Cultural Resources Assessment for
the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property
within Historic Fort Lowell, Tucson
Pima County, Arizona
J. Homer Thiel
M. L. Brack
Tyler S. Theriot

Submitted to
Loy Neff
Pima County Administration
Cultural Resources Program Coordinator
201 N. Stone Avenue, 6th Floor
Tucson, Arizona 85701

Technical Report No. 2008-08
Desert Archaeology, Inc.
3975 North Tucson Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85716 • March 2008

GRANT RD

Project Area

Fort Lowell Multiple Resource Area

FORT LOWELL RD

GLENN ST

Rillito River Park

Rilli
to R
iver

CRAYCROFT RD

Pa
nta
no
Wa
sh

Tanqu
e Verd
e Creek

CORPORATE LIMIT

PIMA COUNTY

Fort Lowell Park

CITY OF TUCSON

Figure 2. Modern geography of Fort Lowell and the Fort Lowell-Atkins Steel property.

SWAN RD

0

0

Key

2000

500

2007

Desert Archaeology, Inc.

Feet

Meters

True

N

Parcel Boundary

Drainage

Park Boundary

Historic District Boundary

Modern Geography

Tucson, Pima County, Arizona

Fort Lowell Adkins Steel Property

RIVER ROAD

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell 3

WILMOT RD

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell 9

Fort Lowell
A military post was initially established by the
U.S. Army in the downtown portion of Tucson in
1856, following the departure of the Mexican military in March of that year. The post was not permanent, and the soldiers occasionally left the community unprotected when, for example, they were
stationed elsewhere or when the Confederate Army
took control of the village for a few months in 1862
(Peterson 1976).
On 29 August 1866, the military post at Tucson
was made permanent, with the post officially named
Camp Lowell on 11 September 1866 (Peterson 1976;
Post Returns, NARA microfilm 63, roll 942). The
camp was located south of modern-day Broadway
Boulevard, and remained at that location until 1873.
It served as a supply depot for other camps in Arizona until 1871. Soldiers occasionally left the fort to
patrol or to pursue Apaches (Peterson 1976).
For various reasons, such as the need for expansion, poor living conditions (soldiers bunked in
tents), the prevalence of malaria in the Santa Cruz
River environs, and civilian complaints about
drunken soldiers, commanders recommended that
the camp be relocated along the Rillito, at a point
along the creek 6 miles northeast of Tucson. On 10
March 1873, the decision to move the camp reached
Tucson, and near the end of March 1873, the troops
were relocated, initially living in canvas tents
(Peterson 1976).
Construction of permanent buildings soon began.
Contracts for the production of adobe bricks were
assigned to the lowest bidder. In October 1873, Lord
& Williams won with a bid of $30.60 per 1,000 bricks
“in the wall” (Arizona Citizen 1873a).
Work was well underway in September 1873,
when it was reported that:
We were out at Camp Lowell Wednesday and
found about forty men, citizens and soldiers, employed putting a roof on the commanding officer’s
building and the guard-house. These buildings are
well constructed as far as they have gone. Gen.
Carr and Maj. Furey are much embarrassed in
prosecuting the work, by not having any means
to work with. They have not even transportation
and of course until they are better supplied, but
little progress can be hoped for. In exploring the
country a few days since for the purpose of laying
off a military reserve, they discovered a few miles
north of the post a beautiful little lake of pure
water, filled with fish (Arizona Citizen 1873b).

The project area was mapped by the Surveyor
General’s Office (later the Government Land Office),
and a map was completed on 31 December 1873 (Figure 4). At that time, the northeast quarter of Section

35 had some trees, a house near the northwestern
corner, and a small canal running off Rillito Creek
(or perhaps a road; the map is not clear). The commanding officer’s building at Camp Lowell is depicted on the map, suggesting it was completed at
that time.
Work paused in 1874, when construction funds
were withheld. Soldiers were also out following raiding Apaches. In December, the commander of the
fort went to Prescott, and his complaints led to the
provision of funding to complete the fort (Peterson
1976:8-9). Initial construction continued into 1875.
Building Camp Lowell
The building of this camp has been in slow
progress for about two years. We learn that only
about $19,000 have been expended so far in the
work, and that it will require $10,000 more to complete the post in proper shape. We are pleased to
learn by this dispatch of the present advancement
of the work:
CAMP LOWELL, June 22. - The construction of
Camp Lowell is now nearly completed. In all, there
are seven sets of officers quarters, two sets of quarters for infantry and one for cavalry companies,
and one for regimental band, besides suitable and
well built offices for the post adjutant and quartermaster, also guard house, store-houses, corrals,
etc. Considering the limited means for its construction and the lack of their seasonable availability,
the post has been well and cheaply built, and is
now among the best of the Territory... (Arizona
Citizen 1875a).

In August, it was reported that:
Col. John N. Andrews, Eighth Infantry, showed
us around during our short stay, and we were surprised to see the many good buildings, and the air
of comfort on every hand...The quarters of the officers and men are substantially finished, although
much is to be done in the way of putting the
grounds around including the parade ground, in
nice order... (Arizona Citizen, 7 August 1875b).

At completion, the fort was centered around a
large parade ground with a flagstaff in its center
south side. The seven officer’s quarters were located along the southern edge with a double row of
cottonwood trees along their front, known as Officer’s Row. The commanding officer’s quarters was
in the center, with three officer’s quarters on each
side. Adobe walls enclosed the backyards of each of
the houses, and a picket fence framed their front
(Peterson 1976:13). A map drafted in 1876 shows the
layout of the post (Figure 5). A clearer version was
re-drawn for publication in 1976 (Figure 6), although
some errors were introduced in this version.

10 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell

Figure 4. A portion of the Surveyor General’s Office map completed in 1873, including the northeast quarter of Section
35 of Township 13 South, Range 14 East, which is the location of the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel property.

On the western side of the parade ground were
the adjutant’s office, bake house, guardhouse, quartermaster and commissary offices, and the post trader’s store. The quartermaster and commissary’s
warehouse, quartermaster corral, blacksmith shop,
cavalry band headquarters, cavalry company quarters, infantry company quarters, three company
kitchens, cavalry corral, and at least two privies were
on the northern side of the parade ground. The infantry company quarters, a kitchen, and a privy, the
hospital and its kitchen, and at least eight married
non-commissioned officer’s quarters were on the
eastern side of the parade ground (Peterson 1976).
A telegraph office was also present, but is not depicted on the 1876 map (AHS photo 12880). Additional wood structures—barracks, sheds, and equipment buildings—were constructed in the mid-1880s,

when the fort was at full capacity (Peterson 1976:15).
Two additional non-commissioned officer’s quarters
were built along the eastern side of Officer’s Row in
the late 1880s.
The fort initially continued to use the National
Cemetery in downtown Tucson for the burials of
soldiers. The last known military burial in this cemetery was in 1881 (O’Mack 2006:117). Seventy-four
burials were removed from the National Cemetery
and re-interred at a new cemetery that was established near Fort Lowell, also perhaps in 1881
(O’Mack 2006:21-26). This cemetery was located
southeast of the fort, and was in use until the fort
was abandoned in 1891. Eighty burials were disinterred and taken to the San Francisco National Cemetery (including west side burials 1275-1296, 10531055, 1059, 1063, and 1366-1387). Some burials,

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell 11

Figure 5. The 1876 map of Fort Lowell (AHS/SAD 12880).

including those of civilians, were left in place (Edith
C. Tompkins collection, MS 790, AHS/SAD).
The exact location of the Fort Lowell Cemetery
is not known. A map in the Edith Tompkins manuscript collection suggests it was located on the southern side of “Cienaga Road” southeast of the fort in
the northeast quarter of Section 36 (MS 790, AHS/
SAD) (Figure 7). The cemetery was relocated on private property in 1952, when members of the local
Post 549 of the Veteran’s of Foreign War received
information from the U.S. Army Command. A photograph in a local newspaper clearly shows grave
depressions and the base of a grave marker (Arizona
Daily Star 1952).
The original buildings at the fort had adobe brick
walls. Pine beams brought from the Santa Catalina
Mountains were laid across the tops of the walls.
Over these beams, saguaro ribs were positioned, and
earth was packed on top. During the rainy seasons
of 1876, 1877, and 1878, the roofs leaked, and earth
and mud fell into the rooms (Weaver 1947:73). Tin
roofs were not installed until sometime after mid1879. Porches and screen doors were added in 1882;
the milled lumber and other materials required were

easier to transport after the 1880 railroad arrival in
Tucson. Overall, little money was spent for maintenance, repair, and new construction at the fort
(Peterson 1976:10).
An average of 10 officers and 140 enlisted men
were stationed at Fort Lowell, with the number of
men increasing in 1883, from one company to three
companies, due to the increased military efforts
against the Apache (Schuler 2000; Weaver 1947:76).
The highest number of officers stationed at one time
at the fort was 18. There was usually more than one
officer living in each of the seven officer’s quarters
at the post. The number of rooms allotted varied by
rank, with a lieutenant receiving one room, a captain two rooms, a major three rooms, and a colonel
four rooms (David Faust, personal communication
2007). Enlisted men lived in barracks along the
northern side of the parade ground. Despite the
physical separation of Tucson and the post, soldiers
and civilians frequently traveled between the two,
often participating in social and sporting events.
During the 1870s and 1880s, the post was a supply depot for other camps and forts in Arizona. Soldiers at the post participated in sorties against hostile

12 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell

Figure 6. The 1876 map of Fort Lowell, redrawn by Don Bufkin (Peterson 1976).

