.9% difference in perceived availability between Arizona results and national results. This difference is illustrated in Figure 14, which looks at the perceived availability of students in grades 8, 10, and 12 in the Arizona and national surveys. When looking at the 2010 results by grade, Arizona 8th graders and 10th graders perceived alcohol as the substance that was the most available, and in the 12th grade the substance perceived as being the easiest to get was cigarettes. The group of substances with the lowest perceived availability (or the substance perceived as being the most difficult to get) were cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines. In comparing 2010 data to the last survey in 2008, perceived availability of cigarettes decreased in all grades (decreases of 2.3% to 9.9% in each grade); the perceived availability of alcohol decreased in all grades (decrease of 3.6% to 8.2% in each grade); the perceived availability of cocaine, LSD, and other drugs decreased in all grade (decreases of 1.9% to 9.7% in each grade); and perceived availability of marijuana decreased in the 10th grade (3.3% decrease) and the 12th grade (3.7% decrease). Table 20 Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive the Four Substances as "Sort of Easy" or "Very Easy" to Get Arizona 8th Grade Question 2006 2008 MTF 8th Grade 2010 2005 2007 Arizona 10th Grade 2009 2006 2008 MTF 10th Grade 2010 2005 2007 Arizona 12th Grade 2009 2006 2008 MTF 12th Grade 2010 2005 2007 Total 2009 2006 2008 2010 Cigarettes 44.0 44.1 41.8 59.1 55.6 55.3 66.8 68.0 59.7 81.5 78.2 76.1 85.1 86.3 76.4 N/A N/A N/A 61.4 61.4 56.6 Alcoholic beverages 51.4 52.4 48.8 64.2 62.0 61.8 70.5 71.8 64.2 83.7 82.6 80.9 77.9 78.4 70.2 93.0 92.2 92.1 64.2 64.4 59.3 Marijuana 35.7 35.9 36.7 41.1 37.4 39.8 63.4 64.3 61.0 72.6 69.0 69.3 72.6 72.9 69.2 85.6 83.9 81.1 53.9 53.3 52.9 Cocaine, LSD, or Amphetamines 16.3 16.8 14.9 N/A N/A N/A 32.7 33.3 26.3 N/A N/A N/A 40.0 40.4 30.7 N/A N/A N/A 27.4 27.4 22.7 Arizona Youth Survey 2010 37 Figure 14 Perceived Availability of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana: Arizona (2006, 2008, 2010) Compared to National (2009) Arizona 2006 Arizona 2008 Arizona 2010 MTF 2009 100 90 Percent of students 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade12th Grade Cigarettes Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Alcohol Marijuana Cocaine, LSD, or Amphetamines 38 Where Students Obtained Alcohol Table 21 and Figure 15 contain data on where students obtained alcohol. When examining sources of alcohol data, it is important to note that the categories are not mutually exclusive and students were allowed to select more than one option. For example, students who report getting alcohol from a parent or guardian might also report getting it at a party. Accordingly, total percentages will not sum to 100% within grade, as selection of multiple options is evident. Further, it must be noted that the percentages only account for alcohol-using students and not those students who answered “did not use” to the question. Across all grades, one of the most prominent alcohol sources for Arizona students is getting it at a party. This source becomes increasingly more frequent as students progress from the 8th grade (38.7% obtained alcohol at a party) to the 12th grade (53.8% obtained alcohol at a party). For alcohol-using 8th graders, the major sources for obtaining alcohol are getting it at a party (38.7%), taking it from home (30.2%), and getting it from someone under the age of 21 (21.0%). For alcohol-using 10th and 12th graders, the major sources for obtaining alcohol are getting it at a party (49.6% for 10th graders, 53.8% for 12th graders), giving someone money to buy it (32.6% for 10th graders, 42.5% for 12th graders), and having a non-relative over the age of 21 give it to them (24.8% of 10th graders, 30.4% of 12th graders). Encouragingly, very few students reported buying alcohol themselves at a liquor store, gas station, or grocery store (4.9% to 9.9% of alcohol-drinking students in each grade); at a restaurant, bar, or club (2.5% to 3.6% of alcoholdrinking students in each grade); or at a public event (2.2% to 3.0% of alcoholdrinking students in each grade). Two years of data are available for the alcohol sources data. In comparing 2008 data to 2010 data, Table 21 shows decreases in nearly every category. For example, the percent of students indicating they obtained alcohol from a party decreased 2.9% for the statewide sample, and the percent indicating they got their alcohol from a non-relative older than aged 21 decreased 5.0% for all grades combined. Table 21 Percentage of Alcohol-Drinking Students Indicating Their Sources for Obtaining Alcohol If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2008 2010 2008 2010 2008 2010 4,418 4,473 4,872 5,295 5,065 6,341 14,355 16,109 I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 5.0 4.9 6.9 6.3 12.3 9.9 8.2 7.3 I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club 3.0 2.5 3.0 2.1 7.0 3.6 4.4 2.8 Sample size** 2008 2010 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.2 3.9 2.5 3.3 2.6 I gave someone else money to buy it for me 21.4 19.2 34.4 32.6 43.7 42.5 33.7 32.8 My parent or guardian gave it to me 18.7 17.5 14.8 15.0 13.0 13.3 15.4 15.0 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 19.7 17.3 18.7 16.8 18.2 14.8 18.9 16.1 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 19.2 16.2 28.7 24.8 39.5 30.4 29.6 24.6 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 23.8 21.0 24.8 23.1 22.0 18.6 23.5 20.7 I got it at a party 41.5 38.7 53.1 49.6 57.6 53.8 51.1 48.2 I took it from home 31.4 30.2 23.2 21.9 13.8 13.1 22.4 20.7 I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event Arizona Youth Survey 2010 8th Grade I took it from a store or someone else's home 11.7 9.4 11.3 9.8 8.0 5.6 10.3 8.1 I got it some other way 28.7 25.2 23.6 18.8 17.9 13.3 23.1 18.4 39 Figure 15 Students' Sources for Obtaining Alcohol (2010) 2008 2010 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 I bought it in a I bought it at a I bought it at a I gave someone My parent or Another family Someone not Someone under store such as a restaurant, bar, public event else money to guardian gave it member who is related to me the age of 21 liquor store, or club such as a buy it for me to me 21 or older gave who is 21 or gave it to me convenience concert or it to me older gave it to store, sporting event me supermarket, discount store, or gas station I got it at a party I took it from home I took it from a store or someone else's home 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 0 I got it some other way NOTE: Students could select all sources that applied to them in the past month. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 40 Where Students Obtained Prescription Drugs Table 22 and Figure 16 contain data on where students obtained prescription drugs. When examining prescription drugs sources data, it is important to note that the categories are not mutually exclusive and students were allowed to select more than one option. For example, students who report getting prescription drugs from friends might also report getting it at a party. Accordingly, total percentages will not sum to 100% within grade, as selection of multiple options is evident. Further, it must be noted that the percentages reported in Table 21 reflect the percent of students who responded to the question. Unlike Alcohol Sources data, all students who responded to the question (whether they used prescription drugs or not) are included in the data within this subsection. Across all grades, the majority of students have never used prescription drugs to get high (78.5% to 88.1% in each grade, 83.6% overall). The percent of students indicating at least one source of obtaining prescription drugs increases as students age. In all grades, the most prominent method of obtaining prescription drugs was by getting it from a friend. This source becomes increasingly more frequent as students progress from the 8th grade (5.5% obtained prescription drugs from a friend) to the 12th grade (14.0% obtained prescription drugs from a friend). Nearly one in ten students report having gotten a prescription drug from a friend at least one time in their lifetime. The next highest methods of obtaining prescription drugs included getting them from home (e.g., a medicine cabinet) (2.9% to 5.2% in each grade and 4.1% overall), and getting them from a party (2.5% to 5.5% in each grade and 4.0% overall). Of the statewide sample, 3.2% indicated having gotten prescription drugs from a family/relative, 2.6% got them from a doctor/pharmacy, 2.8% got them at school, 2.5% got them some other place not listed, 0.3% got them over the Internet, and 1.0% got them outside the United States. Table 22 Percentage of Students Indicating Their Sources of Obtaining Prescription Drugs If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply) 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 88.1 81.7 78.5 83.6 Friends 5.5 11.2 14.0 9.5 Family/Relatives 2.2 3.7 4.2 3.2 Parties 2.5 4.9 5.5 4.0 Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) 2.9 5.0 5.2 4.1 Doctor/Pharmacy 1.3 2.8 4.4 2.6 School 1.6 3.7 3.6 2.8 Other 1.8 3.0 3.1 2.5 Over the Internet 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.0 I've never used prescription drugs to get high Arizona Youth Survey 2010 8th Grade 41 Figure 16 Students' Sources of Obtaining Prescription Drugs (2010) 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 I've never used prescription drugs to get high Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Doctor/Pharmacy Medicine Cabinet) School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) NOTE: Students could select all sources that applied to them in their lifetime. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 42 Drinking and Driving The Arizona Youth Survey contains questions asking each student to report the number of times in the past 30 days he/she either drove a vehicle after drinking or rode with someone who had been drinking. The questions were worded as follows: “During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol?” and “During the past 30 days, how many times did you RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol?” Response options were “0 times,” “1 time,” “2 or 3 times,” “4 or 5 times,” and “6 or more times.” The 2010 survey found that a minority of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade youth in the state had driven a vehicle after drinking (8.2%) or ridden with a driver who had been drinking (28.5%) (see Table 23). Of those students who indicated that they had driven after drinking or ridden with a driver who had been drinking, most indicate that he/she did so one time in the past month (4.0% driving after drinking one time in the past month, 11.4% riding with a driver who had a drink one time in the past month). Comparisons of 2008 and 2010 survey data show that reported rates of drinking alcohol and driving at least one time in the past 30 days and riding in a car with a driver who had been drinking were relatively unchanged since 2008. However, when looking at the changes reported since the 2006 survey, more significant findings are evident. In the past four years, the percent of students indicating driving after drinking at least one time has decreased 1.6% in the 8th grade, 1.3% in the 10th grade, 3.8% in the 12th grade, and 1.8% overall. Since the 2006 survey, the percent of students indicating riding with a driver who had been drinking at least one time decreased 3.7% in the 8th grade, 3.1% in the 10th grade, 3.6% in the 12th grade, and 3.4% overall. Table 23 Driving After Drinking and Riding with a Driver who had been Drinking 8th Grade 2006 2008 10th Grade 2010 2006 2008 12th Grade 2010 2006 2008 Total Sample 2010 2006 2008 2010 During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? 0 time 93.4 94.4 95.0 91.1 92.1 92.4 82.1 83.9 85.9 90.0 91.2 91.8 1 time 3.3 2.7 2.7 4.2 3.9 3.6 8.1 7.2 6.8 4.7 4.1 4.0 2-3 times 1.7 1.5 1.3 2.6 2.2 2.3 5.7 5.1 4.5 2.9 2.6 2.5 4-5 times 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.7 0.8 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 6 or more times 1.0 0.8 0.6 1.2 1.0 0.9 2.4 2.1 1.5 1.4 1.2 0.9 During the past 30 days, how many times did you RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? Arizona Youth Survey 2010 0 time 68.6 70.9 72.3 67.8 70.9 70.9 67.5 70.3 71.1 68.1 70.8 71.5 1 time 12.2 11.2 11.3 12.0 11.8 11.5 11.9 11.1 11.4 12.0 11.4 11.4 2-3 times 9.7 9.3 9.5 10.7 9.6 10.3 11.3 10.2 9.9 10.4 9.6 9.9 4-5 times 3.6 3.5 2.9 4.3 3.3 3.2 4.0 3.6 3.3 3.9 3.5 3.1 6 or more times 5.9 5.1 4.0 5.3 4.4 4.1 5.3 4.8 4.2 5.5 4.8 4.1 43 Figure 17 Past Month Driving After Drinking or Riding with a Driver Who Had Been Drinking (2006, 2008, 2010) 2006 2008 2010 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Indicated driving a vehicle after drinking at least once in the past month Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Total 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total Indicated riding in a vehicle with someone who had been drinking at least once in the past month 44 4 Section 4: Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results Heavy Substance Use and Other Antisocial Behavior by Grade and Gender The male-female differences in heavy use of alcohol and tobacco and antisocial behavior are more pronounced than the results for lifetime and 30-day use by gender. Figure 18 and Table 24 show that males engage in these behaviors more than females. The only exceptions were that a higher percentage of females than males in the 8th grade participated in binge drinking (3.4% more females than males) and being drunk or high in school (1.8% more females than males). These higher rates correspond with the slightly higher rates of drug and alcohol use by females in the lower grades. peaked in the 12th grade (29.2% binge drinking, 3.6% heavy cigarette use, 22.1% drunk or high at school, 10.8% illegal drug sales). In looking at the male and female antisocial behavior totals in Table 24, some of the biggest differences between males and females were in being suspended from school (19.7% for males compared to 10.3% for females), selling illegal drugs (11.1% for males compared to 5.4% for females), and being arrested (10.8% for males and 5.9% for females). Overall, binge drinking and being drunk or high at school appear to be one of the biggest problems among Arizona youth with 19.5% of all 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students binge drinking at least once in the past two weeks and 18.0% of students in the three grades reporting being at school while drunk or high at least once in the past year. These behaviors increase with increased grade level. For binge drinking, 8th graders had a rate of 12.4%, 10th graders had a rate of 21.0%, and 12th graders had a rate of 29.2%. For being drunk or high at school, 8th graders had a rate of 12.8%, 10th graders had a rate of 21.8%, and 12th graders had a rate of 22.1%. The behavior that the fewest students in all grades participated in was heavy cigarette smoking (1.9%), and stealing a vehicle (3.8%). Table 24, which contains rates of heavy substance use and antisocial behavior, shows that antisocial behavior doesn’t always increase by grade level. The rate of students being suspended from school peaked in the 8th grade (18.5%); the rates of student reporting having stolen a vehicle and being arrested peaked in the 10th grade (4.6% vehicle theft, 9.9% arrested); and students reporting heavy cigarette use, being drunk or high at school, or selling illegal drugs Engagement in antisocial behaviors by gender, and for the state as a whole, changed very little from 2008 to 2010. The greatest changes since the 2008 survey can be found in looking at the rate of binge drinking for the 10th and 12th grades (10th grade rate decreased 1.4%, 12th grade rate decreased 1.0%). School suspensions also decreased 1.7% in the 8th grade and 1.2% for the statewide sample. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 45 Figure 18 Arizona Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behaviors (2006, 2008, 2010): Male, Female, and State Total 2006 2008 2010 100 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Binge Drinking Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Regular Cigarette Suspended from Use School Drunk or High at Sold Illegal Drugs School Stolen a Vehicle State Female Male State Female Male State Female Male State Female Male State Female Male State Female Male State Female 0 Male Percent of students who engaged in the following antisocial behaviors 90 Been Arrested 46 Table 24 Percentage of Males, Females, and the State Total who Engaged in Heavy Substance Use and Delinquent Behavior In the Past Year Grade 8 Substance Used / Delinquent Behavior Males 2006 Binge drinking (past two weeks) Half a pack/day cigarettes 2008 Grade 10 Females 2010 2006 2008 State 2010 2006 2008 Males 2010 2006 2008 Females 2010 2006 2008 State 2010 2006 2008 2010 12.5 11.4 10.6 14.1 14.9 14.0 13.4 13.1 12.4 23.2 22.1 20.9 21.4 22.8 21.1 22.4 22.4 21.0 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.7 3.0 2.6 2.5 1.8 1.6 1.5 2.4 2.1 2.0 Drunk or high at school 12.4 10.6 11.8 13.4 13.4 13.6 13.0 12.0 12.8 22.0 20.4 22.3 20.4 20.6 21.2 21.1 20.5 21.8 Suspended from school 26.2 25.8 24.3 13.7 14.6 12.6 19.8 20.2 18.5 20.1 19.0 18.3 11.2 10.4 10.5 15.5 14.6 14.4 Sold illegal drugs 6.4 5.9 6.4 3.4 3.3 3.6 4.9 4.6 5.0 12.7 13.2 14.2 5.8 6.5 7.0 9.1 9.8 10.6 Stolen a vehicle 5.9 4.5 4.4 3.3 2.7 2.9 4.6 3.6 3.7 6.4 4.7 6.0 3.1 2.6 3.1 4.7 3.7 4.6 10.8 9.8 9.0 5.9 5.3 5.2 8.3 7.5 7.1 12.3 11.7 12.6 6.5 6.7 7.2 9.3 9.2 9.9 Been arrested Grade 12 Substance Used / Delinquent Behavior Males 2006 Binge drinking (past two weeks) 2008 Total Females 2010 2006 2008 State 2010 2006 2008 Males 2010 2006 2008 Females 2010 2006 2008 State 2010 2006 2008 2010 31.9 32.0 32.5 24.7 28.3 25.9 28.2 30.2 29.2 20.7 19.3 19.5 19.1 20.5 19.4 19.9 19.9 19.5 5.3 5.5 4.6 2.6 2.9 2.7 3.9 4.2 3.6 2.8 2.5 2.4 1.6 1.4 1.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 Drunk or high at school 24.9 25.8 26.2 18.0 18.6 18.2 21.4 22.2 22.1 18.5 17.0 18.8 16.8 16.8 17.2 17.6 16.9 18.0 Suspended from school 13.3 14.1 13.5 5.6 6.6 6.3 9.4 10.2 9.9 21.2 21.1 19.7 11.0 11.5 10.3 16.0 16.2 15.0 Sold illegal drugs 14.2 14.8 15.4 5.7 6.1 6.3 9.8 10.4 10.8 10.3 10.1 11.1 4.7 4.9 5.4 7.4 7.5 8.2 Half a pack/day cigarettes Stolen a vehicle Been arrested Arizona Youth Survey 2010 4.8 4.1 4.4 1.4 1.3 1.7 3.1 2.7 3.1 5.8 4.5 4.9 2.8 2.4 2.6 4.3 3.4 3.8 11.0 12.3 11.6 4.9 5.2 5.7 7.8 8.7 8.7 11.3 11.0 10.8 5.8 5.7 5.9 8.5 8.3 8.4 47 Handguns The issue of youth carrying handguns is a serious concern of communities, schools, and families. The Arizona Youth Survey has several questions about handguns and violent behavior. Table 25 lists the questions concerning possession of handguns by grade. It is clear that responses to most of the questions show a very low percentage of students who carry handguns or take them to school. For example, 1.7% of the students surveyed reported having taken a handgun to school in the past 12 months. In regard to carrying a handgun in general, 7.1% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in the past 12 months, and 7.8% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in their lifetime. Only 7.5% of students think that he/she would be seen as cool if he/she carried a handgun. Most students (78.9%) also perceived that it would be difficult to get a handgun if he/she wanted one. seen as cool if he/she carried a handgun (8.2%). Tenth graders reported the highest rates of carrying a handgun in the past year (7.6%), taking a handgun to school (2.1%), and believing it was not at all wrong to take a handgun to school (1.2%). Twelfth graders reported the highest rates of carrying a handgun in their lifetime (8.5%), believing it was easy to get a gun (26.5%), that their parents wouldn’t know if he/she carried a handgun (32.7%), and that the police wouldn’t catch them if he/she carried a handgun (57.0%). In comparing 2008 and 2010 results, Table 25 and Figure 19 show that there were several significant changes. Reports of lifetime handgun carrying decreased 1.2% for the statewide sample, the belief that it was very easy or sort of easy to get a handgun decreased 4.4% for the statewide sample, the belief that there was a very good or pretty good chance they would be seen as cool if they carried a handgun decreased 1.0%, the belief that parents wouldn’t catch a kids with a handgun decreased 1.5%, and the belief that the police wouldn’t catch a kid with a handgun decreased 3.3% since 2008. When looking at the results by grade, it is interesting to note that 8th graders reported the highest rates of believing he/she had a good chance of being Table 25 Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Handguns 8th Grade 2006 2010 2006 2008 12th Grade 2010 2006 2008 Total 2010 2006 2008 2010 Carried a Handgun - Lifetime 8.8 8.5 7.0 9.2 9.4 8.1 8.4 9.7 8.5 8.8 9.0 7.8 Carried a Handgun in the Past 12 Months 7.6 7.7 6.7 7.5 7.2 7.6 7.0 8.1 7.2 7.5 7.7 7.1 Taken a Handgun to School in Past 12 Months 1.6 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.3 2.1 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.3 1.7 20.4 20.7 16.8 27.6 26.7 22.3 34.1 33.1 26.5 26.0 25.5 21.1 Not At All Wrong to Take a Handgun to School 1.4 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 Very or Pretty Good Chance You Would Be Seen As Cool if You Carried a Handgun 9.9 9.5 8.2 8.2 8.1 7.3 6.4 7.1 6.4 8.5 8.5 7.5 Parents Wouldn't Know if You Carried a Handgun (no or NO!) 21.8 21.1 19.8 29.8 28.6 26.8 36.0 35.5 32.7 28.1 26.9 25.4 Police Wouldn't Catch Kid Carrying a Handgun (no or NO!) 43.9 44.4 40.4 55.7 56.4 53.4 60.7 61.6 57.0 51.8 52.1 48.8 Very Easy or Sort of Easy to Get a Handgun Arizona Youth Survey 2010 2008 10th Grade 48 Figure 19 Students' Use of Handguns and Perceptions About Them (2006, 2008, 2010) 2006 2008 2010 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Carried a Handgun Lifetime Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Police Wouldn't Parents Very or Pretty Not At All Very Easy or Taken a Carried a Catch Kid Handgun in the Handgun to Sort of Easy to Wrong to Take Good Chance Wouldn't Know Carrying a Past 12 Months School in Past Get a Handgun a Handgun to You Would Be if You Carried a Seen As Cool if Handgun (no or Handgun (no or School 12 Months NO!) NO!) You Carried a Handgun 49 Violence The Arizona Youth Survey also asked several questions about violent behavior and attitudes towards violence. Table 26 and Figure 20 show the questions that relate to violence. A review of the responses reveals that 19.2% of the youth in Arizona have attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them at some time in their life, and 14.9% have attacked someone in the past 12 months. Further, a majority of students (66.8%) have seen someone be punched, kicked, choked, or beaten up in the past year. However, only a small percentage (3.4%) believe that it isn’t at all wrong to attack someone to seriously hurt them. When looking at the results by grade, it appears that 8th and 10th graders have the most problems with violent behavior and attitudes. More 8th graders than students in other grades had attacked someone in the past year (16.6%); believed it was not at all wrong to pick a fight (8.9%); have seen someone be punched, kicked, choked, or beaten up (70.8%); have seen someone be attacked with a weapon other than a gun (18.7%); and have seen someone be shot or shot at (12.8%). Tenth graders had the highest rates of attacking someone to hurt them in their lifetime (20.4%), of believing it was not wrong at all to attack someone with the intent to seriously hurt them (3.7%), of believing it was okay to beat someone up if he/she started the fight (54.4%), and of being physically assaulted in some way by a boyfriend or girlfriend (18.1%). From 2008 to 2010, there were several significant decreases in the violence data. For the total sample, rates of lifetime attack to harm decreased 1.5% (1.3% to 1.7% decrease in each grade), rates of past year attack to harm decreased 1.4% (0.6% to 1.5% decrease in each grade), rates of believing it was okay to beat someone up if they started the fight decreased 1.3% (0.8% to 2.2% decrease in each grade), and rates of believing it was not at all wrong to pick a fight decreased 1.0% (0.4% to 1.1% decrease in each grade). Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Table 26 Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Violence 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 Attacked Someone to Seriously Hurt Them 21.5 20.7 19.1 22.4 21.7 20.4 19.6 19.6 17.9 21.3 20.7 19.2 in Their Lifetime Attacked Someone to Seriously Hurt Them 17.9 18.1 16.6 16.5 16.1 15.5 13.2 12.9 11.5 16.3 16.3 14.9 in Past 12 Months Not At All Wrong to Attack Someone to Seriously Hurt Them 4.8 4.4 3.6 4.7 4.1 3.7 3.6 3.7 2.7 4.5 4.1 3.4 It is okay to beat someone up if they start 53.5 51.4 50.6 57.7 55.9 54.4 53.1 52.5 50.3 54.7 53.0 51.7 the fight (response of "YES" or "yes") Not At All Wrong to Pick a Fight 10.1 9.3 8.9 9.0 8.4 7.3 5.9 6.0 4.9 8.8 8.3 Have been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked, or any other way physically assaulted by a boyfriend or girlfiend in the past year 7.3 n/a n/a 17.2 n/a n/a 18.1 n/a n/a 16.4 n/a n/a 17.3 Have seen someone be punched with a fist, n/a kicked, choked or beaten up in the past year n/a 70.8 n/a n/a 68.9 n/a n/a 57.9 n/a n/a 66.8 Have seen someone attacked with a weapon other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain in the past year n/a n/a 18.7 n/a n/a 18.3 n/a n/a 14.1 n/a n/a 17.4 Have seen someone shot or shot at in the past year n/a n/a 12.8 n/a n/a 12.3 n/a n/a 10.2 n/a n/a 11.9 50 Figure 20 Student Violent Behavior and Attitudes (2006, 2008, 2010) 2006 2008 2010 100 Percent of students 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Not At All Have been hit, It is okay to Not At All Attacked Attacked slapped, Wrong to beat someone Wrong to Pick Someone to Someone to pushed, a Fight up if they start Attack Seriously Hurt Seriously Hurt shoved, the fight Them in Their Them in Past Someone to kicked, or any 12 Months Seriously Hurt Lifetime other way Them physically assaulted by a boyfriend or girlfiend in the past year Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Have seen Have seen Have seen someone shot someone someone be punched with attacked with or shot at in the past year a weapon a fist, kicked, other than a choked or beaten up in gun, such as a knife, bat, the past year bottle, or chain in the past year 51 Gangs In covering a range of antisocial behaviors, the Arizona Youth Survey also asks questions on gang involvement. One of the most telling questions asks students not only if they have ever been in a gang or are currently in a gang, but also about how current gang members feel about their present membership. Further, an additional question asked students “If you ever belonged to a gang, what was the one major reason you joined?” Response options for this new question included: Protection, Friendship, Parent(s) are in a gang, Sibling(s) are in a gang, Make money, Other, and I have never belonged. As can be seen in Table 27, a large majority of Arizona youth (91.3%) have never belonged to a gang, while 4.7% of the youth surveyed reported that they had been members in the past; 2.1% reported they belong now; 1.5% reported that they would like to join a gang; and 0.4% reported that they are in a gang, but would like to get out. The percent of students reporting that they had never belonged to a gang increased 1.9% since 2008 (0.4% to 2.6% in each grade). The second portion of Table 27, regarding major reasons for joining a gang, contains data for a sample of students who indicated having belonged to a gang at some point in their lives. That data indicates that the number one reason for joining was friendship (34.3% of previous or current gang members indicated this reason), followed by another option not listed (22.8%), an other reason (2.3%), to make money (16.0%), and for protection (16.0%). Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Table 27 Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Gangs 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 GANGS (Total Number and Percentage of Youth Who Responded to the Question, "Have you ever belonged in a gang?") No 87.6 87.5 90.1 89.9 89.8 91.4 93.6 92.7 93.1 89.8 89.4 91.3 No, but would like to 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.2 1.4 1.3 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.5 Yes, in the past 6.3 6.4 5.3 5.1 5.1 4.8 3.3 3.9 3.7 5.2 5.4 4.7 Yes, belong now 3.8 3.7 2.4 3.4 3.2 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.6 3.2 3.1 2.1 Yes, but would like to get out 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 GANGS (Total Number and Percentage of Youth Who Responded to the Question, "If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the one major reason you joined?". Sample contains only students who responded "Yes, in the past," "Yes, belong now," or "Yes, but would like to get out" from the gang question listed above). Sample size n/a 2,098 1,679 n/a 1,106 1,041 n/a 626 705 n/a 3,830 3,425 Protection n/a 21.4 19.6 n/a 16.8 12.2 n/a 14.9 13.0 n/a 19.0 16.0 Friendship n/a 32.0 33.3 n/a 34.9 33.4 n/a 35.1 38.2 n/a 33.3 34.3 Parent(s) are in a gang n/a 1.1 1.8 n/a 2.0 1.6 n/a 3.4 2.7 n/a 1.7 2.0 Sibling(s) are in a gang n/a 8.0 6.7 n/a 6.0 8.0 n/a 6.5 5.8 n/a 7.2 6.9 Make money n/a 10.6 14.8 n/a 12.5 17.2 n/a 14.9 17.0 n/a 11.9 16.0 Other n/a 25.5 22.0 n/a 26.3 25.6 n/a 24.3 20.9 n/a 25.6 22.8 52 Figure 22 Figure 21 Student Gang Involvement (2006, 2008, 2010) Student Gang Reasons For Joining (2010) Have Ever Belonged to a Gang? (Response of "Yes, in the past," "Yes, belong now," or "Yes, but would like to get out") 2010 2008 Total Number and Percentage of Past or Present Gang Members Who Responded to the Question, "If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the one major reason you joined?" 2006 8th Grade 10th Grade 0 20 12th Grade Total Protection 8th Grade Friendship 10th Grade Parent(s) are in a gang Sibling(s) are in a gang 12th Grade Make money Total Other 0 10 20 30 Percent of students (Scale is 50%) 40 50 40 60 80 100 Percent of Past or Present Gang Members NOTE: Figure 21 data pertains only to students who indicated they had either previously belonged to a gang or currently belonged to a gang. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 53 School Safety The Arizona Youth Survey also asked students questions regarding their safety on school property. Each student was asked to indicate the number of days in the past month that he/she carried a weapon to school and the number of days that he/she didn’t go to school because they felt unsafe at school or on their way to school. Additionally, students were asked how many times in the past year they were threatened by someone or injured with a weapon on school property, how many times they had a physical fight at school, and how many times they were bullied on school property. Results for these questions are found on the following pages in Table 28 and Figure 23. Overall, a large majority of students feel safe at school, haven’t been in a fight at school in the past year, haven’t been injured or threatened at school in the past year, and haven’t taken a weapon to school in the past month. However, just as with handgun carry, even small percentages for these safety issues can be serious. For example, 4.8% of 8th graders, 5.0% of 10th graders, and 4.6% of 12th graders have taken a weapon to school at least once in the past month. Most safety issues (being in a fight at school, not feeling safe at school, not going to school because they felt unsafe, being threatened or injured with a weapon at school) and being bullied show a decrease with increased grade level. While nearly one in ten 8th graders (9.5%) reported that he/she did not go to school because he/she felt unsafe at least one day in the past month, the rate for 10th and 12th graders was less extreme, with 6.7% of 10th graders and 4.3% of 12th graders indicating they had skipped school because they felt unsafe. Even more Arizona youth indicated that he/she had been threatened or injured by someone at school. Of 8th graders, 8.3% indicated that he/she had been threatened by someone or injured with a weapon at school. This percentage decreases with increased grade level, with 7.3% of 10th graders and 4.7% of 12th graders reporting being threatened or injured with a weapon at school. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 The survey also contained a question asking students to report how often, if ever, he/she had been bullied on school property in the past year. For all three grades combined, 29.1% of students reported having been bullied at least once in the past year (39.5% of 8th graders, 26.9% of 10th graders, and 14.6% of 12th graders). In looking at the 2010 results in comparison to 2008 survey results, there were consistent decreases in all categories. For the statewide sample, rates of being in a physical fight at school in the past year decreased 2.6% (1.1% to 3.0% decrease in each grade), rates of not feeling safe at school decreased 4.3% (3.5% to 4.9% decrease in each grade), rates of not going to school at least one day in the past month due to safety concerns decreased 1.5% (0.6% to 2.2% decrease in each grade), rates of carrying a weapon to school in the past 30 days decreased 1.2% (1.0% to 1.3% decrease in each grade), rates of being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property in the past year decreased 4.3% (2.9% to 4.6% decrease in each grade), and rates of being bullied at least once in the past year decreased 3.2% (1.1% to 4.0% decrease in each grade). Table 28 Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Safety and Schools 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 2006 2008 2010 In a Physical Fight at School at Least Once 25.6 23.5 20.5 15.7 14.8 13.0 in the Past 12 Months 8.9 8.5 7.4 18.0 17.4 14.8 I Do Not Feel Safe At My School (response 25.3 23.5 20.0 23.5 22.6 18.2 17.1 18.2 13.3 22.8 22.0 17.7 of "NO" or "no" to the statement "I feel safe at my school") Did Not Go to School at Least One Day in the Past Month Because Felt Unsafe At School or On the Way to School Carried a Weapon to School at Least Once in the Past 30 Days 10.7 10.1 6.9 6.1 Been Threatened or Injured With a Weapon 15.5 12.9 on School Property in the Past 12 Months Been Bullied At Least Once in the Past Year 9.5 7.8 8.9 6.7 5.0 6.2 4.3 8.4 8.8 7.3 4.8 7.3 6.2 5.0 6.0 5.6 4.6 6.8 6.0 4.8 8.3 13.9 11.6 7.3 9.5 7.6 4.7 13.6 11.3 7.0 38.2 40.6 39.5 24.5 30.9 26.9 14.3 17.7 14.6 28.2 32.3 29.1 54 Figure 23 Student Responses to School Safety Questions (2006, 2008, 2010) 2006 2008 2010 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 In a Fight at School I Do Not Feel Safe Did Not Go to School Carried a Weapon to Been Threatened or Been Bullied At Least Once in the Past Injured With a At My School at Least One Day in School at Least Once at Least Once in the Year in the Past 30 Days Weapon on School the Past Month Past 12 Months Property in the Past Because Felt Unsafe 12 Months At School or On the Way to School Arizona Youth Survey 2010 55 Academic Performance and Substance Use Table 29 and Figure 24 show a clear relationship between substance use and academic performance. Of the students who report getting better grades, fewer have tried ATODs and fewer have recently used ATODs than those who report poorer grades. For example, failing students (those students receiving mostly Ds and Fs) are twice as likely to have used alcohol in the past 30 days, four times as likely to have used cigarettes in the past 30 days, and four times more likely to have indicated use of marijuana in the past 30 days than “A” students. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Table 29 Percentage Using ATODs in the Past 30 Days by Academic Grades (2010) Drugs Used Academic Grades Mostly As Mostly Bs Mostly Cs Mostly Ds or Fs Alcohol 21.0 33.7 41.4 46.3 Cigarettes 6.5 14.6 22.7 31.6 Smokeless Tobacco 2.3 5.1 7.6 10.5 Marijuana 7.2 14.6 22.1 31.1 Hallucinogens 0.7 1.6 2.3 4.3 Cocaine 0.5 1.3 2.1 3.9 Inhalants 2.1 3.8 4.9 7.5 Methamphetamines 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.9 Heroin 0.3 0.8 1.2 2.1 Ecstasy 1.0 2.5 3.7 6.4 Steroids 0.4 0.6 0.7 1.2 Prescription Pain Relievers 4.1 8.0 11.2 14.2 Prescription Stimulants 1.1 2.3 3.0 4.2 Prescription Sedatives 2.7 4.4 5.5 7.2 Prescription Drugs 6.2 10.7 14.2 18.0 Over-the-Counter Drugs 3.5 5.9 8.4 10.2 56 Figure 24 ATOD Use and Academic Grades (2010) Mostly As Mostly Bs Mostly Cs Mostly Ds or Fs 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Arizona Youth Survey 2010 57 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability When parents have favorable attitudes toward drugs, they influence the attitudes and behavior of their children. For example, parental approval of young people’s moderate drinking, even under parental supervision, increases the risk of the young person using marijuana. Further, in families where parents involve children in their own drug or alcohol behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or to get the parent a beer, there is an increased likelihood that their children will become drug abusers in adolescence. Table 30 and Figure 25 illustrate how perceived parental acceptability is related to substance use. In the Arizona Youth Survey, students were asked how wrong their parents felt it was to use different ATODs. The table to the right displays the percentage of students who have used marijuana in their lifetime and in the past 30 days in relation to their responses about their parents’ acceptance of marijuana use. Table 30 Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability of Marijuana Use (2010) How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to smoke marijuana? Has Used Has Used Marijuana Marijuana At Least Once in At Least Once in Lifetime Past 30 Days Very Wrong 23.0 9.9 Wrong 59.2 31.9 A Little Bit Wrong 77.4 51.5 Not Wrong At All 75.6 55.7 As can be seen, relatively few students (23.0% lifetime, 9.9% 30day) use marijuana when their parents think it is “Very Wrong” to use it. In contrast, when a student believes that their parents have less strong negative feelings about marijuana use (i.e. the parent only believes that it is “Wrong” not “Very Wrong”) use increased substantially to 59.2% for lifetime use and 31.9% for 30-day use. These results make a strong argument for the importance of parents having strong and clear standards and rules when it comes to ATOD use. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 58 Figure 25 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability (2010) How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to smoke marijuana? Very Wrong Wrong A Little Bit Wrong Not Wrong At All Percent of students indicating substance use by perceived parental acceptability category 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Lifetime Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 Days 59 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability During the elementary school years, children usually express anti-drug, anti-crime, and prosocial attitudes. They have difficulty imagining why people use drugs, commit crimes, and drop out of school. In middle school, as others they know participate in such activities, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. This places students at higher risk. The results provided in the following table and figure illustrate the relation between peer acceptability and individual drug use. As with perceived parental acceptability, the slightest perceived peer acceptability increases the chance that a student will use ATODs. In this section, lifetime and 30-day marijuana use are looked at in relation to what students thought were their chances of being seen as cool if he/she used marijuana. Table 31 Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability of Marijuana Use (2010) What are your chances you would be seen as cool if you smoked marijuana? Has Used Has Used Marijuana Marijuana At Least Once in At Least Once in Lifetime Past 30 Days No or very little chance 13.7 4.9 Little chance 37.6 15.9 Some chance 45.9 23.6 Pretty good chance 50.6 28.4 Very good chance 61.3 40.1 When students thought there was “No or very little chance” that he/she would be seen as cool if he/she used marijuana, only 13.7% had tried marijuana in their lifetime and only 4.9% had used it in the last month. However, when students thought that there was even a “Little chance” that he/she would be seen as cool, marijuana use rates were nearly three times higher for lifetime use (37.6%) and over three times higher for pastmonth use (15.9%). Students who thought that there was a “Very good chance” they would be seen as cool, indicated past-month marijuana use rates that were eight times higher than students who perceived that marijuana use was not cool. These results better illustrate how peer acceptability puts youth at risk for ATOD use. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 60 Figure 26 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability (2010) What are your chances you would be seen as cool if you smoked marijuana? No or very little chance Little chance Some chance Pretty good chance Very good chance 100 Percent of students indicating substance use by perceived peer acceptability category 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Lifetime Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 Days 61 Parent/Youth Communication About the Dangers of Substance Use The results of the question presented in Table 32 and Figure 27 indicate that slightly less than half of students surveyed (48.3%) have not had a discussion with their parents about the dangers of any substance. Further, when distinguishing which substances parents had discussed with their students, it appears that parent/child discussions about the dangers of tobacco use stay relatively even across grades (31.4% in 8th grade, 31.8% in 10th grade, 30.8% in 12th grade), while discussions about the dangers of using drugs gradually decreases as students age (40.0% in the 8th grade, 39.0% in the 10th grade, and 34.1% in the 12th grade). In contrast, the rate of parents speaking to their children about the dangers of alcohol use appears to increase as students age (28.7% in the 8th grade, 31.5% in 10th grade, and 32.3% in 12th grade). In comparing 2008 and 2010 data, Table 32 shows that students indicated a decrease in past year discussions in all categories. For all grades combined, the rate of past year discussions about tobacco dangers decreased 1.8%, the rate of past year discussions about alcohol dangers decreased 2.0%, and the rate of past year discussions about drug dangers decreased 1.1%. Table 32 Percentage of Students Indicating Communication with Parents About Substance Use During the past 12 months, have you talked with at least one 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total of your parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use? By parents, we mean your biological parents, adoptive parents, stepparents, or adult guardians -- whether or not they 2008 2010 2008 2010 2008 2010 2008 2010 live with you. (Choose all that apply) No, I did not talk with my parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use. 43.1 46.9 46.2 48.0 50.8 50.9 45.9 48.3 Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of tobacco use. 34.6 31.4 32.8 31.8 30.8 30.8 33.2 31.4 Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of alcohol use. 31.0 28.7 34.3 31.5 33.0 32.3 32.5 30.5 Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of drug use. 42.1 40.0 39.5 39.0 33.3 34.1 39.2 38.1 Figure 27 Percentage of Students Indicating Communication with Parents About Substance Use 2008 2010 100 90 80 70 Percent of students In the 2008 and 2010 Arizona Youth Surveys, questions were added asking students to indicate whether or not their parents had talked to them about the dangers of substance use. The question was worded as follows: “During the past 12 months, have you talked with at least one of your parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use? By parents, we mean your biological parents, adoptive parents, stepparents, or adult guardians -- whether or not they live with you. (Choose all that apply).” 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total No, I did not talk with my parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total Yes, I talked to my parents Yes, I talked to my parents Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of tobacco about the dangers of alcohol use. about the dangers of drug use. use. 62 Prevention-Related Advertisements In the 2008 and 2010 Arizona Youth Surveys, two advertisingrelated questions were posed to students to gather information on whether he/she remembered hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year and whether he/she had ever heard of the gun violence prevention program called Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN). The results of two of the prevention-related advertising questions asked in the AYS are presented in Table 33 and Figure 28. The results show that while an overwhelming majority of youth (77.6%) have remembered hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year, only 17.5% of youth surveyed indicated that he/she had heard of PSN. Table 33 Percentage of Students Responding to Questions Regarding Prevention-Related Advertisements 8th Grade Total 2008 2010 2008 2010 2008 2010 2008 2010 Reported hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year 75.7 73.2 83.4 79.5 85.8 82.3 80.5 77.6 Reported having heard of the gun violence prevention program, Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN) 18.9 17.2 17.8 17.2 17.9 18.2 18.3 17.5 Figure 28 Further, the data show that the reported rates of remembering substance abuse prevention ads increases with increased grade level (73.2% in 8th grade, 79.5% in 10th grade, 82.3% in 12th grade). Older students are also slightly more apt to have heard of PSN (17.2% of 8th graders, 17.2% of 10th graders, 18.2% of 12th graders). Percentage of Students Reporting Having Noticed Prevention-Related Advertisements 2008 2010 100 90 80 70 Percent of students In comparing 2008 and 2010 data, Table 33 shows that the percent of students reporting having heard, read, or watched a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year has decreased significantly in each grade (decreases of 2.5% to 3.9% in each grade) and 2.9% for all grades combined. 10th Grade 12th Grade 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total Reported hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year Arizona Youth Survey 2010 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total Reported having heard of the gun violence prevention program, Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN) 63 Youth Resiliency to ATODs 10th Grade 12th Grade Total Alcohol? In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: Never 71.4 52.3 41.6 57.7 Once 12.3 14.2 13.2 13.1 2-3 times 9.5 17.3 21.3 15.0 4-6 times 3.4 7.7 10.7 6.7 7-10 times 1.0 2.9 4.9 2.6 More than 10 times 2.4 5.7 8.3 4.9 Never 80.6 68.4 62.7 72.2 Once 8.7 10.3 10.3 9.6 2-3 times 5.2 8.6 9.6 7.4 4-6 times 2.2 3.9 4.8 3.4 7-10 times 1.0 2.3 2.8 1.9 More than 10 times 2.4 6.5 9.8 5.6 Never 75.4 58.7 56.9 65.4 Once 8.1 11.1 11.0 9.7 2-3 times 6.5 10.3 10.7 8.7 4-6 times 3.5 6.2 6.3 5.1 7-10 times 1.9 3.6 3.7 2.9 4.7 10.2 11.4 8.2 Never 88.4 81.4 81.7 84.5 Once 5.4 7.5 7.3 6.6 2-3 times 2.7 4.8 4.8 3.9 4-6 times 1.2 2.2 2.2 1.8 7-10 times 0.6 1.2 1.2 0.9 More than 10 times 1.7 2.9 2.9 2.4 More than 10 times Other drugs? In regard to student reports of avoiding people or places to avoid being offered substances, it appears that 8th and 10th graders are more likely than 12th graders to avoid places or people to avoid substance use offers. Of all students combined, 12.6% indicate that they’ve avoided places or people one time in the past month, 10.9% have avoided them two to three times in the past month, and 11.5% have avoided them four or more times in the past month. 