2016 Air Quality Summary Report For Pima County, Arizona Pima County Department of Environmental Quality 33 North Stone Avenue Tucson, Arizona 85701 AQ - 396 Pima County Board of Supervisors Ally Miller Ramón Valadez Sharon Bronson Raymond Carroll Richard Elías Pima County Administrator Charles H. Huckelberry Pima County Department of Environmental Quality Ursula Nelson Director Richard Grimaldi Deputy Director Air Quality Technical Operations Ted Gould Program Manager Data Collection Data Management Jim McDonnell, Principal Instrument Technician Deborah Jentoft, Data Manager Victor Malkin, Program Specialist Trinidad Alvarez, Senior Instrumentation & Control Specialist Dale Eaton, Senior Instrument & Control Specialist Quality Assurance Mike Draper, Data Collection Supervisor July 2017 AQ-396 List of Figures / Tables 3 List of Abbreviations / Acronyms 4 2016 Air Quality Summary Table 5 Introduction 6-15 Criteria Pollutants Chart 7 National Ambient Air Quality Standards Chart 8 EPA’s Revisions to the NAAQS and Regulatory Requirements 9 Tucson Area Topography and Meteorology 9 Tucson Area Status of Criteria Pollutants 10 Air Quality Monitoring Locations & Site Map 14 2016 Data Summary 16-18 Carbon Monoxide & Ozone 16 Particulate Matter (PM 10 ) & (PM 2.5 ) 17 Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide & Lead 18 Air Quality Trends 19-24 Air Quality Index 25-27 Technical Operations Division 28-29 Air Quality Information Web Sites & Phone Numbers 29 2 List of Figures Figure 1 – Air Quality Monitoring Locations Map …………………………………….15 2 – 2016 Carbon Monoxide Hourly Average Value ……………………………19 3 – 2016 Ozone Hourly Average Values ………………..……………………... 19 4 – 2015 – 2016 Carbon Monoxide Seasonal Trends ...………………………..20 5 – 2016 Ozone Seasonal Trends ..………………………………………………20 6 – 1990-2016 PM 10 24-Hour Average Values…………………..………………21 7 – 1999 -2016 PM 2.5 98th Percentile Values....…………………………………..21 8 – 1990-2016 Sulfur Dioxide Percentile Values…....………..…………………22 9 – 1990-2016 Carbon Monoxide 8-Hour Average Values ..………………......22 10 –1990-2016 Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Average Values ….…………………23 11– Lead Rolling Three Month Averages……………………………………….23 12--1990-2016 Ozone Averages ……………………………….………………....24 13 –2016 AQI Pollutant Percentages ……………………………………………25 List of Tables Table 1 – 2016 Air Quality Summary for Pima County .....….…………………………5 2 – Criteria Pollutants ………………………………………………………………7 3 – National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) ...………………………..8 4 – Pima County Exceedances 1990 – 2016 ….....………………………………12 5 – Air Quality Monitoring Locations ...….….……………………………….…..14 6 – Carbon Monoxide Summary Values for 2016 …..……………………………16 7 – Ozone Summary Values for 2016….………………………………………..... 16 8 – Particulate Matter PM 10 Summary Values for 2016 …………………………17 9 – Particulate Matter PM 2.5 Summary Values for 2016 .……...…………………17 10 – Nitrogen Dioxide Summary Values for 2016 ………………………………..18 11 – Sulfur Dioxide Summary Values for 2016 ..….……………………………..18 12 – Lead Summary Values for 2016 …………….……………………………….18 13 – AQI Reporting Table for Ozone and Carbon Monoxide …..……………....26 14 – AQI Reporting Table for Particulate Matter …………………………...…27 3 ADEQ Arizona Department of Environmental Quality AQI Air Quality Index - an index used to report air pollutant concentrations and associated health effects to the public. CO The chemical symbol for carbon monoxide, one of the criteria air pollutants. EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency FRM Federal Reference Method NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards - the levels of pollutant concentration which are established to protect human health and welfare. Currently, there are six principal pollutants, which are called “criteria” air pollutants, with established levels. NO 2 The chemical symbol for nitrogen dioxide, one of the criteria air pollutants. NOx Total oxides of nitrogen (NO + NO 2 ) O3 The chemical symbol for ozone, one of the criteria air pollutants. Pb The chemical symbol for lead, one of the criteria air pollutants. PDEQ Pima County Department of Environmental Quality PM 10 Particulate Matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometers or less, one of the criteria air pollutants. PM 2.5 Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers, one of the criteria air pollutants. ppm Parts per million, a unit of concentration, commonly used to express gaseous concentrations. ppb Parts per billion, a unit of concentration used to express gaseous concentrations, 1000 ppb = 1 ppm. SLAMS State and Local Air Monitoring Stations SO 2 The chemical symbol for sulfur dioxide, one of the criteria air pollutants. SP Special Purpose site TSP Total Suspended Particulates. A former criteria air pollutant which was replaced by PM 10 . μg/m3 Micrograms per cubic meter, a metric unit used to express concentration. VOC Volatile Organic Compound 4 Pima County Department of Environmental Quality 2016 Air Quality Summary Table 1 Carbon Monoxide (CO) ppm Map No. (page 15) Location of Monitoring Stations NAAQS 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 11 22nd & Craycroft 22nd & Alvernon Geronimo South Tucson Corona de Tucson Santa Clara Green Valley Children’s Park NCore 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Orange Grove Tangerine Rose Elementary Coachline Cherry & Glenn Fairgrounds Saquaro National Park East Golf Links & Kolb 23 Ozone (O 3 ) ppm Particulate Matter (PM 10 ) μg/m3 Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) μg/m3 Max Conc. 1 Hr Max Conc. 