Native Americans, most commonly, various groups
of Apaches. Camp Lowell officially became Fort
Lowell in 1879. The mid-1880s saw the final subjugation of the Apaches, with the surrender of
Geronimo in 1886. As Apache issues decreased in
the next few years, the U.S. Army began to focus its
efforts along the U.S.-Mexico border. It became increasingly apparent that the number of military
posts in Arizona could be reduced. The decision was
made to abandon Fort Lowell, and, on 14 February
1891, the last soldiers left the fort. In April 1891, the
fort was transferred to the Department of the Interior to be sold as surplus property (Peterson 1976:1417). Some of the usable materials from the site were
stripped and taken to Fort Yuma for reuse (David
Faust, personal communication 2007).
Interest in obtaining the land of Fort Lowell arose
in the mid-1890s. Henry Ransom, an African-American resident of Tucson, attempted to claim 160 acres

of the fort in 1895 (apparently unsuccessfully) (Arizona Daily Citizen 1895).
In 1896, the Arizona Daily Citizen reported that
the Department of the Interior, General Land Office,
had authorized the sale of buildings and the land
for the NE ¼ of NE ¼ and the SE ¼ of NE ¼ of Section 35. The buildings located on the NW ¼ of SW ¼
of Section 36 were also to be sold, but the land was
to be kept for school purposes. The buildings on
Section 36 were to be removed, or the land leased
by the purchaser (Arizona Daily Citizen 1896).
An auction was held on 18 November 1896, and
the portable portions of buildings sold. Windows,
doors, and their frames, beams, tin roofing, and
wood flooring were sold and removed. Many items
were reportedly purchased by Lyman Wakefield,
who later incorporated the materials into homes he
was building in downtown Tucson (Fort Lowell
ephemeral file, AHS). The cottonwood trees lining

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell 13

The 1930s saw an attempt to create a national monument through
the National Park Service (Arizona
Daily Star 1936). In 1932, a Fort
Lowell Bill came before the United
States Congress but failed to pass
(Bieg et al. 1976:74). In 1933, adobe
walls were built along the eastern
side of Craycroft Avenue and on
the northern side of the main portion of Fort Lowell by the Civil
Works Administration (C.W.A.).
Two years later, the C.W.A. from
Camp SP-11, under the direction of
Charles Maguire, created diversion
ditches, constructed checkdams,
and filled in gullies along the portion of the fort east of Craycroft
Road (Fort Lowell ephemeral file,
AHS). Work at the site ended in
1936, when funding of the program
was cut (Bieg et al. 1976:74).
Maguire continued to interview
local residents in 1937 and 1938,
collecting information about life at
Figure 7. A hand-drawn copy of the United States Army map, showing the
the fort, the appearance of struclocation of the Fort Lowell Cemetery (Edith Tompkins manuscript collectures, the location of the fort flagtion, MS 790, Arizona Historical Society, Tucson).
pole, and architectural elements
from buildings. He also prepared a
master plan for the proposed park (Fort Lowell
Officer’s Row were cut down (Peterson 1976:17).
ephemeral file, AHS). Unfortunately, this effort failed.
Afterwards, some buildings became the residences
Historic American Building Survey forms, plan view,
of local Mexican-American families. Others decayed
cross-section, exterior façade drawings, photographs,
due to neglect and vandalism. Portions of the Fort
and data sheets were prepared by Maguire and othLowell Reservation were sold to private citizens, and
er government personnel for the second officer’s
another large piece was given to the University of
quarter’s kitchen, the third officer’s quarters, and the
Arizona.
post hospital (online at the Library of Congress
The first preservation efforts occurred in the late
website, <http://memory.loc.gov/>).
1920s. Tucson residents held a dance to raise money
Maguire completed a map in June 1937 for a proto purchase the lease on the fort, valued at $750 (Fort
posed Fort Lowell State Park (Figure 8). This map
Lowell ephemeral file, 1920s, AHS). Mr. and Mrs.
indicates that, for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel propW. C. Harrington, who owned the portion of the fort
erty, the adjutant’s office, bake house, and guardeast of Craycroft Road, were asked not to damage
house were in ruins. The first and second officer’s
the standing adobe walls on their property in June
quarters and the third officer’s quarter’s privy were
1929 (Tucson Citizen 1929). Additional money was
standing. The third officer’s quarters and the secraised later in the year (Arizona Daily Star 1929). Dr.
ond officer’s quarters were occupied. The first and
Byron Cummings of ASM used the money to obtain
third kitchens and the first and second privies were
a lease of 40 acres of Fort Lowell. The Harringtons
in ruins. All three of the latrines were marked as
were subsequently paid a total of $1,500 for improvehaving fallen walls. The adobe walls demarking inments they had made on the property, with the Unidividual yards for the officer’s quarters were parversity of Arizona contributing $750, and moneys
tially intact.
collected by Mrs. George Kitt and the Tucson ChamAnother map was drafted by Philip Contzen in
ber of Commerce providing another $750. The
the same general time period (Figure 9). Contzen’s
Harringtons were also paid a yearly lease fee. The
map varies quite dramatically from Maguire’s map
Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society then
in some details. It does include the Fort Lowellorganized an effort to fill in potholes at the site (Bieg
Adkins Steel property.
et al. 1976:73).

14 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell

Figure 8. A 1937 map of Fort Lowell, drafted by Charles Maguire (AHS/SAD 12887).

In 1941, the president of the University of Arizona instructed Dr. Emil Haury of ASM to turn the
fort over to another agency. Subsequently, in 1944,
the property was auctioned, and it was purchased
by the postmaster of Flagstaff, George Babbitt. He
bought it for $9,000, presumably to help save the
ruins (Bieg et al. 1976:74).
Babbitt, in turn, sold the land for $220 to a local
Boy Scout troop in 1945. The scouts planned to reconstruct several of the buildings, but lacked the
necessary funding. They were able to erect a shelter
over the ruins of the hospital building (Bieg et al.
1976:74; Fort Lowell ephemeral file, 1940s, AHS). In
1952, members of the Veterans of Foreign Wars located the post’s cemetery, although unfortunately,
this location was later lost again (Bieg et al. 1976:74).
Pima County acquired the property in 1957, paying the Boy Scouts $50,000 for 37 acres. The county
then established the Fort Lowell Historical and Recreational Area (Fort Lowell ephemeral file, 1950s,
AHS).
Pima County soon prepared plans to develop the
park for recreation. These plans included destruction
of much of the fort area for athletic fields. Concerned
citizens organized and presented an alternate plan
to the county. A committee was established in 1960

to plan reconstruction of the commanding officer’s
quarters and its kitchen. Archaeologist Al Johnson
spent 16 days excavating these structures, privies,
and a trash dump (Arizona Daily Star 1960; MS 265,
AHS). The Junior League donated $10,000, and an
architect prepared plans for the new buildings. Construction began in 1962, and the dedication ceremony was held in November 1963 (Tucson Citizen 1963).
In 1971, publication of Tucson’s Historic Districts
noted that Fort Lowell was one of five remaining
historic areas the city should consider as possible
historic districts. Three years later, local residents
and property owners petitioned the Pima County
Planning and Zoning Commission to make Fort
Lowell a historic zone. The spring of 1976 saw planning students from the University of Arizona canvassing the neighborhood to determine which buildings and structures might be considered historic
(Bieg et al. 1976:3-4). The Fort Lowell Multiple Resource Area was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, and was listed on the
National Register on 10 April 1978 (National Register form). Inventory forms created during this process are housed at AHS (MS 265, binder in file).
Additional properties have been added to the
park or entered into public ownership. The Hardy

