april 2011 adult report Suggested Citation: White, Michael D. (2011). Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network Annual Adult Report 2010. Phoenix, AZ: Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, Arizona State University. Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network Adult Report by Michael D. White, Ph.D. April 2011 Acknowledgements The AARIN Project staff thanks Peter Ozanne and Amy Rex for their establishment of the AARIN project and for all of their hard work and assistance on the project. We also thank Maricopa County Manager David Smith and the Board of Supervisors for their continued support for AARIN. Additionally, we would like to thank the officers and command staff of the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office, without whose cooperation, we would not be able to conduct the project. This project was funded by Maricopa County. Opinions contained herein are those of the author and do not represent the position of either Maricopa County or Arizona State University. AARIN Project Staff Charles M. Katz, Principal Investigator Watts Family Director Center for Violence Prevention &Community Safety Arizona State University David E. Choate, Co-Principal Investigator Program Operations Manager Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety Arizona State University Michael D. White, Co-Principal Investigator Associate Professor School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Arizona State University Shirin Marvastian GIS Analyst Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety Arizona State University Jody Arganbright Business Operations Manager Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety Arizona State University Lidia Nuño, Research Analyst AARIN Project Manager Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety Arizona State University In an effort to reduce our impact on the environment, we have chosen to distribute this report as a digital file. © 2011 by the Arizona Board of Regents for and on behalf of Arizona State University and its Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety. Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety 500 N. 3rd Street, NHI-1, Suite 200 Phoenix, AZ 85069-7100 (602) 496-1470 Web site: http://cvpcs.asu.edu This document may be copied and transmitted freely. No deletions, additions, or alterations of contents are permitted without the expressed written consent of the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2011 April 2011 contents Executive Summary 7 Chapter 1: Design, Data, and Sampling 19 Chapter 2: Patterns of Drug Use 23 Chapter 3: Drug Abuse and Treatment Experience 39 Chapter 4: Firearms and Violent Crimes 45 Chapter 5: Gangs 51 Chapter 6: Victimization Among Arrestees 59 Chapter 7: Mental Illness and Drug Abuse 63 Chapter 8: Citizenship Status and Drug Abuse 69 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 7 Executive Summary Introduction The Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN) is a drug abuse monitoring system that provides on-going descriptive information about drug use, crime, victimization, and other characteristics of interest among individuals arrested in Maricopa County, Arizona. In five facilities throughout the county, professionally trained interviewers conduct voluntary and confidential interviews with recently booked arrestees. Questions focus on a range of topics including demographics, patterns of drug use (lifetime and recent), criminal activity, gang affiliation, victimization, mental health, citizenship, and treatment experiences. Each interviewee also provides a urine specimen that is tested for the presence of alcohol and/or drugs. AARIN serves as a near-real time information source on the extent and nature of drug abuse and related activity in Maricopa County, AZ. This information helps to inform policy and practice among police, courts and correctional agencies to increase public safety and address the needs of individuals who find themselves in the criminal justice system AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 8 The AARIN Sample Arrestees were included in this report if they both completed the survey instrument and provided a valid urine specimen for testing. During 2010, 1,833 arrestees participated in the AARIN study. •• Just over three-quarters of the sample was male (77%). •• Just under half were white (48%). Just over one-quarter was Hispanic (28%), 15% were Black, and eight percent were Native American. •• Participants’ average age was 32.0, with 33% falling in the “36 and older” category. •• The arrestee sample was fairly well-educated – with 32% achieving some form of post-high school education. [Still, approximately 34% of arrestees had no high school diploma or GED.] •• Approximately one-quarter of the sample was working full time during the month before their arrest (29%), with an additional 22% indicating part-time work. Patterns of Drug Use Drug use was captured through both self-report and urinalysis results. The survey captured drug use over time – lifetime use, use within the past 12 months, use within the past 30 days and use within the last 3 days. Regardless of the measure, drug and alcohol use is common among the arrestee sample. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 9 Lifetime Use •• Nearly all arrestees reported using alcohol in their lifetime (97%). More than 80% reported marijuana use (85%), and half reported powder cocaine use. •• Forty-two percent report methamphetamines use during their lifetime, and nearly one-third reported use of crack cocaine (28%). The least common drug of choice was opiates – 19% reported any opiate use during their lifetime. More Recent Use: Past Month and Past 3 Days •• In the month and days preceding their arrest, the most commonly used drugs included alcohol, marijuana and methamphetamines. In the past month, 72% used alcohol, 45% used marijuana and 21% used methamphetamines. •• In the past 3 days, one-half had used alcohol, almost one-third reported marijuana use (30%), and 15% reported using methamphetamines. Confirmed Drug Use: Urinalysis (UA) Results •• With the exception of alcohol, UA results mostly match self reported drug use patterns. Marijuana and methamphetamines were the primary drugs of choice: 37% tested positive for marijuana, and onequarter tested positive for methamphetamines. The low confirmed use of alcohol (13%) is likely due to the reliability of UA results (only good for 12-24 hours). •• Both Opiate use and cocaine use (powder and crack) were less frequent (8% and 10%, respectively). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 10 Relationships between Drug Use, Sex, Race and Offender Type Across drug use measures, there were notable differences between males and females. •• Methamphetamines use was more common among females than males. For example, 33% of women tested positive for methamphetamines, compared to 23% of men. •• Marijuana use was more common among men than women. Among men, 41% tested positive for marijuana, compared to 27% of women. There were also notable differences across race/ethnicity. •• Native Americans were, by far, more likely than other arrestees to test positive for alcohol. 38% of Native Americans tested positive, three times the rate of other race/ethnic categories of arrestees. •• Among Black arrestees, marijuana and cocaine were the primary drugs of choice. Almost half tested positive for marijuana (45%) and 18% tested positive for cocaine. •• Methamphetamines use was highest among whites (32%) and Hispanics (26%). Hispanics also had the second highest rate of positive tests for cocaine (12%). We also found notable differences among race/gender combinations. •• White and Hispanic females were, by far, the heaviest users of methamphetamine (44% and 32% tested positive). •• Positive tests for cocaine were highest among Black males (16%) and females (26%) and Hispanic males (13%). •• Marijuana use was highest among Black males (47%) and females (40%), white males (40%), Hispanic males (40%), and Native American males (37%). Alcohol use was highest among Native American males and females (38% for both). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 11 Arrestees were classified based on the type of charge for which they were arrested. Drug use also varied by offender type. •• Alcohol use was consistent across offender type. Seventeen percent of violent offenders and 15% of property offenders each tested positive for alcohol, compared to 13% of drug offenders. •• Methamphetamines use was least common among violent offenders, and most common among drug offenders: 29% of violent offenders tested positive, compared to 40% of drug offenders. •• Marijuana and Cocaine use were consistent across offender type, ranging from 25% to 28% for marijuana and 7% to 12% for cocaine. Substance Abuse Dependence and Treatment Arrestees were asked to assess their dependence to illicit drugs and alcohol and to describe their substance abuse treatment experiences, past and present. •• Substantial percentages of arrestees indicated that they were dependent on drugs. Dependency was most common for methamphetamines (24% of males and 30% of females) and opiates (23% of males and 40% of females). The rates of dependence for opiates are striking, given its low prevalence. •• Few arrestees were in substance abuse treatment at the time of their arrest (generally less than 5%). •• However, prior experiences in treatment were much more common, depending on the type of drug. For example, 19% of males and 36% of females have been in treatment for opiate dependence. Prior treatment was also common for methamphetamines (17% of males and 19% of females) and crack cocaine (13% of males and 12% of females). •• There was a strong relationship between assessments of drug dependence and need for treatment, and urinalysis results. That is, regardless of drug, those who tested positive were much more likely than those testing negative to self-report dependence and need for treatment. For example, among men and women who tested positive for methamphetamines, 41% and 47% indicated dependence on the drug – compared to just 9% and 7% of men and women who tested negative for methamphetamines. Among men and women who tested positive for opiates, 62% and 79% indicated dependence on the drug (compared to dependence rates of 8% and 13% among those testing negative for opiates). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 12 Firearms Possession/Ownership Most arrestees have not possessed firearms either in their lifetimes or more recently. •• Approximately one-third had possessed a handgun/pistol or rifle/ shotgun in their lifetime. Lifetime possession of semi- and fully automatics was less common (18% and 9%). •• More recent possession of firearms was not common, dipping to 12% or below, regardless of firearm type. Eight percent or less possessed a gun (any type) in the month prior to their arrest. •• The majority of arrestees who possessed firearms reported that they obtained the gun through either legitimate purchase or illegitimate purchase. For example, 41% of handgun possessors acquired the firearm through legitimate purchase, while 27% acquired it through illegitimate purchase (e.g., on the street). The second most common form of acquisition was receiving the firearm as a gift – ranging from 10-21% depending on gun type. •• There was a strong positive relationship between firearms possession and victimization: those who possessed firearms were more likely to be victimized. Victimization rates ranged 20-43% depending on the victimization measure and gun type. The highest rates were among the few arrestees who possessed fully automatic and semi-automatic weapons: 24-33% had been threatened with a gun and 25-42% had been physically assaulted. •• Alcohol and drug use (positive UA results) among arrestees who possessed firearms mostly mirrored the larger sample of arrestees. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 13 Gang Involvement •• Results indicate that most arrestees are not gang-involved: 85% report no gang affiliation, past or present. •• Three percent reported being current gang members; 4% stated that they were gang associates. An additional 8% reported being former gang members. •• Gang members (current) differed in a number of important ways from non-gang members. Gang members were: »» Younger (mean age of 28) »» Less likely to be female (9%) »» More likely to be minority (53% Hispanic; 15% Black) »» Less educated (42% no high school diploma or GED) »» More likely to obtain income from illegal sources (38%) »» More likely to be U.S. citizens (98%) •• Gang members were much more likely than non-gang members to have prior criminal histories, to possess firearms, and to experience victimization. »» 58% of gang members had been arrested in the last year; 71% had been incarcerated. »» One-third possessed a handgun in the past year; 27% possessed a rifle/shotgun; 18% possessed a semi-automatic and 15% possessed a fully automatic firearm. »» Forty-four percent of gang members have been threatened with a gun in the last year; 35% had been physically assaulted. •• Gang members also had elevated rates of drug use, compared to nongang members: 60% tested positive for marijuana; 17% tested positive for cocaine; 30% tested positive for methamphetamines; and 13% tested positive for opiates. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 14 Victimization Victimization was a common experience among the 2009 AARIN arrestee sample, suggesting an overlap among criminal activity and victimization. •• In the past year, 15% had been threatened with a gun; 19% had been assaulted/attacked; 10% had been robbed; and 9% had been shot at. •• In the month prior to their arrest: 7% had been threatened with a gun; 12% assaulted/ attacked; 9% threatened with a weapon (other than a gun); and 5% robbed. •• There was a strong relationship between victimization and drug use: those who had been victimized had elevated rates of drug use. Depending on the type of victimization, arrestees who had been victims showed higher rates of positive UA results for methamphetamines (35% for those who had been threatened with a gun), marijuana (55% for those who had been shot at), and cocaine (25% for those who had been shot). Mental Illness and Drug Use Results show a strong connection between mental illness and drug use in the arrestee sample. •• Nearly one-third of the arrestee sample had been diagnosed with a mental illness during their lifetime (30%). One-quarter had been treated and/or medicated for a mental illness. Ten percent were hospitalized at some point in their lives. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 15 •• Arrestees with histories of mental illness differed in important ways from other arrestees. They were: »» More likely to be female (32%) »» More likely to be white (61%) »» More likely to be U.S. citizens (99%) »» Less likely to have worked full or part time (20% and 18%), and were more likely to have obtained income from illegal sources (12%) »» More likely to be homeless (9%) •• Although arrestees with histories of mental illness did not differ from other arrestees with regard to their current charge, they were much more likely to have prior criminal histories: 51% had been arrested in the last year, 60% had been incarcerated. •• Arrestees with histories of mental illness had elevated rates of drug use, especially marijuana, methamphetamines and opiates. »» 43% of those diagnosed with a mental illness tested positive for marijuana »» 30% of those treated for a mental illness tested positive for methamphetamines »» 11% of those who had been medicated for a mental illness tested positive for opiates. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 16 Illegal Immigration among the Arrestee Population Most arrestees were U.S. citizens (92%). There was a sizeable minority of the arrestee sample that was in the country illegally, and those illegal aliens differed in important ways from U.S. citizens and legal aliens. •• Illegal aliens were younger (mean age of 31) and they were much more likely to be Hispanic (90%). •• Illegal aliens were less educated than other arrestees (50% had no high school diploma or GED), but they were much more likely to be employed (42% working full-time; 42% working part-time), and they were less likely to be homeless (1%). •• Illegal aliens were less likely to have prior criminal histories (15% arrested; 44% incarcerated), and they were less likely to possess firearms (less than 5%). They were also much less likely than U.S. citizens and legal aliens to have been victimized (less than 10% across all victimization measures). •• Nearly across the board, illegal aliens showed less drug use than U.S. citizens and legal aliens. Just 16% of illegal aliens tested positive for marijuana, and 8% tested positive for methamphetamines. Cocaine was the only exception: illegal aliens tested positive for cocaine at greater rates than U.S. citizens (16% for illegal aliens; 10% for US citizens). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 17 Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN) The Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN) is a drug abuse monitoring system that provides on-going descriptive information about drug use, crime, victimization, and other characteristics of interest among individuals arrested in Maricopa County, Arizona. Funded by the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors in 2007, AARIN is modeled after the national-level Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program (ADAM). In five facilities throughout the county, professionally trained interviewers conduct voluntary and confidential interviews with recently booked arrestees. Questions focus on a range of topics including demographics, patterns of drug use (lifetime and recent), criminal activity, gang affiliation, victimization, mental health, citizenship, and treatment experiences. Each interviewee also provides a urine specimen that is tested for the presence of alcohol and/or drugs. Overall, AARIN serves as a near-real time information source on the extent and nature of drug abuse and related activity in Maricopa County, AZ. This information helps to inform policy and practice among police, courts and correctional agencies to increase public safety and address the needs of individuals who find themselves in the criminal justice system. The annual report is divided into eight chapters, with each addressing a different substantive topic. •• Chapter 1: describes the research design, sampling frame, survey instrument and urinalysis procedures, and descriptive overview of the 2008 AARIN sample; •• Chapter 2: describes drug use among arrestees based on urinalysis test results and self-report information. The chapter focuses on alcohol use and four illicit drugs: marijuana, cocaine, opiates, and methamphetamine. Urinalysis test results for these substances are presented separately for males and females, racial/ethnic groups, and by type of offender (e.g., violent, drug, property, and other). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 18 •• Chapter 3: contains information on drug dependency, prior substance abuse treatment, and current need for treatment. Urinalysis test results for alcohol and each of the four illicit drugs are used to examine the relationship between drug use (confirmed) and substance abuse treatment history and need. •• Chapter 4: presents the extent of firearm possession (e.g., handguns, rifles or shotguns, semi-automatic weapons, and fully automatic weapons) among the arrestee sample. The chapter also examines the relationship between firearm possession, drug use, and victimization. •• Chapter 5: examines differences between gang members and nongang members among the arrestee population. In particular, it presents information on differences between gang and non-gang members with respect to such issues as socio-demographic factors, legal information, and drug use. •• Chapter 6: describes rates of violent victimization among the arrestee population. Specifically, it examines the prevalence of being the victim of a gun crime, non-gun crime, and being robbed. Furthermore, this chapter examines the relationship between violent victimization and drug use. •• Chapter 7: focuses on co-occurring disorders by examining the relationship between mental illness and drug use. •• Chapter 8: presents the percentage of illegal and legal aliens among the arrestee population and identifies how these arrestees differ from U.S. citizens in drug use, socio-demographic information, involvement in violent crime, and victimization. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 19 Chapter 1: Design, Data, and Sampling for the AARIN Project Sampling and Data Collection In order to ensure representative results for the entire population of arrestees in Maricopa County, the AARIN project employs a systematic sampling protocol that includes the collection of data at multiple facilities – with target quotas at each facility. Data are collected quarterly at all facilities – with interviews conducted during a continuous two-week period at the 4th Ave. jail and one-week continuous period at the Glendale and Mesa Police Departments (because of the larger number of arrestees). During the data collection period, interviews are conducted during an eight-hour period each day, with arrestees who are randomly selected based on their booking time. Consistent with the ADAM sampling strategy, a stock (i.e., arrested during non-data collection hours) and flow (i.e., during data collection hours) process is employed to ensure a representative sample of arrestees. Arrestees who have been in custody longer than 48 hours are ineligible for participation in AARIN (because of time limitations with UA results for alcohol). Exhibit 1: Sample of Arrestees by Facility Exhibit 1. Sample of Arrestees by Facility Sex Total AARIN Facility Male Female % % % 76.5 23.5 100.0 4TH Avenue 1,352 415 1,767 Mesa 80.2 146 19.8 36 100.0 182 Glendale 72.5 111 27.5 42 100.0 153 Total 1,609 493 2,102 Exhibit 1 shows the distribution of AARIN interviewees across the three adult facilities – 4th Avenue County Jail, Mesa Police Department and Glendale Police Department (AARIN is also conducted at two juvenile facilities – results from the juvenile interviews are presented in a separate report). Overall 1,833 arrestees participated in the AARIN study during 2009, with the vast majority of those interviews occurring at the 4th Ave location (1,694 or 92%). Moreover, the majority of arrestees at all three locations were male, ranging from 70% at Glendale PD to 77% at 4th Ave. Overall, 421 females were interviewed for the study (23% of all participants). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 20 Survey Instrument The AARIN survey instrument is modeled after the ADAM and Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) instruments, and was developed with input from Maricopa County officials. The instrument is broken down into a variety of sections that include: demographics and background information (sex, race/ethnicity, age, citizenship, educational level, methods of income), current and past drug use (ever, past 12 months, 30 days and three days), drug dependency and treatment, criminal history (ever, past 12 months), gang involvement, firearms possession (and methods of acquisition), victimization (past 12 months, 30 days), and mental health issues (ever, past 12 months and 30 days). Urinalysis Testing Once an interview is completed, the arrestee then submits a urine sample. The urine specimens are tested for alcohol and four illicit drugs: cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and opiates. The testing is done using the enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT), which has shown a high degree of accuracy with very few false-positive results (Reardon, 1993). As a reliability check, all specimens that test positive with the EMIT methods are then tested again using Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrum Detection (GC/MS). The EMIT technique with GC/ MS confirmation procedures are well-established and offer highly reliable results for the illicit drugs under study here – cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and opiates – for up to 72 hours after use. Unfortunately, these procedures offer high reliability results for alcohol for only 12-24 hours after use. The adoption of more sensitive alcohol screening procedures was cost-prohibitive, however. The AARIN Sample Arrestees were included in the analysis presented here if they both completed the survey instrument and provided a valid urine specimen for testing. Arrestees who did not finish their surveys, or those who completed the survey but did not submit a urine specimen (or vice versa) have been excluded from the analysis. Exhibit 2 presents demographic and background information for the 1,833 arrestees who participated in the AARIN study during 2009. Just over three-quarters of the sample was male (77.0%), and just under half were white (47.8%). Approximately one-quarter was Hispanic (28.3%), 15.3% were Black, and 8.0 percent were Native American. Participants’ average age was 32.0, with approximately 33% falling in the AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 21 Exhibit 2: Characteristics of the Arrestee Population Exhibit 2: Characteristics of the Arrestee Population Sex Male Female % % Sex Male Female Total % 76.5 23.5 Age category 15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36 & older Mean 14.6 23.4 17.2 11.4 33.4 32.3 14.2 22.1 19.3 12.4 32.0 31.7 14.5 23.1 17.7 11.6 33.1 32.2 Race/ethnicity* White Black Hispanic Native American Other 45.2 15.5 33.3 5.5 0.6 50.5 12.8 27.6 8.3 0.8 46.4 14.8 31.9 6.2 0.6 Citizenship Status* Illegal alien Legal Alien US Citizen 12.8 2.2 85.0 4.1 1.2 94.7 10.7 2.0 87.3 Highest educational attainment* Less than HS degree HS Degree or GED POST High school education 36.7 34.7 28.6 39.6 26.4 34.0 37.3 32.8 29.9 Main source of income (past 30 days)* Working full time Working part time Other legal sources Illegal sources No income 35.8 25.0 23.4 8.9 7.0 22.1 16.0 48.2 7.0 6.7 32.6 22.8 29.2 8.5 6.9 “36 and older” category. Most arrestees were U.S. citizens or legal aliens (91.6% and 2.0%, respectively), though 6.4% were illegal aliens. Interestingly, the arrestee sample was fairly welleducated – with 32.0% achieving some form of post-high school education. [Still, approximately 34% of arrestees had no high school diploma or GED.] Similarly, more than one-quarter of the sample was working full time during the month before their arrest (28.5%), with an additional 21.7% indicating parttime work. Six percent of arrestees reported having served in the U.S. military (n=103). Exhibit 2 also shows these basic sample characteristics by sex, and there are some noteworthy differences. Female arrestees were slightly older than males, and a larger percentage of female arrestees were white – 50.1% compared to 47.1% for males - (and a smaller percentage of females were Hispanic – 24.7% v. 29.4% for males). Female arrestees were more likely to achieve post-high school education (38.5% vs. 30.1%) but were less likely to be employed full time prior to their arrest (23.2% vs. 30.1% for males). * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 22 Female arrestees were also much more likely to report having biological children (73.6% compared to 56.6% for males), though they were less likely to have prior arrests (35.7% compared to 45.6% for males) within the last year. Exhibit 2 (con’t): Characteristics of the Arrestee Population Exhibit 2 (cont): Characteristics of the Arrestee Population Sex Male Female % % Type of residence (past 30 days) Private apartment/condo/hotel 37.2 40.8 House or mobile home 52.6 52.3 Public housing 0.2 0.4 Emergency or short-term shelter 0.6 0.2 Jail or prison 0.6 0.2 Half-way or honors facility 1.4 0.4 Drug or alcohol treatment facility 0.1 0.2 No fixed residence or on the street 7.1 4.9 Other 0.2 0.6 Total % 38.1 52.5 0.2 0.5 0.5 1.2 0.1 6.6 0.3 Any biological children* No Yes 41.2 58.8 26.4 73.6 37.7 62.3 Most serious offense at arrest* Violent Drug Property Other 20.3 25.7 20.5 33.5 16.5 21.4 24 38.1 19.4 24.7 21.3 34.6 Prior arrest (past 12 months)* No Yes 56.5 43.5 62.7 37.3 57.9 42.1 Prior incarceration (past 12 months) No Yes 62.5 37.5 67.5 32.5 63.7 36.3 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 23 Chapter 2: Patterns of Drug Use Exhibit 3: Lifetime Drug Use by Sex 100 96.6 96.3 90 Exhibit 3: Lifetime Drug Use by Sex (N = 2,105) 82.8 83.0 80 Percent 70 60 51.8 48.9 50 46.0 38.5 40 28.2 30.2 30 16.9 20 13.8 10 0 Alcohol Marijuana Meth* * p<.05 Crack Cocaine Powder Cocaine* Male Opiates Female Exhibit 4: Past 30 Day Drug Use by Sex Exhibits 3-5 show self-reported lifetime and recent drug use (30 days), as well as urinalysis results, by sex and by type of drug. These findings are also summarized in Exhibit 6. The findings are discussed below by drug type. Exhibit 4: Past 30 Day Drug Use by Sex (N =2,105) 100 90 80 Percent 70 70.0 64.9 60 50 43.9 40 38.7 30 17.8 20 One of the most important features of the AARIN project is that is captures drug use in multiple ways, both through self report in the interview (lifetime use, and past 12 months, 30 days and 3 days) and through urinalysis. This chapter focuses on patterns of drug use – alcohol, marijuana, methamphetamine, cocaine (crack and powder) and opiates – among the arrestee sample across both data collection measures, as well as usage by sex, offender type and race/ethnicity. 