8 Hr 4th Highest Conc. 8 Hr Max Conc. 24 Hr Max Conc. 24 Hr Arith. Annual Mean 35 ppm 9 ppm 0.070 ppm 150 μg/m3 35 μg/m3 12 μg/m3 1.4 2.1 0.7 0.9 .061 1.0 39 5.3 14 18.4 method 145 and 22.0 method 170 27.9 5.0 5.8 method 145 and 4.4 method 170 .066 35 7.8 .060 34 6.7 .066 .063 0.7 99 80 45 53 63 83 .064 1.7 1.4 .066 .069 1.3 0.8 5 6.3 54 Lead (Pb) μg/m3 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) ppm Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) ppm Rolling 3 month average Arith. Annual Mean Max Conc. 1 Hr Max Conc. 1 Hr 0.15 μg/m3 53 ppb 100 ppb 75 ppb 8.17 37.7 7.62 45.7 .004 3.2 Introduction Pima County Department of Environmental Quality (PDEQ) monitors ambient (outdoor) air pollutants throughout eastern Pima County, including the Tucson metropolitan area and Green Valley. There are six principal pollutants, called “criteria” pollutants that are monitored in accordance with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to comply with the Federal Clean Air Act. The NAAQS were established to protect public health and the environment from harmful levels of air pollution. PDEQ monitors all six criteria pollutants, which are: carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O 3 ), particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and lead (Pb). Locations of these monitors (page 14) are based on emission source distribution and population exposure (40 CFR, Part 58, App. D). Table 2, page 7, includes a description of the criteria pollutants and the potential health effects. The EPA periodically reviews the standards and makes revisions accordingly. Recent changes currently affecting Pima County and known future NAAQS and regulatory requirement revisions are listed on page 9. 6 Table 2 Criteria Pollutants Pollutant Sources Other Information Health Effects Carbon Monoxide (CO) A colorless, odorless gas formed from the combustion of carbon compounds Description Major source is motor vehicles; Minor sources are aircraft, trains, and burning of vegetation (wood) Plants, animals, coal, gasoline, oil and wood (all living or once living organisms) contain carbon compounds. When they are burned in the presence of oxygen, the carbon will be converted to carbon dioxide gas (CO 2 ). When there is not enough oxygen present to form CO 2 then CO will form instead. Carbon monoxide enters the bloodstream and reduces the delivery of oxygen to the body’s organs and tissues. Can cause fatigue in healthy people and chest pains at low concentrations. Ozone (O 3 ) A gas formed when volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and NOx react in the presence of heat and sunlight; at ground level, ozone is harmful to living things; key ingredient for smog A compound not emitted directly from a source; the sources of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides which cause the formation of ozone are primarily from vehicle exhaust and industrial processes Stratospheric ozone occurs naturally about 15 to 30 miles above the Earth’s surface and is a protective layer, providing a filter for the damaging ultraviolet light emitted by the sun. Ozone can irritate the respiratory system and reduce lung function, causing wheezing and coughing and breathing difficulties. Particulate Matter (PM) Particulate matter (PM 10 ) are particles less than 10 microns in size. Particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) are particles less than 2.5 microns in size. Major sources: vehicle exhaust, especially diesel fuels, road dust from traffic and unpaved roadways; Minor sources: construction activities, agricultural activities, industrial processes and combustion sources such as wood burning and wildfires Particulate matter is a term for solid or liquid particles found in the air. It plays a large part in visibility with larger particles, seen as soot or smoke, to smaller particles, involved in light scattering or absorption, causing urban haze. PM 2.5 has an impact on human health because of its ability to penetrate deep into the respiratory system. PM 2.5 can affect lung and heart function. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) A highly reactive gas that is formed primarily when fuel is burned at high temperatures. A precursor to the formation of ozone (smog); can cause a reduction in visibility NO 2 can irritate the respiratory system and reduce lung function. Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) A pungent gas Major sources: automobile exhaust; Minor sources: industry, power plants and from the oxidation of NO in the atmosphere Major sources: coal burning and copper smelters; burning of diesel fuel SO 2 gas can combine with water vapor and oxygen to form sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), which is a very corrosive chemical that can damage buildings, plants and aquatic life. SO 2 can irritate the respiratory system and reduce lung function. Lead (Pb) A metal that can be poisonous if ingested or inhaled Major sources: leaded gasoline; battery manufacturing and recycling 7 Lead can accumulate in the blood, bones and tissues causing neurological disorders and can damage organs. Table 3 below lists the Primary and Secondary NAAQS for each pollutant in terms of pollutant level and averaging time used to evaluate compliance with the standard. The primary standard is intended to protect public health, in particular, the health of the most susceptible individuals, such as children, elderly and those with respiratory illnesses. The secondary standard is to protect against damage to crops and vegetation, decreased visibility, and harm to