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell 15

Figure 9. An undated map of Fort Lowell, drafted by Philip Contzen (AHS/SAD BN 207929).

property, north of the main portion of the park, was
acquired in 1985. This was the location of the kitchens and privies of the cavalry company and the infantry company, along with the cavalry stables (Thiel
1994). The City of Tucson also acquired the northwestern portion of Fort Lowell in the 1990s. This area
contained the quartermaster and commissary storehouses, the blacksmith shop, and the quartermaster
stables (Thiel 1997). The acquisition of the Fort
Lowell-Adkins Steel property completes public ownership of the core of historic Fort Lowell.
Post-Fort Lowell Use of the Fort Lowell-Adkins
Steel Property
Fort Lowell was occupied by civilians after its
1891 abandonment, although little is known about
these individuals. Period photographs show families living in some of the buildings, including the
quartermaster commissary. Strings of dried chili
peppers, ristras, suggest these were Mexican-Americans, because this form of food preservation is typically associated with this ethnic group in Tucson.
Identification of the residents is made difficult
by their invisibility in contemporary records. Tucson City Directories did not include this area. The
residents did not purchase the properties so there

are no deeds at the Pima County Recorder’s Office.
The 1900 U.S. census population schedules provide
the best chance to identify the individuals who lived
at the fort. Research by Lannie Hartman indicates
the people listed on Sheets 14A though 17B of Enumeration District 46 lived in the Fort Lowell area,
although it is not known which (if any) lived in the
fort buildings. Examination of the census records
further reveals that the area was home to EuroAmericans, Chinese immigrants, and MexicanAmericans. The Chinese were working as gardeners, and many of their neighbors were farmers and
day laborers. The post-fort occupation both within
and adjacent to Fort Lowell has been referred to as
“El Fuerte.” This appears to be a modern name assigned to the area and has become popular since the
1980s (Turner et al. 1982). It does not appear in historic documents and an every-word search of the
Tucson Citizen for 1899 to 1921, available on a subscription genealogy website, did not locate a single
instance of the term in use.
The 18 November 1896 auction resulted in the
stripping of usable materials from most of the remaining buildings, accelerating their destruction through
erosion. Photographs taken in the early 1900s clearly
show the lack of wooden structural elements, such
as window frames and roofs, and the concurrent enlargement of door and window openings and the

16 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell

melting of adobes along the parapets of buildings
(Fort Lowell photographs, AHS).
Lyman W. Wakefield purchased the SE ¼ of the
NE ¼ of Section 35, totaling 40 acres, from the U.S.
government on 19 April 1897 (BLM Serial No. AZ
AZAA 011023, online at <www.glorecords.blm.gov
/PatentSearch>). The owners of the Fort LowellAdkins Steel property are summarized in Table 2.
Lyman Wakefield was born on 5 October 1853,
in New York, son of James M. Wakefield and
Clarinda Brown. He was married on 11 May 1881,
in Pima County, to Anna R. Patrick, with both residents of Pantano at the time (Negley and Lindley
1994:80). Anna was born in May 1866, in Missouri.
Wakefield was the Sheriff of Pima County on 4 June
1900, when the census was taken (he served in that
office from 1899-1900). Wakefield lived at 205 East
3rd Street in Tucson with his wife, their five living
children (Walter, William, Edith, Clarence, and
Margaret), a boarder, and a servant (Lyman Wakefield household, 1900 U.S. census, Pima County,
Arizona Territory, ED 47, SD 11, sheet 4A). Wakefield likely viewed ownership of the property as an
investment, as there is nothing to suggest he or his
family lived on the property. Lyman Wakefield died
in Tucson on 30 September 1919, from prostrate hypertrophy and infection and is buried in Evergreen
Cemetery (see <http://genealogy.az.gov/azdeath/
020/10202839.pdf>).
On 28 December 1899, Lyman and Anna Wakefield sold their 40 acres for $1.00 to Thomas Grindell
(Pima County DRE 30:256-257). Grindell was born
circa 1870, in Platteville, Wisconsin, son of William
Grindell and Margaret McCurry. He grew up in
Platteville, where his father was a cabinetmaker
(Western Historical Company 1881:906). Thomas
moved to Arizona and was a resident of Nogales in
November 1896 (Pima County DRE 27:635). Thomas
Grindell sold the land to his younger brother, Edward Page Grindell, on 20 March 1902, also for $1.00
(Pima County DRE 32:640).

Edward Grindell was born on 3 July 1873, in
Platteville, Wisconsin. On 25 June 1900, Edward
lived in Precinct 1 of Tucson and was working as a
newspaper editor (Edward P. Grindell household,
1900 U.S. census, Pima County, Arizona Territory,
ED 46, sheet 16A). Edward lived in Douglas at the
Gadsden Hotel on 26 April 1910, where he was the
secretary for the Chamber of Commerce (Nathaniel
Grant household, 1910 U.S. census, Cochise County,
Arizona Territory, ED 19, sheet 8A). He was described on his World War I draft registration card,
created in September 1918, as being tall and slender
with gray eyes and black hair. At that time, he was
working as a railway agent for the El Paso and Southwestern Railway and living at McNeal, Cochise
County, Arizona (WW I draft registration card,
online at <www.ancestry.com>).
Given his white collar status, it seems unlikely
that Edward lived on or farmed the property. He
may have rented it out instead. On 5 November 1904,
Edward Grindell sold the land for $10.00 to Irvin
Douglas (Pima County DRE 45:476). Efforts to locate information about the Douglas family were
unsuccessful. They apparently did not remain in
Pima County for long, and were not counted on the
U.S. census here.
On 22 May 1908, Irvin and Maude Douglas sold
the land to Robert D. Cole (Pima County mortgages
23:689). Robert Cole was born in September 1862, in
Missouri, and was married circa 1884, to Mary L.
(—?—). In June 1900, the couple, their three living
children (Rena, James, and Robert), and Robert’s
father Frank S. Cole lived in Tucson, with Robert
working as a farmer (Robert D. Cole household, 1900
U.S. census, Pima County, ED 46, sheet 15B). Robert
Cole and his brother William farmed in the area and
had already purchased a three-sevenths stake in an
irrigation ditch from Bernardino Diaz for $150 on
23 May 1899. The ditch ran south from the southern
side of the Rillito, and their interest allowed unrestricted use of water in the ditch on Mondays, Tues-

Table 2. Fort Lowell property owners.
Grantor

Grantee

Date

Reference

United States
Lyman and Anna Wakefield
Thomas Grindell
Edward Grindell
Irvin and Maude Douglas
Rober and Mary Cole
Dixie L. Cate estate
Dolly Cate
Adkins family
OT Gila, LLC

Lyman W. Wakefield
Thomas Grindell
Edward Page Grindell
Irvin Douglas
Robert D. Cole
Dixie L. Cate
Dolly Cate
Harvey and Fronia Adkins
OT Gila, LLC
City of Tucson

19 April 1897
28 December 1899
20 March 1902
5 November 1904
22 May 1908
29 June 1908

BLM Serial No. AZ AZ A
Pima County DRE 30:256-2
Pima County DRE 32:640
Pima County DRE 45:476
Pima County Mortgages 23
Pima County DRE 45:558-5
Pima County DRE 47:471
Pima County DRE 155:4
Pima County Docket 12759
Pima County Docket 12759