8th Grade Cigarettes? The results of the question presented in Table 34 and Figure 29 indicate that most students surveyed have never been offered a substance -- 57.7% of students were not offered alcohol in the past month, 72.2% were not offered cigarettes in the past month, 65.4% were not offered marijuana in the past month, and 84.5% were no offered other drugs in the past month. Alcohol and marijuana are the substances most often offered to students. Table 34 Youth Resiliency to ATODs (2010) Marijuana? In the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey, questions were added asking students to indicate whether they had been offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs in the past year; and how often they avoided people or places for fear of being offered those substances. In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Never 64.9 63.0 67.0 64.9 Once 13.6 12.7 10.9 12.6 2-3 times 10.3 11.9 10.8 10.9 4-6 times 3.5 4.5 4.2 4.0 7-10 times 1.5 1.9 2.0 1.7 More than 10 times 6.2 6.0 5.1 5.8 64 Figure 29 Youth Resiliency to ATODs (2010) 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 100 90 80 Percent of students 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Was offered alcohol at least once in the past month Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Was offered cigarettes at least once in the past month Was offered marijuana at least once in the past month Was offered other drugs at least once in the past month Avoided people or places because they might have been offered a substance at least once in the past month 65 Youth Resiliency to ATODs: Refusal Strategies Youth Resiliency to ATODs: Refusal Strategies (2010) 8th Grade Arizona Youth Survey 2010 10th Grade 12th Grade Total In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? The results of the question presented in Table 35 and Figure 30 indicate that 35.6% responded “I say ‘no’ without giving a reason why” at least one time in the past 30 days, 30.5% responded with “I give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer” at least once in the past month, 23.9% responded with “I decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer” at least once in the past month, and 19.6% indicated having used the excuse “I use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs” at least once in the past month. A simple “no” to the offer is the most used strategy by students in all grades. Table 35 decide to leave the give an explanation or say "No" without situation without excuse to turn down giving a reason why? accepting the offer? the offer? In the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey, questions were added asking students to indicate their resiliency to offers of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other substances. They were asked, “In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs were offered to you?: say ‘no’ without giving a reason why, give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer, decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer, and use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs.” Response options were as follows: “Never,” “Once,” “Twice,” “Three times,” “Four or more times,” and “I never got offers.” Never 30.9 33.4 33.8 32.4 Once 14.2 17.4 17.2 16.0 Twice 5.8 8.9 10.3 8.0 Three times 2.7 4.1 5.5 3.9 Four or more times 5.3 8.8 10.4 7.7 I never got offers 41.1 27.3 22.8 32.0 Never 35.7 38.7 39.4 37.6 Once 10.9 13.9 15.2 13.0 Twice 5.4 8.2 10.2 7.5 Three times 2.7 4.6 5.2 3.9 Four or more times 4.4 7.3 7.4 6.1 I never got offers 41.0 27.3 22.5 31.9 Never 37.3 45.1 50.9 43.3 Once 10.2 12.3 11.4 11.1 Twice 3.7 5.2 5.2 4.6 Three times 2.4 2.9 3.2 2.8 4.6 6.3 5.9 5.5 I never got offers 41.8 28.1 23.4 32.8 Never 40.7 49.7 55.3 47.4 9.1 Four or more times Once 8.2 9.9 9.6 Twice 3.3 4.2 4.3 3.8 Three times 1.9 2.6 2.4 2.3 Four or more times I never got offers 3.8 5.2 4.6 4.4 42.1 28.3 23.7 33.0 66 Figure 30 Youth Resiliency to ATODs: Refusal Strategies (2010) In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 100 90 Percent of students 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 say "No" without giving a reason why? Arizona Youth Survey 2010 give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? 67 Gambling In the AYS, students were asked to report how often (if ever) he/she participated in various gambling activities in the past year. Table 36 and Figure 31 display the data for survey questions regarding past year gambling and also report an average age when youth first gambled. Past year gambling percentages include those students who responded that he/ she had gambled “A few times in the past year,” “Once or twice a month,” “Once or twice a week,” or “Almost every day.” Average age of initiation was determined by asking students to report how old they were they first time he/ she bet or gambled. When students were asked how often he/she participated in various gambling activities, betting on cards was the activity in which the greatest number of students participated in the past year. Of respondents in the 8th, 10th, and 12th Arizona Youth Survey 2010 grades, 35.7% indicated that he/she had bet on cards at least once in the past year. Betting on a game of personal skill had the second highest rates of participation (27.2% of students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grade participating), and the third highest gambling activity was betting on sports (27.0% of the three grades) in the past year. The gambling activities with the least past-year participation were gambling on the Internet (4.7%), animal races (4.8%), and playing a slot machine, poker machine, or other gambling machine (5.2%). Rates of reported past year gambling tend to decrease with increased grade level, as rates of gambling peaked in the 8th grade for seven of the 10 gambling categories (playing the lottery, betting on sports, playing cards, playing bingo for money, Internet gambling, playing a dice game, and betting on personal skill). 68 Table 36 Gambling: Percentage of Students Reporting Participation in Various Gambling Activities in the Past Year, and Average Age of First Gambling 8th Grade 2006 2008 10th Grade 2010 2006 2008 12th Grade 2010 2006 2008 Total 2010 2006 2008 2010 Have engaged in one of the following gambling activities for money, possessions, or anything of value at least once in the past year 54.2 69.1 61.6 51.8 65.9 59.8 46.3 60.6 56.5 50.8 66.2 59.7 2.7 6.4 5.3 2.6 6.1 4.8 3.1 5.8 5.3 2.8 6.2 5.2 26.3 24.8 21.4 22.3 21.8 20.7 17.9 19.0 18.9 22.8 22.5 20.6 n/a 31.8 28.6 n/a 30.2 27.0 n/a 25.6 24.4 n/a 29.9 27.0 24.8 43.7 36.1 26.2 43.7 36.0 24.6 40.6 34.8 25.2 42.9 35.7 n/a 20.4 15.9 n/a 20.7 16.6 n/a 18.9 15.3 n/a 20.1 16.0 18.5 32.6 26.4 12.1 23.2 20.4 7.1 14.7 14.2 13.4 25.6 21.4 Gambled on the Internet? 6.0 6.3 5.1 5.4 5.1 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.2 5.4 5.6 4.7 Played a dice game?* n/a 31.5 26.0 n/a 25.1 21.9 n/a 19.2 17.9 n/a 26.7 22.6 Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* 20.8 32.7 28.2 21.4 31.3 27.7 18.5 27.0 24.9 20.4 31.0 27.2 Bet on a horse or other animal race?* n/a 6.4 5.0 n/a 5.8 5.0 n/a 5.1 4.4 n/a 5.9 4.8 N/A 11.6 11.5 N/A 12.2 12.2 N/A 13.2 13.2 N/A 12.1 12.1 Any Gambling Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bet on sports?* Played cards? Bought a raffle ticket? Played bingo? Average age of first gambling or betting? Average age of initiation -8th, 10th, and 12th grade combined *Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from table. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 69 Figure 31 Past Year Participation in Various Gambling Activities, By Grade (2010) Percent of students indicating they had gambled a few times in the past year, once or twice a month, once or twice a week, or almost every day 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 100 90 Percent of Students 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Bet on a horse or other animal race?* Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?* Played a dice game?* Gambled on the Internet? Played bingo? Bought a raffle ticket? Played cards? Bet on sports?* Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? Any Gambling 0 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from table. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 70 5 Section 5: Summary of Findings The Arizona Youth Survey (AYS), conducted in January through April 2010, gathered a plethora of information that can be used by Arizona policy makers and practitioners. Because of time and resource constraints the data presented in this report merely skim the surface of the data gathered by the survey; however, the results are highly beneficial in helping Arizona communities identify the needs of Arizona youth and plan prevention and delinquency programs that fit their needs. The Arizona Youth Survey is based on the national Communities That Care model and the research of J. David Hawkins, Ph.D. and Richard F. Catalano, Ph.D. The model has strong support from numerous federal agencies including the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), the National Youth Gang Center, and the Center for Substance Abuse and Prevention (CSAP). Given the scarce resources available to schools and service providers today, the information contained within this report and a continued analysis of the data provides Arizona with a considerable advantage at all levels of government in securing additional funding for youth programming. This statewide effort encompassed all 15 counties and 372 schools, which resulted in the participation of 63,784 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students throughout Arizona. As a result of this year’s success and the success of previous administrations, outstanding strides continue to be made in developing a data infrastructure that provides valuable information regarding youth at the state and local level. Continuing to build and strengthen partnerships between those who work with youth remains the primary goal of the Arizona Youth Survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 The ability to accurately understand the underlying factors — behaviors, attitudes, conditions or events — that increase and decrease the risk for delinquency will provide a basis on which to bring about positive change. Risk factors are powerful tools for identifying and locating populations and individuals with a high potential for substance abuse, delinquency, school dropout, and/or violence, and they provide valuable targets for programs aimed at preventing or reducing these problem behaviors. Protective factors are also important tools for enhancing the availability of positive interactions and bonding with the community, family, school, and peer groups. Additionally, the data obtained on the use of ATOD and delinquency provide further insight into the experiences of Arizona youth, which can assist in the development of school and community-based intervention programming. Findings for each of the report sections are summarized below: Risk Factor Profiles The following risk factor scales showed significant decreases of 1.0% or higher in all grades since the 2008 survey: Low Neighborhood Attachment, Perceived Availability of Drugs, Perceived Availability of Handguns, Poor Family Management, Parental Attitudes Favorable to ASB, Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use, Academic Failure, Early Initiation of ASB, Early Initiation of Drug Use, Attitudes Favorable to ASB, Interaction with Antisocial Peers, Gang Involvement. Only two risk factor scales showed significant increases in all grades since 2008: Perceived Risk of Drug Use and Peer Rewards for Antisocial Behavior. 71 Protective Factor Profiles Arizona Results Compared to National Results The following protective factor scales showed significant increases of 1.0% or higher in all grades since the 2008 survey: Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement, School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement, School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement, Interaction with Prosocial Peers, Prosocial Involvement, and Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. There were no scales that showed significant decreases in all grades since 2008. A comparison between the Arizona Youth Survey and the national MTF survey is another measure for assessing current substance abuse and risk behaviors of Arizona youth. A lower percentage of Arizona survey participants in all grades have had lifetime experience with prescription stimulants compared to youth in the same grades in the 2009 national survey. Additionally, a lower percentage of 8th and 10th grade Arizona students have had lifetime experience with smokeless tobacco than 8th and 10th grade youth in the national MTF sample. However, Arizona students in all grades indicated higher cigarette, marijuana, ecstasy, and prescription pain reliever use than students in the same grades in the national sample. Further, alcohol use rates for Arizona 8th and 10th graders were also higher than 8th and 10th grade alcohol use rates in the national sample. Hallucinogen and heroin use rates for Arizona 10th and 12th graders were also higher than 10th and 12th grade hallucinogen and heroin use rates in the national sample. Alcohol use for Arizona youth who took the survey was 8.5% greater for Arizona 8th graders and 5.0% greater for Arizona 10th graders in comparison to national sample youth in the same grades. Cigarette use rates in Arizona were 3.3% to 4.5% higher for each grade than in the MTF sample; marijuana use rates in Arizona were 2.0% to 2.7% higher for each grade than in the MTF sample; ecstasy use rates in Arizona were 1.7% to 4.1% higher for each grade than in the MTF sample; and prescription pain reliever use rates in Arizona were 7.1% to 9.9% higher for each grade than in the national sample. Age of Initiation Arizona students begin using cigarettes at a younger age than other drugs. The average age of first use of cigarettes in 2010 was 12.9 years. The age of first cigarette use has increased by 0.4 years since the 2006 survey. Arizona students, on average, reported having their first drink of alcohol (having more than a sip or two of alcohol) at 13.1 years in 2010, while the average age of first regular use of alcohol (drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, or at least once or twice a month) was over a year later at 14.3 years. Substance Use for Arizona For 2010 lifetime substance use, the most commonly used substances are alcohol (58.2% of Arizona survey participants in the 2010 survey have used at least once), cigarettes (34.0% have used), marijuana (29.9% have used), prescription drugs (21.5% have used), prescription pain relievers (16.8% have used), inhalants (12.3% have used) and over-the-counter drugs (11.8% have used). Lifetime use of alcohol in all grades has significantly decreased since the 2008 survey, with alcohol use decreasing 2.0% to 2.7% in each grade. Tenth and 12th grade lifetime use of cocaine and prescription pain relievers decreased since the 2008 survey. A higher percentage of Arizona youth in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades have used alcohol, cigarettes, ecstasy, and prescription pain relievers than youth in the same grades in the 2009 national Monitoring the Future (MTF) sample. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Since the 2008 AYS, 30-day use rates have decreased by 1.3% to 3.0% in all grades for alcohol, and 30-day cigarette use rates decreased 1.0% in the 10th grade and 1.0% in the 12th grade. Since the 2008 AYS, marijuana 30-day use rates increased in each grade, ecstasy use rates increased in the 10th and 12th grades, and smokeless tobacco use rates increased in the 10th and 12th grades. By grade level, 8th grade 30-day use rates decreased significantly since the 2008 survey for alcohol (1.3% decrease). Tenth grade past month use rates decreased significantly for alcohol (3.0% decrease) and cigarettes (1.0% decreased) since the 2008 survey. Twelfth grade 30-day use rates decreased significantly since 2008 for alcohol (1.8% decrease), cigarettes (1.0% decrease), and cocaine (1.0% decrease); but also increased significantly since 2008 for smokeless tobacco use (1.3% increase), marijuana (2.6% increase), and ecstasy (1.4% increase). 72 Substance Use by Gender While being female is generally considered a protective factor for substance use, of the Arizona students who took the survey, males and females are very similar in their use of most substances. In some cases, females (especially in the lower grades) actually have use rates that are higher than males. Males in all grades indicate higher lifetime use rates for smokeless tobacco (2.7% higher in the 8th grade, 11.4% higher in the 10th grade, 18.6% higher in the 12th grade) and marijuana (2.9% to 6.4% higher than female rates in each grade). In contrast, the 2010 AYS results show that females in all grades indicated higher lifetime use rates of the following substances: alcohol (59.7% total female use compared to 56.7% total male use) and sedatives (13.0% total female use compared to 8.5% total male use). For 30-day use, marijuana 30-day use rates were consistently higher for males (0.8% to 6.9% higher in each grade), and the 30-day use rates of smokeless tobacco are higher for males as well (1.0% to 10.1% higher for males over females in each grade). Perceived Harmfulness of Drugs: Arizona Compared to National Sample While Arizona youth in the 8th and 10th grades perceived a greater risk in trying marijuana once or twice than national MTF students (2.3% higher perceived harmfulness for 8th grade Arizona participants, 1.0% higher for 10th grade Arizona participants), Arizona youth perceived significantly less risk in regularly using marijuana. Rates of perceived harmfulness of smoking marijuana regularly were significantly lower than MTF rates in all grades — 9.7% less perceived risk in the 8th grade (60.1% for Arizona, 69.8% for MTF), 13.4% less perceived risk in the 10th grade (46.1% for Arizona, 59.5% for MTF), and 13.2% less perceived risk for the 12th grade (39.2% for Arizona, 52.4% for MTF). Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Perceived Availability of Drugs: Arizona Compared to National Sample The results reveal that Arizona survey participants do not perceive any type of drug as being as easy to get as do the youth from the national sample. In all categories, and for all grades, there is a 3.1% to 21.9% difference in perceived availability between Arizona results and national results. Where Students Obtained Alcohol Across all grades, one of the most prominent alcohol sources for Arizona students is getting it at a party. This source becomes increasingly more available as students progress from the 8th grade (38.7% obtained alcohol at a party) to the 12th grade (53.8% obtained alcohol at a party). For alcohol-using 8th graders, the major sources for obtaining alcohol are getting it at a party (38.7%), taking it from home (30.2%), and getting it from someone under the age of 21 (21.0%). For alcohol-using 10th and 12th graders, the major sources for obtaining alcohol are getting it at a party (49.6% for 10th graders, 53.8% for 12th graders), giving someone money to buy it (32.6% for 10th graders, 42.5% for 12th graders), and having a non-relative over the age of 21 give it to them (24.8% of 10th graders, 30.4% of 12th graders). Where Students Obtained Prescription Drugs Across all grades, a large majority of student have never used prescription drugs to get high (78.5% to 88.1% in each grade, 83.6% overall). In all grades, the most prominent method of obtaining prescription drugs was by getting it from a friend. This source becomes increasingly more frequent as students progress from the 8th grade (5.5% obtained prescription drugs from a friend) to the 12th grade (14.0% obtained prescription drugs from a friend). Nearly one in ten students in the statewide sample report having gotten a prescription drug from a friend at least one time in their lifetime. 73 Drinking and Driving Handguns The 2010 survey found that a minority of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade youth in the state had driven a vehicle after drinking (8.2%) or ridden with a driver who had been drinking (28.5%). Of those students who indicated that they had driven after drinking or ridden with a driver who had been drinking, most indicate that he/she did so one time in the past month (4.0% driving after drinking one time in the past month, 11.4% riding with a driver who had a drink one time in the past month). It is clear that a very low percentage of students carry handguns or take them to school. For example, 1.7% of the students surveyed reported having taken a handgun to school in the past 12 months. In regard to carrying a handgun in general, 7.1% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in the past 12 months, and 7.8% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in their lifetime. Only 7.5% of students think that he/she would be seen as cool if he/she carried a handgun. Most students (78.9%) also perceived that it would be difficult to get a handgun if he/she wanted one. Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior by Grade and Gender The results show several significant changes in rates from 2008 to 2010. Reports of lifetime handgun carrying decreased 1.2% for the total sample, the belief it was very easy or sort of easy to get a handgun decreased 4.4% for the statewide sample, the belief that there was a very good or pretty good chance they would be seen as cool if they carried a handgun decreased 1.0%, the belief that parents wouldn’t catch a kids with a handgun decreased 1.5%, and the belief that the police wouldn’t catch a kid with a handgun decreased 3.3% since 2008. Unlike 30-day and lifetime ATOD substance use, where Arizona males and females had similar use rates, and often females in lower grades had higher rates, the male-female differences in heavy use of alcohol and tobacco and antisocial behavior are more pronounced, with males using more than females. Some of the biggest differences between males and females were in being suspended from school (19.7% for males compared to 10.3% for females), selling illegal drugs (11.1% for males compared to 5.4% for females), and being arrested (10.8% for males and 5.9% for females). Overall, binge drinking and being drunk or high at school remain as significant problems among Arizona youth with 19.5% of all 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students binge drinking at least once in the past two weeks and 18.0% of students in the three grades reporting being at school while drunk or high at least once in the past year. Arizona Youth Survey 2010 74 Violence Student Safety A review of the data reveals that 19.2% of youth in Arizona have attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them at some time in their life, and 14.9% have attacked someone in the past 12 months. However, only a small percentage (3.4%) believe that it isn’t at all wrong to attack someone to seriously hurt them. Overall, a large majority of students feel safe at school, haven’t been in a fight at school in the past year, haven’t been injured or threatened at school in the past year, and haven’t taken a weapon to school in the past month. For example, 4.8% of 8th graders, 5.0% of 10th graders, and 4.6% of 12th graders have taken a weapon to school at least once in the past month. Most safety issues (being in a fight at school, not feeling safe at school, not going to school because they felt unsafe, being threatened or injured with a weapon at school), and being bullied show a decrease with increased grade level. From 2008 to 2010, there were several significant decreases in the violence data. For the statewide sample, rates of lifetime attack to harm decreased 1.5% (1.3% to 1.7% decrease in each grade), rates of past year attack to harm decreased 1.4% (0.6% to 1.5% decrease in each grade), rates of believing it was okay to beat someone up if they started the fight decreased 1.3% (0.8% to 2.2% decrease in each grade), and rates of believing it was not at all wrong to pick a fight decreased 1.0% (0.4% to 1.1% decrease in each grade). Gangs A large majority of Arizona youth (91.3%) have never belonged to a gang, while 4.7% of the youth surveyed reported that they had been members in the past; 2.1% reported they belong now; 1.5% reported that they would like to join a gang; and 0.4% reported that they are in a gang, but would like to get out. The percent of students reporting that they had never belonged to a gang increased 1.9% since 2008 (0.4% to 2.6% in each grade). AYS 2010 data indicates that the number one reason for joining was friendship (34.3% of previous or current gang members indicated this reason), followed by another option not listed (22.8%), other reason (2.3%), to make money (16.0%), and for protection (16.0%). Arizona Youth Survey 2010 In looking at the 2010 results in comparison to 2008 survey results, there were consistent decreases in all categories. For the statewide sample, rates of being in a physical fight at school in the past year decreased 2.6% (1.1% to 3.0% decrease in each grade), rates of not feeling safe at school decreased 4.3% (3.5% to 4.9% decrease in each grade), rates of not going to school at least one day in the past month due to safety concerns decreased 1.5% (0.6% to 2.2% decrease in each grade), rates of carrying a weapon to school in the past 30 days decreased 1.2% (1.0% to 1.3% decrease in each grade), rates of being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property in the past year decreased 4.3% (2.9% to 4.6% decrease in each grade), and rates of being bullied at least once in the past year decreased 3.2% (1.1% to 4.0% decrease in each grade). 