23.5 10 5.0 9.0 8.6 4.1 5.2 4.5 0 Alcohol* Marijuana* Meth* * p<.05 Crack Cocaine* Powder Cocaine* Male Opiates Female Exhibit 5: Positive UA Results by Sex Exhibit 5: Positive UA Results by Sex (N = 2,105) 100 90 80 Percent 70 60 50 41.9 40 20 10 31.5 30.5 30 21.7 13.2 14.0 9.1 10.9 7.8 9.1 0 Alcohol* * p<.05 Marijuana* Meth* Male Cocaine Opiates Female AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 24 Alcohol Nearly all arrestees self-reported alcohol use during their lifetimes (97.4% for males, 94.8% for females). Alcohol use was also common within 30 days prior to arrest, though there was some variation by sex (73.5% for males, 66.0% for females). Though Exhibit 6 shows that half of arrestees self-reported alcohol use in the three days prior to their arrest, just 13.0% of males and 12.0% of females tested positive for alcohol at the time of their arrest. The average age of first use of alcohol for the sample was 14.7 years old. Marijuana Marijuana was the most frequently used illegal drug among the sample based on arrestee self-report. More than 80% of arrestees indicated marijuana use during their lifetime (85.5% for males, 82.7% for females), and from 38-46% (for females and males, respectively) reported use within the month prior to their arrest. Nearly 40% of arrestees tested positive for marijuana at the time of their arrest, though positive tests were more common for male arrestees than their female counterparts; 40.5% vs. 26.9%. The average age of first marijuana use was 14.5 years old. Methamphetamine Approximately 40% of the arrestee sample self-reported methamphetamine use during their lifetime, though Exhibit 3 shows use was more common among female arrestees (48.2% vs. 40.3% for males). About one-quarter and one-fifth of arrestees reported methamphetamine use in the past 12 months and 30 days, respectively, with use again more common among female arrestees. One-third of female arrestees (33.4%) tested positive for methamphetamines, compared to 22.9% for male arrestees. The average age of first methamphetamine use was 20.9 years old. Crack and Powder Cocaine Based on self-report data, we are able to present separate results for crack and powder cocaine in Exhibits 3 and 4. Since the urinalysis testing is unable to distinguish between the two forms, the UA test results in Exhibit 5 show a single cocaine measure. Exhibit 3 shows that on the lifetime measure, powder cocaine use is more common than crack among the arrestee sample. Half of all arrestees indicated at least some powder cocaine use during their lifetime, while only about AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 25 one-quarter indicated any crack use (28.1%). Exhibit 4 shows that 5-8% of the sample have used some form of cocaine in the last 30 days, with crack cocaine use being more common among female arrestees and powder cocaine more common among male arrestees. Interestingly, while 3.4% self-reported crack use in the three days prior to their arrest and 3.3% self-reported powder cocaine use during the same time period (see Exhibit 6), 10.7% of men and 9.7% of women tested positive for cocaine immediately following their arrest. The average age of first use was 18.5 for powder cocaine and 21.1 for crack cocaine. Opiates Opiate use was the least frequently used illicit drug among the arrestee sample. Approximately 20% of the sample indicated any use during their lifetime, with 6.2% indicating use in the previous 30 days and 4.6% indicating use in the previous 3 days. Seven percent of men and 10% of women tested positive for opiate use. The average age of first opiate use was 22.5. Urinalysis Results by Offender Type In an effort to explore drug use patterns across offender types, all arrestees were classified as either violent, property, drug, or other offenders based on the charges that resulted in their recent arrest. Of the 1,833 arrestees in the 2009 AARIN study, 19.9% were violent offenders, 19.9% were property offenders, 25.9% were drug offenders, and 34.3% were classified as other offenders. Drug use patterns among each offender type are discussed below (see Exhibit 10 for a complete summary of these results). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 26 Exhibit 6: Drug Use Results for Male and Female Arrestees Exhibit 6. Drug Use Results for Male and Female Arrestees Sex Male Female % % Alcohol Lifetime 96.6 96.3 Past 12 month 79.1 75.1 Past 30 days* 70 64.9 Past 3 days* 48.2 42.6 Positive UA* 13.2 9.1 Age of first use (mean)* 14.1 15.5 Marijuana Lifetime 82.8 83 Past 12 month 50.5 47.9 Past 30 days* 43.9 38.7 Past 3 days* 31 23.1 Positive UA* 41.9 30.5 Age of first use (mean)* 13.9 14.7 Methamphetamine Lifetime* 38.5 48.9 Past 12 month* 22.1 30.4 Past 30 days* 17.8 23.5 Past 3 days* 11.1 17 Positive UA* 21.7 31.5 Age of first use (mean) 20.5 20.7 Crack Cocaine Lifetime 28.2 30.2 Past 12 month* 8 11.4 Past 30 days* 5 8.6 Past 3 days* 3.5 6.7 Positive UA 14 10.9 Age of first use (mean) 22.4 22.8 Powder Cocaine Lifetime* 51.8 46 Past 12 month* 14.5 7.9 Past 30 days* 9 4.1 Past 3 days* 4.5 1.8 Positive UA 14 10.9 Age of first use (mean) 18.7 19 Opiates Lifetime 16.9 13.8 Past 12 month 7 6.1 Past 30 days 5.2 4.5 Past 3 days 3.6 3.2 Positive UA 7.8 9.1 Age of first use (mean) 21.7 21.7 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Total % 96.6 78.1 68.8 46.9 12.3 14.5 82.9 49.9 42.7 29.1 39.3 14.1 41 24 19.2 12.5 24 20.5 28.7 8.8 5.9 4.3 13.3 22.5 50.5 13 7.8 3.9 13.3 18.8 16.2 6.8 5 3.5 8.1 21.7 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 27 Violent Offenders and UA Results Exhibit 7 shows urinalysis results for both male and female violent offenders. Violent offenders most commonly tested positive for marijuana, though this was far more common among male offenders (39.3% compared to just 24.7% for females). From 16-17% of violent offenders tested positive for alcohol. Methamphetamine use was more common among female violent arrestees (28.6% vs. 20.4% for males), and cocaine use was higher among male violent offenders (10.9% vs. 6.5% for females). Positive tests for opiate use were infrequent for both male and female violent offenders (6% or less). Exhibit 7: Violent Offender Positive UA Results by Sex Exhibit 7: Violent Offender Positive UA Results by Sex (N = 403) Property Offenders and UA Results 45 38.2 40 35 30 23.5 Percent 25 20 15 15.8 20.2 17.3 13.6 15.8 10 3.7 5 7.4 5.3 0 Alcohol Marijuana* * p<.05 Meth Male Cocaine* Opiates Female Exhibit 8: Property Offender Positive UA Results by Sex Exhibit 8: Property Offender Positive UA Results by Sex (N =443) 40 36.8 35.9 35 28.2 30 26.1 Percent 25 20 15 10 Exhibit 8 shows that property offenders most commonly tested positive for marijuana and methamphetamines, with notable variation by sex. In particular, marijuana use was more common among male property offenders (36.2% v. 27.5% for females), while female property offenders recorded significantly higher positive tests for methamphetamines (34.8% vs. 23.3% for males). Alcohol, Cocaine and Opiate use were consistent across arrestee sex (9-14%). 16.3 13.8 12.0 12.0 9.4 6.8 5 0 Alcohol* * p<.05 Marijuana Meth * Male Cocaine Opiates Female AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 28 Drug Offenders and UA Results The most common drugs of choice for drug offenders were marijuana and methamphetamines, and to a lesser extent, cocaine (see Exhibit 9). Forty-two percent of drug offenders tested positive for marijuana, though use was much more common among male arrestees (46.0% for males; 26.3% for females). Alternatively, methamphetamine use was much more common among female drug offenders, as well over one-third tested positive (40.0% compared to 25.6% for male drug offenders). From 12-16% also tested positive for cocaine and alcohol. Opiate use was again infrequent, but female drug offenders were almost twice as likely to test positive (13.7% vs. 7.5% for males). Exhibit 9: Drug Offender Positive UA Results by Sex Exhibit 9: Drug Offender Positive UA Results by Sex (N =516) 60 51.2 50 Exhibits 11 and 12 indicate selfreported drug use in the past 12 months for male offenders by offender type. This discussion is organized by drug type. 40 Percent Self-Reported Drug Use Among Male Offenders 36.5 35.6 30 20 10 18.4 15.8 16.0 10.6 14.4 7.5 8.7 0 Alcohol Marijuana * * p<.05 Meth* Male Cocaine Female Alcohol Alcohol use is very prevalent across all types of male offenders. Admitted alcohol use is most common among male drug offenders (86.5%), though 80% or more of violent, property and other offenders also admit use. Marijuana Admitted marijuana use in the last year exceeds 50% for all male offender types. Male drug offenders show a slightly higher rate than the other offender types (58% vs. 52-54%). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Opiates Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 29 Opiates Exhibit 10: Positive UA Results by Sex and Type of Offender Exhibit 10. Positive UA Results by Sex and Type of Offender Sex Male Female % % Violent Offenders Alcohol 15.8 17.3 Marijuana* 38.2 23.5 Methamphetamine 20.2 13.6 Cocaine* 15.8 3.7 Opiates 5.3 7.4 Total % 16.1 35.2 18.9 13.4 5.7 Drug Offenders Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates 15.8 51.2 18.4 16.0 7.5 10.6 35.6 36.5 14.4 8.7 14.7 48.1 22.1 15.7 7.8 Property Offenders Alcohol* Marijuana Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates 13.8 36.8 26.1 16.3 12.0 6.8 28.2 35.9 9.4 12.0 12.0 34.5 28.7 14.4 12.0 Other Offenders Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine * Cocaine Opiates 9.4 40.4 22.6 10.0 7.0 5.5 32.0 33.7 13.3 8.3 8.4 38.3 25.5 10.8 7.3 * Chi-square significant at p < .05. Consistent with drug testing results, opiate use was infrequent among the sample of male arrestees. Use was most common among male property offenders, with 10.7% admitting use. Use among other male offender types was approximately 7-8%. Crack and Powder Cocaine Admitted crack cocaine use was highest among male property offenders (9.7%). Rates of admitted crack use among male violent, drug and other offenders ranged from 5-7%. Alternatively, male violent offenders posted the highest rate of admitted powder cocaine use (17.4%), with drug and property offenders at slightly lower rates (13.2% and 13.8%). 11.3% of other male offenders indicated powder cocaine use in the past 12 months. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 30 Methamphetamines Methamphetamine use ranged from 21-26% for all male offender groups. 25.6% of male property offenders admitted use, compared to 21.4% of male violent offenders. Exhibit 13 provides a summary of all indicators of drug use for male offenders, by offender type. Drug use patterns vary slightly by offender type, particularly for drug offenders. Male drug offenders used alcohol and marijuana significantly more than other male offenders. Opiate use was low for all male offenders though rates are highest for property offenders (7.6% admitted use in the past 3 days). Exhibit 11: Male Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type Exhibit 11: Male Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type (N = 1,604 ) 90 80 79.4 82.0 77.8 77.1 70 55.3 54.4 60 44.9 Percent 50 47.8 40 30 20 4.3 10 6.8 11.2 6.3 0 Alcohol Marijuana* *p< .05 Violent Drug Opiates* Property Other Exhibit 12: Male Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type Exhibit 12: Male Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type (N = 1,04) 35 29.2 30 Percent 25 10 14.2 12.8 15 7.7 6.6 21.9 21.5 19.9 20 17.2 16.7 9.5 6.5 5 0 Crack Cocaine* *p< .05 AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Powder Cocaine* Violent Drug Property Meth* Other Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 31 Exhibit 13: Drug Abuse Among Violent, Property, and Drug Male Offenders Exhibit 13. Drug Abuse Among Violent, Property, and Drug Male Offenders Alcohol Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days* Positive UA* Marijuana Lifetime Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Crack Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days Positive UA* Powder Cocaine Lifetime Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Opiates Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Methamphetamine Lifetime Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days Positive UA Violent Offenders % Drug Offenders % Property Offenders % Other Offenders % 96.9 79.4 74.2 52.3 15.8 96.8 82.0 72.6 52.4 15.8 95.7 77.8 67.9 48.0 13.8 96.8 77.1 66.9 42.9 9.4 81.5 44.9 39.7 28.0 38.2 83.5 55.3 49.3 38.8 51.2 84.8 54.4 46.8 32.8 36.8 82.3 47.8 40.7 25.7 40.4 28.6 7.7 3.7 3.1 15.8 28.2 6.6 4.1 3.2 16.0 35.6 12.8 8.8 5.5 16.3 23.8 6.5 4.3 3.0 10.0 52.0 14.2 8.9 5.8 15.8 55.3 19.9 13.1 6.6 16.0 54.4 16.7 10.3 4.3 16.3 47.8 9.5 5.2 2.2 10.0 14.5 4.3 3.1 2.2 5.3 16.7 6.8 5.3 3.6 7.5 24.3 11.2 8.5 6.4 12.0 14.1 6.3 4.5 2.8 7.0 37.5 21.5 17.8 10.8 20.2 36.4 17.2 14.8 10.7 18.4 43.8 29.2 24.0 13.1 26.1 37.7 21.9 16.5 10.4 22.6 * Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 32 Self-Reported Drug Use among Female Offenders Exhibits 14 and 15 indicate self-reported drug use in the past 12 months for female offenders by offender type. This discussion is again organized by drug type. Alcohol Alcohol use is prevalent across all types of female offenders. Admitted alcohol use is most common among female violent, drug and other offenders (77.5%, 75.2%, and 79.3% respectively). Admitted alcohol use was lower among female property offenders (68.1%). Marijuana More than half of all female drug offenders self-reported marijuana use in the past 12 months (52.5). Marijuana use was slightly less common among violent, property and other offenders (42.5%, 45.8% and 37.8%, respectively). Opiates Opiate use was infrequent among the sample of female arrestees, especially those classified as violent (5.0%). Use was most common among female drug offenders, with 14.9% admitting use. Use among female property and other offenders was at 9.7% and 8.5%, respectively. Crack and Powder Cocaine Admitted crack cocaine use was highest among female drug and other offenders (14.9% and 9.8%). Violent female offenders posted the lowest rate of admitted crack use (just 5.0%). The patterns of powder cocaine use were slightly different, with female drug offenders indicating the highest rate (14.9%), followed by property offenders (11.1%) and violent offenders (10.0%). Rates of powder cocaine use were relatively low among other female offenders (4.3%). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 33 Methamphetamines One-third or more of female drug, property and other offenders indicated methamphetamine use in the past 12 months (37.6%, 34.7% and 33.5%). Admitted methamphetamine use was lower for female violent offenders (23.8%). Exhibit 16 provides a summary of all indicators of drug use for female offenders, and there is little significant variation in use rates across offender types. The across-the-board high rates of methamphetamine use are notable (compared to male arrestees). Exhibit 14: Female Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type Exhibit 14: Female Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type (N = 491) 90 81.9 79 80 70 61.0 60 Percent 78.6 58.1 50 51.7 43.3 38.3 40 30 20 10 2.5 10.5 7.6 4.3 0 Alcohol* Marijuana* *p< .05 Violent Drug Property Opiates Other Exhibit 15: Female Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type Exhibit 15: Female Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type (N = 491 ) 40 35.2 35.6 35 29.9 30 Percent 25 20 14.3 15 11.9 10 5 16.0 15.2 13.4 6.2 5.1 2.5 6.4 0 *p< .05 Crack Cocaine* Powder Cocaine* Violent Drug Property Meth* Other AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 34 Exhibit 16: Drug Abuse Among Violent, Property, and Drug Female Offenders Exhibit 16. Drug Abuse Among Violent, Property, and Drug Female Offenders Alcohol Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Marijuana Lifetime Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days Positive UA Crack Lifetime Past 12 months* Past 30 days Past 3 days* Positive UA Powder Cocaine Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA Opiates Lifetime* Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Methamphetamine Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Violent Offenders % Drug Offenders % Property Offenders % Other Offenders % 95.1 79.0 70.4 39.5 17.3 100.0 81.9 71.4 56.2 10.6 93.2 61.0 53.4 38.1 6.8 96.8 78.6 66.3 39.0 5.5 76.5 38.3 32.1 19.8 23.5 89.5 58.1 51.4 29.5 35.6 82.2 51.7 37.3 22.9 28.2 82.4 43.3 34.8 21.4 32.0 21.0 2.5 1.2 0.0 3.7 34.3 14.3 11.4 9.5 14.4 30.5 11.9 11.1 6.8 9.4 31.0 13.4 8.7 8.0 13.3 39.5 6.2 1.2 0.0 3.7 59.0 15.2 9.5 5.7 14.4 41.5 5.1 2.5 0.8 9.4 44.4 6.4 3.2 1.1 13.3 7.4 2.5 2.5 1.2 7.4 21.9 10.5 7.6 5.7 8.7 12.7 7.6 5.9 4.2 12.0 12.8 4.3 2.7 2.1 8.3 32.1 16.0 11.1 6.2 13.6 58.1 35.2 28.6 22.9 36.5 50.8 35.6 26.3 19.5 35.9 49.2 29.9 24.1 16.6 33.7 * Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 35 Drug Abuse and Race/Ethnicity Prior research indicates that patterns of drug use often vary by race/ethnicity, and this finding is confirmed in the 2010 AARIN data. Exhibit 17 shows positive UA results by race/ethnicity, and in some cases, the racial differences in drug use are dramatic. For example, the rate of positive tests for alcohol among Native Americans is 38.1%, which is three times higher than the rates of all other racial categories of arrestees. Native Americans post the lowest rate of positive tests for cocaine (7.2%) and marijuana (33.1%), however. Black arrestees most frequently tested positive for marijuana (45.3%) and cocaine (18.1%), but rarely tested positive for opiates (2.3%). White arrestees were most likely to test positive for methamphetamines (31.7%), though they also posted the highest rates for opiate use (12.8%). Hispanic/Latino arrestees were not notably different from the other race/ ethnic groups with regard to drug use patterns, though they recorded the second highest percentage for methamphetamines (26.4%) and for cocaine (11.5%). Exhibits 18-21 examine drug use patterns among each race/ethnic group by sex (see Exhibit 22 for summary of these findings). Exhibit 17: Positive UA Results by Race/Ethnicity Exhibit 17: Positive UA Results by Race/Ethnicity (N = 2,080) 50 47.6 45 38.3 40 Percent 37.0 38.9 33.3 35 32.0 30 25 21.9 21.9 20 15 10 10.7 12.0 11.9 9.3 9.0 14.2 11.2 10.6 7.9 5 6.1 5.7 1.6 0 Alcohol* * p<.05 Marijuana* White Meth* Black Hispanic/Latino Cocaine* Opiates* Native American AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 36 White Arrestees Exhibit 18 shows drug test results for male and female white arrestees. There were a number of notable differences by sex: methamphetamines use was significantly more common among females than males (43.6% vs. 27.9%), but marijuana use was more frequent among males (39.7% vs. 23.3%). Alcohol use (10-11%), cocaine use (8%) and opiate use (12-15%) did not vary by sex for white arrestees. Among black arrestees, male and females differed little on drug use (see Exhibit 19). Male black arrestees tested positive for marijuana more often than female black arrestees (46.5% vs. 40.0%), and female black arrestees were slightly more likely to test positive for cocaine and opiates (26.0% vs. 16.3%; 4.0% vs. 1.9%). Exhibit 18: Positive UA Results for Whites by Sex Exhibit 18: Positive UA Results for Whites by Sex (N = 963) 45 42.1 39.3 40 35 30 Percent Black Arrestees 27.0 29.5 25 20 15 12.4 10 10.8 9.8 11.0 11.9 5.7 5 0 Alcohol * Marijuana* * p<.05 Meth * Male Cocaine Opiates Female Exhibit 19: Positive UA Results for Blacks by Sex Exhibit 19: Positive UA Results for Blacks by Sex (N =311) 60 50 47.2 49.2 Percent 40 30 23.0 20 10 14.3 10.5 17.5 9.5 7.7 4.8 5.2 0 Alcohol * p<.05 AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Marijuana Meth Male Cocaine Female Opiates Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 37 Hispanic/Latino Arrestees Male and female Hispanic/Latino arrestees did vary in their drug use. For example, male Hispanic/Latino arrestees more commonly tested positive for alcohol (15.1% vs. 4.0% for females), marijuana (39.7% vs. 29.7% for females), and cocaine (13.2% vs. 5.0% for females). Male and female Hispanic arrestees also recorded similarly low rates of positive drug tests for opiates (3.5% v. 3.0%). Positive tests for methamphetamines were slightly more common for female Hispanic/Latina arrestees (31.7% vs. 25.1% for males). Exhibit 20: Positive UA Results for Hispanic/Latinos by Sex Exhibit 20: Positive UA Results for Hispanic/Latinos by Sex (N =667) 45 39.0 40 35 30 Percent 31.6 29.4 25 19.4 20 15 15.3 12.2 11.0 10.3 10 5.6 5 5.9 0 Alcohol Marijuana* * p<.05 Meth* Male Cocaine Opiates Female Exhibit 21: Positive UA Results for Native Americans by Sex Exhibit 21: Positive UA Results for Native Americans by Sex (N =126) 50 Native American Arrestees Male and female Native American arrestees differed notably across only two drugs, methamphetamine and opiates. Female Native American arrestees were three times as likely to test positive for methamphetamine (20.0% vs. 7.4% for males), and more than five times as likely to test positive for opiates (11.1% vs. 2.1% for males). Male Native American arrestees were more likely to test positive for marijuana use (37.2% vs. 24.4% for females). 43.2 45 40 35 34.1 31.6 Percent 30 28.9 25 20 15 11.4 13.2 10 10.5 6.8 5 1.1 2.6 0 Alcohol * p<.05 Marijuana Meth Male Cocaine Opiates Female AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 38 Exhibit 22. Positive UA Results by Sex and Race/ethnicity of Arrestees Exhibit 22. Positive UA Results by Sex and Race/ethnicity of Arrestees Sex Male Female % % White Arrestees Alcohol* 12.4 5.7 Marijuana* 42.1 27.0 Methamphetamine* 29.5 39.3 Cocaine 10.8 9.8 Opiates 11.0 11.9 Black Arrestees Alcohol 10.5 4.8 Marijuana 47.2 49.2 Methamphetamine 7.7 14.3 Cocaine 23.0 17.5 Opiates 5.2 9.5 Hispanic/Latino Arrestees Alcohol 12.2 11.0 Marijuana* 39.0 29.4 Methamphetamine* 19.4 31.6 Cocaine 15.3 10.3 Opiates 5.6 5.9 Native American Arrestees Alcohol 34.1 31.6 Marijuana 43.2 28.9 Methamphetamine 11.4 13.2 Cocaine 6.8 10.5 Opiates 1.1 2.6 * Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Total % 10.7 38.3 32.0 10.6 11.2 9.3 47.6 9.0 21.9 6.1 12.0 37.0 21.9 14.2 5.7 33.3 38.9 11.9 7.9 1.6 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 39 Chapter 3: Drug Abuse and Treatment Experience In addition to asking arrestees to self report their drug use, interviewers also ask about drug dependency issues and prior and current treatment experiences. Arrestees are also asked to assess their own level of need for substance abuse treatment. The AARIN project collects these data both to identify level of treatment need among the arrestee population and to assess the degree to which current treatment strategies employed by the county are actually “hitting the target population.” Moreover, these data can also be used to guide the development and implementation of evidence-based policies and programs and to direct (or re-direct) the allocation of resources to fill treatment gaps for this population (Rodriguez, 2008). Exhibit 23: Dependency and Alcohol Treatment by Sex Exhibit 23: Dependency and Alcohol Treatment by Sex (N =2,030) 18 16 15.4 15.2 16.2 14 12.2 Percent 12 10.1 10 8 6 4 2 2.1 1.9 0 Males * p<.05 Dependent Females Currently Receiving Treatment Prior Treatment Could Use Treatment 10.7 This chapter presents the results from questions about drug dependency and treatment experiences, and explores the relationship between confirmed drug use (via UA results) and treatment need. Results are shown in Exhibits 23-28 (by drug) and summary results can be found in Exhibit 29. Exhibit 30 shows the relationship of self-reported drug dependency and treatment need with confirmed drug use (via UA results). Alcohol Dependency and Treatment Exhibit 23 shows alcohol dependency and treatment information for the 2010 AARIN sample, by sex. Approximately 13% of males and 14% of females indicated that they were dependent on alcohol (among those indicating alcohol use in the past 12 months). Very few arrestees were currently in treatment for alcohol (3.2% for males and 2.5% for females), though 14.3% of men and 14.5% of women indicated that they had received treatment for alcohol in the past. Males were slightly more likely than females to state that they were currently in need of treatment for alcohol (16.7% vs. 13.5%). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 40 Marijuana Dependency and Treatment Percent Of arrestees claiming marijuana use, 13.4% of males and 12.4% of females stated that they were dependent on marijuana (see Exhibit 24). Few arrestees were currently receiving treatment Exhibit 24: Dependency and Marijuana Treatment by Sex for marijuana dependence (2.0% Exhibit 24: Dependency and Marijuana Treatment by Sex (N = 1,742) for males and 1.7% for females), 16 14.7 though prior experiences in treat14 ment were more common (9.3% 12.2 12 for males and 6.6% for females). 10.3 10 As with the alcohol findings, males 8 7.2 6.6 6.6 were more likely than females to 6 indicate that they were in need of 4 treatment for their marijuana de1.7 1.3 2 pendence (11.3% for males, 6.9% 0 for females). Males Females * p<.05 Dependent Currently Receiving Treatment Prior Treatment Could Use Treatment Crack Cocaine Dependency and Treatment Exhibit 25 shows that female and male arrestees were equally likely to indicate dependence on crack cocaine (6-7%) and to have previously received treatment for their dependence (12-13%). Current treatment experiences were rare for both as well (1.3% for males, 0.0% for females). There was also no difference in the percentage who indicated that they currently were in need of treatment (11-12%). Exhibit 25: Dependency and Crack Cocaine Treatment History by Sex Exhibit 25: Dependency and Crack Cocaine Treatment History by Sex (N =603) 18 15.4 16 13.4 14 12.1 Percent 12 10.8 10 8 9.9 6.8 6 4 2 1.3 1.3 0 Males * p<.05 Dependent AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Females Currently Receiving Treatment Prior Treatment Could Use Treatment Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 41 Powder Cocaine Dependency and Treatment Female and male arrestees were equally likely to state that they were dependent on powder cocaine (3.5% vs. 4.1%, respectively- see Exhibit 26). Current treatment experiences were again rare, though 7.8% of males and 7.2% of females indicated receiving treatment for their powder cocaine dependency in the past. Interestingly and in contrast to crack cocaine, Exhibit 26: Dependency and Powder Cocaine equally low percentages of males Treatment History by Sex and females indicated that they Exhibit 26: Dependency and Powder Cocaine Treatment History by Sex (N =1,061) were currently in need of treatment 9 7.7 for powder cocaine dependence 8 7 (5.1% vs. 4.6%, respectively). 