3 February 1928
13 March 2006
9 March 2006

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell 17

days, and Wednesdays (Pima County DRE 30:82).
Robert’s other land purchases in the Fort Lowell area
included 50 acres on the southern side of Section 26
(north of the Adkins Steel parcel), the 80 acres immediately north and west of the Adkins Steel parcel, and land in Section 31 (Pima County DRE 28:710,
30:540, 35:268, 42:298, 45:466, 45:550, 46:155, 46:166).
The earliest transaction indicates Cole was in Tucson by 19 September 1898 (Pima County DRE
28:710).
Several irrigation canals (also called acequias, or
ditches) were run from Rillito Creek to fields on the
south and north (Figure 10). The Corbett or Douglas Ditch runs to the north of the Fort LowellAdkins Steel property, and was apparently once
owned by Irvin Douglas. Some of these canals are
still visible north of Fort Lowell Park.
Mr. Dixie L. Cate purchased the property from
the Coles on 29 June 1908, paying them $10.00 and
agreeing to pay off the mortgage the Coles had from
the Douglases (Pima County DRE 45:558-559). Richard Longstreet “Dixie” Cate was born on 23 September 1864, in James County, Tennessee, the son
of George Oliver Cate and Mary D. Allison. He was
married on 27 March 1895, in Hamilton County,
Tennessee, to Dolly (often also spelled Dollie) Monger (International Genealogical Index, online at
<www.familysearch.org>). Dolly was born in October 1871, in Tennessee. The identity of her parents
has not been confirmed, and a child by that name
has not been located on the 1880 U.S. census. It is
unclear if Dolly was her given name, or if it was a
nickname (Dolly is often a shortened form of Dorothy).
On 9 June 1900, Dixie and Dollie Cate lived in
James County, Tennessee, with Dixie working as a
farmer (Dixie Cate household, 1900 U.S. census,

James County, TN, ED 7, SD 3, sheet 5A). The couple
had moved to Arizona by 13 December 1907, when
Dixie purchased a lot in the Feldman Addition of
Tucson (Pima County DRE 43:707). Over the next
year, several additional lots were purchased in that
area (Pima County DRE 44:181, 44:183, 44:726). The
1908 Tucson City Directory (probably created in
1907) lists D. L. Cate as a chicken rancher living at
5th Avenue and Drachman Street in Tucson (Kimball
1908:80).
Dixie’s sister, Nellie Davis Cate, had married
Charles F. Gulden circa 1887. He was a railroad conductor, and the couple lived at 54 Council Street in
June 1900 (Charles Gulden household, 1900 U.S. census, Pima County, ED 49, sheet 18A). Dixie and Dolly
Cate almost certainly came to Tucson at the invitation of Dixie’s sister.
Dixie died from pulmonary tuberculosis on 18
December 1908, while living near Fort Lowell: “He
was 44 years of age and was a brother of Mrs. Charles
Golden. He came to this country for his health, but
he failed steadily. He was a native of Tennessee and
was quite well known in that state.” Dixie was buried in Evergreen Cemetery (Dixie L. Cate, Return of
a Death, online at < http://genealogy.az.gov/
azdeath/005/10052798.pdf >; Tucson Citizen 1908).
Dolly Cate was subsequently assigned ownership
of the couple’s property (Pima County DRE 47:471).
On 24 February 1909, Dolly paid off the Irwin mortgage on the property (Pima County DRE 46:189,
46:325).
In May 1910, Dolly (last name incorrectly listed
as Cole) was living near Fort Lowell with two young
girls, listed as “Mollie Cole” (Lottie) and “Ruth
Cole.” The U.S. census states that these are her
daughters, but this is incorrect (Dolly Cole household, 1910 U.S. census, Pima County, Arizona, ED

Figure 10. Irrigation ditches located in the Fort Lowell area (Turner et al.).

18 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell

95, SD 1, sheet 10B). The two girls were probably
orphaned and Dolly was raising them. They do not
appear to be related to the former Cole owners.
Dolly Cate opened “Mrs. Cate’s Tuberculosis
Sanatorium” in the officer’s quarters in the current
project area. In 1918, “Mrs. Dollie Cate” was listed
in the Tucson City Directory as living in the “Rural
Free Delivery 2” area (Tucson Directory Company
1918). In January 1920, Dolly Cate was running a
“rest ranch” with two nieces, Ruth Monger (age 21)
and an 18-year-old girl whose given name was not
recorded, but who must be Lottie Monger. Thirteen
invalid males lived at the rest home, all white men
between the ages of 21 and 48 (D. Cate household,
1920 U.S. census, Pima County, Arizona, Ed 80, SD
2, sheet 5A).
Dolly Cate sold the property to Harvey and
Fronia Adkins on 3 February 1928. She received
$10.00 and “other valuable considerations.” In turn,
the Adkins received 6.5 acres “together with certain
household furniture and furnishings” (Pima County
DRE 155:4). Dolly was still in Tucson on 9 April 1930,
when she and her niece Ruth O. Monger lived at
720 East Speedway Boulevard. She owned the house,
which was valued at $6,000, but did not have a radio. She was reported to be the proprietor of a boarding house (Dollie Cate household, 1930 U.S. census,
Pima County, Arizona, ED 34, sheet 8B). City directories reveal that Dolly lived at that address until
1944. From 1946 through 1962, she lived at 1115
North 9th Avenue. She died on 8 October 1964, and
is buried in Block 30, Section B, Lot 159 of Evergreen
Cemetery in Tucson.
Mrs. Cate’s Funeral Set for Tuesday. Funeral services for Mrs. Dolly Cate, 93, a longtime Tucson
resident who formerly operated a convalescent
rest home at Ft. Lowell, will be held at 10 a.m. tomorrow at Bring’s Funeral Home. She died Thursday at a local rest home. Mrs. Cate, who lived at
1115 N. 9th Ave., was born near Chattanooga,
Tenn. She came to Tucson in 1907 with her late
husband Richard Cate. From about 1909 until the
1920s, she operated a convalescent home in the
fort buildings. She is survived by two nieces, Miss
Ruth Monger of Tucson, and Mrs. C. N. Cooke of
Hydesville, California. Burial will be in Evergreen
Cemetery (Tucson Daily Citizen 1964).

Dolly’s nieces, who were apparently sisters, were
traced further. Ruth O. Monger was born on 9 January 1899, in Georgia, never married, and died on 16
August 1977, in Humboldt County, California (California Death Index, online at <www.ancestry.com>).
She is likely the Ruth Monger, born in January 1899,
living with her parents William C. Monger and
Laura (—?—) in Flomaton, Escambia County,

Florida. Her father worked as a telegraph operator
(William C. Monger household, 1900 U.S. census,
Escambia County, FL, ED 18, sheet 14B). William C.
Monger was, in turn, the son of Byrd Monger and
Sarah Hess. In 1880, he lived with his parents and
siblings Myra (age 7), Rufus, and Gus in the 5th Civil
District of James County, Tennessee (Byrd Monger
household, 1880 U.S. census, James County, Tennessee, ED 61, page 31). The Myra listed in this census
may be Dolly (Monger) Cate; however, Dolly would
have been 8 years old in 1880, instead of 7 years old.
Census records are often incorrect, however.
Lottie Allen Monger was born on 7 June 1901, in
Alabama, was married on 30 September 1922, in
Pima County to Cecil Norman Cooke, and died on
8 June 1993, in Humboldt County, California. Her
mother’s maiden name was Roy (California Death
Index; Negley and Lindley 1997:67). Cecil Cooke was
born in East Preston, Sussex, England, on 12 January 1901, and died in Humboldt County on 16 February 1978 (California Death Index; see also <http:/
/freebmd.rootsweb.com/>). The couple were the
parents of a son, Cecil Norman Cooke, Jr., born circa
1924, in Arizona. They lived in Santa Cruz County,
Arizona, on 9 April 1930, with Cecil working as the
chief engineer of a utility plant (Cecil Norman Cooke
household, 1930 U.S. census, Santa Cruz County,
Arizona, ED 10, sheet 4A). In the future, it may be
possible to contact the descendants of Cecil and
Lottie Cooke for family photographs and other information about Dolly Monger Cate.
Harvey Adkins was born on 18 September 1872,
in Jasper County, Illinois, the son of Thomas
Jefferson Adkins and Dicy Ann Brooks (see <http:/
/james.thenamecenter.com/sheets/ f3666.html> for
family group sheets on the Adkins family). He was
married on 17 May 1898, to Sophronia “Fronia”
Bragg. Fronia was born on 15 September 1872, in
Clay County, Illinois, the daughter of John Wesley
Bragg and Hannah Dyson (Arizona Daily Star 1955).
The couple were the parents of five children: Vinda
Adkins Ortega (1900-1944), Virginia Alice Adkins
Beam (1903-1985), Dicey Minerva Adkins (19051927), Marion Heber Adkins (1908-1986), and Belva
Naomi Adkins (1911-1999). The family lived in Newton, Jasper County, Illinois, in 1910 and 1920, with
Harvey working as a dairy farmer (1910 U.S. census, Jasper County, Illinois, ED 87, SD 14, sheet 6B;
1920 U.S. census, Jasper County, Illinois, ED 110, SD
15, sheet 1B). Harvey registered for the draft on 12
September 1918, and reported he had a medium
build, was of medium height, and had blue eyes and
black hair (WW I draft registration, online at
<www.ancestry.com>).
The Adkinses had moved to Tucson around August 1926, to bring their daughter Dicey to a tuber-