75 Students’ Academic Performance and Substance Use Parent/Youth Communication About the Dangers of Substance Use There is a clear relationship between substance use and school performance. Of the students who report getting better grades, fewer have tried ATODs and fewer have recently used ATODs than those who report poorer grades. Failing students (those students receiving mostly Ds and Fs) are twice as likely to have used alcohol in the past 30 days, four times as likely to have used cigarettes in the past 30 days, and four times more likely to have indicated use of marijuana in the past 30 days than “A” students. In the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey, questions were added asking students to indicate whether or not their parents had talked to them about the dangers of substance use. The results of the question indicate that slightly less than half of students surveyed (48.3%) have not had a discussion with their parents about the dangers of any substance. Further, when distinguishing which substances parents had discussed with their students, it appears that parent/ child discussions about the dangers of tobacco use stay relatively even across grades (31.4% in 8th grade, 31.8% in 10th grade, 30.8% in 12th grade), while discussions about the dangers of using drugs gradually decreases as students age (40.0% in the 8th grade, 39.0% in the 10th grade, and 34.1% in the 12th grade). In contrast, the rate of parents speaking to their children about the dangers of alcohol use appears to increase as students age (28.7% in the 8th grade, 31.5% in 10th grade, and 32.3% in 12th grade). Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability Parental attitudes toward drugs influence the attitudes and behavior of their children. Even a small amount of perceived parental acceptability can lead to substance use. For example, relatively few students (23.0% lifetime, 9.9% 30-day) use marijuana when their parents think it is “Very Wrong” to use it. In contrast, when a student believes that their parents agree with use somewhat (i.e. the parent only believes that it is “Wrong” not “Very Wrong”) use increased substantially to 59.2% for lifetime use and 31.9% for 30-day use. Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability As with perceived parental acceptability, the slightest perceived peer acceptability increases the chance that a student will use ATODs. For example, when students thought there was “No or very little chance” that he/she would be seen as cool if he/she used marijuana, only 13.7% had tried marijuana in their lifetime and only 4.9% had used it in the last month. However, when students thought that there was even a “Little chance” that he/she would be seen as cool, marijuana use rates were nearly three times higher for lifetime use (37.6%) and over three times higher for past-month use (15.9%). Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Prevention-Related Advertisements The AYS asks several advertising-related questions to gather information on whether they remembered hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year and whether they had ever heard of the gun violence prevention program called Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN). The results show that while an overwhelming majority of youth (77.6%) have remembered hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year, only 17.5% of youth surveyed indicated that he/she had heard of PSN. 76 Youth Resiliency to ATODs In the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey, questions were added asking students to indicate whether they had been offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs in the past year; and how often they avoided people or places for fear of being offered those substances. The results indicate that most students surveyed have never been offered a substance -- 57.7% of students were not offered alcohol in the past month, 72.2% were not offered cigarettes in the past month, 65.4% were not offered marijuana in the past month, and 84.5% were no offered other drugs in the past month. Alcohol and marijuana are the substances most often offered to students. In the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey, questions were also added asking students to indicate their typical responses/strategies for refusing ATOD’s. The results indicate that 35.6% of all students said ‘no’ without giving a reason why at least one time in the past 30 days, 30.5% responded with “I give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer” at least once in the past month, 23.9% responded with “I decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer” at least once in the past month, and 19.6% responded that “I use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs” at least once in the past month. A simple “no” to the offer is the most used strategy for declining offers to try ATOD’s. Gambling When students were asked how often he/she participated in various gambling activities, betting on cards was the activity in which the greatest number of students participated in the past year. Of respondents in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades, 35.7% indicated that he/she had bet on cards at least once in the past year. Betting on a game of personal skill had the second highest rates of participation (27.2% of students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grade participating), and the third highest gambling activity was betting on sports (27.0% of the three grades) in the past year. The gambling activities with the least past-year Arizona Youth Survey 2010 participation were gambling on the Internet (4.7%), animal races (4.8%), and playing a slot machine, poker machine, or other gambling machine (5.2%). Rates of reported past year gambling tend to decrease with increased grade level, as rates of gambling peaked in the 8th grade for seven of the 10 gambling categories (playing the lottery, betting on sports, playing cards, playing bingo for money, Internet gambling, playing a dice game, and betting on personal skill). Conclusion The Arizona Youth Survey fills a critical role within a statewide substance abuse, violence, and juvenile delinquency prevention strategy to provide information on the well-being of youth, families, and communities. In the next two years, the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission will continue to place an emphasis on building partnerships and working to disseminate survey data to community leaders and decision makers. Although this report provides a statewide perspective, additional reports will be available at the county and city levels. In addition, topical research briefs will be made available as they are produced. The data made available through the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey provides local decision makers with information for developing strategies in directing scarce funding toward needed programs to serve the youth and families in their community. Data-driven programs are more likely to target needed areas and, therefore, are more likely to result in the successful maximization of limited resources. Critical to this effort is the continued development of a state data infrastructure that provides information on the wellbeing of our youth and the communities in which we live. 77 Appendix A: 2010 Arizona Youth Survey C C ARIZONA YOUTH SURVEY 1. Thank you for agreeing to participate in this survey. The purpose of this survey is to learn how students in our schools feel about their community, family, peers, and school. The survey also asks about health behaviors. 2. The survey is completely voluntary and anonymous. DO NOT put your name on the questionnaire. 3. This is not a test, so there are no right or wrong answers. We would like you to work quickly so you can finish. 4. All of the questions should be answered by completely filling in one of the answer spaces. If you do not find an answer that fits exactly, use the one that comes closest. If any question does not apply to you, or you are not sure what it means, just leave it blank. You can skip any question that you do not wish to answer. no yes YES! Example: Chocolate is the best ice cream flavor. 5. For questions that have the following answers: NO! no yes YES! Mark (the BIG) NO! if you think the statement is DEFINITELY NOT TRUE for you. Mark (the little) no if you think the statement is MOSTLY NOT TRUE for you. Mark (the little) yes if you think the statement is MOSTLY TRUE for you. Mark (the BIG) YES! if you think the statement is DEFINITELY TRUE for you. NO! In the example above, the student marked "yes" because he or she thinks the statement is mostly true. 6. Please mark only one answer for each question by completely filling in the circle with a #2 pencil. County: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Type: District: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 18 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 16 19 or older 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 14 17 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 15 FEMALE 13 11th MALE 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Yes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 No Student’s Zip Code: Spanish Another language Grandparent(s) Foster Parent(s) Stepfather Father Stepmother Other Children Stepsister(s) Sister(s) Stepbrother(s) Brother(s) Other Adult(s) SERIAL Aunt 7. Think of where you live most of the time. Which of the following people live there with you? (Mark all that apply.) Mother Uncle English 6. What is the language you use most often at home? 5. Are you Hispanic or Latino? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 District Site: Please fill in the following information with the help of your teacher/survey assistant. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1. Are you: 2. How old are you? 10 or younger 11 10th 12th 9th 3. What grade are you in? 6th 7th 8th 4. What is your race? (Mark all that apply.) American Indian or Alaska Native Asian Black or African American Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander White EW-284262-1:654321 PLEASE DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA NO! no yes YES! The next section asks about your experiences at school. 8. In my school, students have lots of chances to help decide things like class activities and rules. 9. Teachers ask me to work on special classroom projects. 10. My teachers notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. 11. There are lots of chances for students in my school to get involved in sports, clubs, and other school activities outside of class. 12. There are lots of chances for students in my school to talk with a teacher one-on-one. 13. I feel safe at my school. 14. The school lets my parents know when I have done something well. 15. My teachers praise me when I work hard in school. 16. Are your school grades better than the grades of most students in your class? 17. I have lots of chances to be part of class discussions or activities. Almost always Not at all interesting 22. How interesting are most of your courses to you? Very interesting and stimulating Slightly interesting Quite interesting Fairly interesting None 3 days 2 days 6-10 days 4-5 days 11 or more days 23. During the LAST FOUR WEEKS how many whole days of school have you missed because you skipped or ’cut’? 1 day 24. Do you get a free or reduced cost lunch at school? Free lunch Reduced cost lunch Neither Number of friends 0 1 2 3 4 The next questions ask about your feelings and experiences in other parts of your life. 25. Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: a. participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? b. smoked cigarettes? c. tried beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) when their parents didn’t know about it? d. made a commitment to stay drug-free? Often 18. Now thinking back over the Sometimes past year in school, Seldom how often did you: Never a. enjoy being in school? o. been members of a gang? n. dropped out of school? m. been arrested? l. stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? k. sold illegal drugs? j. carried a handgun? i. liked school? h. been suspended from school? g. used LSD, cocaine, amphetamines, or other illegal drugs? f. tried to do well in school? e. used marijuana? 2 b. hate being in school? c. try to do your best work in school? 19. How often do you feel that the school work you are assigned is meaningful and important? Mostly A’s 20. Putting them all together, what were your grades like last year? Mostly F’s Mostly B’s Mostly D’s Mostly C’s Not at all important 21. How important do you think the things you are learning in school are going to be for your later life? Very important Slightly important Quite important Fairly important Very good chance 26. What are the chances Pretty good chance you would be Some chance seen as cool Little chance if you: No or very little chance 29. How wrong do you think it is for someone your age to: a. take a handgun to school? Not wrong at all A little bit wrong Wrong Very wrong b. steal anything worth more than $5? c. pick a fight with someone? e. stay away from school all day when their parents think they are at school? a. smoked cigarettes? c. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? f. drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) regularly? d. attack someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? d. defended someone who was being verbally abused at school? g. smoke cigarettes? b. worked hard at school? e. smoked marijuana? h. smoke marijuana? 15 17 or older 16 14 f. carried a handgun? 13 40+ times 30. How many times in 30 to 39 times the past year (12 months) 20 to 29 times have you: 10 to 19 times 6 to 9 times 3 to 5 times 1 to 2 times Never a. been suspended from school? b. carried a handgun? h. attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? 11 i. use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drug? 27. How old were you when you first: a. smoked marijuana? c. sold illegal drugs? d. stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? e. participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? f. been arrested? f. got suspended from school? i. been drunk or high at school? g. done extra work on your own for school? g. got arrested? Very True o. seen someone shot or shot at? n.seen someone attacked with a weapon, other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? m. seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked, or beaten up? l. been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked or any other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? k. taken a handgun to school? j. volunteered to do community service? Somewhat False 28. I do the opposite of what people tell me, just to get them mad. Very False Somewhat True k. gambled or bet on anything (cards, lottery, sports, bingo, dice, raffles, casino, internet or video games, etc.)? j. belonged to a gang? i. attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? h. carried a handgun? e. used methamphetamines (meth, crystal)? d. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? c. had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin)? b. smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? 10 or younger Never g. regularly volunteered to do community service? 12 3 31. I like to see how much I can get away with. Very False Somewhat True Somewhat False Very True 32. I ignore rules that get in my way. Very False Somewhat True Somewhat False Very True 33. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Almost every day Once or twice a week Once or twice a month At least once in the past 12 months Before, but not in the past 12 months Never a. Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? b. Played the lottery or scratch off tickets? c. Bet on sports? d. Played cards? e. Bought a raffle ticket? f. Played bingo? g. Gambled on the internet? h. Played a dice game? i. Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? j. Bet on a horse or other animal race? 34. During the past 30 days, how many times did you RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? 0 times 4 or 5 times 1 time 6 or more times 2 or 3 times 35. During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? 0 times 4 or 5 times 1 time 6 or more times 2 or 3 times 36. During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 0 times 6-7 times 1 time 8-9 times 2-3 times 10-11 times 4-5 times 12 or more times 37. During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 0 times 6-7 times 1 time 8-9 times 2-3 times 10-11 times 4-5 times 12 or more times 38. During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 0 times 6-7 times 1 time 8-9 times 2-3 times 10-11 times 4-5 times 12 or more times SERIAL 4 6 or more days 39. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you NOT go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school? 0 days 4-5 days 1 day 2-3 days NO! no yes YES! 6 or more days 40. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 0 days 4-5 days 1 day 2-3 days 41. I think sometimes it’s okay to cheat at school. 42. It is all right to beat up people if they start the fight. 43. I think it is okay to take something without asking if you can get away with it. Regularly now 44. Have you ever used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, or chewing tobacco)? Never Regularly in the past Once or twice Once in a while but not regularly 1 or 2 days All 30 days 20 to 29 days 45. How frequently have you used smokeless tobacco during the past 30 days? 0 days 10 to 19 days 3 to 5 days 6 to 9 days 6-9 times 46. Think back over the LAST TWO WEEKS. How many times have you had five or more alcoholic drinks in a row? None 3-5 times Once 10 or more times More than 10 times 7-10 times 4-6 times 2-3 times Once Never Twice 47. In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: a. alcohol? b. cigarettes? c. marijuana? d. other drugs? 48. In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? C C C C On how many occasions (if any) have you: 49. had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink in your lifetime -more than just a few sips? 50. had beer, wine or hard liquor to drink during the past 30 days? 51. used marijuana in your lifetime? 52. used marijuana during the past 30 days? 53. used LSD or other hallucinogens in your lifetime? 54. used LSD or other hallucinogens during the past 30 days? 55. used cocaine or crack in your lifetime? 56. used cocaine or crack during the past 30 days? 57. sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high in your lifetime? 58. sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high during the past 30 days? 59. used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in your lifetime? 60. used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) during the past 30 days? 61. used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth) in your lifetime? 62. used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth) in the past 30 days? 63. used heroin or other opiates in your lifetime? 64. used heroin or other opiates during the past 30 days? 65. used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA) in your lifetime? 66. used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA) in the past 30 days? 67. used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone) in your lifetime? 68. used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone) in the past 30 days? 69. used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, Oxycontin, Percocet, or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? 70. used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, Oxycontin, Percocet, or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? 71. used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? 72. used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? 73. used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) in your lifetime? 74. used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) during the past 30 days? 75. used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high in your lifetime? 76. used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high during the past 30 days? 5 0 1-2 6-9 10-19 20-39 40+ OCCASIONS 3-5 SERIAL I never got offers Four or more times Three times Twice Once Never 77. In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? (Fill in an answer for each way of responding) a. say “No” without giving a reason why? b. give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? c. decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? d. use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? 78. Have you ever smoked cigarettes? Never Regularly in the past Once or twice Regularly now Once in a while but not regularly 79. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes? 0 days 10 to 19 days 1 or 2 days 20 to 29 days 3 to 5 days All 30 days 6 to 9 days 80. During the past 30 days, on the days you smoked, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? I did not smoke cigarettes during the past 30 days Less than 1 cigarette per day One cigarette per day 2 to 5 cigarettes per day 6 to 10 cigarettes per day 11 to 20 cigarettes per day More than 20 cigarettes per day 81. Does anyone who lives with you now smoke cigarettes? (Mark all that apply.) No one who lives with me now smokes cigarettes. A parent (or guardian) A brother or sister Another adult who lives with us Another young person who lives with us 82. Which statement best describes the rules about smoking where you live? Smoking is not allowed anywhere Smoking is allowed in some places or at some times Smoking is allowed anywhere Great Risk 83. How much do you think Moderate Risk people risk harming Slight Risk themselves (physically or No Risk in other ways) if they: a. smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day? b. try marijuana once or twice? c. smoke marijuana regularly? d. take one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, liquor) nearly every day? e. have five or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage in a row once or twice a week? 6 84. If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply.) I’ve never used prescription drugs to get high Friends Family/Relatives Parties Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet) Doctor/Pharmacy School Other Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) These questions ask about the neighborhood and community where you live Very easy Sort of easy Sort of hard Very hard 85. If you wanted to get some cigarettes, how easy would it be for you to get some? 86. If you wanted to get some beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin), how easy would it be for you to get some? 87. If you wanted to get a drug like cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines, how easy would it be for you to get some? 88. If you wanted to get a handgun, how easy would it be for you to get one? 89. If you wanted to get some marijuana, how easy would it be for you to get some? 0 2 3-4 Number of Adults 1 5+ 90. If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply.) I did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event I gave someone else money to buy it for me My parent or guardian gave it to me Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me I got it at a party I took it from home I took it from a store or someone else’s home I got it some other way 91. About how many adults (over 21) have you known personally who in the past year have: a. used marijuana, crack, cocaine, or other drugs? b. sold or dealt drugs? c. done other things that could get them in trouble with the police, like stealing, selling stolen goods, mugging or assaulting others, etc? d. gotten drunk or high? 92. If a kid smoked marijuana in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? 93. If a kid drank some beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? 94. If a kid carried a handgun in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? NO! no yes YES! 95. Have you ever belonged to a gang? No Yes, belong now No, but would like to Yes, but would like to get out Yes, in the past 96. If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the one major reason you joined? Protection/safety Make money Friendship Other Parent(s) are in a gang I have never belonged to a Sibling(s) are in a gang gang NO! no yes YES! Not Wrong at All A little Bit Wrong Wrong Very Wrong 97. If you have ever belonged to a gang, did the gang have a name? I have never belonged to a gang No Yes 98. How wrong would most adults (over 21) in your neighborhood think it is for kids your age: a. to use marijuana? b. to drink alcohol? c. to smoke cigarettes? 99. If I had to move, I would miss the neighborhood I now live in. 100. My neighbors notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. 101. I like my neighborhood. 102. There are lots of adults in my neighborhood I could talk to about something important. 103. I’d like to get out of my neighborhood. 108. Which school-sponsored activities are you involved in during after school hours? (Mark all that apply) Sports Newspaper/Yearbook Music Mentoring or Tutoring Drama Other school group or club Foreign Language Club I am not involved in any Student Council/ school-sponsored Government activities 109. Which after-school activities, that are not school-sponsored, are you involved in? (Mark all that apply) Sports Big Brothers Big Sisters or Religious group other mentoring program Music/Dance/Drama Other after school activity Scouts/Campfire I am not involved in after Boys and Girls Club/Junior school activities that are Achievement/YMCA not school-sponsored 110. During the past 12 months, have you talked with at least one of your parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use? By parents, we mean your biological parents, adoptive parents, stepparents, or adult guardians – whether or not they live with you. (Choose all that apply) No, I did not talk with my parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use. Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of tobacco use. Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of alcohol use. Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of drug use. The next few questions ask about your family. When answering these questions please think about the people you consider to be your family, for example, parents, stepparents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc. All the Time 111. My parents notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. Never or Almost Never Often Sometimes All the Time 112. How often do your parents tell you they’re proud of you for something you’ve done? Never or Almost Never Often Sometimes Not wrong at all A little bit wrong Wrong Very wrong a. drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) regularly? 113. How wrong do your parents feel it would be for YOU to: 104. There are people in my neighborhood who are proud of me when I do something well. f. pick a fight with someone? e. draw graffiti, write things, or draw pictures on buildings or other property (without the owner’s permission)? d. steal something worth more than $5? b. smoke cigarettes? c. smoke marijuana? 107. During the past 12 months, do you recall hearing, reading, or watching an advertisement about the prevention of substance use? No Yes 106. I feel safe in my neighborhood. 105. There are people in my neighborhood who encourage me to do my best. 7 No Yes 114. Has anyone in your family ever had severe alcohol or drug problems? 115. Have any of your brothers or sisters ever: yes YES! I don’t have any brothers or sisters Yes No a. drunk beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin)? b. smoked marijuana? c. smoked cigarettes? d. taken a handgun to school? no 116 South 500 East Phone: 801-359-2064 NO! e. been suspended or expelled from school? 116. The rules in my family are clear. 117. People in my family often insult or yell at each other. 118. When I am not at home, one of my parents knows where I am and who I am with. 119. We argue about the same things in my family over and over. 120. If you drank some beer, wine or liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents? 121. My family has clear rules about alcohol and drug use. 122. If you carried a handgun without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents? 123. If you skipped school would you be caught by your parents? 124. My parents ask me what I think before most family decisions affecting me are made. 125. Do you feel very close to your mother? 126. Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your mother? 127. Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your father? 128. Do you enjoy spending time with your mother? 129. Do you enjoy spending time with your father? Bach Harrison, L.L.C. Salt Lake City, Utah 84102 SERIAL 8 130. If I had a personal problem, I could ask my mom or dad for help. 131. Do you feel very close to your father? 132. My parents give me lots of chances to do fun things with them. 133. My parents ask if I’ve gotten my homework done. 134. People in my family have serious arguments. 135. Would your parents know if you did not come home on time? 136. It is important to be honest with your parents, even if they become upset or you get punished. NO! no Yes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 yes YES! 137. Have any of your relatives previously been in prison or jail? (Mark all that apply) Mother Uncle Stepmother Other Adult(s) Father Brother(s) Stepfather Stepbrother(s) Foster Parent(s) Sister(s) Grandparent(s) Stepsister(s) Aunt Other Children 138. Are any of your relatives currently in prison or jail? (Mark all that apply) Mother Uncle Stepmother Other Adult(s) Father Brother(s) Stepfather Stepbrother(s) Foster Parent(s) Sister(s) Grandparent(s) Stepsister(s) Aunt Other Children 0 139. During a typical week, how many days do all or most of your family eat at least one meal together? Number of days: No 140. Have you ever heard of the gun violence prevention program, Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN)? Other 141. How did you hear about the gun violence prevention program, Project Safe Neighborhoods? (Mark all that apply.) T.V. Billboard Have not heard of PSN Radio 142. How honest were you in filling out this survey? I was very honest I was honest most of the time I was honest some of the time I was honest once in a while I was not honest at all Thank you for completing the survey C C Appendix B: Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Community Domain Protective Factors Community Domain Risk Factors Protective Factor Associated Scales Community Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Community Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Risk Factor Associated Scales Low Neighborhood Attachment Low Neighborhood Attachment Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use, Firearms, and Crime Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use Availability of Drugs and Firearms Perceived Availability of Drugs Perceived Availability of Handguns Media Portrayals of Violence Extreme Economic Deprivation Family Domain Protective Factors No Scale No Scale Protective Factor Associated Scales Family Attachment Family Attachment Family Opportunities for Positive Involvement Family Opportunities for Positive Involvement Family Rewards for Positive Involvement Family Rewards for Positive Involvement Appendix B (Cont.): Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Family Domain Risk Factors School Domain Protective Factors School Domain Risk Factors Risk Factor Associated Scales Family Management Problems Poor Family Management Family Conflict Family Conflict Family Involvement in the Problem Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Favorable Parental Attitudes Towards The Problem Behavior Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Protective Factor Associated Scales School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Risk Factor Associated Scales Academic Failure Beginning in Late Elementary School Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Low School Commitment Appendix B (Cont.): Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Individual-Peer Protective Factors Individual-Peer Risk Factors Protective Factor Associated Scales Belief in the Moral Order Belief in the Moral Order Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers Interaction with Prosocial Peers Risk Factor Associated Scales Rebelliousness Rebelliousness Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior Interaction with Antisocial Peers Friends’ Use of Drugs Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Favorable Attitudes Towards the Problem Behavior Attitudes Favorable Towards Antisocial Behavior Attitudes Favorable Towards Drug Use Perceived Risks of Drug Use Gang Involvement Gang Involvement Appendix C: AYS Survey Results, Frequency and Percentage for Each Response Category Question Q1 Are you? Response # Question % male 30,645 49.0 female 31,928 51.0 Q7 Response Think of where you live most of the time. Which of Mother lives with you the following people live there with you? (Choose Stepmother lives with you all that apply.) Father lives with you Q2 How old are you? 12 51 0.1 13 10,845 17.0 14 15,529 24.3 15 16 17 18 19 or older 8,218 11,613 7,784 Stepfather lives with you 12.9 18.2 12.2 8,922 14.0 822 1.3 Q4 What grade are you in? What is your race (Mark all that apply)? What is the language you use most often at home? 4.8 40,652 63.7 12.0 323 0.5 Granpparent(s) live with you 5,394 8.5 Aunt lives with you 2,533 4.0 Uncle lives with you 2,681 4.2 Other adults live with you 2,488 3.9 32,226 50.5 2,263 3.5 30,558 47.9 27,592 43.3 Sister(s) live with you 10th 19,489 30.6 Stepsister(s) live with you 1,986 3.1 12th 16,703 26.2 Other children live with you 4,088 6.4 American Indian 5,701 8.9 Asian 2,804 4.4 Black 4,526 7.1 Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 1,354 2.1 37,002 58.0 Q8 Yes 24,869 40.1 No 37,112 59.9 In my school, students have lots of chances to NO! help decide things like class activities and rules. no 9,155 14.6 23,829 37.9 yes 25,550 40.6 YES! 4,380 7.0 NO! 6,740 10.7 no 25,737 41.0 yes 25,676 40.9 4,609 7.3 Teachers ask me to work on special classroom projects. YES! Q6 88.4 3,038 7,672 Brother(s) live with you Q9 Are you Hispanic or Latino? 56,374 8th White Q5 % Foster-parents live with you Stepbrother(s) live with you Q3 # English 50,053 81.3 Spanish 9,902 16.1 Another Language 1,647 2.7 Q10 My teacher(s) notices when I am doing a good job NO! and lets me know about it. no 4,364 7.0 15,344 24.5 yes 32,143 51.2 YES! 10,873 17.3 Question Q11 Q12 Q13 Response # There are a lot of chances for students in my NO! school to get involved in sports, clubs, and other no school activities outside of class. 2,063 3.3 4,343 6.9 yes 24,643 39.1 YES! 31,948 50.7 There are lots of chances for students in my school to talk with a teacher one-on-one. I feel safe at my school. NO! Question % 2,516 4.0 no 11,094 17.7 yes 33,834 53.9 YES! 15,382 24.5 NO! 3,534 5.6 no 7,558 12.0 yes 35,450 56.5 YES! 16,216 25.8 Q15 The school lets my parents know when I have done something well. My teachers praise me when I work hard in school. NO! 15,543 24.7 no 28,115 44.7 yes 15,229 24.2 YES! 3,943 6.3 NO! 8,984 14.3 no 25,314 40.4 yes 23,655 37.8 4,682 7.5 YES! Q18A enjoy being in school? Q17 Are your school grades better than the grades of NO! most students in your class? no 5,159 8.3 19,417 31.1 yes 27,737 44.4 YES! 10,177 16.3 I have lots of chances to be part of class discussions or activities. NO! 2,080 3.3 no 9,546 15.3 yes 37,959 60.6 YES! 13,005 20.8 % Never 3,697 5.9 Seldom 6,590 10.5 Sometimes 25,435 40.4 Often 19,217 30.5 8,065 12.8 Almost Always Q18B hate being in school? Never 4,985 7.9 Seldom 16,888 26.9 Sometimes 24,713 39.3 Often 11,011 17.5 5,236 8.3 630 1.0 Almost Always Never Seldom Q19 How often do you feel that the school work you are assigned is meaningful and important? 2,382 3.8 Sometimes 11,326 18.1 Often 23,031 36.7 Almost Always 25,356 40.4 Never 4,632 7.4 Seldom 13,094 20.9 Sometimes 23,125 36.9 Often 15,565 24.8 6,253 10.0 Putting them all together, what were your grades Mostly F’s like last year? Mostly D’s 1,289 2.1 3,075 5.0 Mostly C’s 12,728 20.9 Mostly B’s 23,270 38.2 Mostly A’s 20,534 33.7 Very important 13,768 22.0 Quite important 16,922 27.1 Fairly important 18,902 30.2 Slightly important 10,616 17.0 2,283 3.7 Almost Always Q16 # Now think back over the past year in school, how often did you: Q18C try to do your best work in school? Q14 Response Q20 Q21 How important do you think the things you are learning in school are going to be for your later life? Not at all important Question Q22 Response How interesting are most of your courses to you?Very interesting and stimulating 26.3 Fairly interesting 23,328 37.6 Slightly Dull 14,072 22.7 During the LAST FOUR WEEKS how many whole none days of school have you missed because you 1 skipped or “cut”? 4,148 6.7 41,521 67.9 6,485 10.6 5,331 8.7 3 2,259 3.7 4 to 5 3,527 5.8 6 to 10 1,230 2.0 784 1.3 11 or more Do you get a free or reduced cost lunch at school? 6.8 16,297 2 Q24 4,190 Free lunch Reduced cost lunch Neither 21,198 34.1 5,326 8.6 35,600 57.3 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have... Q25A participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? Q25B smoked cigarettes? Question % Quite interesting Very Dull Q23 # Q25D made a commitment to stay drug-free? Response # % 0 Friends 18,683 30.3 1 Friend 10,033 16.3 2 Friends 7,361 11.9 3 Friends 6,220 10.1 4 Friends 19,366 31.4 0 Friends 31,482 50.9 1 Friend 8,164 13.2 2 Friends 6,361 10.3 3 Friends 5,092 8.2 4 Friends 10,728 17.4 0 Friends 2,254 3.7 1 Friend 3,794 6.1 2 Friends 8,805 14.3 3 Friends 13,310 21.6 4 Friends 33,582 54.4 Q25G used LSD, cocaine, amphetamines, or other illegal 0 Friends drugs? 1 Friend 47,698 77.1 6,254 10.1 Q25E used marijuana? Q25F tried to do well in school? 0 Friends 9,884 15.9 2 Friends 3,229 5.2 1 Friend 9,281 14.9 3 Friends 1,718 2.8 2 Friends 12,976 20.9 4 Friends 3 Friends 2,933 4.7 10,169 16.4 4 Friends 19,777 31.9 0 Friends 35,846 57.8 1 Friend 11,157 18.0 Q25H been suspended from school? 0 Friends 34,460 55.6 2 Friends 6,842 11.0 1 Friend 9,878 15.9 3 Friends 3,202 5.2 2 Friends 6,697 10.8 4 Friends 3 Friends 4,935 8.0 3,973 6.4 4 Friends 7,001 11.3 0 Friends 15,331 24.8 1 Friend 8,890 14.4 Q25C tried beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, 0 Friends vodka, whiskey, or gin) when their parents didn’t 1 Friend know about it? 22,477 36.2 2 Friends 14,363 23.3 8,192 13.2 3 Friends 10,984 17.8 2 Friends 7,813 12.6 4 Friends 3 Friends 12,208 19.8 6,525 10.5 4 Friends 17,011 27.4 Q25I liked school? Q25J Question Response carried a handgun? 0 Friends 55,205 89.3 1 Friend 3,297 5.3 No or Very Little Chance 37,823 60.6 2 Friends 1,382 2.2 Little Chance 11,923 19.1 1.1 Some Chance 7,853 12.6 Pretty Good Chance 3,121 5.0 Very Good Chance 1,709 2.7 No or Very Little Chance 10,073 16.1 3 Friends 4 Friends Q25K sold illegal drugs? # 650 1,268 % Question Response What are the chances you would be seen as cool if you… Q26A smoked cigarettes? 2.1 48,433 78.6 1 Friend 6,204 10.1 2 Friends 3,299 5.4 Little Chance 12,320 19.7 3 Friends 1,481 2.4 Some Chance 17,047 27.3 Pretty Good Chance 13,140 21.0 9,845 15.8 26,901 43.2 10,892 17.5 11,461 18.4 Pretty Good Chance 8,503 13.6 Very Good Chance 4,581 7.3 No or Very Little Chance 9,205 14.8 Little Chance 9,377 15.0 Some Chance 16,142 25.9 Pretty Good Chance 15,175 24.3 Very Good Chance 12,433 19.9 No or Very Little Chance 2,236 Q26B worked hard in school? 3.6 Very Good Chance 0 Friends 56,498 91.6 1 Friend 2,795 4.5 2 Friends 1,105 1.8 3 Friends 4 Friends Q25M been arrested? 0 Friends 848 Some Chance 1.4 74.8 8,116 13.2 2 Friends 3,810 6.2 3 Friends 1,474 2.4 2,071 Q26C began drinking alcohol beverages regularly, that No or Very Little Chance is, at least once or twice a month? Little Chance 0.7 45,833 Q26D defended someone who was being verbally abused at school? 3.4 0 Friends 52,290 85.6 1 Friend 5,467 9.0 32,057 51.4 2 Friends 1,730 2.8 Little Chance 9,246 14.8 1.1 Some Chance 9,078 14.6 Pretty Good Chance 6,339 10.2 Very Good Chance 5,604 9.0 3 Friends 4 Friends Q25O been members of a gang? 462 1 Friend 4 Friends Q25N dropped out of school? % 0 Friends 4 Friends Q25L stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? # 673 912 Q26E smoked marijuana? 1.5 0 Friends 50,783 83.3 1 Friend 4,204 6.9 46,204 74.3 2 Friends 2,130 3.5 Little Chance 7,156 11.5 3 Friends 1,188 1.9 Some Chance 4,130 6.6 Pretty Good Chance 2,147 3.5 Very Good Chance 2,507 4.0 4 Friends 2,651 4.3 Q26F carried a handgun? No or Very Little Chance Question Q26G regularly volunteer to do community service? Response # % No or Very Little Chance 20,700 33.2 Little Chance 14,427 23.1 Some Chance 13,864 22.2 Pretty Good Chance 7,742 12.4 Very Good Chance 5,608 9.0 Question Q27C had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin)? How old were you when you first: Q27A smoked marijuana? Q27B smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? Never have Response Never have # % 23,853 38.2 10 or younger 7,038 11.3 11 3,120 5.0 12 4,743 7.6 13 7,153 11.5 14 5,792 9.3 15 5,400 8.6 16 3,347 5.4 17 or Older 1,982 3.2 Never have 45,229 72.3 10 or younger 851 1.4 11 659 1.1 43,558 69.5 10 or younger 1,583 2.5 11 1,322 2.1 12 2,355 3.8 13 3,743 6.0 14 3,414 5.5 15 3,140 5.0 12 1,292 2.1 16 2,086 3.3 13 2,773 4.4 17 or Older 1,433 2.3 14 2,946 4.7 15 3,555 5.7 16 2,936 4.7 17 or Older 2,287 3.7 Q27E used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? Never have 61,369 98.1 192 0.3 11 52 0.1 Never have Q27D began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? 39,808 63.6 10 or younger 4,705 7.5 11 2,241 3.6 12 2,809 4.5 13 3,815 6.1 14 3,026 4.8 15 2,861 4.6 12 75 0.1 16 1,853 3.0 13 160 0.3 17 or Older 1,431 2.3 14 202 0.3 15 217 0.3 16 160 0.3 17 or Older 139 0.2 10 or younger Question Q27F got suspended from school? Response Never have 45,411 72.8 4,242 6.8 11 2,114 Q27I attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? Response Never have # % 50,456 80.8 10 or younger 3,157 5.1 3.4 11 1,257 2.0 4.5 12 1,763 2.8 2,215 3.5 13 3,332 5.3 13 14 2,137 3.4 14 1,539 2.5 15 1,243 2.0 15 1,044 1.7 16 697 1.1 16 644 1.0 17 or Older 386 0.6 17 or Older 355 0.6 Never have Never have Q27J belonged to a gang? 55,736 89.3 58,671 94.0 10 or younger 568 0.9 10 or younger 733 1.2 11 472 0.8 11 442 0.7 1.3 12 615 1.0 2.1 13 867 1.4 1.7 14 558 0.9 314 0.5 140 0.2 12 13 14 Q27H carried a handgun? 2,837 Question % 10 or younger 12 Q27G got arrested? # 807 1,308 1,082 15 1,084 1.7 15 16 782 1.3 16 17 or Older 590 0.9 17 or Older 86 0.1 Never have 57,336 92.2 Never have 35,340 56.8 1,183 1.9 10 or younger 8,838 14.2 522 0.8 11 3,231 5.2 1.1 12 3,845 6.2 1.2 13 4,225 6.8 0.9 14 2,792 4.5 0.8 15 1,879 3.0 0.6 16 1,211 1.9 0.5 17 or Older 866 1.4 10 or younger 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 or Older 658 760 537 485 360 317 Q27K gambled or bet? Q28 Question Response I do the opposite of what people say Very False 20,775 35.5 Very Wrong 36,127 57.5 Somewhat False 16,958 29.0 Wrong 12,969 20.7 Somewhat True 18,162 31.0 A Little Bit Wrong 8,261 13.2 2,679 4.6 Not Wrong at All 5,436 8.7 Very Wrong 37,128 59.1 54,174 85.9 Wrong 10,125 16.1 Wrong 6,481 10.3 A Little Bit Wrong 8,144 13.0 A Little Bit Wrong 1,719 2.7 Not Wrong at All 7,384 11.8 687 1.1 Very Wrong 29,900 47.5 Wrong 21,208 A Little Bit Wrong Not Wrong at All Very True # How wrong do you think it is for someone your age to: Q29A take a handgun to school? Question % Q29G smoke cigarettes? Q29H smoke marijuana? Very Wrong Not Wrong at All Q29I Q29B steal anything worth more than $5? use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drug? Response Very Wrong # % 54,286 86.1 Wrong 5,223 8.3 33.7 A Little Bit Wrong 2,081 3.3 9,710 15.4 Not Wrong at All 1,432 2.3 2,184 3.5 Very Wrong 21,458 34.1 53,455 85.0 Wrong 20,901 33.2 1 or 2 Times 6,804 10.8 A Little Bit Wrong 16,031 25.4 3 to 5 Times 1,357 2.2 4,622 7.3 6 to 9 Times 424 0.7 10 to 19 Times 614 1.0 39,635 63.1 20 to 29 Times 66 0.1 14,795 23.6 6,266 10.0 30 to 39 Times 30 0.0 134 0.2 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: Q29C pick a fight with someone? Not Wrong at All Q29D attack someone with the idea of seriously hurting Very Wrong them? Wrong A Little Bit Wrong Not Wrong at All Q29E stay away from school all day when their parents Very Wrong think they are at school? Wrong A Little Bit Wrong Not Wrong at All Q29F drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) regularly? 2,125 3.4 28,279 45.0 Q30A been suspended from school? Never 40+ Times Q30B carried a handgun? Never 58,338 92.9 31.0 1 or 2 Times 1,927 3.1 11,643 18.5 3 to 5 Times 722 1.1 3,393 5.4 6 to 9 Times 395 0.6 10 to 19 Times 745 1.2 19,469 Very Wrong 29,879 47.4 20 to 29 Times 133 0.2 Wrong 13,647 21.7 30 to 39 Times 74 0.1 A Little Bit Wrong 13,102 20.8 6,359 10.1 472 0.8 Not Wrong at All 40+ Times Question Q30C sold illegal drugs? Response % 91.8 Never 16,102 25.7 3.1 1 or 2 Times 15,310 24.4 3 to 5 Times 875 1.4 3 to 5 Times 10,942 17.5 0.8 6 to 9 Times 7,145 11.4 1.3 10 to 19 Times 5,657 9.0 0.4 20 to 29 Times 2,739 4.4 0.2 30 to 39 Times 1,182 1.9 720 1.2 40+ Times 3,609 5.8 20 to 29 Times 30 to 39 Times 40+ Times Never 807 224 96 Q30H attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? Never 53,434 85.1 1 or 2 Times 5,601 8.9 0.4 3 to 5 Times 1,530 2.4 719 1.1 60,468 96.2 1 or 2 Times 1,083 1.7 3 to 5 Times 264 6 to 9 Times 148 0.2 6 to 9 Times 10 to 19 Times 668 1.1 10 to 19 Times 970 1.5 20 to 29 Times 41 0.1 20 to 29 Times 154 0.2 0.0 30 to 39 Times 55 0.1 161 0.3 40+ Times 329 0.5 16,132 25.7 30 to 39 Times 40+ Times Q30F been arrested? # 1,905 512 Q30G done extra work on your own for school? Response 57,313 10 to 19 Times Q30E participated in clubs, organizations or activities in school? Question % 1 or 2 Times Never 6 to 9 Times Q30D stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? # Never 22 Q30I been drunk or high at school? Never 51,367 82.0 4,587 7.3 1 or 2 Times 15,483 24.7 1 or 2 Times 3 to 5 Times 10,127 16.2 3 to 5 Times 1,929 3.1 6 to 9 Times 4,982 7.9 6 to 9 Times 1,094 1.7 10 to 19 Times 4,282 6.8 10 to 19 Times 1,520 2.4 20 to 29 Times 2,321 3.7 20 to 29 Times 528 0.8 30 to 39 Times 1,175 1.9 30 to 39 Times 213 0.3 40+ Times 8,170 13.0 1,408 2.2 57,480 91.6 Never 28,801 45.9 3,623 5.8 1 or 2 Times 12,491 19.9 1.0 3 to 5 Times 7,437 11.9 0.4 6 to 9 Times 4,579 7.3 3,909 6.2 Never 1 or 2 Times 3 to 5 Times 6 to 9 Times 625 238 40+ Times Q30J volunteered to do community service? 