animals and ecosystems. The averaging times, such as a 24-hour average or an annual average, protect the population from adverse health effects associated with peak short term exposure or long term exposure to these air pollutants. An exceedance of the standard occurs when a recorded pollutant concentration is greater than the standard level concentration. A violation of the standard is when the recorded pollutant levels exceed the standard the number of times indicated in the NAAQS. Table 3 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Pollutant CO O3 PM 10 PM 2.5 NO 2 SO 2 Pb Primary (Health Related) Type of Average Standard Level Concentration a 1-Hour b 8-Hour b 8-Hour c 24-Hour d Annual Arithmetic Mean e 24-Hour e Annual Arithmetic Mean 1-Hour f 1-Hour g Rolling 3-month Average 35 ppm (40 μg/m3) a 9 ppm (10 μg/m3) a 0.070 ppm 150 μg/m3 12 μg/m3 35 μg/m3 53 ppb 100 ppb 75 ppb 0.15 μg/m3 Secondary (Welfare Related) Type of Standard Level Average Concentration No Secondary Standard No Secondary Standard Same as Primary Same as Primary Same as Primary Same as Primary Same as Primary None 3-Hour h 0.5 ppm Same as Primary a Parenthetical value is an approximately equivalent concentration (40 CFR, Part 50). b Not to be exceeded more than once per year. c The standard is met when the three year average of the annual fourth highest daily maximum concentration is less than or equal to 0.070ppm (effective December 28, 2015). d The 24-hour standard is met when the expected number of exceedances in a year averaged over three years is less than or equal to one (App. K). The annual standard was revoked December 17, 2006. e The 24-hour standard is met when the three year average of the 98th percentile value is less than or equal to 35 μg/m3 (effective December 14, 2012). The annual standard is met when the annual average of the quarterly concentrations is less than or equal to 12 μg/m3, when averaged over 3 years. f The 1- hour standard is met when the three year average of the 98th percentile of the daily maximum 1- hour average at each monitor within an area does not exceed 100 ppb (effective January 22, 2010) g The 1- hour standard is met when the three year average of the 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hour average at each monitor within an area does not exceed 75 ppb. (effective June 2, 2010) h Not to be exceeded more than once per year. Reference: Http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html 8 EPA’s Revisions to the NAAQS and Regulatory Requirements  EPA strengthened the ozone standard, effective December 28, 2015. The revised standard is met when the three year average of the annual fourth highest daily eight hour average ozone concentration is less than or equal to 0.070 ppm. Tucson Area Topography and Meteorology Topography Pima County is located in the southern part of Arizona with an area approximately 9,200 square miles. About 95% of the population resides in eastern Pima County. The 2010 Census population count for Pima County is 980,263 with the city of Tucson population at 520,116. The Tucson basin, located in eastern Pima County, has an elevation between 2,000 and 3,000 feet with several mountain ranges surrounding it with elevations exceeding 9,000 feet in the Santa Catalina, Santa Rita and Rincon ranges. Meteorology The Tucson basin has abundant sunshine. The summer season is hot and runs from May through September. Tucson has mild winter temperatures and low rainfall averaging about twelve inches per year. Wind direction is affected by the topography of the area, as well as the change of season and time of day. Air flows generally tend to be downvalley (from the southeast) at night and early morning hours, reversing to the upvalley direction (from the northwest) during the day. The summer monsoon occurs in the months of June through September with the conditions having a yearly variability both in intensity and timing. The monsoon brings high relative humidity, cloud cover, wind events and frequent, often severe, thunderstorms. Higher levels of pollution can occur in the winter when the air is calmest. Under these conditions, especially during winter mornings, pollutants become trapped by temperature inversions. The temperature inversions begin after the sun goes down and the air closest to the ground is cooled rapidly by heat radiating out through the clear dry air of the desert. As the sun rises in the morning, the upper air is heated rapidly and becomes warmer than the air closest to the ground. This traps the cold air next to the ground and holds it there until the sun is able to heat the ground and slowly raise the temperature of the trapped air. Once heated, the trapped air is able to rise and mix with the layers of air above and disperse the concentrated pollutants. These conditions, often referred to as temperature inversions, are common during the winter, and are less severe in the summer months. 