5.9 Percent 6 5 4 4.4 4.0 4.4 4.0 Opiate Dependency and Treatment 3 2 1.1 1 0.0 0 Males Dependent * p<.05 Females Currently Receiving Treatment Prior Treatment Could Use Treatment Exhibit 27: Dependency and Opiates Treatment History by Sex Exhibit 27: Dependency and Opiates Treatment History by Sex (N = 340) 35 30.9 30 Percent 25 27.9 24.6 22.8 23.2 20 15 8.8 10 5 4.8 0 Males * p<.05 Dependent Females Currently Receiving Treatment Prior Treatment Could Use Treatment 27.9 Although opiate use was infrequent among the arrestee population (see Chapter 2), a substantial percentage of those users indicated that they were dependent on the illicit drug (see Exhibit 27). Forty percent of female users and nearly one-quarter of male users (23.1%) stated that they were dependent on opiates. Current involvement in treatment was rare though more common than with other drugs (6.5% for males; 11.1% for females). Prior treatment experiences were more common, especially for female arrestees (36.1%, compared to 18.8% for males). Approximately one-fifth of male arrestees and almost onehalf of female arrestees stated that they were in need of treatment (20.9% and 44.4%, respectively). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 42 Methamphetamine Dependency and Treatment Exhibit 28 shows that nearly one-third of female arrestees who self-reported methamphetamine use in the past 12 months stated that they were dependent on the drug (30.0%). Nearly one-quarter of male arrestees also indicated dependence (23.6%). Current treatment experiences were again infrequent (3.3% for males vs. 3.4% for females). Prior experiences in treatment for methamphetamine dependence were more common, especially for females (19.2% vs. 16.7% for males). Approximately one-quarter of male users of the drug and one-third of female users (25.5% and 34.0%, respectively) stated that they were currently in need of treatment for methamphetamine dependence. Exhibit 28: Dependency and Methamphetamine Treatment History by Sex Exhibit 28: Dependency and Methamphetamine Treatment History by Sex (N =861) 35 32.0 29.5 30 25 Percent Dependency, Treatment Need, and Confirmed Use 25.3 24.9 22.6 20 15 15.0 10 Exhibit 30 shows that there is a 5 strong relationship between self2.3 0 reported drug and alcohol depenMales dence, assessments of treatment * p<.05 Dependent Currently Receiving Treatment Prior Treatment need, and confirmed use (UA results). That is, those who tested positive for drugs and alcohol were more likely to acknowledge dependence and a need for treatment than those who tested negative for those substances. These findings suggest that the majority of arrestees have been candid and truthful in their self-report responses. Among both males and females, those who tested positive for alcohol use were much more likely than those who tested negative to indicate dependence, prior treatment experiences, and current treatment need. For example, 29.3% of males and 37.5% of females who tested positive for alcohol indicated dependence on alcohol, compared to just 10.9% of males and 10.2% of females who tested negative for alcohol. Male and female arrestees who tested positive for marijuana were also more likely to indicate dependence on the drug. For males, 22.8% of those who tested positive indicated dependence compared to just 4.7% of those who tested negative. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 3.7 Females Could Use Treatment Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 43 A similar finding is reported for females (32.1% for those testing positive, 3.1% for those testing negative). These differences among males and females extended to their assessments of current treatment need for marijuana. Males who tested positive for marijuana were more likely to feel they needed treatment than males who tested negative (18.5% v. 4.7%, respectively). For females, those who tested positive were also more likely than those who tested negative to indicate treatment need (19.8% vs. 0.9%). Exhibit 29. Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment By Sex Exhibit 29. Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment By Sex Sex Males Females % % Dependent 15.2 Alcohol 12.2 14.7 Marijuana 12.2 6.8 Crack* 12.1 4.0 Powder cocaine 4.4 Opiates 24.6 30.9 25.3 Methamphetamine 29.5 Currently Receiving Treatment 2.1 Alcohol 1.9 1.3 Marijuana 1.7 1.3 Crack 1.3 Powder cocaine 0.0 1.1 4.8 Opiates 8.8 2.3 Methamphetamine 3.7 Prior Treatment 15.4 Alcohol* 10.1 7.2 Marijuana 6.6 10.8 Crack 13.4 7.7 Powder cocaine 4.4 22.8 Opiates 27.9 15.0 Methamphetamine* 24.9 Could Use Treatment 16.2 Alcohol* 10.7 10.3 Marijuana* 6.6 9.9 Crack 15.4 5.9 Powder cocaine 4.0 23.2 Opiates 27.9 22.6 Methamphetamine* 32.0 Total % 14.5 14.1 8.1 4.1 25.9 26.5 2.0 1.4 1.3 0.8 5.6 2.7 14.1 7.1 11.4 7.0 23.8 17.8 14.9 9.4 11.3 5.5 24.1 25.2 Similar results are found for the remaining drugs. The findings are particularly dramatic for methamphetamines and opiates, however. Exhibit 30 shows that, among those testing positive for methamphetamines, 43.5% of males and 54.0% of females indicated that they were in need of treatment. Among those who tested negative, just 11.0% of males and 9.4% of females felt they needed treatment. For those who tested positive for opiates, 55.4% of males and 75.9% of females felt they needed treatment, compared to 8.3% (males) and 22.5% (females) among those testing negative. * Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 44 Exhibit 30. Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment By Sex and UA Results Exhibit 30. Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment History By Sex and UA Results Dependent Alcohol* Marijuana* Crack * Powder cocaine* Opiates* Methamphetamine* Currently Receiving Treatment Alcohol Marijuana Crack Powder cocaine Opiates* Methamphetamine* Prior Treatment Alcohol* Marijuana* Crack Powder cocaine Opiates* Methamphetamine* Could Use Treatment Alcohol* Marijuana* Crack * Powder cocaine* Opiates* Methamphetamine* Males Negative Positive % % Females Negative Positive % % 12.3 6.2 3.8 2.7 9.4 12.6 32.9 23.8 16.0 8.7 62.8 41.2 10.8 4.6 5.9 4.3 14.6 18.2 28.6 26.0 26.1 5.0 70.0 39.5 2.1 1.6 0.9 1.1 3.6 2.6 1.9 0.9 2.8 1.2 7.7 1.8 2.1 1.2 2.0 0.0 4.2 6.4 0.0 2.7 0.0 0.0 20.0 1.6 13.8 4.3 10.8 7.6 14.1 10.3 25.2 10.3 11.3 0.1 44.9 21.2 9.4 4.6 10.8 4.9 22.9 20.9 16.7 10.3 19.6 0.0 40.0 28.7 13.6 3.8 4.1 4.0 9.9 10.6 32.9 17.1 28.3 13.3 56.4 37.6 9.4 3.9 5.9 1.6 10.4 18.2 23.8 11.6 37.0 15.0 70.0 44.2 * Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 45 Chapter 4: Firearms and Violent Crimes The AARIN survey instrument includes a series of questions relating to arrestees’ experiences with firearms including handguns, rifles, shotguns, semi-automatic and fully automatic weapons. Arrestees are asked about possession of firearms throughout their lifetime, during the last 12 months and in the past 30 days. They are also asked about how they acquired the firearm. This chapter presents findings related to firearms possession and acquisition, and also explores the relationships between gun possession and offender type, victimization and drug use patterns. Exhibit 31 shows that most arrestees in the 2010 AARIN sample have not possessed firearms in their lifetime. Approximately one-third have possessed a handgun or rifle/shotgun (35.3% and 31.3%, respectively) in their lifetime, compared to just 18.4% and 8.6% for lifetime possession of semi-automatic and fully automatic weapons. In the past 12 months, 12.2% reported possession of a handgun, and 8.2% reported possession of a rifle/shotgun. In the 30 days prior to their arrest, firearms possession dipped to 8% or below. Exhibit 31: Firearm Ownership/Possession by Type of Weapon Exhibit 31: Firearm Ownership/Possession by Type of Weapon 35 30.9 30 28.0 25 Percent 20 18.4 15 10 5 0 Lifetime * p<.05 Exhibit 32 shows method of acquisition for those who possessed firearms, and with the exception of fully automatic, the most common method was legal 10.5 purchase – ranging from 43.2% 8.7 8.2 7.0 of rifle/shotguns to 38.4% of 5.7 5.5 3.9 2.7 1.8 semi-automatics (just 20.4% for fully automatic). The second most Past 12 months Past 30 days common method of acquisition Handgun/pistol Rifle/shotgun Semi-automatic Fully automatic for all firearms types was illegal purchase, ranging from 19.5% for rifle/shotguns and 26.9% for handguns, to 43.4% of fully automatic guns. A substantial percentage of arrestees also acquired their firearm as a gift – especially rifle/shotguns (20.6%). Very few gun possessors stated that they obtained their firearm through theft (from a high of 5.9% for fully automatics). Renting and trading for firearms were also infrequent methods of acquisition. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 46 Exhibit 32. Firearm Ownership/Possession and Method of Acquisition Exhibit 32. Firearm Ownership/Possession and Method of Acquisition Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Acquisition Method Bought it legally Bought it illegally Rented it Traded something for it Borrowed it Gift Stole it Other Handgun/pistol % 30.9 10.5 7.0 Rifle/shotgun % 28.0 8.7 5.5 Semiautomatic % 18.4 5.7 3.9 43.5 27.7 0.2 1.6 7.0 13.7 4.0 2.3 42.0 20.7 0.2 2.4 8.4 21.6 2.7 2.1 42.6 28.7 0.0 2.9 6.8 14.9 3.1 1.0 Fully automatic % 8.2 2.7 1.8 24.1 45.9 0.0 3.5 11.2 8.8 4.1 2.4 Note: Values for acquisition method reflect most recent possession/ownership of a firearm. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 47 Firearms Ownership Among Violent Offenders Exhibit 33 shows patterns of gun ownership among arrestees who were violent offenders. Rates of ownership among the violent offender sub-sample were slightly higher than the entire arrestee sample (by 2-5% depending on the gun type – compare Exhibits 32 and 33). Lifetime ownership of a firearm ranges from a high of 39.7% for a handgun/pistol to a low of 9.1% for a fully automatic firearm. Within 30 days of their arrest, 11.4% of violent offenders owned a handgun and 5.5% owned a rifle or shotgun. Consistent with findings from the entire sample, violent offenders typically acquired their firearms through legitimate purchase: handgun/pistol (37.9%), rifle/shotgun (39.5%), semi-automatic (43.8%), and fully automatic (18.8%). The second most common acquisition method was purchasing the gun through illegal means (about 18-25% for each gun type except for fully automatic [37.5%]). Some violent offenders also obtained their firearm as a gift: handgun/pistol (20.7%), rifle/shotgun (20.4%), semi-automatic (13.8%), and fully automatic (21.9%). Exhibit 33 also shows the relationship between gun ownership, victimization and drug test results. Victimization was a common experience among violent offenders who owned guns. Approximately one-quarter of violent offenders who owned a gun (any type) were themselves threatened with a gun within the last 12 months. Slightly higher rates of victimization are observed with the “assaulted/attacked without a gun” measure: from 29-42% of gun possessors experienced that form of victimization within the last 12 months. With regard to drug test results, violent offenders who owned a handgun/pistol or rifle/shotgun recorded the highest rates of positive tests for alcohol; 15.0% and 16.4%, respectively. Last, violent offenders who owned fully automatic firearms posted the highest positive rate for methamphetamines (28.1%). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 48 Exhibit 33. Firearm Ownership/Possession, Method of Acquisition, Victimization, and Drug Use Among Violent Offenders Exhibit 33. Firearm Ownership/Possession, Method of Acquisition, Victimization, and Drug Use Among Violent Offenders Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Acquisition method Bought it legally Bought it illegally Rented it Traded something for it Borrowed it Gift Stole it Other Victimization Threatened with a gun Assaulted/attacked without a weapon Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana Cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine Handgun / pistol Rifle / shotgun Semi-automatic Fully automatic % 37.2 16.7 13.3 % 32.5 12.1 9.4 % 23.2 9.4 6.4 % 9.9 3.4 3.2 45.3 28.0 0.7 2.7 5.3 14.7 2.7 0.7 43.9 24.2 0.0 1.5 7.6 18.9 2.3 1.5 45.2 28.0 0.0 1.1 5.4 17.2 2.2 1.1 35.9 46.2 0.0 2.6 10.3 2.6 2.6 0.0 23.8 31.1 23.5 34.8 25.5 36.2 22.5 40.0 18.1 40.3 15.4 7.4 22.8 16.2 36.2 13.1 7.7 26.9 10.6 41.5 13.8 7.4 28.7 10.0 40.0 7.5 10.0 35.0 Note: Values for acquisition method reflect most recent possession/ownership of a firearm AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 49 Firearms Ownership among Non-violent Offenders Exhibit 34 presents findings related to firearms ownership among non-violent offenders, as well as methods of acquisition, victimization and drug test results among non-violent gun owners. Rates of gun ownership among non-violent offenders were slightly lower than the rates for violent offenders. Lifetime gun ownership for non-violent offenders ranges from highs of 34.5% and 30.2% for handgun/pistol and rifle/shotgun, to lows of 17.5% and 8.5% for semi-automatic and fully-automatic firearms. Gun ownership in the 30 days prior to their arrest was also lower for non-violent offenders than violent offenders. Recent gun ownership among non-violent offenders did not exceed 11% across all gun types. Consistent with findings from the entire sample, the majority of non-violent offenders acquired their firearms through legitimate purchase – handgun/pistol (41.6%), rifle/shotgun (44.2%), semi-automatic (36.4%), and fully automatic (20.2%) – and illegitimate purchase – handgun/pistol (27.8%), rifle/shotgun (20.1%), semi-automatic (36.8%), and fully automatic (45.4%). The third most common acquisition method was receiving the firearm as a gift, and less than 6% acquired a firearm through theft. Exhibit 34 shows that victimization was slightly less common among non-violent offenders who owned guns as it was with violent offenders. Approximately one-fifth of non-violent offenders who owned a handgun/pistol, rifle/shotgun, or semi-automatic were themselves threatened with a gun within the last 12 months. Among those who owned a fully automatic firearm, 33.1% were threatened with a firearm within the last year. Slightly higher rates of non-violent gun owners were assaulted without a weapon during the last 12 months – from 23.0% of those possessing a rifle/shotgun to 26.6% of those possessing fully automatics. With regard to drug test results, there was little variation in positive drug test results across gun type. Non-violent offenders who owned a firearm tested positive for alcohol at a rate of 7-11%, depending on type of firearm. Positive tests for marijuana were common among non-violent gun owners (44-45%), as were positive tests for methamphetamine (30-32%). Positive tests for opiates were less frequent, ranging from 7-9%. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 50 Exhibit 34. Firearm Ownership/Possession, Method of Acquisition, Victimization, and Drug Use Among Non-violent Offenders Exhibit 34. Firearm Ownership/Possession, Method of Acquisition, Victimization, and Drug Use Among Nonviolent Offenders SemiFully automatic automatic Handgun/pistol Rifle/shotgun % % % % Lifetime 29.4 17.4 7.9 26.9 Past 12 months 9.1 4.8 2.5 7.9 Past 30 days 5.5 3.3 1.4 4.6 Acquisition method Bought it legally 42.9 41.3 41.7 20.6 Bought it illegally 27.6 19.8 29.0 45.8 Rented it 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 Traded something for it 1.2 2.7 3.4 3.8 Borrowed it 7.5 8.7 7.2 11.5 22.2 Gift 13.4 14.1 10.7 2.9 Stole it 4.5 3.4 4.6 Other 2.8 2.2 1.0 3.1 Victimization 24.7 Threatened with a gun 23.2 28.3 33.8 29.1 26.0 32.1 39.1 Assaulted/attacked without a weapon Positive UA Results Alcohol 10.1 13.3 11.7 10.5 Marijuana 45.3 41.5 44.3 46.6 Cocaine 13.9 13.7 13.7 17.3 Opiates 11.3 10.4 10.0 9.0 Methamphetamine 28.5 26.6 31.6 30.1 Note: Values for acquisition method reflect most recent possession/ownership of a firearm. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 51 Chapter 5: Gangs Gang activity has been a persistent problem in Maricopa County for a number a years. As a result, the AARIN survey instrument includes a number of questions that gather information on gang involvement among the arrestee population. This chapter presents findings on the prevalence of gang membership and its relationship to other key factors including drug use, socio-demographics, firearms possession, and criminal activity. Exhibit 35 shows that most of the arrestees who participated in the 2010 AARIN study were not active or former gang members. In fact, 85.1% of the sample had no gang affiliation, past or present. Three percent were active gang members, and an additional 4.0% self-reported themselves as gang associates. Another 7.9% reported that they were former gang members. Exhibit 36 shows, in some detail, various other socio-demographic characteristics, criminal history, drug use and victimization variables across the categories of gang membership. Exhibit 35: Gang Membership Status Among Arrestees Exhibit 35: Gang Membership Status Among Arrestees (N =2,098) 90 83.5 80 70 Percent 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Non-Gang Sociodemographics There were notable differences in sex, race and age across the gang membership categories 7.3 5.4 3.9 (see Exhibit 36). With regard to Former Gang Current Gang Associate sex, males make up larger a proportion of current gang members (90.0%) than the non-gang, former gang and gang associate categories (75.5%, 82.6% and 86.5%, respectively). Perhaps not surprisingly, the current gang members and gang associates were substantially younger than their non-gang and former gang counterparts. Current gang members, in particular, were notably younger than the other groups, with more than one-half under the age of 26, and with a mean age of 28.2 (recall that this is an adult-only sample). Alternatively, non-gang members were the oldest category, with just 10.4% in the 15-20 age range and a mean age of 32.5. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 52 There are notable race differences as well. While approximately half of non-gang members were white, the percentage of whites in the gang categories was significantly lower: 36.5% for gang associates, 34.0% for former gang members, and 23.6% for current gang members. Consequently, the percentage of minorities was notably higher in the gang categories. For example, more than one-half of current gang members were Hispanic/Latino. Also, just 3.7% of current gang members were Native American. Gang members – former, current and associate – were much more likely to be U.S citizens, however, ranging from 97-99%. Alternatively, 90.4% of non-gang arrestees were U.S. citizens. There are also differences with regard to education and sources of income. While most arrestees had achieved a high school diploma, the percentage who failed to graduate high school (or obtain a GED) was elevated among gang member categories: from approximately 40% for current members and associates to 50.7% for former gang members (compared to 31.9% for non-gang members). Current gang members also stood out in terms of their employment. Compared to nongang members, gang members – former, current and associate – were much less likely to be employed full time (21.8%, 20.8% and 16.9% vs. 29.9% for non-gang members). Moreover, current gang members were six times as likely as non-gang members to obtain income from illegal sources (37.8% vs. 6.5%). There were few differences in residence type among non-gang and gang members. From 5-11% reported no fixed residence (i.e., homeless). Last, most arrestees, regardless of gang affiliation or status, reported having biological children, ranging from 56.8% for gang associates to 75.7% for former gang members. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 53 Exhibit 36. Characteristics of Gang and Non-gang Members Exhibit 36. Characteristics of Gang and Non-gang Members Non-Gang Members Former Gang Members Current Gang Members Associates of Gang Members Non-Gang Members % Sex* Male Female Age category* 15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36 & older Mean Race/ethnicity* White Black Hispanic Native American Other Citizenship Status* Illegal alien US Citizen Legal Alien Highest educational attainment* Less than HS degree HS Degree or GED POST High school education Main source of income (past 30 days) * Working full time Working part time Other legal sources Illegal sources No income % 83.5 7.3 3.9 5.4 Former Current Associates of Gang Gang Members Members Gang Members % % % 75.4 24.6 86.9 13.1 86.4 13.6 73.5 26.5 13.2 22.1 17.1 11.5 36.0 32.9 13.7 22.9 26.8 15.7 20.9 29.9 34.6 30.9 14.8 6.2 13.6 25.9 20.5 32.1 16.1 12.5 18.8 28.1 49.0 13.9 30.5 6.0 0.6 29.4 18.3 45.8 5.9 0.7 28.4 29.6 37.0 3.7 1.2 41.6 14.2 32.7 11.5 0.0 12.4 85.2 2.3 0.7 99.3 0.0 1.2 98.8 0.0 5.3 94.7 0.0 35.6 33.1 31.3 44.4 30.7 24.9 58.0 29.6 12.4 38.9 31.9 29.2 33.6 23.7 29.4 6.7 6.6 31.3 22.0 22.7 12.0 12.0 17.9 17.9 25.7 30.8 7.7 28.8 14.4 36.0 16.2 4.5 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. Exhibit 36. (cont.) Characteristics of Gang and Non-gang Members Non-Gang Members % Former Gang Members % Current Associates of Gang Members Gang Members % % AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 54 Working part time Other legal sources Illegal sources No income 23.7 29.4 6.7 6.6 22.0 17.9 14.4 22.7 25.7 36.0 College Programs, Arizona State University 12.0of Public 30.8 16.2 12.0 7.7 4.5 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. Exhibit 36. (cont.) Characteristics of Gang and Non-gang Members Exhibit 36. (cont.) Characteristics of Gang and Non-gang Members Non-Gang Members % Former Gang Members % 38.3 52.3 0.2 0.5 0.3 1.1 0.1 6.8 0.4 39.2 50.3 0.7 0 2 2.6 0 5.2 0 35.8 54.3 0 0 0 1.2 1.2 7.4 0 33.6 59.3 0 0.9 1.8 0.9 0 3.5 0 38.1 61.9 31.4 68.6 35.8 64.2 41.6 58.4 Most serious offense at arrest Violent Property Drug Other 19 21.3 25.6 34.2 23.5 20.9 16.3 39.2 22.2 21 24.7 32.1 17.7 23.9 22.1 36.3 Prior arrest (past 12 months) * No Yes 60.8 39.2 45.1 54.9 36.3 63.7 48.7 51.3 Prior incarceration (past 12 months)* No Yes 67.3 32.7 47.7 52.3 41.3 58.7 46 54 Alcohol Lifetime Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days Positive UA Age at first use* 96.1 76.6 67.3 45.7 12.9 14.8 99.3 86.3 79.1 54.2 9.2 13.1 98.8 85.2 76.5 55.6 8.6 12.1 98.2 85 73.5 50.4 8.9 13.6 Marijuana Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Age at first use* 80 45.7 38.5 25.1 36.7 14.5 96.1 65.4 60.1 44.4 46.7 13.2 100 84 77.8 66.7 65.4 10.6 96.5 68.1 59.3 43.4 48.2 13 Type of residence lived in (past 30 days) Private apartment/condo/hotel House or mobile home Public housing Emergency or short-term shelter Jail or prison Half-way or honors facility Drug or alcohol treatment facility No fixed residence or on the street Other Biological Children No Yes Current Associates of Gang Members Gang Members % % * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, 2011 Members Exhibit 36. (cont.) Characteristics of Gang and April Non-gang Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 55 Exhibit 36. (cont.) Characteristics of Gang and Non-gang Members Crack Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA* Age at first use* Powder Cocaine Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA* Age at first use* Opiates Lifetime* Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Age at first use Methamphetamine Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Age at first use* Possessed/owned handgun/pistol (past 12 months) * Possessed/owned rifle/shotgun (past 12 months) * Possessed/owned semi-automatic weapon (past 12 months)* Possessed/owned fully automatic weapon (past 12 months) * Victimization Threatened with a gun* Assaulted or attacked without a weapon* Non-Gang Members % Former Gang Members % Current Associates of Gang Members Gang Members % % 27.2 8.4 5.6 4.2 13.5 23.4 35.9 8.5 6.5 3.9 11.8 19.4 42 18.5 12.5 7.4 21 18.4 32.7 8.8 5.4 3.5 7.1 19.2 48.1 12.2 7.5 3.9 13.5 19.3 64.7 15.7 9.8 3.9 11.8 17.2 64.2 21 13.6 4.9 21 15.9 59.3 16.8 6.2 1.8 7.1 16.8 15.6 6.7 5.1 3.7 8.5 21.8 24.2 6.5 5.9 2.6 6.6 21 14.8 4.9 1.2 0 1.2 21 15.9 9.7 6.2 4.4 8 22.7 37.5 21.9 17.6 11.3 22.9 22.1 57.5 28.1 25.5 17.6 27.6 20.1 59.3 42 25.9 19.8 28.4 16.6 60.2 38.9 30.1 18.6 33.9 18.4 8.2 16.3 39.5 15.2 6.9 14.4 29.6 10.7 4.3 9.8 21 8.9 1.5 6.5 18.5 3.6 12.1 18.3 27.5 31.4 39.5 38.3 23 40.7 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 56 Criminal History Exhibit 36 also shows that there were few differences between gang and nongang members with regard to their current offense. From 19-27% were arrested for a violent offense, depending on gang affiliation (or not). Similarly, from 15-26% were arrested for property and drug offenses, with little variation by non-gang and gang status. Approximately one-third were arrested for other offenses. Current gang members, however, posted slightly lower rates of property offenses (14.5%) and slightly higher levels of other offenses (41.8%). There were noteworthy differences between gang and non-gang arrestees with regard to their prior arrest and incarceration histories. Gang members – regardless of status - were more likely than non-gang members to have experienced prior arrests and incarcerations in the last year. More specifically, 42.0% of non-gang members had been arrested previously in the last year, compared to 49.3% for former gang members, 58.2% for current gang members and 48.6% for gang associates. Drug Use Exhibit 36 shows self-report and urinalysis test results by drug and by gang membership status. Interestingly, gang-affiliated arrestees – regardless of status – appear to use drugs and alcohol more often than non-gang arrestees. Additionally, there are several noteworthy patterns among current gang members. Current gang members reported, across the board, higher levels of marijuana use. For example, 61.8% of current gang members reported marijuana use within three days of their arrest, compared to 38-41% for former members and gang associates, and 27.7% for non-gang members. Positive UA results were similar: 60.4% of current gang members tested positive for marijuana, compared to 49-53% for former members and gang associates, and 34.9% for non-gang members (see Exhibit 37). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 57 Cocaine use also appeared more common among current gang members, especially powder cocaine. For crack, 56.4% of current gang members reported any use in their lifetime, compared to 25.6% of non-gang members. Similarly, 21.8% of current gang members reported use of powder cocaine in the past 30 days, compared to 13.9% for former gang members, 6.8% for gang associates, and 5.8% for non-gang members. UA results (which do not distinguish between crack and powder cocaine) were consistent with the self-report findings. Nearly onefifth of current gang members tested positive for cocaine (17.0%), compared to 9.9% for non-gang members (see also Exhibit 37). Opiate and methamphetamine use follow a similar pattern. For example, 65.5% of current gang members reported use of methamphetamines during their lifetime, compared to 39.4% for non-gang members. Similarly, 25.5% of current gang members reported use of methamphetamines within 3 days of their arrest, compared to 13.7% of non-gang members. Exhibit 37: Positive UA Results by Gang Membership Status Exhibit 37: Positive UA Results by Gang Membership Status (N = 2,076) 70 65.4 60 Percent 50 46.7 40 48.2 36.7 33.9 27.6 28.4 30 20 10 22.9 21.0 12.9 13.5 11.8 9.2 8.6 8.9 7.1 8.5 1.2 0 Alcohol *p< .05 8.0 6.6 Marijuana* Non-Gang Cocaine* Former Gang Current Gang Opiates Meth* Associate AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 58 Firearms and Victimization Gun ownership was more frequent among current gang members. One-third has possessed a handgun in the previous 12 months. Handgun ownership among former gang members and gang associates was approximately 19%, while 10.5% of non-gang members possessed a handgun. This finding persists with rifle/shotguns and semi-automatic firearms, as current gang members were four to five times more likely than non-gang members to possess those firearms. The difference in firearms possession was most stark with fully automatic weapons: just 0.9% of non-gang members possessed a fully automatic gun in the last 12 months, compared to 14.5% of current gang members. Last, current gang members also experienced elevated rates of victimization. Current gang members were more than three times as likely as non-gang members to be threatened with a gun (43.6% v. 12.9%), and were twice as likely to have been assaulted or attacked without a weapon (34.5% v. 17.8%). Victimization rates among former gang members and gang associates were generally lower than the rates of current gang members but were still well above the rates of non-gang members. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 59 Chapter 6: Victimization Among Arrestees The AARIN survey instrument includes a number of questions that capture the prevalence and nature of victimization experienced by the arrestee population. These questions focus on whether the arrestee has been threatened with a gun, shot at and shot, threatened with a weapon, injured with a weapon, assaulted or attacked without a weapon, and robbed. This chapter presents findings related to victimization as well as the relationship between victimization and drug use. Exhibit 38. Victimization Rates Among Arrestees Exhibit 38. Victimization Rates Among Arrestees % Occurred Threatened with a gun Past 12 months 14.9 Past 30 days 5.0 Shot at Past 12 months 8.1 Past 30 days 2.0 Shot Past 12 months 1.3 Past 30 days 0.2 Threatened with a weapon Past 12 months 16.4 Past 30 days 7.0 Injured with a weapon Past 12 months 7.8 Past 30 days 2.8 Assaulted/attacked Past 12 months 21.3 Past 30 days 10.8 Robbed Past 12 months 11.5 Past 30 days 4.6 Victimization Arrestees were queried about victimization that occurred both in the past year and in the past 30 days. Results are shown in Exhibits 38 and 39. Approximately one-sixth of the arrestee sample had been threatened with a gun in the previous 12 months (15.2%); 7.0% reported being threatened with a gun in the past 30 days. Nearly 10% reported being shot at in the last 12 months, and 3.3% indicated that someone had shot at them in the past 30 days. Very few of the arrestees had actually been shot, however (1.4% in the last year; 0.2% in the last 30 days). One-sixth reported that they had been threatened with a weapon in the past 12 months (15.9%), and 8.3% stated that they had been injured with a weapon. These events were less common in the previous month, as 8.6% were threatened with a weapon and 4.0% reported being injured. Assaults against arrestees were more common, as 19.3% had been assaulted/attacked in the previous year and 12.4% experienced an assault in the past month. Last, 9.8% reported that they had been robbed in the past year; 4.9% had been robbed in the last month. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 60 Victimization and Drug Use Exhibit 40 displays the relationship between victimization and positive drug test results, and the findings are inconsistent. First, there was little difference in UA results for alcohol among those who had been victimized and those who had not. Across victimization measures, the percentage of positive alcohol tests ranged from 1013%. The only difference of note is found with those who had been shot, but there is a very small number of arrestees in this group. The same pattern is evident with cocaine, although there is a significant difference among those who have been robbed (10.0% for those who tested negaExhibit 39: Vicitmization Rates Among Arrestees tive for cocaine, 14.9% for those Exhibit 39: Vicitmization Rates Among Arrestees (N =2,102) who tested positive). 25 21.3 20 Percent There is variation in positive tests 16.4 14.9 15 for marijuana and methamphetamines among those who report10 8.1 7.8 7.0 ed being victimized and those who 5.0 5 2.8 2.0 did not. For example, arrestees 1.3 0.2 0 who self-reported victimization Threatened with Shot at Shot Threatened w/ Injured w/ a gun weapon weapon were more likely to test positive *p< .05 Past 12 months Past 30 days for marijuana. In four of the seven victimization measures, those who were victimized were more likely to test positive for marijuana than those who were not victimized: threatened with a gun (48.0% v. 35.5%), shot at (54.7% v. 35.7%), threatened with a weapon (42.6% v. 36.5%), and injured with a weapon (45.6% v. 36.7%). The same pattern is evident with positive tests for methamphetamine and three victimization measures: threatened with a gun (35.2% v. 23.5%), threatened with a weapon (34.0% v. 23.7%), and robbed (31.4% v. 24.6%). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 10.8 11.5 4.6 Assaulted/ attacked Robbed Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 61 Exhibit 40. Victimization Rates By Positive UA Results Exhibit 40. Victimization Rates By Positive UA Results Threatened with a gun (past 12 months) % No % Yes Alcohol 12.7 9.9 Marijuana* 37.4 50.2 Methamphetamine 23.4 27.2 Cocaine* 12.4 18.2 Opiates 8.1 7.7 Shot at (past 12 months) % No % Yes Alcohol 12.4 10.1 Marijuana* 37.7 57.7 Methamphetamine 24.1 23.2 Cocaine 13.0 16.7 Opiates 8.1 8.3 Shot (past 12 months) % No % Yes Alcohol 12.4 3.7 Marijuana 39.1 55.6 Methamphetamine* 23.8 40.7 Cocaine* 13.1 25.9 Opiates 8.0 11.1 Threatened w/ weapon – not a gun (past 12 months) % No % Yes Alcohol 12.5 10.8 Marijuana* 38.0 45.9 Methamphetamine 23.4 27.2 Cocaine 12.9 14.9 Opiates 7.8 9.4 Injured w/ weapon – not a gun (past 12 months) % No % Yes Alcohol 12.3 11.8 Marijuana* 38.6 47.2 Methamphetamine 24.0 24.2 Cocaine 13.1 15.5 Opiates 7.9 9.9 Assaulted/attacked w/o weapon (past 12 months) % No % Yes Alcohol 12.0 13.1 Marijuana 38.3 42.8 Methamphetamine 23.1 27.3 Cocaine 13.1 14.0 Opiates 7.9 8.8 Robbed (past 12 months) % No % Yes AARIN Annual Adult Report, Alcohol 12.1 April 2011 13.3 Marijuana 38.9 42.1 Methamphetamine 23.6 26.7 Opiates 62 8.0 11.1 Threatened w/ weapon – not a gun (past College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 12 months) % No % Yes Alcohol 12.5 10.8 Marijuana* 38.0 45.9 Methamphetamine 23.4 27.2 Exhibit 40. (con’t) Victimization Rates By Positive UA Results Cocaine 12.9 14.9 Opiates 7.8 9.4 Injured w/ weapon – not a gun (past 12 months) % No % Yes Alcohol 12.3 11.8 Marijuana* 38.6 47.2 Methamphetamine 24.0 24.2 Cocaine 13.1 15.5 Opiates 7.9 9.9 Assaulted/attacked w/o weapon (past 12 months) % No % Yes Alcohol 12.0 13.1 Marijuana 38.3 42.8 Methamphetamine 23.1 27.3 Cocaine 13.1 14.0 Opiates 7.9 8.8 Robbed (past 12 months) % No % Yes Alcohol 12.1 13.3 Marijuana 38.9 42.1 Methamphetamine 23.6 26.7 Cocaine 13.1 14.6 Opiates 8.2 7.5 * Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 63 Chapter 7: Mental Illness and Drug Abuse The AARIN survey instrument collects information on whether arrestees have been diagnosed with a mental illness, as well as whether or not they have been treated, hospitalized, or medicated for a mental illness in the past. This chapter presents findings on the prevalence of mental illness among the 2010 AARIN arrestee sample, the background and characteristics of those who have a mental illness (and those who do not), as well as the relationship between mental illness and drug use. Exhibit 41 shows the percentage of arrestees who have been diagnosed, treated, hospitalized and medicated for a mental illness during their lifetime, in the last year and in the last 30 days. Nearly one-third of arrestees (30.2%) have been diagnosed with a mental illness at some point in their lifetime. Seven percent have been diagnosed with a mental illness in the past year, and 3.8% have diagnosed in the past month. Exhibit 41: Mental Health Factors by Time 30 27.1 25 Percent 20 15 10 5 5.6 2.7 0 Diagnosed with mental illness *p< .05 Exhibit 41 also shows that onequarter (26.0%) of arrestees have been treated for a mental illness at 24.7 23.9 some point in their lives. Treatment for a mental illness was much less common in the year and month 10.1 prior to their arrest (5.7% and 4.6 4.4 4.6%, respectively). Ten percent 4 3.7 2.1 0.6 of arrestees reported that they Treated for mental illness Hospitalized for mental illness Medicated for mental illness had been hospitalized as a result Past 30 days Past 12 months Lifetime of a mental illness during their lifetime, though hospitalizations were very rare in the year and month prior to their arrest (2.6% and 1.0%, respectively). Last, 26.0% of arrestees have been medicated for a mental illness. More recently, 5.6% report being medicated for a mental illness in the past year; 6.1% have been medicated in the last month. Exhibit 41: Mental Health Factors by Time (N=2,102) 35 AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 64 25 21.7 20 13.2 15 12.9 9.7 10 14.3 11.3 6.9 5 0 Alcohol* Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates* Diagnosed with mental illness (past 12 months) *p< .05 No Yes Exhibit 43: Prior Treatment for Mental Illness by Positive UA Figure 43: Prior Treatment for Mental Illness by Positive UA (N=2,102) 50 43.5 45 37.9 40 Percent testing positive Exhibit 43 shows the relationship between mental health treatment and positive drug test results, and the pattern is much the same. Arrestees who have participated in mental health treatment were, again, more likely than other arrestees to test positive for marijuana, methamphetamines and opiates. Among those who have been treated, 41.5% tested positive for marijuana, 30.1% tested positive for methamphetamines, and 10.0% tested positive for opiates (compared to 36.0%, 23.6% and 7.2% for those who have not been treated). There were no differences in test rates for cocaine and alcohol. Percent testing positive Exhibits 42-45 show the relationship between the various mental illness variables and drug use, measured through positive UA results. Exhibit 42 shows a positive association with regard to mental illness diagnoses and positive drug tests. Arrestees who have, at some point in their lives, been diagnosed with a mental illness were more likely than those with no diagnosis to test positive for marijuana, methamphetamines, cocaine and opiates. For example, the positive test rate for marijuana among individuals diagnosed with a mental illness was 43.0%, compared to 35.0% for those with no diagnosis. Among those with a mental illness diagnosis, 10.3% tested positive for opiates, compared to 6.9% for those with no diagnosis. The positive test rates for methamphetamines were 31.8% for those with a mental illness diagnosis, and 22.5% for those without a diagnosis. The same pattern occurs with positive tests for cocaine, but those without a mental illness diagnosis acExhibit 42: Mental Illness Diagnosis byUAPositive UA Figure 42: Mental Illness Diagnosis by Positive (N=2,102 ) tually posted slightly higher rates of positive alcohol tests compared 50 44.1 to those with a diagnosis (13.5% 45 40 37.5 vs. 11.2%; not a statistically signifi35 30.1 cant difference, however). 30 35 28.2 30 22.6 25 20 15 10 12.9 13.2 10.3 13.6 7.3 10.3 5 0 Alcohol *p< .05 AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Prior treatment for mental illness (past 12 months) No Yes Opiates* Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 65 Exhibit 44 shows the same pattern as the previous two exhibits (this exhibit examines the hospitalization measure of mental illness), though only the difference in positive tests for methamphetamines remains large enough to be statistically significant. Just over one-third of those who have been hospitalized tested positive for methamphetamines (35.6%), compared to 24.2% of those who have not been hospitalized. Alternatively, Exhibit 45 shows that the persistent differences for marijuana, methamphetamines, and opiates have re-emerged for those who report being medicated for mental illness. In each case, arrestees who reported being medicated show higher rates of positive tests than those who have not been medicated: marijuana (41.7% vs. 35.9%), methamphetamines (33.7% vs. 22.4%), and opiates (10.9% v. 6.9%). Exhibit 44: Hospitalized for Mental Illness by Positive UA Figure 44: Hospitalized for Mental Illness by Positive UA (N=2,102) 44 45 38.8 Percent testing positive 40 34.3 35 30 22.9 25 20 17.4 12.8 12.7 15 8.7 10 7.8 10.6 5 0 Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates Hospitalized for mental illness (past 12 months) *p< .05 No Yes Exhibit 45: Medicated for Mental Illness by Positive UA Figure 45: Medicated for Mental Illness by Positive UA (N=2,102) 43.1 45 38.1 Percent testing positive 40 35 29 30 25 22.4 20 15 12.6 12.7 11.1 15.1 10 12.9 6.6 5 0 Alcohol *p< .05 Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates* Last, Exhibit 46 compares those with and without a mental illness diagnosis (ever) across sociodemographic, background, and criminal history measures, and there are a number of important differences. Those with a mental illness were much more likely to be female, 31.6% compared to just 19.2% among those without a mental illness. Although there is no age difference among those with and without a mental illness (mean age is 32, regardless), those with a mental illness were more likely to be white (60.6% v. 42.2%) and were less likely to be Hispanic (18.1% v. 32.8%). Nearly all arrestees with a mental illness diagnosis were U.S. citizens, compared to just 88.5% of those without a diagnosis (those without a diagnosis were more likely to be illegal aliens – 8.8% vs. 0.9% for those with a diagnosis). Medicated for mental illness (past 12 months) No Yes AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 66 There was no difference among arrestees with and without a mental illness diagnosis with regard to education, though those who have never been diagnosed with a mental illness were much more likely to be working full-time prior to their arrest (32.4% v. 19.7%), while those with a diagnosis were almost twice as likely to have secured income from illegal sources (11.8% v. 7.2%) for those with no diagnosis. Those with and without a diagnosis did not differ with regard to biological children, but those with a mental illness were more slightly likely to be homeless, with no fixed address (8.5% v. 5.6% for those with no mental illness). Finally, there was no relationship between mental illness and current charge (2021% were violent offenders, 23-27% were drug offenders, and 19-22% were property offenders), but arrestees with a mental illness diagnosis did have much more extensive prior criminal histories: 51.4% had prior arrests in the past 12 months, compared to 39.9% for those with no diagnosis; and 59.6% had prior incarcerations in the past year, compared to 49.7% for those with no diagnosis. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 67 Exhibit 46. Characteristics of Arrestees Diagnosed with a Mental Illness Exhibit 46. Characteristics of Arrestees Diagnosed with a Mental Illness Diagnosed (ever) No Yes % % Sex* Female 19.8 33.2 Male 80.2 66.8 Age category 15-20 14.5 14.6 21-25 23.1 23.1 26-30 18.7 15 31-35 11.5 12 36 & older 32.2 35.4 Mean 32 32.7 Race/Ethnicity* White 41.9 58.7 Black 15.1 14.2 Hispanic 35.6 22 Native American 6.8 4.4 Other 0.6 0.8 Citizenship Status* Illegal alien 14.5 0.5 US Citizen 83.2 98.4 Legal Alien 2.3 1.1 Highest educational attainment Less than HS degree 37.2 37.6 HS Degree or GED 34 29.5 POST High school education 28.8 32.9 Main source of income (past 30 days)* Working full time 36.9 20.9 Working part time 25.1 16.8 Other legal sources 24.9 40.7 Illegal sources 6.6 13.4 No income 6.5 8 Any biological children No 37.2 39 Yes 62.8 61 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. Exhibit 46. (cont.) Characteristics of Arrestees Diagnosed with a Mental Illness Diagnosed (ever) No Yes % % Type of residence lived in (past 30 days) * Private apartment/condo/hotel 38.3 37.4 House or mobile home 54.7 46.6 Public housing 0.3 0.2 Emergency or short-term shelter 0.4 0.7 Jail or prison 0.3 1.1 AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Half-way or honors facility 1 1.8 68 No income Any biological children No Yes 6.5 8 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 37.2 62.8 39 61 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. Exhibit 46. (con’t) Characteristics of Arrestees Diagnosed with a Mental Illness Exhibit 46. (cont.) Characteristics of Arrestees Diagnosed with a Mental Illness Diagnosed (ever) No Yes % % Type of residence lived in (past 30 days) * Private apartment/condo/hotel 38.3 37.4 House or mobile home 54.7 46.6 Public housing 0.3 0.2 Emergency or short-term shelter 0.4 0.7 Jail or prison 0.3 1.1 Half-way or honors facility 1 1.8 Drug or alcohol treatment facility 0.1 0.2 No fixed residence or on the street 4.8 11.4 Other 0.2 0.7 Most serious offense at arrest Violent 19.9 18 Drug 25.7 21.8 Property 20.6 23.4 Other 33.8 36.8 Prior arrest (past 12 months) * No Yes Prior incarceration (past 12 months)* No Yes 62.1 37.9 46.6 53.4 68.6 31.4 50.2 49.8 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 69 Chapter 8: Citizenship Status and Drug Abuse The AARIN survey instrument also captures citizenship status among arrestees. These data provide estimates of criminal activity and drug abuse among the illegal alien population, which is typically difficult to monitor and track in the criminal justice system. This chapter details the prevalence of illegal aliens in the arrestee population, and compares arrestees by citizenship status (U.S. citizen, legal alien and illegal alien) across the full range of socio-demographic, background, criminal history, victimization, and drug abuse measures. Exhibit 47: Citizenship Status Exhibit 47 shows citizenship status among the 2010 AARIN arrestee sample. The majority of arrestees – 91.6% - were U.S. citizens. There was also a small percentage of legal aliens (2.0%). Just over 6% of the arrestee sample was illegal aliens. Notably, the percentage of arrestees in Maricopa County who are illegal aliens has dropped substantially since 2008, when more than 13% of arrestees were illegally in the country (a more than 50% decline in two years). Exhibit 47: Citizenship Status (N = 2,098) 100 87.3 90 80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10.7 10 2.0 0 Illegal Alien Legal Alien US Citizen Exhibit 48: Positive UA Results by Citizenship Status Exhibit 48: Positive UA Results by Citizenship Status (N =1,607) 42.3 40 35 Percent 30 20 15 26.3 25.0 25 11.3 22.5 17.6 17.5 15.0 12.3 10 17.2 12.6 9.0 7.2 5 2.3 0 Alcohol Marijuana * Illegal Alien Meth * Legal Alien Cocaine * US Citizen 0.0 Opiates * Exhibit 48 shows positive UA results among the arrestee sample, by drug and by citizenship status. There are several notable differences across citizenship status, mostly indicating elevated levels of drug use among U.S. citizens – or alternatively, reduced levels of use among illegal aliens. For example, while citizens, legal and illegal aliens differed little on the percentage testing positive for al- AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 70 cohol (13.1%, 8.6%, and 10.4%, respectively), U.S. citizens were much more likely to test positive for several illicit drugs. Nearly 40% of U.S. citizen arrestees tested positive for marijuana (39.6%), compared to 11.4% of legal aliens and 15.7% of illegal aliens. Similarly, U.S. citizens were much more likely to test positive both for methamphetamines (26.9% compared to 14.3% for legal and 7.8% illegal aliens) and for opiates (8.7% compared to 0% for both legal and illegal aliens). Exhibit 49 examines the relationship between citizen status and various measures of socio-demographics, prior criminal history and victimization. With regard to socio-demographic variables, there are several notable differences across citizenship categories. First, illegal aliens were more likely to be male (83.8%), compared to 76.3% for U.S. citizens (91.9% of legal aliens were male). Notably, just 4% of illegal aliens were female in 2008, compared to 16% in 2010 (a fourfold increase in two years). Second, both legal aliens and U.S. citizens were notably older than illegal aliens: more than one-third of legal aliens and U.S. citizens fell into the 36 and older age category, compared to just under one-quarter of illegal aliens (23.9%). With regard to race/ethnicity, illegal aliens were primarily Hispanic (89.7%), compared to 59.5% for legal aliens and just 23.2% for U.S. citizens. Alternatively, more than half of U.S. citizens were white (51.2%, compared to just 7.7% for illegal aliens). U.S. citizens and legal aliens were more likely to have obtained post-high school education (33.3% and 24.3%, respectively, compared to 18.0% for illegal aliens). In fact, 50% of illegal aliens did not have a high school diploma or GED. Alternatively, illegal aliens were more likely to be employed at the time of their arrest. More than 80% of illegal aliens were working either full time or part time (41.9% for both) at the time of their arrest, compared to just under 50% for U.S. citizens (27.3% full time and 19.9% part time). Legal aliens also reported high rates of employment (35.1% for both full time and part time). Moreover, U.S. citizens were nine times as likely as illegal aliens to report receiving income from illegal sources (9.4% vs. 0.9%). Illegal aliens were also more likely to report having biological children (71.8% compared to approximately 60-65% for legal aliens and U.S. citizens) and stable housing (6.9% of U.S. citizens reported being homeless, compared to less than 1% of illegal aliens). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 71 Last, there were also some notable differences across criminal history measures. Though there were no differences in offense type for the current charge, U.S. citizens were much more likely to have been arrested in the last year. Nearly half of U.S. citizens had a prior arrest (45.7%). For illegal aliens, only 15.4% had been arrested in the last year. Prior arrests were slightly more common among legal aliens (32.4%). Gun ownership was also more common among U.S. citizens than legal and illegal aliens. Thirteen percent of U.S. citizens had possessed a pistol in the last year, compared to 8.1% of legal aliens and just 2.6% of illegal aliens. Illegal aliens possessed few other types of firearms (0.0% for rifles/shotguns and fully automatics, and just 0.9% for semi-automatics), compared to 8.9%, 5.4% and 2.0% for U.S. citizens (rifles/shotguns, semi- and fully automatics, respectively). Last, across all measures, U.S. citizens were more likely than illegal aliens to have been victimized. Citizens were more than twice as likely to have been threatened with a gun (15.8% vs. 7.7%), and were more than four times as likely to have been shot at (9.7% v. 1.7%). U.S. citizens were also more likely to have been threatened with a weapon (17.1% vs. 2.6% for illegal aliens), injured with a weapon (8.9% v. 0.9% for illegal aliens), assaulted or attacked (20.5% v. 6.8% for illegal aliens), and robbed (10.2% v. 5.1% for illegal aliens). Legal aliens, on the other hand, experienced lower rates of victimization than U.S. citizens on all measures, but their victimization rates exceeded the rates of illegal aliens on several measures (threatened with a gun or other weapon, injured with a weapon, and robbed). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 72 Exhibit 49. Characteristics of Arrestees by Citizenship Status Exhibit 49. Characteristics of Arrestees by Citizenship Status Citizenship status Illegal alien US Citizen Legal Alien Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine* Opiates* Age category* 15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36 & over Mean Sex* Female Male Race/Ethnicity* White Black Hispanic Native American Other Highest educational attainment* Less than HS degree HS Degree or GED POST High school education Main source of income (past 30 days) * Working full time Working part time Other legal sources Illegal sources No income Illegal alien % % 10.7 87.3 2 Citizenship status US Citizen Legal alien % % 11.3 17.6 7.2 17.2 2.3 12.3 42.3 26.3 12.6 9 17.5 25 15 22.5 0 11.2 21.4 21.4 18.8 27.2 31.5 15.1 23.2 17.1 10.8 33.8 32.3 9.8 29.3 17.1 9.8 34.1 32.6 8.9 91.1 25.5 74.5 14.6 85.4 12.9 0 86.7 0.1 0 51.1 16.5 24.7 7 0.6 19.5 24.4 53.7 0 2.4 67.1 27.1 5.8 33.6 33.6 32.8 36.6 26.8 36.6 45.3 36.4 12.4 1.3 4.4 30.7 20.8 31.6 9.6 7.3 41.5 36.6 17 0 4.9 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. Exhibit 49. (cont.) Characteristics of Arrestees by Citizenship Status Citizenship status Illegal alien US Citizen Legal alien % % % AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 Working part time legal sources Center for Violence Prevention Other & Community Safety Illegal sources No income 36.4 12.4 1.3 4.4 20.8 31.6 9.6 7.3 36.6 17 0 4.9 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. Exhibit 49. (con’t) Characteristics of Arrestees by Citizenship Status Exhibit 49. (cont.) Characteristics of Arrestees by Citizenship Status Biological children* No Yes Type of residence lived in (past 30 days) Private apartment/condo/hotel House or mobile home Public housing Emergency or short-term shelter Jail or prison Half-way or honors facility Drug or alcohol treatment facility No fixed residence or on the street Other Most severe offense at arrest* Violent Drug Property Other Prior arrest (past 12 months) * No Yes Prior incarceration (past 12 months)* No Yes Illegal alien % Citizenship status US Citizen Legal alien % % 27.1 72.9 39.1 60.9 36.6 63.4 40.9 58.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 0 37.7 51.7 0.3 0.5 0.6 1.4 0.1 7.3 0.4 43.9 51.2 0 0 0 0 0 4.9 0 21.1 33.6 16.6 28.7 19.3 23.5 21.9 35.2 14.6 29.3 22 34.1 83.9 16.1 54.4 45.6 68.3 31.7 90.2 9.8 59.9 40.1 82.9 17.1 4.9 2.2 0.9 0.9 11.4 9.6 6.4 2.9 2.4 2.4 0 2.4 6.2 3.1 0.4 5.8 2.7 16 9 1.4 18 8.6 14.6 0 0 4.9 0 6.2 9.3 23.4 11.9 12.2 4.9 Firearm owned/possessed (past 12 months) Pistol* Rifle* Semi-automatic* Fully automatic Victimization (past 12 months) Threatened with a gun* Shot at* Shot Threatened with a weapon (not a gun) * Injured with a weapon (not a gun) * Assaulted or attacked without a weapon* Robbed * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 73 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 74 About the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University, in order to deepen its commitment to the communities of Arizona and to society as a whole, has set a new standard for research universities, as modeled by the New American University. Accordingly, ASU is measured not by whom we exclude, but by whom we include. The University is pursuing research that considers the public good, and is assuming a greater responsibility to our communities for their economic, social, and cultural vitality. Social embeddedness – university-wide, interactive, and mutually supportive partnerships with Arizona communities – is at the core of our development as a New American University. Toward the goal of social embeddedness, in response to the growing need of our communities to improve the public’s safety and well-being, in July 2005 ASU established the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety. The Center’s mission is to generate, share, and apply quality research and knowledge to create “best practice” standards. Specifically, the center evaluates policies and programs; analyzes and evaluates patterns and causes of violence; develops strategies and programs; develops a clearinghouse of research reports and “best practice” models; educates, trains, and provides technical assistance; and facilitates the development and construction of databases. For more information about the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, please contact us using the information provided below. MAILING ADDRESS Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University at the Downtown Phoenix campus 500 N. 3rd Street, NHI-1, Suite 200 Phoenix, Arizona 85004 TELEPHONE (602) 496-1470 WEB SITE http://cvpcs.asu.edu AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2011 The Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety l ASU College of Public Programs 500 N. 3rd Street, NHI-1, Suite 200, Phoenix, AZ l (602) 496-1470 l http://cvpcs.asu.edu