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell 19

culosis sanatorium (Old Fort Lowell Neighborhood
Association 2005:33). The family was living on Fort
Lowell Road, at the Cate’s rest home, on 15 June
1927, when Dicey died from pulmonary tuberculosis at age 21. She was subsequently buried in Evergreen Cemetery: “Miss Adkins had lived here only
six months, coming from Newton, Illinois. She is
survived by her parents, three sisters and a brother
all of whom are in Tucson” (Dicy Minerva Adkins,
Original Certificate of Death, online at <http://
genealogy.az.gov/azdeath/035/10350392.pdf>;
Old Fort Lowell Neighborhood Association 2005:33;
Tucson Citizen 1927). According to a family member, Dicey’s body was later moved to East Lawn
Cemetery (Lannie Hartman, personal communication 2007).
According to a Fort Lowell Inventory form, the
Adkins family constructed an adobe house on the
property in 1927. They constructed a second adobe
house around 1935 (MS 265, black binder in file,
AHS).
On 9 April 1930, Harvey and Fronia operated the
“Adkins Rest Ranch” at Fort Lowell. Their daughter Belva was living with them. There were 13 residents of the ranch, 10 men and three women. All 13
residents were white, ranged in age from 23 to 51,
and with one exception, had been born in the United
States. The facility was valued at $8,000; the family
did not own a radio at that time (1930 U.S. census,
Pima County, Arizona, ED 10, SD 3, sheet 4B). In
1938 and 1940, Harvey and Fronia were reported to
be running the Adkins Rest Home (Tucson City Directories 1938 and 1940). The Adkins family operated the rest home until at least 1950 at 5615 East
Fort Lowell Road (Old Fort Lowell Neighborhood
Association 2005:33; Tucson City Directory 1950).
Fronia Adkins was a member of the Valley Christian Church in Tucson (Arizona Daily Star 1955). She
died on 9 September 1955, at her home at 2951 North
Craycroft Road from pneumonia, complicated by the
effects of a stroke she had suffered seven months
earlier (Fronia Adkins, Certificate of Death, online
at <http://genealogy.az.gov/azdeath/0220/
02201696.pdf>). Harvey Adkins died on 11 January
1958, at the family home in Tucson. He and Fronia
are buried in the Grantwood Memorial Park (later
East Lawn Cemetery) (Tucson Daily Citizen 1958).
Marion Adkins, born on 12 December 1908, and
a son of Harvey and Fronia Adkins, started the
Adkins Trucking and Steel Manufacturing business
on the property in 1934. Marion’s son Harry Adkins
recalled: “In the ‘40s we were doing steel buildings
and tanks and in the ‘50s pretty much tanks, for everybody and the City of Tucson” (Old Fort Lowell
Neighborhood Association 2005:35). Marion was
married to Lovetta Nova Merchant, who was born

on 20 May 1913. The 1938 and 1940 Tucson City
Directories list Marion H. Adkins as living on Fort
Lowell Road with his wife Loretta, and working as
a trucker. In 1950, they lived at 5603 East Fort Lowell
Road, with Marion listed as a welder and operating
the Adkins Steel Manufacturing Company (Tucson
City Directory 1950).
Residential Property Record Cards were filled
out for the Adkins family home (10-110-09-032A)
and the historic Fort Lowell Officer’s Quarters (10110-09-350) on 2 June 1965. At that time, the Adkins
family home was described as a solid masonry structure with Spanish tile roofing. The assessor reported
that the home was constructed in 1935, based on
information provided by Marion Adkins. Other
buildings and structures built by members of the
Adkins family include a water tower and a windmill adjacent to their home, a large steel shed (built
circa 1935), a nearby adobe house, several concrete
slabs, a chicken coop, and a large concrete tank next
to a well.
Marion Adkins lived at 5460 East Ft Lowell Road
in 1970, with his business address at 5450 East Fort
Lowell (Tucson City Directory 1970). He died in
January 1986, in Tucson (Social Security Death Index). Lovetta N. Adkins died on 4 July 2002, in Colorado, where she had moved to live with her daughter (Social Security Death Index; Lannie Hartman,
personal communication 2007). The couple’s son
Harry Adkins took over the family business, which
operated within the project area until the spring of
2007.
There had been several attempts over the years
by the City of Tucson to purchase the property from
the Adkins family. These attempts were not successful. In the early 2000s, Pima County became interested in the acquisition of properties with significant cultural resources and the Fort Lowell-Adkins
Steel Property was identified as a property of interest. A local developer Oasis Tucson, Inc. (later OT
Gila, LLC), made a deal to purchase the property.
Concerns over the sale led to the creation of “An
Intergovenmental Agreement between Pima County
and the City of Tucson for the Rehabilitation, Restoration and Management of the “Adkins Steel” parcel at Historic Fort Lowell,” which was approved
by the Pima County Board of Supervisors on 6 March
2007. Pima County provided money from the May
2004 Bond election (2004 Bond Project 4.4, Fort
Lowell Acquisition and San Pedro Chapel) to purchase the property. A complex land exchange and
sale subsequently occurred, with the developer receiving another parcel along Speedway Boulevard
in exchange for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property. The Adkins family formally sold the parcel to
OT Gila, LLC in March 2006 (Pima County Docket

20 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell

12759:5128). On 9 March 2006, OT Gila, LLC, sold
the property for $1.00 to the City of Tucson (Pima
County Docket 12759:5132).
Fort Lowell Buildings and Structures on
the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property
More in-depth research was conducted for the
Fort Lowell-era buildings and structures located on
the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel property. Research was
directed toward creating a more comprehensive
understanding of the materials used in these buildings, how they were repaired and maintained, their
internal layout, and what happened to these features
after the fort was abandoned. At least 12 buildings,
the southwestern portion of the parade ground, and
the adobe walls enclosing the backyards of the
officer’s quarters are located within the Fort LowellAdkins Steel property (Table 3).
The amount of documentary information available for each structure varies. A particularly important source of information is a set of typewritten transcripts of requests for repairs for the post, held at
AHS as Manuscript 266.
Guardhouse
The guardhouse is located in the northern portion of the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel parcel, immediately south of Fort Lowell Road and west of the
Adkins steel barn. It was constructed in 1873 during
the initial work at the new post. The 1876 map of
Camp Lowell provides information about the layout of the structure (Figure 11). An 1875 report noted:
The guard house, probably one of the best in the
Territory is 52 feet square, external measurements,
to which is attached a corral, or inclosed yard, 28
by 48 feet, interior measurement. This inclosure is
for the use of the prisoners when not at labor. The
building has two halls at right angles to each other, cutting it each way nearly through the center.
It is divided into a general prisoners’ room (with
stone walls) 20-1/6 by 19-¾, a guard room 19-¾
by 18-½, room for garrison prisoners 18-½ by 11,
room for officers of the guard 16 by 11, room for
sergeant of the guard 8 by 11 feet, a wash room
and a tool room. All of the rooms are ten feet high,
lighted by windows with iron gratings, and are
excellently ventilated at the eaves. There are in
addition, four cells each 7-½ by 4-¼ feet, 10 feet in
height, like the general prisoners’ room, built of
stone, all the rest of the buildings being constructed of adobes. Only the cells are used for prisoners, the balance of the building being used as adjutant’s office, library, and quarters for the
non-commissioned staff. Prisoners are kept in tents
(Fort Lowell ephemeral file, AHS).