9 Tucson Area Status of Criteria Pollutants Carbon Monoxide Carbon monoxide concentrations have declined in the past three decades. This has been attributed mostly to the use of cleaner burning oxygenated fuels, catalytic converters, fuel efficient computer controlled vehicles, locally adopted Clean Air and Travel Reduction Programs and various local traffic control measures. The levels of CO remain below 10% of the standard but with population growth and increased number of cars on the roads, higher CO levels may be measured in the future. The Tucson area generally has higher CO readings in the winter months due to stagnant air conditions in the colder mornings, as demonstrated by Figure 4 in the seasonal trends section (page 20). The CO cannot mix due to stagnant air and tends to build up, especially near congested intersections. There were no exceedances of the NAAQS for carbon monoxide in 2016. The national health standard for ambient CO specifies the 1-hour level at 35 ppm and the 8-hour level at 9 ppm. These levels cannot be exceeded more than once per year without incurring a violation of the NAAQS. The highest 1-hour reading in 2016 was 2.1 ppm at the 22nd & Alvernon location. The highest 8-hour reading was 1.4 ppm at the Cherry & Glenn location. PDEQ monitors CO at five locations. Table 6 (page 16) lists all the CO sites in the network and the maximum concentrations. Ozone The 2008 primary standard for ozone was 0.075 ppm. EPA strengthened the ozone standard, in 2015 to .070 ppm. The revised standard is met when the three year average of the annual fourth highest daily eight hour average ozone concentration is less than or equal to 0.070 ppm. Pima County ozone concentrations are just below the standard. Ground level ozone concentrations are the highest in the summer months due to the intense sunlight and heat, as demonstrated by Figure 5 in the seasonal trends section (page 20). Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the “precurser” pollutants that react in the presence of sunlight to form ozone. In the Tucson area, ozone levels generally decline after sunset as the photochemical reactions cease. The highest ozone levels generally are not found near major intersections. Instead they are found when precursor pollutants are released and travel, due to wind or simple dispersion, away from the area of concentration before reacting with sunlight to form ozone. The Saguaro National Park East site generally records the highest ozone levels. There were no violations of the NAAQS for ozone in 2016. Pima County Department of Environmental Quality will issue an ozone advisory to the media to protect very sensitive members of our population when the predicted ozone levels are elevated. Two ozone advisories were issued in 2016. 10 The highest 4th highest 8-hour average ozone level in 2016 was 0.069 ppm at the Saguaro National Park location. Table 7 (page 16) lists the maximum concentrations for ozone and the locations of the eight PDEQ ozone monitors. Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide The other criteria pollutants measured by PDEQ are nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide. No significant changes in the levels of these two pollutants have been seen in the past 20 years. Nitrogen dioxide is measured at the Children’s Park and 22nd Street & Craycroft locations. Nitrogen dioxide levels remain low during the summer but act as a precursor to ozone formation. Most noticeable during wintertime temperature inversions, NO 2 is a contributing factor to urban haze, the “brown cloud” that limits visibility in the Tucson basin. Motor vehicles are a major source of NO 2 in Pima County. There were no exceedances of the NO 2 standard in 2016. Concentrations in Pima County average about 30% of the standard. Table 10 (page 18) contains the nitrogen dioxide information for 2016. Sulfur dioxide is measured at the Children’s Park NCore location. Tucson has no significant sources of SO 2 and the levels continue to be extremely low with averages at around 7% of the standard. Table 11 (page 18) contains the sulfur dioxide information for 2016. Particulate Matter (PM 10 , PM 2.5 ) PM 10 is particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 microns or less and PM 2.5 is particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 microns or less. Particulate matter is a health concern because when inhaled, the particles are able to pass through the body’s protective filtration system and enter the lungs. Particulate matter concentrations are often higher near unpaved roads, during localized activities such as construction, during extended dry periods, and when strong winds are present. Pima County violated the PM 10 standard in 1999 with four recorded exceedances of the standard at the Orange Grove location. High winds and unusually long periods without rain are considered factors contributing to the high particulate readings for that year. A Natural Events Action Plan (NEAP) was submitted to ADEQ and EPA and the resulting ordinance was adopted December 3, 2002. This plan included measures to minimize contributing controllable sources using the Best Available Control Measures (BACM), increased enforcement and education to help protect public health and welfare on days with high levels of PM 10 . Pima County currently follows the Exceptional Events Rule instituted by EPA on November 21, 2008 for exceedances of the standard. Table 4 next page lists the Particulate Matter (PM 10 ) exceedances recorded at our monitoring sites from 1990 to 2016. 11 Table 4 Pima County Particulate Matter Exceedances 1990- 2016 Date of Exceedance 3-7-1999 10-20-1999 12-3-1999 12-23-1999 7-09-2002 7-10-2002 7-11-2003 10-27-2008 7-22-2009 4-8-2013 4-9-2013 7-25-2014 Location Exceptional Event Designation Orange Grove, South Tucson Orange Grove Orange Grove, South Tucson Orange Grove Orange Grove, South Tucson South Tucson Orange Grove Santa Clara Orange Grove, South Tucson, Geronimo South Tucson South Tucson Geronimo Green Valley Geronimo Green Valley Orange Grove High Winds, Drought High Winds, Drought High Winds, Drought High Winds, Drought None None Fire , Santa Catalina Mt. Range High Winds High Winds High Winds High Winds Mexico and western Arizona storms Pima County will issue a particulate matter advisory to the public when there are elevated levels recorded. There were no advisories issued in 2016. The 24-hour NAAQS for PM 10 is 150 micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3). The highest level recorded in Pima County in 2016 was 99 μg/m3 at the Geronimo location. The second highest level recorded in Pima County was 83 μg/m3 at the Orange Grove location. Table 8 (page 17) lists the seven PM 10 sites in the network and their maximum concentrations. 