10 to 19 Times 576 0.9 10 to 19 Times 20 to 29 Times 48 0.1 20 to 29 Times 1,861 3.0 30 to 39 Times 14 0.0 30 to 39 Times 874 1.4 121 0.2 40+ Times 2,785 4.4 40+ Times Question Q30K taken a handgun to school? Response # Question % Q30O seen someone shot or shot at? Response Never % 61,109 98.3 55,009 88.1 1 or 2 Times 289 0.5 1 or 2 Times 4,426 7.1 3 to 5 Times 88 0.1 3 to 5 Times 1,209 1.9 6 to 9 Times 520 0.8 10 to 19 Times 554 0.9 20 to 29 Times 144 0.2 30 to 39 Times Never 6 to 9 Times 76 0.1 10 to 19 Times 392 0.6 20 to 29 Times 34 0.1 30 to 39 Times 40+ Times 14 0.0 89 0.1 40+ Times 510 0.8 Very False 18,321 29.8 18,280 29.7 159 0.3 Q30L been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked or any Never other way physically assaulted by your boyfriend 1 or 2 Times or girlfriend? 51,875 82.7 5,061 8.1 Somewhat False 3 to 5 Times 2,064 3.3 Somewhat True 6 to 9 Times 1,002 1.6 10 to 19 Times 1,131 1.8 20 to 29 Times 359 0.6 30 to 39 Times Q31 Q32 I like to see how much I can get away with. I ignore the rules that get in my way. 19,630 31.9 Very True 5,315 8.6 Very False 20,566 33.6 Somewhat False 20,898 34.1 Somewhat True 16,255 26.6 3,499 5.7 155 0.2 1,067 1.7 Never 20,801 33.2 How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: 1 or 2 Times 17,086 27.2 3 to 5 Times 11,496 18.3 Q33A Played a slot machine, poker machine, or other gambling machine? 6 to 9 Times 5,583 8.9 10 to 19 Times 3,533 5.6 20 to 29 Times 1,399 2.2 30 to 39 Times 498 0.8 2,339 3.7 40+ Times Q30M seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked, or beaten up? # 40+ Times Very True Q33B Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Q30N seen someone attacked with a weapon, other than Never a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? 1 or 2 Times 51,782 82.6 6,007 9.6 3 to 5 Times 2,001 3.2 6 to 9 Times 928 1.5 10 to 19 Times 979 1.6 20 to 29 Times 261 0.4 30 to 39 Times 151 0.2 40+ Times 572 0.9 Never 53,990 87.1 Not in past year 4,805 7.8 A few times in the past year 2,227 3.6 Once or twice a month 591 1.0 Once or twice a week 204 0.3 Almost every day 171 0.3 Never 39,989 64.6 Not in past year 9,210 14.9 A few times in the past year 8,874 14.3 Once or twice a month 2,880 4.7 Once or twice a week 715 1.2 Almost every day 257 0.4 Question Q33C Bet on sports? Response Never Not in past year A few times in the past year Q33D Played cards? 64.8 Not in past year 7,719 12.5 16.2 A few times in the past year 8,151 13.2 Once or twice a month 3,778 6.1 Once or twice a week 1,234 2.0 792 1.3 38,751 62.6 6,315 10.2 A few times in the past year 8,069 13.0 Once or twice a month 4,588 7.4 Once or twice a week 2,205 3.6 Almost every day 1,939 3.1 10,048 2.4 Almost every day 1,262 2.0 31,784 51.4 7,919 11,013 11.5 Once or twice a week 2,618 4.2 Almost every day 1,345 2.2 43,949 71.1 Once or twice a month Once or twice a week Almost every day Never Not in past year A few times in the past year Once or twice a month 7,504 1,753 390 Q33I Q33J Never 55,872 90.4 12.9 2,972 4.8 12.1 A few times in the past year 1,702 2.8 Once or twice a month 687 1.1 Once or twice a week 305 0.5 Almost every day 293 0.5 0 times 43,848 71.5 6,992 11.4 2.8 0.6 228 0.4 36,918 59.7 Q34 Past 30 days, ride with a drunk? 11,699 18.9 1 time 8,965 14.5 2-3 times 6,045 9.9 4-5 times 1,905 3.1 6 or more times 2,511 4.1 0 times 56,684 91.8 1 time 2,500 4.0 2-3 times 1,524 2.5 4-5 times 471 0.8 6 or more times 581 0.9 2,944 4.8 Once or twice a week 751 1.2 Almost every day 544 0.9 Never Bet on a horse or other animal race? Not in past year Q35 Q33G Gambled on the internet? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a Never video game? Not in past year 17.8 7,109 7,961 Almost every day 12.8 Once or twice a month A few times in the past year Q33F Played bingo? 39,969 11.9 1,462 Not in past year % 61.1 Once or twice a week Never Never # 7,343 6.3 A few times in the past year Q33H Played a dice game? Response 37,819 3,924 Never Question % Once or twice a month Not in past year Q33E Bought a raffle ticket? # 56,905 92.1 Not in past year 1,955 3.2 A few times in the past year 1,320 2.1 Once or twice a month 722 1.2 Once or twice a week 400 0.6 Almost every day 460 0.7 Past 30 days, drink and drive? Question Q36 Response During the past 12 months, how many times has 0 times someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? 1 time # 57,395 93.0 2,282 3.7 2-3 times 1,160 1.9 4-5 times 312 0.5 6-7 times 126 0.2 8-9 times 88 0.1 10-11 times 46 0.1 12 or more times 321 Question % Q40 Q41 Response During the past 30 days, on how many days did 0 days you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club 1 day on school property? I think sometimes it’s okay to cheat at school. 0.5 During the past 12 months, how many times were 0 times you in a physical fight on school property? 1 time 2-3 times 4-5 times 85.2 5,001 8.1 2,608 4.2 685 1.1 6-7 times 234 0.4 8-9 times 146 0.2 81 0.1 358 0.6 10-11 times 12 or more times Q38 52,543 During the past 12 months, how often have you 0 times been picked on or bullied by a student on school 1 time property? 43,564 70.9 5,959 9.7 2-3 times 5,263 8.6 4-5 times 2,056 3.3 6-7 times 816 95.2 1,184 1.9 2-3 days 653 1.1 4-5 days 215 0.4 6 or more days 905 1.5 NO! 16,213 26.4 no 24,157 39.4 yes 17,835 29.1 3,179 5.2 Q43 Q44 469 0.8 10-11 times 299 0.5 3,013 4.9 Q45 Q39 During the past 30 days, on how many days did 0 days you not go to school because you felt you would 1 day be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school? 2-3 days 56,954 92.7 2,426 4.0 1,213 2.0 4-5 days 310 0.5 6 or more days 508 It is all right to beat up people if they start a fight. NO! 15,545 25.4 no 14,085 23.0 yes 18,972 31.0 YES! 12,696 20.7 I think it is okay to take something without asking NO! if you can get away with it. no 32,853 53.7 22,603 37.0 yes 4,537 7.4 YES! 1,160 1.9 Never Have you ever used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, or chewing tobacco)? 1.3 8-9 times 12 or more times Q42 0.8 % 58,425 YES! Q37 # During the past 30 days, on how many days did you use chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip? 54,273 88.3 Once or Twice 4,125 6.7 Once in a while but not regularly 1,617 2.6 Regularly in the past 702 1.1 Regularly now 727 1.2 0 days 58,120 94.9 1 or 2 days 1,485 2.4 3 to 5 days 504 0.8 6 to 9 days 266 0.4 10 to 19 days 260 0.4 20 to 29 days 221 0.4 All 30 days 391 0.6 Question Q46 Response Think back over the last two weeks. How many None times have you had five or more alcoholic drinks Once in a row? # % None 39,260 64.9 Once 7,626 12.6 7.9 Twice 3,114 5.1 2-3 times 6,609 10.9 3-5 times 2,317 3.8 4-6 times 2,430 4.0 6-9 times 719 1.2 7-10 times 1,049 1.7 10 or more times 914 1.5 More than 10 times 3,522 5.8 had alcoholic beverages beer, wine or hard liquor) 0 Occasions to drink in your lifetime - more than just a few 1-2 Occasions sips? 25,557 41.8 9,553 15.6 3-5 Occasions 6,588 10.8 6-9 Occasions 4,634 7.6 10-19 Occasions 4,793 7.8 20-39 Occasions 3,684 6.0 40+ Occasions 6,362 10.4 had beer, wine or hard liquor to drink during the 0 Occasions past 30 days? 1-2 Occasions 41,470 68.1 10,443 17.2 3-5 Occasions 4,264 7.0 6-9 Occasions 2,282 3.7 10-19 Occasions 1,471 2.4 20-39 Occasions 385 0.6 40+ Occasions 573 0.9 49-76: On how many occasions (if any) have you: None 35,239 57.7 Once 8,011 13.1 2-3 times 9,157 15.0 4-6 times 4,066 6.7 1,597 2.6 3,009 4.9 None 43,996 72.2 Once 5,845 9.6 2-3 times 4-6 times 4,500 2,061 1.9 More than 10 times 3,417 5.6 None 39,814 65.4 Once 5,930 9.7 2-3 times 5,314 8.7 4-6 times 3,094 5.1 7-10 times 1,754 2.9 8.2 None 51,299 84.5 Once 3,984 6.6 2-3 times 2,368 3.9 4-6 times 1,074 1.8 549 0.9 1,436 2.4 7-10 times More than 10 times Q50 3.4 1,134 4,964 Q49 7.4 7-10 times More than 10 times Q47D other drugs? % 80.5 More than 10 times Q47C marijuana? In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or other drugs? # 4,833 7-10 times Q47B cigarettes? Response 49,190 In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: Q47A alcohol? Q48 Question Q51 used marijuana in your lifetime? 0 Occasions 42,662 70.1 1-2 Occasions 4,230 6.9 3-5 Occasions 2,616 4.3 6-9 Occasions 1,960 3.2 10-19 Occasions 2,208 3.6 20-39 Occasions 1,738 2.9 40+ Occasions 5,471 9.0 Q52 Question Response used marijuana during the past 30 days? 0 Occasions 1-2 Occasions 3-5 Occasions 6-9 Occasions Q54 used LSD or other psychedelics in the past 30 days? 499 0.8 2.7 3-5 Occasions 152 0.3 6-9 Occasions 78 0.1 10-19 Occasions 64 0.1 20-39 Occasions 18 0.0 40+ Occasions 41 0.1 53,260 87.7 2.6 sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol 0 Occasions spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in 1-2 Occasions order to get high in your lifetime? 4,092 6.7 3-5 Occasions 1,570 2.6 6-9 Occasions 764 1.3 10-19 Occasions 505 0.8 20-39 Occasions 220 0.4 40+ Occasions 350 0.6 58,383 96.3 1.1 sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol 0 Occasions spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in 1-2 Occasions order to get high in the past 30 days? 1,482 2.4 0.3 3-5 Occasions 437 0.7 6-9 Occasions 1,647 699 1.2 1,349 2.2 57,699 94.9 1,570 3-5 Occasions 674 1.1 6-9 Occasions 343 0.6 10-19 Occasions 250 0.4 20-39 Occasions 109 0.2 40+ Occasions 161 0.3 59,649 98.4 6-9 Occasions 10-19 Occasions 20-39 Occasions 40+ Occasions used cocaine or other crack in your lifetime? 98.6 1-2 Occasions 20-39 Occasions 3-5 Occasions Q55 59,635 5.3 1.7 1-2 Occasions 0 Occasions 664 162 83 37 14 Q58 0.1 0.0 25 0.0 57,786 95.0 1,452 2.4 3-5 Occasions 517 0.9 6-9 Occasions 284 0.5 10-19 Occasions 270 0.4 20-39 Occasions 170 0.3 320 Q57 0.1 1-2 Occasions 40+ Occasions % 85.2 998 0 Occasions used cocaine or other crack in the past 30 days? 0 Occasions # 3,181 10-19 Occasions 1-2 Occasions Q56 Response 51,496 1.7 used LSD or other psychedelics in your lifetime? 0 Occasions Question % 1,049 40+ Occasions Q53 # 0.5 149 0.2 10-19 Occasions 98 0.2 20-39 Occasions 29 0.0 40+ Occasions 55 0.1 60,507 100.0 60,459 100.0 Q59 used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in your lifetime? 0 Occasions Q60 used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in the past 30 days? 0 Occasions Q61 used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank) in 0 Occasions your lifetime? 1-2 Occasions 59,733 98.5 444 0.7 3-5 Occasions 137 0.2 6-9 Occasions 75 0.1 10-19 Occasions 78 0.1 20-39 Occasions 55 0.1 102 0.2 40+ Occasions Question Q62 Response used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank) in 0 Occasions the past 30 days? 1-2 Occasions 3-5 Occasions 6-9 Occasions used heroin or other opiates in your lifetime? 97.5 986 1.6 0.1 3-5 Occasions 287 0.5 0.0 6-9 Occasions 88 0.1 54 0.1 0.2 27 0.0 20-39 Occasions 9 0.0 20-39 Occasions 19 0.0 25 0.0 40+ Occasions 64 0.1 Q67 used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone) in your lifetime? 0 Occasions 59,477 98.3 1-2 Occasions 560 0.9 0.3 3-5 Occasions 180 0.3 0.2 6-9 Occasions 71 0.1 0.2 10-19 Occasions 72 0.1 0.1 20-39 Occasions 31 0.1 180 0.3 40+ Occasions 123 0.2 59,973 99.2 59,970 99.4 1-2 Occasions 236 0.4 1-2 Occasions 200 0.3 3-5 Occasions 100 0.2 3-5 Occasions 69 0.1 6-9 Occasions 59 0.1 6-9 Occasions 22 0.0 10-19 Occasions 28 0.0 10-19 Occasions 19 0.0 20-39 Occasions 21 0.0 20-39 Occasions 22 0.0 40+ Occasions 37 0.1 40+ Occasions 46 0.1 56,302 93.0 83.2 3.4 used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, 0 Occasions Oxycontin, Percocet, or Codeine) without a doctor 1-2 Occasions telling you to take them in your lifetime? 50,268 2,052 3,695 6.1 1.4 3-5 Occasions 2,221 3.7 0.7 6-9 Occasions 1,383 2.3 1,061 1.8 605 1.0 1,208 2.0 0 Occasions 59,327 97.9 1-2 Occasions 561 0.9 3-5 Occasions 204 10-19 Occasions 20-39 Occasions 40+ Occasions Q65 0 Occasions % 58,866 99.6 133 16 used ecstasy (“X”, “E”, “MDMA”) in the past 30 days? # 1-2 Occasions 60,287 40 Q66 Response 10-19 Occasions 6-9 Occasions Q64 Question % 10-19 Occasions 40+ Occasions Q63 # used heroin or other opiates in the past 30 days? 0 Occasions used ecstasy (“X”, “E”, “MDMA”) in your lifetime? 0 Occasions 1-2 Occasions 3-5 Occasions 6-9 Occasions 133 117 67 858 450 Q68 Q69 used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone) during the past 30 days? 0 Occasions 10-19 Occasions 383 0.6 10-19 Occasions 20-39 Occasions 168 0.3 20-39 Occasions 40+ Occasions 319 0.5 40+ Occasions Question Q70 Response 55,652 92.3 2,619 4.3 3-5 Occasions 1,041 1.7 10-19 Occasions 20-39 Occasions 40+ Occasions Q72 used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? 0 Occasions used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as valium or xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them, in your lifetime? Q74 used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as valium or xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them, in the past 30 days? Response 0 Occasions # % 57,667 95.8 1-2 Occasions 1,499 2.5 3-5 Occasions 475 0.8 0.8 6-9 Occasions 233 0.4 0.5 10-19 Occasions 122 0.2 0.2 20-39 Occasions 118 0.2 133 0.2 40+ Occasions 83 0.1 468 294 111 56,947 94.3 1-2 Occasions 1,366 2.3 3-5 Occasions 727 6-9 Occasions Q75 used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high in your lifetime? 0 Occasions 53,243 88.2 1-2 Occasions 2,380 3.9 1.2 3-5 Occasions 1,449 2.4 399 0.7 6-9 Occasions 936 1.6 10-19 Occasions 333 0.6 10-19 Occasions 750 1.2 20-39 Occasions 186 0.3 20-39 Occasions 492 0.8 40+ Occasions 423 0.7 40+ Occasions 1,131 1.9 0 Occasions 58,954 97.9 94.1 717 1.2 used over the counter drugs (such as cough 0 Occasions syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high during the past 30 days? 1-2 Occasions 56,686 1-2 Occasions 1,962 3.3 3-5 Occasions 244 0.4 3-5 Occasions 817 1.4 111 0.2 6-9 Occasions 394 0.7 10-19 Occasions 70 0.1 10-19 Occasions 177 0.3 20-39 Occasions 67 0.1 20-39 Occasions 89 0.1 40+ Occasions 69 0.1 40+ Occasions 124 0.2 Never 19,116 32.4 Once 9,429 16.0 Twice 4,687 8.0 6-9 Occasions Q73 Question % used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, 0 Occasions Oxycontin, Percocet, or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? 1-2 Occasions 6-9 Occasions Q71 # 0 Occasions Q76 53,842 89.2 1-2 Occasions 2,724 4.5 3-5 Occasions 1,394 2.3 6-9 Occasions 866 1.4 10-19 Occasions 564 0.9 Three times 2,296 3.9 20-39 Occasions 317 0.5 Four or more times 4,548 7.7 40+ Occasions 649 1.1 I never got offers 18,865 32.0 In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? Q77A say “No” without giving a reason why? Question Q77B give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? Response Question % Q80 Response During the past 30 days, on the days you smoked, Not at all how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? Less than 1 cigarette per day Twice 4,433 7.5 1 cigarette per day 1,919 3.3 3.9 2 to 5 cigarettes per day 3,180 5.4 6.1 6 to 10 cigarettes per day 684 1.2 31.9 11 to 20 cigarettes per day 275 0.5 More than 20 cigarettes per day 152 0.3 No one who lives with me now smokes cigarettes 40,648 68.0 A parent (or guardian) 14,233 23.8 A brother or sister 4,708 7.9 Another adult who lives with us 3,233 5.4 559 0.9 Smoking is not allowed anywhere 34,966 59.5 Smoking is allowed in some places or at some times 19,243 32.7 4,576 7.8 3,865 6.6 2,299 3,569 18,763 Never 25,349 43.3 Once 6,529 11.1 Twice 2,678 4.6 Three times 1,614 2.8 Four or more times 3,217 5.5 19,184 32.8 Q81 Does anyone who lives with you now smoke cigarettes? (Mark all that apply.) Never 27,728 47.4 Once 5,328 9.1 Twice 2,245 3.8 Three times 1,327 2.3 Four or more times 2,602 4.4 19,321 33.0 39,361 66.0 Slight risk Once or Twice 9,341 15.7 Once in a while but not regularly 5,389 9.0 Regularly in the past 2,735 4.6 Regularly now 2,824 4.7 I never got offers Q82 Which statement best describes the rules about smoking where you live? Smoking is allowed anywhere How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they: Q83A smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day? No risk During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes? 4.4 13.0 Another young person who lives with us Q79 85.1 2,595 37.6 7,618 I never got offers Have you ever smoked cigarettes? 50,135 22,113 I never got offers Q78 % Once Four or more times Q77D use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? # Never Three times Q77C decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? # Never 0 days 50,593 85.3 1 or 2 days 3,249 5.5 3 to 5 days 1,371 2.3 6 to 9 days 844 1.4 10 to 19 days 20 to 29 days All 30 days 978 Q83B try marijuana once or twice? 1.6 780 1.3 1,473 2.5 Q83C smoke marijuana regularly? 4,634 7.9 Moderate risk 11,893 20.2 Great risk 38,431 65.3 No risk 17,082 29.1 Slight risk 16,098 27.5 Moderate risk 10,807 18.4 Great risk 14,628 25.0 No risk 7,392 13.0 Slight risk 9,049 15.9 Moderate risk 11,837 20.8 Great risk 28,509 50.2 Question Response Q83D take one or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage No risk (beer, wine, liquor) nearly every day? Slight risk If you wanted to get a handgun, how easy would it Very hard be for you to get one? Sort of hard 34,522 60.3 10,620 18.6 Moderate risk 17,334 29.7 Sort of easy 5,857 10.2 Great risk 19,388 33.2 Very easy 6,215 10.9 Very hard 20,352 35.6 8.0 7,292 12.4 Moderate Risk 15,201 Great Risk Q89 If you wanted to get some marijuana, how easy would it be for you to get some? Sort of hard 6,624 11.6 25.9 Sort of easy 9,181 16.0 31,415 53.6 Very easy 21,072 36.8 49,911 83.6 41,575 70.8 5,666 9.5 1,890 3.2 Parties 2,409 4.0 Home (e.g. Medicine Cabinet) 2,456 4.1 Doctor/Pharmacy 1,542 2.6 School 1,660 2.8 Other 1,495 2.5 198 0.3 575 1.0 Over the Internet Outside the United States (e.g. Mexico, Canada) Q90 If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how I did not drink did you get it? (Mark all that apply.) Got it from a store Q87 1,181 2.0 Bought it at a restaurant/bar 452 0.8 Bought it at a public event 414 0.7 I gave someone else money for it 5,283 9.0 My parent/guardian gave it to me 2,420 4.1 A family member over 21 gave it to me 2,600 4.4 Someone over 21 gave it to me 3,965 6.8 Someone under 21 gave it to me 3,342 5.7 I got it at a party 7,769 13.2 I took it from home 3,341 5.7 1,299 2.2 2,966 5.1 0 adults 32,296 56.3 16,183 28.1 I took it from a store or someone else’s house Sort of hard 8,821 15.3 I got it in some other way Sort of easy 11,785 20.5 Very easy 20,772 36.1 Very hard About how many adults (over 21) have you known personally who in the past year have: Q91A used marijuana, crack, cocaine, or other drugs? Q86 % 24.5 If you have ever used prescription drugs in order I’ve never used prescription drugs to to get high, not for a medical reason, how did you get high get them?(Mark all that apply.) Friends If you wanted to get some cigarettes, how easy would it be for you to get some? # 12.6 4,707 Q88 Response 7,369 Family/Relatives Q85 Question % 14,340 Q83E have five or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage No Risk in a row once or twice a week? Slight Risk Q84 # If you wanted to get some beer, wine or hard Very hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin), how Sort of hard easy would it be for you to get some? 13,287 23.1 1 adult 8,246 14.4 10,122 17.6 2 adults 5,916 10.3 Sort of easy 14,812 25.8 3-4 adults 4,415 7.7 Very easy 19,235 33.5 5+ adults 6,490 11.3 Very hard 32,652 57.1 Sort of hard 11,602 20.3 Sort of easy 7,054 12.3 Very easy 5,908 10.3 If you wanted to get a drug like cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines, how easy would it be for you to get some? Question Q91B sold or dealt drugs? Response 0 adults 1 adult 2 adults 3-4 adults 5+ adults # 40,806 6,264 3,966 2,661 71.4 38,791 68.1 7,096 12.5 2 adults 4,081 7.2 3-4 adults 2,716 4.8 5+ adults 4,275 7.5 If a kid drank some beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? No 91.3 1.5 Yes, in the past 2,699 4.7 Yes, belong now 1,199 2.1 229 0.4 2,124 4.0 1,768 3.4 Parent(s) in a gang 105 0.2 Sibling(s) in a gang 292 0.6 Make money 1,038 2.0 Other 1,215 2.3 46,038 87.6 49,167 89.4 1,705 3.1 4,123 7.5 Very wrong 36,666 64.6 Wrong 12,134 21.4 A Little Wrong 5,789 10.2 Not wrong at all 2,160 3.8 Very wrong 28,199 49.7 Wrong 14,932 26.3 A Little Wrong 10,178 18.0 3,390 6.0 Very wrong 31,151 54.9 Wrong 13,975 24.6 A Little Wrong 7,868 13.9 Not wrong at all 3,705 6.5 If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the Protection/Safety major reason your joined? Friendship Never belonged to a gang 18,095 31.9 1 adult 9,012 15.9 2 adults 6,849 12.1 3-4 adults 6,075 10.7 5+ adults 16,745 29.5 NO! 12,366 21.6 How wrong would most adults in your neighborhood think it is for kids your age: no 27,426 48.0 Q98A to use marijuana? yes 11,682 20.4 5,703 15,863 27.8 no 28,573 50.1 YES! 8,924 3,723 If you have ever belonged to a gang, did the gang No have a name? Yes I have never belonged 10.0 NO! yes Q97 Q98B to drink alcohol? 15.6 6.5 Not wrong at all Q94 If a kid carried a handgun in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? NO! 8,404 14.8 no 19,362 34.0 yes 17,271 30.4 YES! 11,855 20.8 Q98C to smoke cigarettes? % 851 Yes, but would like to get out Q96 # 52,224 0 adults YES! Q93 Response No, but would like to 4.7 Q91C done other things that could get them in trouble 0 adults with the police, like stealing, selling stolen goods, 1 adult mugging others, etc.? If a kid smoked marijuana in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? Have you ever belonged to a gang? 6.9 6.0 Q92 Q95 11.0 3,419 Q91D gotten drunk or high? Question % Question Q99 Response Q101 Q102 Q103 I feel safe in my neighborhood. # % 13.6 NO! 4,134 7.4 20.8 no 6,598 11.8 yes 19,347 34.1 yes 26,536 47.6 17,819 31.4 YES! 18,528 33.2 My neighbors notice when I am doing a good job NO! and let me know about it. no 25,482 45.2 19,320 34.2 yes 8,498 15.1 YES! 3,128 5.5 There are lots of adults in my neighborhood I could talk to about something important. I’d like to get out of my neighborhood. NO! 6,586 11.7 no 8,430 15.0 yes 26,564 47.2 YES! 14,641 26.0 NO! 19,465 34.7 no 18,164 32.4 yes 12,258 21.9 YES! 6,167 11.0 NO! 18,118 32.2 no 21,937 39.0 YES! Q105 Response 7,730 I like my neighborhood. There are people in my neighborhood who are proud of me when I do something well. There are people in my neighborhood who encourage me to do my best. 9,892 6,277 Q106 Question 11,783 yes Q104 % If I had to move, I would miss the neighborhood I NO! now live in. no YES! Q100 # Q107 Q108 During the past 12 months, do you recall hearing, No reading, or watching an advertisement about the Yes prevention of substance use? Which school-sponsored activities are you involved in during after school hours? Sports teams 11.2 22.4 77.6 24,504 43.2 Music 8,738 15.4 Drama 3,321 5.9 Foreign Language Club 2,131 3.8 Student Government 3,035 5.4 News/Yearbook 2,400 4.2 Mentoring 3,607 6.4 Other school group 12,029 21.2 Not involved in any school activity 19,879 35.1 17,114 30.2 Q109A Which after-school activities, that are not school- Sports teams sponsored, are you involved in? Religious group 17.6 11,809 40,970 9,329 16.5 Music/Drama 7,475 13.2 Scouts/Campfire 2,767 4.9 Boys and Girls clubs 2,180 3.8 Big Brothers/Sisters 1,693 3.0 NO! 18,468 32.9 no 17,987 32.1 yes 14,698 26.2 Other after school activity available in community 8,772 15.5 YES! 4,958 8.8 Not involved in any non-school activity 24,519 43.3 NO! 17,784 31.8 no 16,066 28.7 No, I did not talk with my parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or other drug use. 27,375 48.3 yes 15,585 27.9 6,475 11.6 Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of tobacco use. 17,767 31.4 Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of alcohol use. 17,288 30.5 Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of drug use. 21,594 38.1 YES! Q110 During the past 12 months, have you talked with at least one of your parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use? By parents, we mean your biological parents, adoptive parents, stepparents, or adult guardians -- whether or not they live with you. (Choose all that apply.) Question Q111 Q112 My parents notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. Response Never or almost never # Response 4,552 8.3 Very wrong 31,751 56.6 27.5 Wrong 14,000 24.9 Often 16,233 29.7 A Little Wrong 8,142 14.5 All the time 18,801 34.4 Not wrong at all 2,231 4.0 No 29,582 54.6 Yes 24,611 45.4 No 25,158 46.1 Yes 26,894 49.3 2,498 4.6 No 35,463 65.2 Yes 16,440 30.2 2,487 4.6 No 34,108 62.8 Yes 17,675 32.6 2,513 4.6 No 50,596 93.2 Yes 1,186 2.2 No brothers/sisters 2,480 4.6 No 35,777 65.8 Yes 16,068 29.6 No brothers/sisters 2,520 4.6 NO! 1,718 3.2 no 5,744 10.6 yes 24,068 44.3 YES! 22,776 41.9 NO! 10,397 19.2 no 22,670 41.9 yes 14,946 27.7 6,036 11.2 6,077 11.1 14,929 27.3 Often 16,678 30.5 All the time 16,944 31.0 Q113F pick a fight with someone? Q114 Has anyone in your family ever had a severe alcohol or drug problem? Have any of your brothers or sisters ever: Q115A drunk beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin)? Very wrong 39,071 68.8 Wrong 9,839 17.3 A Little Wrong 6,246 11.0 Not wrong at all 1,671 2.9 No brothers/sisters Q115B smoked marijuana? No brothers/sisters Very wrong Wrong Q113C smoke marijuana? Q113D steal something worth more than $5? 