Table 3. Fort Lowell buildings and structures on the
Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel property.
Structure designation
on the 1876 map
N
M
L
B
B
B
C
C
C
V
V
V

Type
Guard house
Bake house
Adjutant’s office
Officer’s quarters [no. 1]
Officer’s quarters [no. 2]
Officer’s quarters [no 3]
Officer’s kitchen [for no. 1]
Officer’s kitchen [for no. 2]
Officer’s kitchen [for no. 3]
Privy [for no. 1]
Privy [for no. 2]
Privy [for no. 3]
Parade ground
Backyard enclosing walls

An April 1882 report noted: “Roof of tin in good
condition except needing painting. Walls in fair condition. Doors and windows and some repairs needed
and painting, and a board floor required. It contains
six rooms and five cells, with an aggregate capacity
of two thousand, four hundred square feet floor surface.” A request for wood floors for the building was
turned down in 1882, but four new doors and six
windows (each with 12 panes of glass) were approved (MS 266, file 2, AHS).
Estimates for the flooring (at $217.32) of the
guardhouse, prepared on 31 March 1883, provide
the dimensions of each room in the building (MS
266, file 2, AHS):
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

guard room, 20 ft by 20 ft
general prison room, 20.5 ft by 20 ft
garrison prison room, 19 ft by 12 ft
small room, 11 ft by 8 ft
small room, 16 ft by 11 ft
small room, 12 ft by 10 ft
four cells, 8 ft by 4.5 ft
one cell, 8 ft by 7 ft
main hall, 50 ft by 7 ft
cross hall, 37 ft by 4 ft

A request for the construction of porticos (porches)
costing $160.91 was submitted to the Army on 31
March 1883 (MS 266, file 1, AHS).
An 1889 report on the buildings states:
Building No 15.—One story part of adobe and part
of stone, dirt roof covered with tin, height of building 14 feet, porch in front, has 6 rooms and 5 cells.

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell 21

house was set at $10.00 (Arizona Daily Citizen 1896).
The building was probably stripped of materials after the 1896 auction sale. A photograph taken in the
early 1900s and on exhibit at the Fort Lowell Museum, shows that the door and the window frames
had been removed, along with the roof.
In June 1937, the building was reported to be in
ruins (AHS photograph 12887). In 1976, at least one
portion of the stone walls was several feet tall (Fort
Lowell Inventory Form, MS 265, black binder in box,
AHS). Today, it is visible only as a set of rock and
mortar foundations that protrude slightly from the
ground surface.
As part of the mapping phase of this project, the
foundations were lightly swept to expose their alignments, and the outlines of the visible walls were
mapped (Figure 12). The rock alignments are probably well preserved below the modern ground surface.
Bake House
The bake house was located south of the guardhouse. This was an L-shaped structure where bread
(and probably other baked goods) was prepared for
the post’s troops. A well was located a short distance
north of this building (see Figure 11) (MS 266, file 1,
AHS).
An 1875 report states:
The post bakery measures 31-1/6 by 15-¼ feet, and
has an addition for the ovens; this extension is 131/3 by 18-1/6 feet, external measurement. The
building is divided into three rooms; one, the bake
room is 12 by 15-7/12 feet, another is 11-5/12 by
4-7/12 feet, the third 11-5/12 by 6-7/12 feet is used
as a sleeping room by the baker. The walls of this
house are 10 feet high; the ventilation is at the
eaves. Capacity of the ovens, two hundred rations
(Fort Lowell ephemeral file, AHS).

Figure 11. Close-up of the Fort Lowell guardhouse, bakery, and adjutant’s office from the 1876 map.
1 room 19’8 x 10\9’, and 4 cells 5’ x 7’ are of stone,
the other rooms & cell are of adobe 1 room 19’8” x
14’, 2 8’ x 17’, 1 11’ x 18’, 1 10’ x 11’ and one cell 7’
x 8’, there is also a yard enclosed with adobe walls
30’ x 49’ and 9 feet high. Building used as Post
Guard House, cost not known, date of construction supposed to be 1875” (MS 266, file 4, AHS).

The building was in use until 1891. At the 18 November 1896 auction, the starting bid for the guard-

A request for an additional room for the bake
house “to mix and handle dough away from the heat
of the ovens” along with repairs to the smoky chimney, were not approved after a request was submitted on 13 July 1876. The addition was proposed for
the south side of the building and would have measured 18 ft long (east-west) by 15 ft wide (northsouth) (Figure 13). A map drawn for the request reveals that the two ovens of the bake house were
located on the west side of the building in a room
measuring about 16 ft long (north-south) by 12 ft
(east-west), while a flooring estimate from 31 March
1883 indicates the “old building” room measured
30 ft long by 12 ft wide (MS 266, files 1 and 2, AHS).
In April 1882, it was reported: “Roof of tin and
good, but needs painting. Walls in good condition.
Plastering in side needs some repairs. Doors and

22 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell

bakery was probably extensively disturbed by placement of the large underground fuel storage tank,
although additional portions of the building are
likely present below the modern ground surface.

Guard House

Adjutant’s Office

N
True

Fort Lowell Adkins Steel Property

Meters

Tucson, Pima County, Arizona

0

Feature 15: Guard House

5
Feet

Fort Lowell - AZ BB:9:40(ASM)
0

20

Desert Archaeology, Inc.

2007

Key
Stone Wall Foundation

Rubble

Figure 12. Visible wall alignments of the Fort Lowell
guardhouse.

windows need slight repairs and painting, one room
required flooring.” A manta cloth ceiling was installed in the bake house in 1882, costing $14.50 and
requiring 70 yards of cloth. Other repairs done in
that year included the installation of a floor in one
room (probably the oven room) and repairs to two
doors and some windows (MS 266, file 2, AHS).
In March 1883, a request for porticos (porches)
costing $154.16 for the bakery was submitted to the
U.S. Army (MS 266, file 1, AHS).
The bakery was described in an 1889 report.
“Building No 16.—One story adobe, porch in front,
dirt roof covered with tin, has two (2) rooms 16’ x
18’ & 12’ x 27’6”, also has a single bake oven, used
as Post Bakery, cost not known, date of construction supposed to be 1875” (MS 266, file 4, AHS).
The building was appraised at $8.00 in 1896, prior
to the post-fort auction (Arizona Daily Citizen 1896).
In June 1937, the L-shaped building was in ruins.
No surface indications for this structure are present
today. During the removal of a large underground
fuel storage tank in August 2007, a section of a fired
brick and mortar foundation that likely formed part
of this structure was located. These remains will be
discussed in the separate monitoring report. The

The adjutant’s office was the location of administrative offices, court martial trials, and the post library (Peterson 1976:9-10). It was present on the
south side of the bake house. The 1876 map of Camp
Lowell indicates the structure had three equal-sized
rooms on the northern side of a central (east-west)
hallway and a single room on the south side (see
Figure 11). Between 1884 and 1888, the post library
was located within the building (Weaver 1947:85).
In April 1882, a report stated that the adjutant’s
office had: “Roof of tin in good order but needs painting. Doors and windows need slight repairs and some
painting. Three rooms and hall should be floored….
This building contains four rooms and a hall, with
an aggregate capacity of two thousand, five hundred
square feet floor surface.” A wood floor was approved for the building later that month. Other work
done in the building included repairing windows,
doors, and other woodwork (MS 266, file 2, AHS).
On 31 March 1883, a request for the installation
of porticos (porches) for the adjutant’s office, priced
at $480.66, was submitted to the U.S. Army (MS 266,
file 1, AHS).
An 1889 description of fort building states:
Building No 17.—One story adobe, porch on 3
sides, dirt roof covered with tin, has 4 rooms &
hall, 2 15’ x 18’, 1 18’ x 18’, 1 18’ x 50’, Hall 11’ x
50’. Building used as office by Comd’g Officer and
First Adj’t, Library & School Room, and Quarters
for Sergt Major and Regt Qr Mr, Sergt 4th Cavalry, cost not known, date of construction supposed
to be 1875 (MS 266, file 4, AHS).

The administrative building was appraised at
$15.00 prior to the post-fort auction (Arizona Daily
Citizen 1896). Following the abandonment of the
post, the adjutant’s office was stripped of wood elements. A photograph on display at the Fort Lowell
Museum, dating to the early 1900s, shows the
roofless structure already experiencing erosion
around door and window openings. In June 1937, it
was reported to be in ruins.
No evidence for the adjutant’s office is currently
visible on the ground surface. It is uncertain if subsurface remains of this adobe structure are present.
Parade Ground
The parade ground was a flat, cleared area in the
center of the fort (see Figures 5 and 6). A row of cot-

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell 23

Figure 13. Map of the Fort Lowell bakery with a proposed addition, 1876.

tonwood trees and an acequia were present along its
south side. The post flagpole was located in front of
the commander’s quarters, on the southern side of
the parade ground, east of the Fort Lowell-Adkins
Steel property. Mesquite trees were present along
the west side of the ground. This area was the location of training exercises, typically conducted in the
morning (Fort Lowell ephemeral file, AHS).
The parade ground is invisible on the modern
ground surface of the Adkins Steel property. It may
be possible to see the tamped surface of the parade
ground, the adjacent acequia, or the planting holes
of the cottonwood trees through careful archaeological fieldwork.