12 Particulate matter 2.5 microns or smaller (PM 2.5 ) travels deeper into the lungs and can be more harmful than PM 10 . It can also be composed of toxic substances such as metals and organic compounds. PM 2.5 has been linked to health problems including respiratory and heart problems, and can also contribute to poor visibility and urban haze. There have been no exceedances of the NAAQS for PM 2.5 since monitoring began for this pollutant in 1999. The 24-hour NAAQS for PM 2.5 is 35 μg/m3. The highest 24-hour PM 2.5 concentration in 2016 in Pima County was 39 μg/m3 at the Geronimo location. The second highest level recorded was 35 μg/m3 at the Rose Elementary location. Table 9 (page 17) lists the six PM 2.5 sites in the network and their maximum concentrations. Lead On October 15, 2008, EPA strengthened the lead standard. The primary standard of 1.5ug/m3 was lowered to 0.15ug/m3, measured as total suspended particles (TSP). The secondary standard being identical to the primary standard. Pima County has no sources of lead of one ton or more, which according to the 2005 National Air Emissions Inventory (NEI) from EPA, required Pima County to perform only area monitoring at the Children’s Park location. This monitoring began in January, 2012, and was discontinued May 2016, per approval from EPA, due to negligible levels of lead detected. 13 Air Quality Monitoring Locations and Map Site Map # Site Name Table 5 Address 2 22nd & Craycroft 1237 S. Beverly CO, O 3, NO 2 3 22nd & Alvernon 3895 E. 22nd CO 4 Geronimo 2498 N. Geronimo PM 2.5, PM 10 5 South Tucson 1601 S. 6th Ave. PM 10 8 Corona de Tucson 22000 S. Houghton Rd. PM 10 9 Santa Clara School PM 10 10 Green Valley 6910 S. Santa Clara Ave. 601 N. La Canada Dr. 11 Children’s Park NCore 400 W. River Rd. 12 Orange Grove 13 Tangerine 14 Rose Elementary 3401 W. Orange Grove Rd. 12101 N. Camino de Oeste 710 W. Michigan Street CO, O 3, SO 2, NO 2, Pb, PM 2.5 PM 10, PM 2.5 15 Coachline 9597 N. Coachline Blvd. O 3, PM 2.5 16 Cherry & Glenn 2745 N. Cherry CO 17 Fairgrounds 11330 S. Houghton Rd. O3 18 Saguaro National Park, East Golf Links & Kolb 3905 S. Old Spanish Tr. O3 2601 S. Kolb Rd. CO 23 14 Pollutant O 3, PM 10, PM 2.5 O 3, PM 10 O 3, PM 2.5 15 Data Summary Table 6 Carbon Monoxide Summary Values1 for 2016 Site 22nd / Craycroft 22nd / Alvernon Children’s Park NCore Cherry / Glenn5 Golf Links / Kolb5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Map No. Site Type Max 1-Hr Max 8-Hr Value3 Recovery4 2 3 11 SLAMS SLAMS NCore 1.4 2.1 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.7 99 99 99 16 23 SP6 SP6 1.7 1.3 1.4 0.8 97 99 Value2 % Data Measured in parts per million (ppm) National Ambient Air Quality Standard one hour average for carbon monoxide is 35 ppm National Ambient Air Quality Standard eight hour average for carbon monoxide is 9 ppm Percent data recovery rounded to the nearest whole number Seasonal monitor, no sampling from 04/01/2016 through 09/30/2016 Special Purpose site Table 7 Ozone Summary Values1 for 2016 Site 22nd / Craycroft Green Valley Children’s Park NCore Tangerine Rose Elementary Coachline Fairgrounds Saguaro National Park, East 1. 2. 3. 4. Map No. Site Type Max 1-Hr 2 10 11 SLAMS SP4 NCore .072 .074 .070 .061 .066 .063 99 98 99 13 14 15 17 18 SP4 SP4 SP4 SP4 SLAMS .072 .078 .067 .077 .080 .064 .066 .060 .066 .069 99 99 99 99 99 Value 4th Max 8-Hr Value2 % Data Recovery3 Measured in parts per million (ppm) National Ambient Air Quality Standard three year average of the 4th highest eight hour average for ozone is 0.070 ppm Percent data recovery rounded to the nearest whole number Special Purpose site 16 Table 8 Particulate Matter (PM 10 ) Summary Values1 for 2016 Site Map No. South Tucson Corona de Tucson Santa Clara Green Valley Orange Grove Geronimo Tangerine 1. 2. 3. 4. 5 8 9 10 12 4 13 Site Type Max 24-Hr SLAMS SLAMS SP3 SP3 SLAMS SP3 SP3 Value2 2nd Max % Data 24-Hr Recovery4 74 29 42 57 56 67 34 90 95 97 97 92 99 97 Value 80 45 53 63 83 99 54 Measured in micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3) National Ambient Air Quality Standard 24-hour average for particulate matter (PM 10 ) is 150 μg/m3 Special Purpose site Percent data recovery rounded to the nearest whole number Table 9 Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) Summary Values1 for 2016 Site Geronimo Green Valley Children’s Park NCore (Method 145 6) Children’s Park NCore (Method 170 6) Orange Grove Rose Elementary Coachline 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Map No. Site Type Annual Max 24- 98th % Data Average2 Hr Value3 Percentile Recovery5 4 10 11 SP4 SP4 SLAMS 5.3 5.0 5.8 39 14 18 19 14 13 97 94 94 11 SLAMS 4.4 22 10 98 12 14 15 SLAMS SP4 SP4 6.3 7.8 6.7 27 35 34 19 22 19 90 94 91 Measured in micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3) National Ambient Air Quality Standard annual average averaged over three years for particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) is 12 μg/m3 National Ambient Air Quality Standard 24-hour average 98th percentile value averaged over three years for particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) is 35 μg/m3 Special Purpose site Percent data recovery rounded to the nearest whole number Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) method 145 is from a filter based monitor that runs for 24- hours that uses gravimetric analysis in order to calculate the concentration. Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) method 170 is from a monitor that runs continuously giving hourly measurements that are then averaged for a 24-hour measurement. 17 Table 10 Nitrogen Dioxide Summary Values1 for 2016 Site Map 22nd & Craycroft Children’s Park NCore 2 11 No. Site Type Annual Max 1-Hr 8.17 7.62 37.7 45.7 Average2 SLAMS NCore Value3 98th % Data Percentile5 Recovery4 33.5 32.8 96 98 1. Measured in parts per billion (ppb) 2. National Ambient Air Quality Standard annual mean for nitrogen dioxide is 53 ppb 3. National Ambient Air Quality Standard 1-hour average is the 98th percentile value averaged over three years for nitrogen dioxide is 100 ppb 4. Percent data recovery rounded to the nearest whole number Table 11 Sulfur Dioxide Summary Values1 for 2016 1. 2. 3. Site Map Children’s Park NCore 11 No. Site Type NCore Max 1-Hr 99th % Data Value2 Percentile Recovery3 3.2 1.3 99 Measured in parts per billion (ppb) National Ambient Air Quality Standard 1-hour daily maximum 99th percentile, averaged over 3 years for sulfur dioxide is 75 ppb Percent data recovery rounded to the nearest whole number Table 12 Lead Summary Values1 for 2016 1. 2. 3. Site Map Children’s Park NCore 11 No. Site Type NCore Max 24- Annual Mean Recovery3 .011 .004 88 Hr Value2 % Data Measured in micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m3) National Ambient Air Quality Standard Rolling three month average not to exceed 0.15 μg/m3 Percent data recovery rounded to the nearest whole number 18 Air Quality Trends Daily Trends Figure 2 illustrates how the carbon monoxide concentrations follow the traffic flow. The rush hour traffic becomes more congested and slower moving, causing higher concentrations of carbon monoxide to build up and be recorded at the monitor site. Alvernon & 22nd Figure 2 Street Carbon Monoxide 0.8 ppm 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 February 3, 2016 Hourly Average Values Figure 3 shows the diurnal cycle of ozone in the Tucson area. As the sun begins to react on the VOCs and NO 2 , ozone formation increases. This increase continues through the day, as long as there is sunlight, or until either the VOCs or the NO 2 are exhausted. Once this point is reached, the levels begin to drop. At night the VOC and NO 2 concentrations may increase but, without the sun to act on them, ozone will not be produced. Figure 3 Craycroft & 22nd Street Ozone 0.08 ppm 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 May 12, 2016 Hourly Average Values 19 Seasonal Trends Figure 4 –The “Carbon Monoxide Season” occurs during the months of October through March. The winter months have higher carbon monoxide levels due to the stable air conditions that occur, inhibiting mixing in the atmosphere. The accumulation of carbon monoxide tends to be higher at congested intersections due to the direct emission of the pollutant from automobiles. Concentration PPM Figure 4 Carbon Monoxide Monthly Averages Alvernon Location 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 Figure 5 – The “Ozone Season” occurs during the months of April through September. Ozone levels increase in the summer months due to long sunny days, higher temperatures and emissions of oxides of nitrogen and volatile organic compounds. The photochemical reactions that take place between the emissions, sunlight and heat form ozone. Concentration PPM Figure 5 Ozone 2016 Monthly Averages at the Saguaro Park Location 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 20 Historical Trends Particulate (PM 10 ) levels (Figure 6) can be dependent on localized conditions. Tucson area has suffered from drought conditions and several very high wind days, which contributed to the higher than normal particulate readings during those years. Figure 6 Particulate Matter PM10 1990 - 2016 Highest 24- Hour Averages 300 24-Hour Standard - 150 ug/m3 not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years. 250 µg/m3 200 NAAQS 150 100 50 0 Orange Grove South Tucson Santa Clara Fine particulate (PM 2.5 ) monitoring began in 1999 at the Orange Grove and Children’s Park locations and at four other sites in 2001. Pima County’s 24-hour concentrations remain low but there are often peaks during activities such as fireworks displays and fireplace usage. Figure 7 illustrates the particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) levels from 1999 to 2016. Figure 7 PM2.5 98th Percentile Values 1999 - 2016 40 Pm2.5 24-hour standard: 3 year average of the 98th percentile value is < = 35 ug/m3. 