46,055 81.7 6,675 11.8 A Little Wrong 2,390 4.2 Not wrong at all 1,243 2.2 48,653 84.8 Wrong 4,889 8.5 A Little Wrong 2,424 4.2 Not wrong at all 1,439 2.5 Very wrong Very wrong 45,558 80.3 Wrong 8,033 14.2 A Little Wrong 2,257 4.0 901 1.6 Not wrong at all Q113E draw graffiti, or write things or draw pictures on buildings or other property (without the owner’s permission)? % 15,009 How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to: Q113B smoke cigarettes? # Some times How often do your parents tell you they’re proud Never or almost never of you for something you’ve done? Some times Q113A drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) regularly? Question % Very wrong 45,371 80.6 Wrong 7,218 12.8 A Little Wrong 2,434 4.3 Not wrong at all 1,250 2.2 Q115C smoked cigarettes? No brothers/sisters Q115D taken a handgun to school? Q115E been suspended or expelled from school? Q116 Q117 The rules in my family are clear. People in my family often insult or yell at each other. YES! Question Question Q118 Response 2,125 3.9 5,803 10.8 yes 23,922 44.4 We argue about the same things in my family over NO! and over. no yes YES! Q120 If you drank some beer or wine or hard liquor NO! (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your no parents? yes YES! Q121 Q122 Q123 My family has clear rules about alcohol and drug NO! use. no If you carried a handgun without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents? If you skipped school would you be caught by your parents? 22,058 40.9 8,356 15.5 Q125 Q126 Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your mother? Do you feel very close to your mother? Response # % NO! 4,515 8.5 no 6,642 12.5 yes 16,920 31.9 YES! 25,010 47.1 NO! 6,942 13.1 37.3 no 12,660 23.9 17,704 32.9 yes 17,432 32.9 7,637 14.2 YES! 15,986 30.2 NO! 12,444 23.6 no 14,901 28.3 yes 15,475 29.4 YES! 9,877 18.7 NO! 3,509 6.6 13.5 no 4,981 9.4 yes 22,181 42.0 YES! 22,179 42.0 13.8 20,064 7,776 14.5 19,113 35.7 12,713 23.7 13,967 26.1 2,519 4.7 7,255 Q127 Q128 Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your father? Do you enjoy spending time with your mother? yes 17,348 32.4 YES! 26,427 49.4 NO! 4,839 9.1 NO! 7,241 no 8,738 16.4 no 5,892 11.2 yes 13,267 24.9 yes 20,391 38.8 YES! 26,512 49.7 YES! 18,997 36.2 NO! 4,171 7.8 NO! 4,806 9.1 no 7,087 13.4 yes 20,431 38.7 YES! 20,459 38.8 NO! 8,920 17.1 no 9,144 17.1 yes 16,942 31.7 YES! Q124 Question % When I am not at home, one of my parents knows NO! where I am and who I am with. no YES! Q119 # 23,167 43.4 Q129 Q130 Q131 Do you enjoy spending time with your father? If I had a personal problem, I could ask my mom or dad for help. Do you feel very close to your father? My parents ask me what I think before most family NO! decisions affecting me are made. no 7,199 13.6 13,123 24.9 no 10,020 19.2 yes 20,730 39.3 yes 16,390 31.3 YES! 16,951 32.4 YES! 11,734 22.2 Question Question Q132 Q133 My parents give me lots of chances to do fun things with them. Response NO! # 4,515 8.6 no 12,037 22.9 yes 21,248 40.4 YES! 14,780 28.1 My parents ask if I’ve gotten my homework done. NO! Question % 4,540 8.6 no 8,459 16.1 yes 19,751 37.5 YES! 19,910 37.8 Q137 Have any of your relatives previously been in prison or jail? Response Mother previously in prison or jail People in my family have serious arguments. NO! Q136 Would your parents know if you did not come home on time? It is important to be honest with your parents, even if they become upset or you get punished. 21.9 no 22,832 43.6 yes 11,798 22.5 6,269 12.0 YES! Q135 11,457 NO! 3,028 5.8 no 8,331 15.9 yes 20,857 39.8 YES! 20,161 38.5 NO! 3,060 5.9 no 6,807 13.0 yes 21,215 40.6 YES! 21,165 40.5 % 3,082 5.8 564 1.1 Father previously in prison or jail 7,970 14.9 Stepfather previously in prison or jail 1,823 3.4 Stepmother previously in prison or jail Foster parents previously in prison or jail 162 0.3 Grandparent(s) previously in prison or jail 1,597 3.0 Aunt previously in prison or jail 3,411 6.4 Uncle previously in prison or jail Q134 # 14,124 26.4 Other adult(s) previously in prison or jail 6,827 12.7 Brother(s) previously in prison or jail 4,458 8.3 836 1.6 1,456 2.7 376 0.7 3,560 6.6 Stepbrother(s) previously in prison or jail Sister(s) previously in prison or jail Stepsister(s) previously in prison or jail Other children previously in prison or jail Question Question Q138 Have any of your relatives currently in prison or jail? Response # Mother in prison or jail 544 Stepmother in prison or jail Father in prison or jail Stepfather in prison or jail Q139 Q140 During a typical week, how many days do all or most of your family eat at least one meal together? Have you ever heard of Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN)? % 1.0 162 0.3 1,422 2.7 362 Q141 Question Response How did you hear about Project Safe Neighborhoods? 0.7 Foster parents in prison or jail 117 0.2 Grandparent(s) in prison or jail 329 0.6 Aunt in prison or jail 863 1.6 Uncle in prison or jail 5,682 10.6 Other adult(s) in prison or jail 3,648 6.8 Brother(s) in prison or jail 1,115 2.1 Stepbrother(s) in prison or jail 309 0.6 Sister(s) in prison or jail 272 0.5 Stepsister(s) in prison or jail 136 0.3 Other children in prison or jail 2,233 4.2 0 times 6,493 12.5 1 time 5,979 11.5 2 times 5,390 10.4 3 times 6,113 11.7 4 times 5,157 9.9 5 times 6,601 12.7 6 times 4,248 8.2 7 times 12,055 23.2 No 42,905 82.5 Yes 9,075 17.5 Q142 How honest were you in filling out this survey? # % T.V. 7,783 14.5 Radio 1,950 3.6 Billboard 1,523 2.8 Other 5,880 11.0 Have not heard of PSN 32,767 61.2 I was very honest 43,154 82.4 I was honest pretty much of the time 7,416 14.2 I was honest some of the time 1,356 2.6 473 0.9 I was honest once in a while Appendix D: Item Dictionary for the 2010 Arizona Youth Survey 2010 Arizona Youth Survey Item Dictionary Scales and Questions Response options Notes '10 '08 (Question #) DEMOGRAPHICS County: 2 digit code Type: 2 digit code District: 2 digit code District Site: 3 digit code Student's Zip Code: 5 digit ZIP code 1 1 Are you: Female, Male 2 2 How old are you? 10 or younger, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or older 3 3 What grade are you in? 4 4 What is your race? (Mark all that apply.) 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 AYS06: "What is Please choose the ONE Asian, Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, American Indian, Alaskan Native, Black or African-American, White 5 5 Are you Hispanic or Latino? Yes, No 6 6 What is the language you use most often at home? English, Spanish, Another language 7 8 Think of where you live most of the time. Which of the following people live there with you? (Mark all that apply.) Mother; Stepmother; Father; Stepfather; Foster Parent(s); Grandparent(s); Aunt; Uncle; Other Adult(s); Brother(s); Stepbrother(s); Sister(s); Stepsister(s); Other Children COMMUNITY: Low neighborhood Attachment 103 100 I'd like to get out of my neighborhood. NO!, no, yes, YES! 101 98 I like my neighborhood. '' 99 '' 96 If I had to move, I would miss the neighborhood I now live in. COMMUNITY: Community Disorganization (2006 data adjusted for dropped questions) 106 103 I feel safe in my neighborhood. NO!, no, yes, YES! answer that BEST describes what you consider yourself to be?", has "Other" category. AYS06: n/a, included "Hispanic/Latino/Spanish" COMMUNITY: Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use 98 95 How wrong would most adults (over 21) in your neighborhood think it is for kids your age: a. to use marijuana? Very Wrong, Wrong, A little bit wrong, Not wrong at all b. to drink alcohol? c. to smoke cigarettes? 93 83 If a kid drank some beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, NO!, no, yes, YES! whiskey, or gin) in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? 92 82 If a kid smoked marijuana in your neighborhood would he or she '' 94 be caught by the police? 84 If a kid carried a handgun in your neighborhood would he or she be '' caught by the police? COMMUNITY: Perceived Availability of Drugs 86 86 If you wanted to get some beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, Very hard, Sort of hard, Sort of easy, Very easy vodka, whiskey, or gin), how easy would it be for you to get some? 85 85 If you wanted to get some cigarettes, how easy would it be for you '' to get some? 89 89 If you wanted to get some marijuana, how easy would it be for you 87 87 If you wanted to get a drug like cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines, '' to get some? '' how easy would it be for you to get some? COMMUNITY: Perceived Availability of Handguns 88 88 If you wanted to get a handgun, how easy would it be for you to get one? Very hard, Sort of hard, Sort of easy, Very easy COMMUNITY: Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 102 99 There are lots of adults in my neighborhood I could talk to about NO!, no, yes, YES! something important. n/a 104 Which of the following activities for people your age are available No, Yes in your community? a. sports teams. b. scouting. c. boys and girls clubs. d. 4-H clubs. e. service clubs. COMMUNITY: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 100 97 My neighbors notice when I am doing a good job and let me know NO!, no, yes, YES! about it. 105 102 There are people in my neighborhood who encourage me to do my '' best. 104 101 There are people in my neighborhood who are proud of me when I '' do something well. FAMILY: Poor Family Management 133 129 My parents ask if I've gotten my homework done. NO!, no, yes, YES! 135 131 Would your parents know if you did not come home on time? '' 118 114 When I am not at home, one of my parents knows where I am and '' who I am with. 116 112 The rules in my family are clear. '' 121 117 My family has clear rules about alcohol and drug use. '' 120 116 If you drank some beer, wine or liquor (for example, vodka, '' whiskey, or gin) without your parents' permission, would you be caught by your parents? 123 119 If you skipped school would you be caught by your parents? '' 122 118 If you carried a handgun without your parents' permission, would '' you be caught by your parents? 2010 version: n/a FAMILY: Family Conflict 117 113 People in my family often insult or yell at each other. NO!, no, yes, YES! 134 130 People in my family have serious arguments. '' 119 115 We argue about the same things in my family over and over. '' FAMILY: Family History of Antisocial Behavior 114 110 Has anyone in your family ever had severe alcohol or drug No, Yes problems? 115 111 Have any of your brothers or sisters ever: severe alcohol or drug problem?" No, Yes, I don’t have any brothers or sisters a. drunk beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin)? b. smoked marijuana? c. smoked cigarettes? d. taken a handgun to school? e. been suspended or expelled from school? 91 91 About how many adults (over 21) have you known personally who 0; 1; 2; 3-4; 5+ in the past year have: a. used marijuana, crack, cocaine, or other drugs? b. sold or dealt drugs? c. done other things that could get them in trouble with the police, like stealing, selling stolen goods, mugging or assaulting others, etc? d. gotten drunk or high? FAMILY: Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Drug Use 113 109 How wrong do your parents feel it would be for YOU to: a. drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) regularly? b. smoke cigarettes? c. smoke marijuana? AYS08: "Has anyone in your family ever had a Very Wrong, Wrong, A little bit wrong, Not wrong at all FAMILY: Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior 113 109 How wrong do your parents feel it would be for YOU to: Very Wrong, Wrong, d. steal something worth more than $5? A little bit wrong, e. draw graffiti, write things, or draw pictures on buildings or Not wrong at all other property (without the owner's permission)? f. pick a fight with someone? FAMILY: Attachment 125 121 Do you feel very close to your mother? NO!, no, yes, YES! 126 122 Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your mother? '' 131 127 Do you feel very close to your father? '' 127 123 Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your father? '' FAMILY: Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 132 128 My parents give me lots of chances to do fun things with them. 124 120 My parents ask me what I think before most family decisions NO!, no, yes, YES! '' affecting me are made. 130 126 If I had a personal problem, I could ask my mom or dad for help. '' FAMILY: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 111 107 My parents notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. Never or almost never, Sometimes, Often, All the time 112 108 How often do your parents tell you they're proud of you for '' something you've done? 128 124 Do you enjoy spending time with your mother? 129 125 Do you enjoy spending time with your father? NO!, no, yes, YES! '' SCHOOL: Academic Failure 20 21 Putting them all together, what were your grades like last year? Mostly F’s, Mostly D’s, Mostly C’s, Mostly B’s, 16 17 Are your school grades better than the grades of most students in Mostly A’s NO!, no, yes, YES! your class? SCHOOL: Little Commitment to School 19 20 How often do you feel that the school work you are assigned is Almost Always, Often, Sometimes, Seldom, Never 22 meaningful and important? 23 How interesting are most of your courses to you? 21 22 How important do you think the things you are learning in school Very Important, Quite Important, Fairly are going to be for your later life? 18 19 Now thinking back over the past year in school, how often did you: Very Interesting & Stimulating, Quite Important, Slightly Important, Not at all Almost Always, Often, Sometimes, Seldom, Never a. enjoy being in school? b. hate being in school? c. try to do your best work in school? 23 24 During the LAST FOUR WEEKS how many whole days of school have you missed because you skipped or 'cut'? None, 1 days, 2 days, 3 days, 4-5 days, 6-10 days, 11 or more days SCHOOL: Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 8 9 In my school, students have lots of chances to help decide things NO!, no, yes, YES! like class activities and rules. 12 13 There are lots of chances for students in my school to talk with a '' teacher one-on-one. 9 10 Teachers ask me to work on special classroom projects. '' 11 12 There are lots of chances for students in my school to get involved '' in sports, clubs, and other school activities outside of class. 17 18 I have lots of chances to be part of class discussions or activities. '' SCHOOL: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 10 11 My teachers notice when I am doing a good job and let me know NO!, no, yes, YES! about it. 14 15 The school lets my parents know when I have done something well. '' 13 14 I feel safe at my school. '' 15 16 My teachers praise me when I work hard in school. '' PEER-INDIVIDUAL: Rebelliousness 28 30 I do the opposite of what people tell me, just to get them mad. 32 32 I ignore rules that get in my way. '' 31 31 I like to see how much I can get away with. '' Very False, Somewhat False, Somewhat True, PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Early Initiation of Drug Use 27 27 How old were you when you first: a. smoked marijuana? Never, 10 or younger, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or older b. smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? c. had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin)? d. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior 27 27 How old were you when you first: f. got suspended from school? Never, 10 or younger, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or older g. got arrested? h. carried a handgun? i. attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Favorable Attitudes Toward Antisocial Behavior 29 28 How wrong do you think it is for someone your age to: Very Wrong, Wrong, a. take a handgun to school? A little bit wrong, b. steal anything worth more than $5? Not wrong at all c. pick a fight with someone? d. attack someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? e. stay away from school all day when their parents think they are at school? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use 29 28 How wrong do you think it is for someone you age to: f. drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) regularly? Very Wrong, Wrong, A little bit wrong, Not wrong at all g. smoke cigarettes? h. smoke marijuana? i. use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drug? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Intentions to Use n/a 44 Sometimes we don’t know what we will do as adults, but we may NO!, no, yes, YES! have an idea. Please answer how true these statements may be for you. WHEN I AM AN ADULT I WILL: a. I will smoke cigarettes. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Perceived Risks of Drug Use 83 81 How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically No Risk, Slight Risk, Moderate Risk, Great Risk or in other ways) if they: a. smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day? b. try marijuana once or twice? c. smoke marijuana regularly? d. take one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, liquor) nearly every day? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Interaction with Antisocial Peers 25 25 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: h. been suspended from school? j. carried a handgun? k. sold illegal drugs? l. stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? m. been arrested? n. dropped out of school? 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Friends’ Use of Drugs 25 25 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: b. smoked cigarettes? c. tried beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) when their parents didn't know about it? e. used marijuana? g. used LSD, cocaine, amphetamines, or other illegal drugs? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Rewards for Antisocial Involvement 26 26 What are the chances you would be seen as cool if you: No or Very Little Chance, a. smoked cigarettes? Little Chance, c. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least Some Chance, once or twice a month? e. smoked marijuana? Pretty Good Chance, Very Good Chance f. carried a handgun? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Gang Involvement 25 25 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: o. been members of a gang? 95 92 Have you ever belonged to a gang? No; No, but would like to; Yes, in the past; Yes, belong now; Yes, but would like to get out 97 94 If you have ever belonged to a gang, did the gang have a name? No, Yes, I have never belonged to a gang 27 27 How old were you when you first: Never, 10 or younger, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 j. belonged to a gang? or older PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Belief in Moral Order 43 43 I think it is okay to take something without asking if you can get 41 away with it. 41 I think sometimes it's okay to cheat at school. '' 42 42 It is all right to beat up people if they start the fight. '' 136 132 It is important to be honest with your parents, even if they become NO!, no, yes, YES! '' upset or you get punished. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Prosocial Involvement 30 29 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: Never 1 or 2 times, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-29, 3039, 40+ e. participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? g. done extra work on your own for school? j. volunteered to do community service? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 26 26 What are the chances you would be seen as cool if you: No or Very Little Chance, b. worked hard at school? Little Chance, d. defended someone who was being verbally abused at school? Some Chance, Pretty Good Chance, g. regularly volunteered to do community service? Very Good Chance PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Interaction with Prosocial Peers 25 25 Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: a. participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? d. made a commitment to stay drug-free? f. tried to do well in school? i. liked school? 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 DRUG USE OUTCOMES 44 45 Have you ever used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, or chewing tobacco)? 45 46 How frequently have you used smokeless tobacco during the past 30 days? Never; Once or twice; Once in a while but not regularly; Regularly in the past; Regularly now 0 days, 1 or 2 days, 3 to 5 days, 6 to 9 days, 10 AYS08: "During the past 30 days, on how many to 19 days, 20 to 29 days, All 30 days days did you use chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip?" 78 76 Have you ever smoked cigarettes? Never; Once or twice; Once in a while but not regularly; Regularly in the past; Regularly now 79 78 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes? 49 48 had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink in your 0 days, 1 or 2 days, 3 to 5 days, 6 to 9 days, 10 to 19 days, 20 to 29 days, All 30 days 0 occasions, 1-2, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-39, 40+ lifetime - more than just a few sips? 50 49 had beer, wine or hard liquor to drink during the past 30 days? 46 47 Think back over the LAST TWO WEEKS. How many times have you had five or more alcoholic drinks in a row? '' None, Once, Twice, 3-5 times, 6-9 times, 10 or more times 51 50 used marijuana in your lifetime? 52 51 used marijuana during the past 30 days? 53 52 used LSD or other hallucinogens in your lifetime? '' AYS06 used "psychedelics" instead of 54 53 used LSD or other hallucinogens during the past 30 days? '' "hallucinogens." 55 54 used cocaine or crack in your lifetime? '' 56 55 used cocaine or crack during the past 30 days? '' 57 56 sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or '' 0 occasions, 1-2, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-39, 40+ inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high in your lifetime? 