Figure 14. Close-up of Fort Lowell officer’s quarters no.
1, no. 2, and no. 3, their kitchens, and their privies.

Officer’s Quarters
The three officer’s quarters on the Fort LowellAdkins Steel property are arranged in a row, running northwest to southeast (Figure 14). The commanding officer’s quarters and four additional
officer’s quarters were immediately to the east. The
officer’s quarters (and presumably their kitchens and
privies) were constructed in 1874-1875 (Peterson
1976:10). Military documents suggest they were
numbered from 1 on the west to 3 on the east.

The 1876 map suggests the western three differed
slightly in their floor plans. In April 1882, a report
stated:
There are seven buildings or sets of Officers Quarters. Roofs of tin in good condition with the exception of needing a good coat of paint. Walls in
good condition with few exceptions. Doors, windows, and other woodwork are generally more or

24 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell

less warped and imperfect from climate effect, and
need considerable minor repairs and painting.
These can be put in fair condition at a comparatively small cost…About thirty six screen doors
are required for summer use. Each set of Quarters
should have a floored porch built all around as a
protection against the intense heat which prevails
for a good part of the year. The area between the
mail building and the kitchens (without side walls)
are covered with dirt roofs, are very leaky, and
many of the Vegas (rafters) are warped and weakened by the weight of the dirt so that there is danger of the roofs falling ion. I would recommend
that these roofs be repaired and covered with tin.
Quarters No. 1 contains nine rooms counting
kitchen and store rooms, with an aggregate capacity
of one thousand nine hundred and thirty square feet
of floor surface… (MS 266, file 2, AHS).

of labor and materials—not exceeding, say seventy five (75) dollars….

On 7 March 1879, a report by James Biddle on
the condition of the officer’s quarters stated: “In the
rainy season the water leaks through the mud roofs
and makes them almost uninhabitable and certainly
unhealthy.” He recommended that tin rather than
shingle roofs be placed over the dirt roofs because
the tin was “better in every way, and would last
longer, besides they would cost less” (MS 266, file 1,
AHS).
A report prepared on 1 July 1879 states that:

The new roofs were subsequently approved on 29
July 1879 (MS 266, file 1, AHS).
Work conducted on the quarters in 1882 included
the repair and painting of doors, windows, and other
woodwork, replastering of exterior walls (18 days
work for a skilled mason and a helper for the six
quarters), and installation of a manta ceiling in the
kitchen and another room of an unspecified quarters (MS 266, file 2, AHS). On 31 March 1883, a request for construction of porticos (porches) for each
of the three quarters was submitted to the U.S. Army.
They were priced at $515.85 each (MS 266, file 2,
AHS). Another request was for flooring and “hand
brick” chimneys and hearths to be installed in three
rooms of quarters no. 1 (kitchen and dining room)
and two rooms in quarters no. 2 and no. 3 (including the kitchen) for between $82.27 and $86.37. Another report stated that doors and window frames
needed resetting. At that time, the post surgeon was
living in quarters no. 3 (MS 266, file 2, AHS).
According to the recollections of Mrs. Ben Heney
in 1936 (she lived at the fort as a child), one of the
residents of officer’s quarter no. 3 was Colonel
Cornelius C. Smith (Maguire 1938). In 1882, seven
married officers (two with children) and six single
officers lived in the six quarters assigned to officers
(Schuler n.d.). In the mid 1880s: “there are now four
officers (some of whom are married) living in two
sets of quarters, necessitating the use of common
halls, yards, etc., a very objectionable arrangement…” (MS 266, file 3, AHS).
In an 1889 buildings report prepared by the Quartermaster General, descriptions of the quarters were
provided. Unfortunately, it is uncertain which quarters are referred to, because they are not numbered
the same as other documents, which number them
from left to right as 1 through 7. In this document,
Building No. 1 is the commanding officer’s house,
which is usually designated No. 4.

There are seven buildings or sets of Officer’s quarters. The roofs of all leak more or less during rainy
weather. These are made of small sticks of a kind
of cactus called sahuaro laid transversely and close
together upon the vegas, or rafters, and covered with
earth the depth of six or more inches in the style
mostly used in this part of the country and generally known as dirt roofs. It is evident that the dirt
was not of the proper kind, nor properly put on
when built as the leakage is far greater than with
ordinary private houses in this vicinity. There is as
much dirt now on the roofs as it is advisable to put
with regard to the safety of the occupants—and this
remark will apply to all the buildings at the Post.
Some of the Vegas are decayed and cracked and it
would perhaps take about thirty new ones at an
aggregate cost of about three hundred and fifty
($350.00) dollars, counting cost of labor and materials to replace the unserviceable ones.
The adobe walls are in good condition, with a few
exceptions, where they have been slightly damaged by leakage—and if roofs were repaired or
renewed soon—the walls might be repaired at a
nominal cost say, not to exceed one hundred (100)
dollars and last for an indefinite time.
The doors and windows are some of them warped
and rickety owing to the effect of dryness of this
climate upon wooden fabrics made up in California. This can, however, be repaired at slight cost

No. 1 contains nine rooms counting kitchen and
closets or storerooms, with an aggregate capacity
of two thousand, one hundred and fifty (2,150) sq.
ft. floor surface.
No. 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 each contains seven rooms,
counting kitchen and hall with an aggregate capacity of nineteen hundred and thirty (1930) sq.
ft. floor surface to each set… No additions, alterations or repairs have been made during last year,
excepting a few rooms have been floored, one in
quarters No. 1 since my arrival at the Post, (April
1st, 1879) and some minor, but necessary repairs
of doors and windows—these at no estimable cost
in money (MS 266, file 1, AHS).

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell 25

Building No. 2.—One story adobe, Porch in front
and both sides, height of building 14 feet, has dirt
roof covered with tin, has six (6) living rooms, 2
14’6” x 18’, 1 15’ x 15’, 1 12’ x 12’, 1 10’ x 21’, 1 7’ x
15’6”, and bath room 10’6” x 11’, also Hall 7’ x
15’6” has one story adobe kitchen separated from
main building with two (2) rooms Kitchen 15’ x
15’ Servants Room 15’ x 15’. Building now used as
Quarters by Capt. I. A. Mason, 4th Cavalry, cost
of building not known date of construction supposed to be 1875.
Building No 3.—Same as building No. 2, excepting that it is used as quarters by 1st Lt. C. H.
Murray, 4th Cavalry.
Building No 4.—Same as building No. 2, excepting that there are two (2) bathrooms, not occupied,
recently used as quarters by Lt. W. E. Wilder, 4th
Cavalry (MS 266, file 4, AHS).

The three officer’s quarters “5 rooms hall and
buildings” were each appraised at $50.00 prior to
the November 1896 auction (Arizona Daily Citizen
1896). Photographs taken in 1901 show that officer’s
quarters no. 1 had been stripped of its roof, door
frames, and window frames (Figures 15 and 16).
Portions of the adobe walls, especially above the
window openings, were starting to fall. Officer’s
quarters no. 2 appears to have been intact, with only
a section of the western parapet missing. Officer’s

quarters no. 3 was intact and had a wood addition
at the southwestern corner of the building (AHS
photographs 61561 and 270989).
In 1936, the western two officer’s quarters had
walls standing and the third quarters was occupied.
The third officer’s quarters was documented by the
Historic American Building Survey in 1940, with a
plan view map, cross sections, and exterior façade
and detail drawings (Figure 17). These reveal that
the original house had seven rooms (two bedrooms,
a dining room, zaguan [hallway], living room, pantry, and kitchen), with a bath added to the southwestern corner of the house, and porches on the
north and south facades. Corner fireplaces were
present in each bedroom and in the living room. The
house has remained largely intact since the 1940
HABS documentation.
A. E. (Gene) Magee (1907-1999) was an electrical
engineer and pilot who photographed many locations in Tucson from the air. His photographs of Fort
Lowell, taken in the 1940s and 1950s, show the general area was mostly undeveloped, with a series of
fields along the south side of the fort. Several photographs of the east side of Fort Lowell show ruins
of the eastern three officer’s quarters, the hospital,
and the infantry company quarters. A third photograph, looking south, provides a detailed look at the
Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel property (Figure 18). The
second and third officer’s quarters are apparently

Figure 15. Photograph of Fort Lowell Officer’s Row, with officer’s quarters no. 1 on the far right (AHS/SAD 27089).