35 30 25 ug/m3 20 15 10 5 0 Orange Grove 21 Children's Park Figure 8 Sulfur Dioxide 1990-2016 99th Percentile Concentration 80 SO2 1- Hr standard: 3 year average of the 99th percentile value is < = 75 ppb NAAQS 70 NAAQS 60 ppb 50 40 30 20 10 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 22nd & Craycroft 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Children's Park AAQS Figure 9 Carbon Monoxide 1990-2016 Highest 8-Hour Average Concentration CO 8-Hour NAAQS = 9 ppm 11 10 NAAQS 9 8 7 ppm 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Children's Park 22nd & Craycroft 22 22nd & Alvernon 2014 2016 Figure 10 Nitrogen Dioxide 1990-2016 Annual Average Concentration NO2 Annual Average NAAQS = 53 ppb 60 NAAQS 50 ppb 40 30 20 10 0 Year 22nd & Craycroft Children's Park Figure 11 Lead Rolling Three Month Average Children's Park Lead 23 3/1/16 1/1/16 11/1/15 9/1/15 7/1/15 5/1/15 3/1/15 1/1/15 11/1/14 9/1/14 7/1/14 5/1/14 3/1/14 1/1/14 11/1/13 9/1/13 7/1/13 5/1/13 3/1/13 1/1/13 11/1/12 9/1/12 7/1/12 5/1/12 3/1/12 ug/m3 NAAQS: Rolling 3 month average not to be exceeded = 0.15 ug/m3 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 Figure 12 Ozone 1990 - 2016 0.085 0.08 4th Highest 8-Hour Average Concentration 1997 STD 2008 STD ppm 0.075 2015 STD 0.07 0.065 0.06 0.055 Year Fairgrounds Saguaro Park 24 Rose Elementary Air Quality Index The Air Quality Index (AQI) is the uniform procedure by which daily air pollution levels are reported to the public. AQI levels are set by the Environmental Protection Agency in accordance with section 319 of the Federal Clean Air Act. Figure 13 Carbon Monoxide Air Quality Indes 2016 Air quality information is collected by the Pima County Department of Environmental Quality monitors located throughout Eastern Pima County. The monitors collect concentration information in parts per million and parts per billion for gases and micrograms per cubic meter for particulates. The level of pollution in the air and the related health effects are relayed to the public using the Air Quality Index. If a pollutant such as ozone has an AQI value of 59, the corresponding qualitative descriptor would be MODERATE. The AQI value of 100 generally corresponds to the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for the pollutant. AQI values below 100 are considered satisfactory while numbers above 100 are considered to be unhealthy. Pages 26 and 27, (Tables 13 & 14) contain the breakpoint levels for each pollutant and its corresponding qualitative descriptor, health effects statement, and cautionary statement. Good 100% Particulate Matter (PM10) Air Quality Index 2016 Moderate 5% Good 95% The AQI is the highest value for the pollutant in a 24-hour period. Ozone and CO use an 8- hour average, and PM 10 and PM 2.5 use a 24-hour average. These values can be found under the reports tab on the left at http://envista.pima.gov/. Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Air Quality Index 2016 A modification of the AQI called the Air Index Now (AIN) gives more accurate estimates of what is currently in the air based on the EPA’s AirNow formulas http://www.airnow.gov/ . The AIN is updated hourly and can be found at http://webcms.pima.gov/ government/environmental_quality/air/air_monitoring/ Figure 13 illustrates the 2016 AQI category percentages of each pollutant. Moderate 5% Good 95% Ozone Air quality Index 2016 Unhealthful Moderate 27% for Sensitive Groups Good 72% 25 Table 13 AQI Reporting Table AQI Category Ozone Concentration Good 0-50 Moderate 51-100 0.00-0.059 ppm Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups 101-150 0.076-0.095 ppm Unhealthy 151-200 0.096-0.115 ppm Very Unhealthy 201-300 0.116-0.374 ppm Hazardous 301-500 0.375above ppm 0.060-0.075 ppm Carbon Monoxide 8-hour Health Effects Cautionary Statement Statement 8-hour Concen- Health tration Effects Statement Cautionary Statement 0.0-4.4 ppm Unusually sensitive individuals may experience respiratory symptoms. Increased likelihood of respiratory symptoms and breathing discomfort in active children and adults and people with respiratory disease, such as asthma. Unusually sensitive people should consider limiting prolonged outdoor exertion. Active children, adults and people with respiratory disease should limit outdoor exertion. 4.5-9.4 ppm Greater likelihood of respiratory symptoms and breathing difficulty in active children and adults and people with respiratory disease; possible respiratory effects in general population. Increased severe symptoms and impaired breathing likely in sensitive groups; increased likelihood of respiratory effects in general population. Active children, adults and people with respiratory disease should avoid prolonged outdoor exertion; everyone else, especially children, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion. Active children, adults and people with respiratory disease should avoid all outdoor exertion; everyone else, especially children, should limit outdoor exertion. Everyone should avoid all outdoor exertion. 12.5-15.4 ppm Severe respiratory effects and impaired breathing likely in active children, adults and people with respiratory disease; increased severe respiratory effects likely in general population. 26 9.5-12.4 ppm Increased likelihood of reduced exercise tolerance due to increased cardiovascular symptoms in people with cardiovascular disease. Reduced exercise tolerance due to increased cardiovascular symptoms in people with cardiovascular disease. People with cardiovascular disease should limit heavy exertion and avoid sources of CO, such as heavy traffic. 15.5-30.4 ppm Significant aggravation of cardiovascular symptoms in people with cardiovascular disease. People with cardiovascular disease should avoid exertion and avoid sources of CO, such as heavy traffic. 