58 57 sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high during the past 30 days? '' DRUG USE OUTCOMES (Cont'd) 61 60 used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth) in your lifetime? '' 62 61 used methamphetamines (meth, crystal meth) in the past 30 days? '' 71 70 used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or '' 72 AYS08 used examples "(meth, crystal, crank)". AYS06 used examples "(meth, speed, crank, crystal meth)". AYS06: different wording, does not explicitly Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them in your specify "prescription," used example lifetime? "amphetamines." 71 used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or '' Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? 73 72 used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, '' specify "prescription." barbiturates, or sleeping pills) in your lifetime? 74 73 used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, AYS06: different wording, does not explicitly '' barbiturates, or sleeping pills) during the past 30 days? 63 62 used heroin or other opiates in your lifetime? '' 64 63 used heroin or other opiates during the past 30 days? '' 65 64 used Ecstasy ('X', 'E', or MDMA) in your lifetime? '' AYS06 used "MDMA" as drug name, and 66 65 used Ecstasy ('X', 'E', or MDMA) in the past 30 days? '' "ecstasy" as an example.) 67 66 used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, '' Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone) in your lifetime? 68 67 used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, '' Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone) in the past 30 days? 75 74 used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high in your lifetime? '' AYS06: n/a OUTCOME: Antisocial Behavior 30 29 How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: a. been suspended from school? Never 1 or 2 times, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-29, 3039, 40+ b. carried a handgun? c. sold illegal drugs? d. stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? f. been arrested? h. attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? i. been drunk or high at school? k. taken a handgun to school? VALIDITY QUESTIONS 142 136 How honest were you in filling out this survey? I was very honest; I was honest pretty much of 59 58 used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in your lifetime? 0 occasions, 1-2, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-39, 40+ 60 59 used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) during the past 30 days? ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS 27 27 How old were you when you first: 34 33 During the past 30 days, how many times did you RIDE in a car or e. used methamphetamines (meth, crystal)? other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? 35 34 During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? Never, 10 or younger, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 AYS08 used examples "(meth, crystal, crank)". or older 0 times, 1 time, 2 or 3 times, 4 or 5 times, 6 or AYS06 used examples "(meth, speed, crank, more times '' ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (Cont'd) 36 36 During the past 12 months, how many times has someone 0 times, 1 time, 2-3 times, 4-5 times, threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or 6-7 times, 8-9 times, 10-11 times, club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 12 or more times 37 37 During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical 39 fight ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 39 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you NOT go to '' 0 days, 1 day, 2-3 days, 4-5 days, 6 or more days school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school? 38 38 During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or '' bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 40 40 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon '' such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 80 78 During the past 30 days, on the days you smoked, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? I did not smoke cigarettes during the past 30 days, Less than 1 cigarette per day, 1 cigarette per day, 2 to 5 cigarettes per day, 6 to 10 cigarettes per day, 11 to 20 cigarettes per day, More than 20 cigarettes per day 81 79 Does anyone who lives with you now smoke cigarettes? (Mark all that apply.) No one who lives with me now smokes cigarettes, A parent (or guardian), A brother or sister, Another adult who lives with us, Another young person who lives with us 82 80 Which statement best describes the rules about smoking where you live? Smoking is not allowed anywhere, Smoking is not allowed in some places or at some times, Smoking is allowed anywhere 139 133 During a typical week, how many days do all or most of your family eat at least one meal together? 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 AYS06: "During a typical week, how many times do all or most of your family living in your ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS (Cont'd) 33 35 How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or Never; Before, but not in the past 12 months; A AYS06: "How often during the past 12 months few times in the past 12 months; Once or twice have you:" a. Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling a month; Once or twice a week; Almost every AYS06: n/a machine? b. Played the lottery or scratch off tickets? day anything of value: c. Bet on sports? AYS06: "Bet on team sports?" d. Played cards? AYS06: "Played cards for money?" e. Bought a raffle ticket? AYS06: n/a f. Played bingo? AYS06: "Played bingo for money or prizes?" g. Gambled on the internet? h. Played a dice game? 27 AYS06: "Bet on dice games such as craps?" i. Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? AYS06: "Bet on games of personal skill such as j. Bet on a horse or other animal race? pool, darts, or bowling?" AYS06: "Bet money on horse races?" 27 How old were you when you first: k. gambled or bet on anything (cards, lottery, sports, bingo, Never, 10 or younger, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 AYS08: "gambled or bet?" or older dice, raffles, casino, internet or video games, etc.)? 140 134 Have you ever heard of the gun violence prevention program, No, Yes Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN)? 141 135 How did you hear about the gun violence prevention program, Project Safe Neighborhoods? (Mark all that apply.) 90 TV, Billboard, Radio, Other, Have not heard of PSN 90 If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply.) I did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days; I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station; I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club; I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event; I gave someone else money to buy it for me; My parent or guardian gave it to me; Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me; Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me; Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me; I got it at a party; I took it from home; I took it from a store or someone else's home; I got it some other way AYS06: n/a NEW QUESTIONS: New items in 2010 AYS follow. None of these items are found in the 2008 or 2006 instruments. 24 n/a Do you get a free or reduced cost lunch at school? Free lunch; Reduced cost lunch; Neither 30 n/a How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: Never 1 or 2 times, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-29, 30- l. been hit, slapped, pushed, shoved, kicked or any otherway 39, 40+ physically assaulted by your boyfriend or girlfriend? m. seen someone punched with a fist, kicked, choked, or beaten up? n. seen someone attacked with a weapon, other than a gun, such as a knife, bat, bottle, or chain? o. seen someone shot or shot at? 47 n/a In the last 30 days, about how many times were you offered: a. alcohol? More than 10 times; 7-10 times; 4-6 times; 2-3 times; Once; Never b. cigarettes? c. marijuana? d. other drugs? 48 n/a In the last 30 days, how often have you avoided people or places because you might be offered alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, or More than 10 times; 7-10 times; 4-6 times; 2-3 times; Once; Never other drugs? 77 n/a In the last 30 days, how often did you respond in the following ways when alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana or other drugs were offered to you? (Fill in an answer for each way of responding) a. say "No" without giving a reason why? b. give an explanation or excuse to turn down the offer? c. decide to leave the situation without accepting the offer? d. use some other way to not accept the alcohol or drugs? Never; Once; Twice; Three times; Four or more times; I never got offers NEW QUESTIONS: New items in 2010 AYS follow. None of these items are found in the 2008 or 2006 instruments. 84 n/a If you have ever used prescription drugs in order to get high, not I've never used prescription drugs to get high; for a medical reason, how did you get them? (Mark all that apply.) Friends; Family/Relatives; Parties; Home (e.g., Medicine Cabinet); Doctor/Pharmacy; School; Other; Over the Internet; Outside the United States (e.g., Mexico, Canada) 107 n/a During the past 12 months, do you recall hearing, reading, or No; Yes watching an advertisement about the prevention of substance use? 108 n/a Which school-sponsored activities are you involved in during after school hours? (Mark all that apply) Sports; Music; Drama; Foreign Language Club; Student Council/ Government; Newspaper/Yearbook; Mentoring or Tutoring; Other school group or club; I am not involved in any school-sponsored activities 109 n/a Which after-school activities, that are not school-sponsored, are you involved in? (Mark all that apply) Sports; Religious group; Music/Dance/Drama; Scouts/Campfire; Boys and Girls Club/Junior Achievement/YMCA; Big Brothers Big Sisters or other mentoring program; Other after school activity; I am not involved in after school activities that are not school-sponsored 110 n/a During the past 12 months, have you talked with at least one of your parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use? By parents, we mean your biological parents, adoptive parents, stepparents, or adult guardians - whether or not they live with you. (Choose all that apply) No, I did not talk with my parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use.; Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of tobacco use.; Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of alcohol use.; Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of drug use. 137 n/a Have any of your relatives previously been in prison or jail? (Mark all that apply) Mother; Stepmother; Father; Stepfather; Foster Parent(s); Grandparent(s); Aunt; Uncle; Other Adult(s); Brother(s); Stepbrother(s); Sister(s); Stepsister(s); Other Children 138 n/a Are any of your relatives currently in prison or jail? (Mark all that apply) Mother; Stepmother; Father; Stepfather; Foster Parent(s); Grandparent(s); Aunt; Uncle; Other Adult(s); Brother(s); Stepbrother(s); Sister(s); Stepsister(s); Other Children Appendix E: Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD use for Participating Counties Lifetime ATOD Use by County (2010) Ecstasy Prescription Pain Relievers Heroin Steroids Prescription Drugs Over the Counter drugs 8.0 17.7 2.3 4.6 1.7 20.5 12.8 5.2 10.5 15.5 1.9 6.7 2.0 20.4 11.5 2.7 3.9 8.2 15.8 1.5 5.7 1.2 20.6 11.3 5.8 2.4 2.7 11.4 19.0 2.3 5.2 2.1 24.0 10.5 6.8 3.1 3.9 10.3 17.0 3.1 4.4 1.0 20.9 14.5 3.6 6.4 3.2 5.2 10.1 22.6 0.8 4.4 2.8 27.0 16.1 13.9 3.9 3.6 2.2 5.8 9.7 18.6 1.1 5.5 1.4 23.8 13.3 28.4 11.7 5.1 4.6 1.3 6.1 10.9 16.1 2.1 6.9 1.7 21.0 11.5 31.6 15.6 6.0 2.8 1.3 5.1 14.7 21.3 1.7 8.4 2.4 26.3 13.7 20.1 29.2 10.9 3.7 5.1 1.6 3.4 9.1 16.0 2.0 4.4 1.7 19.3 10.2 43.5 11.3 40.9 12.9 7.4 9.1 1.6 6.6 12.4 21.4 3.3 12.1 1.4 25.7 12.9 64.0 41.0 13.7 33.2 16.9 4.4 6.6 2.3 5.0 10.0 18.2 1.8 6.6 1.7 22.3 14.0 Santa Cruz 73.6 47.4 9.9 28.4 11.0 3.9 6.7 0.7 3.5 9.6 13.7 1.0 5.7 1.3 19.4 10.5 Yavapai 59.6 35.6 18.2 29.4 11.8 6.1 3.5 1.2 5.2 11.2 19.7 2.2 7.7 1.8 23.7 12.3 Yuma 57.4 32.9 8.2 23.3 13.4 2.8 4.0 1.9 4.1 7.8 14.7 1.1 4.8 1.3 19.3 11.2 Alcohol Cigarettes Smokeless Tobacco Marijuana Inhalants Hallucinogen Cocaine MethPrescription Prescription amphetamines Stimulants Sedatives Apache 53.3 46.3 25.5 38.9 11.1 3.3 5.3 2.1 4.5 Cochise 60.1 37.2 16.3 24.9 15.6 4.7 6.3 1.7 Coconino 56.5 44.0 19.5 36.9 13.5 4.5 5.7 Gila 67.0 50.9 23.4 44.9 12.9 4.8 Graham 54.7 38.2 19.9 31.5 13.8 5.4 Greenlee 72.8 51.8 35.6 34.1 15.3 La Paz 64.5 40.2 12.2 31.7 Maricopa 56.4 30.9 9.7 Mohave 65.1 36.5 13.9 Navajo 50.9 36.7 Pima 68.1 Pinal 30-day ATOD Use by County (2010) Ecstasy Prescription Pain Relievers Heroin Steroids Prescription Drugs Over the Counter drugs 3.5 0.8 8.2 0.8 0.8 9.9 7.1 4.1 2.4 6.0 0.5 0.7 8.9 5.5 1.8 3.1 1.7 6.2 0.4 0.3 9.2 5.5 0.6 1.1 3.8 1.7 8.7 0.5 1.4 10.8 6.4 0.9 0.6 1.6 4.3 1.3 8.5 1.9 0.3 11.4 6.7 0.4 2.8 0.8 1.6 4.8 0.0 9.7 0.0 1.6 12.9 9.3 1.1 0.3 0.0 1.4 4.2 1.4 7.8 0.0 0.0 10.0 7.2 3.6 1.7 1.3 0.4 2.3 4.2 2.6 7.3 0.8 0.6 10.1 5.7 16.2 5.4 2.3 1.0 0.4 1.9 6.3 3.5 10.7 0.9 0.8 13.5 6.9 8.8 14.0 2.7 0.8 1.7 0.5 1.0 3.3 1.0 7.6 0.9 0.7 9.2 4.4 5.2 18.8 3.5 2.4 2.7 0.4 2.3 4.7 3.2 9.3 1.2 0.6 12.0 6.3 17.0 5.7 15.1 4.5 1.2 2.1 0.5 1.6 3.7 2.2 8.6 0.5 0.6 10.8 7.2 45.1 22.6 4.7 12.6 3.0 1.3 2.8 0.3 0.8 2.4 2.0 6.9 0.4 0.3 8.7 4.9 Yavapai 30.7 16.3 8.0 14.3 3.0 1.7 0.6 0.3 1.9 4.4 2.1 9.2 0.9 0.7 11.5 6.0 Yuma 31.8 12.5 3.5 10.8 3.5 1.0 1.2 0.8 2.3 3.3 1.7 8.2 0.4 0.3 11.0 5.8 Alcohol Cigarettes Smokeless Tobacco Marijuana Inhalants Hallucinogen Cocaine MethPrescription Prescription amphetamines Stimulants Sedatives Apache 28.4 19.4 12.9 20.8 3.7 1.0 1.2 0.9 1.8 Cochise 32.6 17.7 7.1 12.8 5.4 1.5 2.1 0.2 1.6 Coconino 29.3 17.8 9.1 16.7 4.6 1.3 1.5 0.7 Gila 40.6 24.6 9.4 22.2 3.9 0.9 1.5 Graham 33.0 19.7 9.2 14.0 3.0 1.3 Greenlee 35.7 24.6 19.2 14.9 5.6 La Paz 31.5 11.6 6.1 10.6 3.0 Maricopa 30.9 13.2 4.2 14.3 Mohave 34.1 15.0 5.1 Navajo 26.6 17.0 Pima 39.3 20.1 Pinal 34.4 Santa Cruz Appendix F: Profile Report Charts for Arizona Males Compared to Females (2010) Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Gender, Grade 8 Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† *.(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. Male between 2010 2008 and prior administrations. FemaleNon-comparable 2010 2010 Consult appendix for a detailed MTF explanation. **(Denotes a change in the question data are omitted State from charts. Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Gender, Grade 8 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MTF*/BH Norm** Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them Been Arrested Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future Male 2010 Female 2010values. State 2010 **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females GAMBLING 2010 Gender, Grade 8 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker Male 2010 Female 2010 2010 Norm for a detailed explanation. **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparableState data are omitted from charts. ConsultBH appendix **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females RISK PROFILE 2010 Gender, Grade 8 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment * (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm Female 2010a specified number of risk factors State 2010 **(High Risk youth are defined Male as the2010 percentage of students who have more than operating in their lives. Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Gender, Grade 8 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Male 2010 2010 explanation. BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of 2010 the question between 2010 andFemale a prior administration. Consult appendix State for a detailed **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Gender, Grade 8 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Picked On or Bullied on School Property Female 2010 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School Male 2010 State 2010 Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Gender, Grade 10 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 50 40 Percentage (%) 60 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol *.(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol **(Substance categories that were measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. Malenot2010 Female 2010 State 2010 MTF **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Gender, Grade 10 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MTF*/BH Norm** Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them Been Arrested Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future Male 2010 Female 2010values. State 2010 **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females GAMBLING 2010 Gender, Grade 10 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker Male 2010 Female 2010 2010 Norm for a detailed explanation. **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparableState data are omitted from charts. ConsultBH appendix **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females RISK PROFILE 2010 Gender, Grade 10 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment * (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm Female 2010a specified number of risk factors State 2010 **(High Risk youth are defined Male as the2010 percentage of students who have more than operating in their lives. Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Gender, Grade 10 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Male 2010 2010 explanation. BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of 2010 the question between 2010 andFemale a prior administration. Consult appendix State for a detailed **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Gender, Grade 10 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Picked On or Bullied on School Property Female 2010 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School Male 2010 State 2010 Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Gender, Grade 12 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 50 40 Percentage (%) 60 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol *.(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. Male 2010 Female 2010 State 2010 MTF **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Gender, Grade 12 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MTF*/BH Norm** Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them Been Arrested Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future Male 2010 Female 2010values. State 2010 **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females GAMBLING 2010 Gender, Grade 12 Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker Male 2010 Female 2010 2010 Norm for a detailed explanation. **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparableState data are omitted from charts. ConsultBH appendix **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females RISK PROFILE 2010 Gender, Grade 12 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment * (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm Female 2010a specified number of risk factors State 2010 **(High Risk youth are defined Male as the2010 percentage of students who have more than operating in their lives. Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Gender, Grade 12 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Male 2010 2010 explanation. BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of 2010 the question between 2010 andFemale a prior administration. Consult appendix State for a detailed **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Gender, Grade 12 Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Picked On or Bullied on School Property Female 2010 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School Male 2010 State 2010 Arizona Statewide Sample Males Compared to Females LIFETIME & 30 DAY ATOD USE 2010 Gender, All Students Surveyed Lifetime Use 100 30-Day Use 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Over-the-Counter Drugs*† *.(No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Prescription Drugs**† Prescription Sedatives** Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Pain Relievers* Steroids Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol **(Substance categories that were not measured and reported in survey administrations prior to 2008. Male 2010 Female 2010 State 2010 MTF **(Denotes a change in the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation. Arizona Statewide Sample Males Compared to Females HEAVY USE, DRINKING & DRIVING, & ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2010 Gender, All Students Surveyed 100 Heavy Use* Drinking & Driving** Antisocial Behavior Past Year** 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 MTF*/BH Norm** Carried a Handgun to School Carried a Handgun Attacked Someone w/ Idea of Seriously Hurting Them Been Arrested Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Suspended from School Drunk or High at School RIDE in a car driven by someone drinking alcohol? DRIVE a car when you had been drinking alcohol? 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking in the Past 2 weeks **(National Comparison data for Heavy Use category are Monitoring the Future Male 2010 Female 2010values. State 2010 **(National Comparison data for Drinking & Driving and Antisocial Behavior category are Bach Harrison Norm values. Arizona Statewide Sample Males Compared to Females GAMBLING 2010 Gender, All Students Surveyed Gambling Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Any Gambling Past Year Bet on a horse/ other race?* Bet on Games of Skill* Bet on Dice* Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo Bought Raffle Ticket** Bet on Cards Bet on Sports* Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker Male 2010 Female 2010 2010 Norm for a detailed explanation. **(Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparableState data are omitted from charts. ConsultBH appendix **(National Comparison data for Bought a raffle ticket are not available. Arizona Statewide Sample Males Compared to Females RISK PROFILE 2010 Gender, All Students Surveyed 70 60 50 40 30 Percentage (%) of youth at risk Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment * (8th grade: 8 or more risk factors, 10th &12th grades: 9 or more risk factors.) BH Norm Female 2010a specified number of risk factors State 2010 **(High Risk youth are defined Male as the2010 percentage of students who have more than operating in their lives. Total Peer/Individual School Family Community 100 90 80 20 10 0 Arizona Statewide Sample Males Compared to Females PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2010 Gender, All Students Surveyed 100 Family Community School Total Peer/Individual 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Students with High Protection** Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers* Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Male 2010 2010 explanation. BH Norm **(Denotes a change in the wording of 2010 the question between 2010 andFemale a prior administration. Consult appendix State for a detailed **(High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have four or more protective factors operating in their lives. **(NOTE: Prior to the 2010 administration, this value was defined as the percentage of students who had five or more protective factors operating in their lives. In order to provide the best comparability **(across years, 2006/2008 data were recalculated using the new definition. Arizona Statewide Sample Males Compared to Females SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2010 Gender, All Students Surveyed Percentage of Students Reporting Any Experience with the Indicated Safety Issue in the Past Year 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Picked On or Bullied on School Property Female 2010 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School Male 2010 State 2010  Appendix G: Changes in question wording across the 2006, 2008, and 2010 AYS Administrations                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    