26 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell

Figure 16. Photograph of Fort Lowell Officer’s Row, with officer’s quarters no. 3 and its wooden addition (AHS/SAD
61561).

roofed, as is the second kitchen. The first officer’s
quarters has been reduced to perhaps a single roofed
room. A concrete water tank is present directly behind it. West of the first quarters is a standing portion of the wall that once enclosed the backyard. Two
homes are visible toward the front of the lot.
A photograph taken on 25 October 1960 (AHS
24,888) shows the east side of the third quarters. The
house appears to be in good condition and was occupied. An evaporative cooler is visible in a window, and a back porch is attached to the southern
side of the building.
In contrast, the second officer’s quarters and its
adjoining kitchen were heavily damaged in April
1970 in a fire, according to a property card from the
Pima County Assessor’s office. It has remained a ruin
since that time. Officer’s quarters no. 1, which was
partially roofed in the 1930s to 1940s, has since become a ruin, with a few sections of interior walls
still standing.
Pima County Assessor’s cards, updated in 1976,
note that the third officer’s quarters was “unoccupied—house in state of decay—historical value
only.” The second officer’s quarters was described
as “2nd house on lot #039 abandoned—in state of
decay walls and roof crumbling… was burned 4-111970 per owner.” However, a survey of Fort Lowell

buildings in 1976 indicates the third officer’s quarters was occupied at that time (Bieg et al. 1976:33).
Two University of Arizona archaeology students,
Michael Faught and Ken Matesich, lived in the quarters in the mid-1970s. Matesich states that the house
had been vacant for several years and that he and
Faught made minor repairs in an attempt to make
the building more livable (Ken Matesich, personal
communication to Arthur Stables 2007). One of the
Adkins granddaughters subsequently lived in the
house in the 1990s and 2000s.
The first and second quarters and their kitchens
were mapped in September 2007 as part of the
present project (Figure 19). These buildings are in
ruins, lacking roofs and with portions of their walls
collapsed. These buildings are also being stabilized
as part of the preliminary work conducted by Pima
County. The third officer’s quarters is in much better condition, but is starting to deteriorate due to its
leaking roof. Pima County is also currently undertaking emergency stabilization of this building.
Officer’s Kitchens
Each of the officer’s quarters had a summer
kitchen located a few feet south of the main house.
These kitchens were made from adobe brick with

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell 27

Figure 17. Historic American Building Survey drawings of Fort Lowell officer’s quarters no. 3. (Courtesy, Library of
Congress.)

flat roofs and originally had dirt floors. The 1876 map
indicates each kitchen was divided into two rooms
with a probable porch present on the southern side
of each kitchen (see Figure 14). One of the two rooms
was used as servant quarters, and the other was a
kitchen where cooking took place during the hot
summer months (Schuler n.d.).
On 1 July 1879, it was reported: “All the kitchens
need flooring… Painting: All the doors, windows,
blinds, washboards &c, and at least one good coat
of paint at a cost of about two hundred and twentyfive (225) dollars counting labor and material” (MS
266, file 1, AHS). The floors appear to have been installed sometime after 1882, when the initial request
for flooring was denied (Weaver 1947:75). A partially
burned wooden floor is present in the kitchen for
officer’s quarters no. 2.
There was a question about if the third kitchen
was ever built. However, it is present on the 1876
map, although it does not appear on the 1930s
Maguire map. The most likely explanation is that the

kitchen for the third officer’s quarters was demolished, and no visible traces were present by the 1930s.
In June 1937, the westernmost kitchen was in ruins, and the second kitchen was occupied. The Historic American Building Survey prepared documentation of the second kitchen in 1940. Plan view and
profile drawings were prepared by Louis Williams.
Fireplaces or stoves were present in the southeastern and northwestern corners of the building. On 6
July 1940, photographer Donald W. Dickensheets
documented this structure with a photograph looking to the west. A poured-in-form concrete foundation had been retrofitted around the exterior of the
lower foundation. Concrete capping blocks (which
probably date to 1920, based on newspapers adhering to their undersides) were present along the
roofline. According to the Pima County Assessor’s
card, the structure burned in 1970.
The first and second kitchens were mapped in
September 2007 (see Figure 19). Both buildings are
in ruins and are being stabilized by replacing adobe

28 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell

Unidentified
Structure

Infantr

y Com
pa

ny's Q
uarters

Unidentified
Structure

Well
Unidentified
Structure

Company Kitchens
Parade

Ground

Infantry
Company's
Quarters

1930's
CCC
Erosion
Control
Features?

Hospital

Hospital Kitchens
Office

r's/Co

ttonwo

od Ro

w

Commanding
Officer's Quarters
Officer's Quarters
(No.6)

Officer's Quarters
(No.7)

Adobe Wall

Officer's Quarters
(No.8)

Adobe Wall

Officer's Quarters
(No.9)

Adobe Wall

Privy

Historic Fort Lowell
Tucson, Pima County, Arizona

Meters

Fort Lowell Ruins ca. 1940's

N

0

True

0
Desert Archaeology, Inc.

2007

Feet

30
120

Basemap: 1940's aerial photographs
(AHS PC177F74-188 & AHS PC 177F74-195)

Figure 18. Aerial photograph of Fort Lowell from the 1940s, looking to the southwest (AHS/SAD PC 177, File 74, #188
and #195).

Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell 29

F20: Officer's Quarters No. 1

F25: Officer's Quarters No. 2

D
Bathroom

W
D

D

D/B

D

W

D

D
D

W

C

C

W

D
D

D

Porch
W

D

W
W
D
Chimney
Porch

F26: Kitchen No. 2

F21: Kitchen No. 1

Fort Lowell Adkins Steel Property
Tucson, Pima County, Arizona

Fort Lowell - AZ BB:9:40(ASM)
Features 20, 21, 25, & 26
Officer's Quarters & Kitchens No. 1 & 2

Key
Adobe Wall

D

Meters

Door

Concrete Wall

W

Window

Rubble Mound

C

Cupboard

Indistinct Wall Alignment

D/B

Doorway/Blocked

0

N

5
Feet

True

0

20

Desert Archaeology, Inc.
2007

Figure 19. Archaeological remains of Fort Lowell officer’s quarters no. 1 and no. 2 and their kitchens in 2007.

bricks where necessary and by capping the top of
the existing walls.
Officer’s Privies
The officer’s privies were built from adobe brick
and were located along the adobe wall at the back
of the officer’s quarters’ backyards (see Figure 13).
The privy pits for officer’s quarters nos. 4-7 were
excavated by Alfred Johnson in 1960. Privy no. 4 had
a pit measuring 1.65 m long, 1.25 m wide, and 1.20
m deep. The dimensions of the structure were not
reported. The back patio wall was also the back wall
of this privy. The adobe foundation of privy no. 5
was 2.45 m long and 2.00 m wide. The actual privy
pit was 1.95 m long, 1.30 m wide, and 1.30 m deep.
The privies for quarters no. 6 and no. 7 were nearly

identical to privy no. 5. Privy no. 6 had two coats of
plaster on the interior (Figure 20).
The privies for quarters nos. 1-3 were located behind (south of) the kitchens, along the back wall of
the walls enclosing the backyards. They had adobe
walls and probably a wooden door. The type of roofing is unknown. No photographs of these privies
have been located. In June 1937, the three were reported to have “walls fallen” (AHS photograph
12887). The privies were reportedly dug twice each
by artifact collectors in the 1960s. Ken Matesich reports that the walls of the third privy were visible in
the 1970s (personal communication to Arthur Stables
2007).
A depression for the privy for officer’s quarters
no. 1 is visible on the ground surface in August 2007.
No evidence for the other two privies was visible.

30 Cultural Resources Assessment for the Fort Lowell-Adkins Steel Property within Historic Fort Lowell

-

Figure 20. Plan view and cross section drawing of the privy at Fort Lowell
officer’s quarters no. 6, excavated in 1960 (AHS/SAD MS 265).

Backyard Enclosing Walls
Adobe walls were constructed to enclose the
backyard of each of the officer’s quarters. These
adobe walls are depicted on the 1876 map, and are
noted on the 1937 map of the fort as still standing.
These adobe walls were likely built directly on the
existing ground surface.
A small portion of the wall separating the backyard of officer’s quarters no. 2 and officer’s quarters
no. 3 was located in September 2007. The upper surface of the wall is flush with the ground and is barely
visible. Its location should be marked to prevent
people from driving over it.

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