30.5-above ppm Serious aggravation of cardiovascular symptoms in people with cardiovascular disease; impairment of strenuous activities in general population. People with cardiovascular disease should avoid exertion and avoid sources of CO, such as heavy traffic; everyone else should limit heavy exertion. People with cardiovascular disease should limit moderate exertion and avoid sources of CO, such as heavy traffic. Table 14 AQI Reporting Table AQI Category Particulate Matter (24-hour) December 14, 2012 Standard PM 2.5 Concen- Health Effects Cautionary tration Statement Statement Concentration Good 0-50 0.0-12.0 μg/m3 0-54 μg/m3 Moderate 51-100 Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups 101-150 12.1-35.4 μg/m3 55-154 μg/m3 Unhealthy 151-200 55.5-150.4 μg/m3 Very Unhealthy 201-300 Hazardous 301-500 PM 10 Health Effects Statement Cautionary Statement Increased likelihood of respiratory symptoms in sensitive individuals, aggravation of heart or lung disease and premature mortality in persons with cardiopulmonary disease and the elderly. Increased aggravation of heart or lung disease and premature mortality in persons with cardiopulmonary disease and the elderly; increased respiratory effects in general population. People with respiratory or heart disease, the elderly and children should limit prolonged exertion. 155-254 μg/m3 Increased likelihood of respiratory symptoms and aggravation of lung disease, such as asthma. People with respiratory disease, such as asthma, should limit outdoor exertion. People with respiratory or heart disease, the elderly and children should limit prolonged exertion; everyone else should limit prolonged exertion. 255-354 μg/m3 People with respiratory disease should avoid moderate or heavy exertion; everyone else, should limit prolonged exertion. 150.5250.4 μg/m3 Significant increase in respiratory symptoms in children and adults, aggravation of heart and lung disease and premature mortality in persons with cardiopulmonary disease and the elderly. People with respiratory or heart disease, the elderly and children should avoid any outdoor exertion; everyone else should limit prolonged exertion. 355-424 μg/m3 Increased respiratory symptoms and aggravation of lung disease; possible respiratory effects in general population. Significant increase in respiratory symptoms, and aggravation of lung disease. 250.5above μg/m3 Serious aggravation of heart and lung disease and premature mortality in persons with cardiopulmonary disease and the elderly; serious risk of respiratory effects in general population. Everyone should avoid any outdoor exertion; people with respiratory and heart disease, the elderly, and children should remain indoors. 425-above μg/m3 Serious risk of respiratory symptoms and aggravation of lung disease; respiratory effects likely in general population. Everyone should avoid any outdoor exertion; people with respiratory or heart disease, the elderly and children should remain indoors. 35.5 -55.4 μg/m3 27 People with respiratory disease should avoid moderate or heavy exertion; everyone else, especially children and elderly, should avoid prolonged exertion. Technical Operations Section Pima County Department of Environmental Quality, Technical Operations personnel. From left: Ted Gould, Trinidad Alvarez, Mike Draper, Victor Malkin, Dale Eaton and Deborah Jentoft. The Technical Operations Section of the Pima County Department of Environmental Quality (PDEQ) is committed to producing and disseminating reliable and accurate air quality information to the public. The Technical Operations Section maintains all aspects of the air quality network which includes: site selection and installation of all monitoring equipment; maintenance of all monitoring equipment; quality control and quality assurance; data acquisition and analysis; reporting to the public via web pages and to the Environmental Protection Agency’s AQS database (EPA web site http://www.epa.gov). The section is also responsible for operating a filter weigh lab for particulate matter, operating a visibility web camera and conducting special projects. Pima County DEQ conducts special projects, including maintaining a National Core monitoring station (NCore) for the Tucson Metropolitan area, one of only 75 stations of this type nationwide. This station monitors pollutants accurately at low concentrations using trace-level instrumentation, for analysis and modeling on a local as well as national scale. The NCore site is located at the current Children’s Park monitoring site. A PM 2.5 speciation monitor is also at this location which samples for total mass, fortyeight elements, cations, nitrate, sulfate, organic and elemental carbon. The filters are sent to EPA’s national contractor for analysis and reporting. PDEQ monitoring lab contains a filter weigh lab, which is required for gravimetric analysis of PM 2.5 and PM 10 filters and must be maintained within specific temperature and humidity ranges, as promulgated by the EPA (40 CFR 50, Appendix L). PDEQ processes all the filters from the PM 2.5 and PM 10 networks in the weigh lab, except for the PM 2.5 speciation filters. 28 Visibility Camera Photographs Located at: http://webcms.pima.gov/cms/one.aspx?portalId=169&pageId=61365 . Clean air day. Good levels were recorded on this day. Dirty air day. High particulate readings were recorded on this day. Air Quality Information – Web Sites & Phone Numbers http://airinfonow.pima.gov Pima County Department of Environmental Quality web site; Air Index Now reporting of real time air quality data; historical air quality data, daily AQI reports, up to the hour pollution report information for each monitoring site and site photographs. http://webcms.pima.gov/cms/One.aspx?portalId=169&pageId=65878 Pima County Department of Environmental Quality web site; Clean Air Program http://www.epa.gov/airnow/. Environmental Protection Agency web site; air quality information. http://www.pagnet.org Pima Association of Governments; air quality planning information. Phone # (520)724-7400 Pima County Department of Environmental Quality front desk. 29