City of Tucson Water Department Water Quality Management Division 2008 Annual Water Quality Report INSIDE: Where does my water come from? Were there any contaminants in my drinking water? Detailed information on detected contaminants Information on CAP and TARP Contact information and more! This Annual Water Quality Report provides information on your drinking water. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) requires that all drinking water suppliers provide a water quality report to their customers on an annual basis. This report also contains important information on the quality of your water and contact information you may wish to use. If you are a nonEnglish speaking resident, we recommend that you speak with someone who understands the report. You may also obtain a copy in Spanish by calling 791-4331. Para nuestros clients de habla español: Éste informe contiene información muy importante sobre la calidad de su agua beber. Traduscalo o hable con alguien que lo entienda bien. Para obtener una copia de este reporte en Espanol, llame al (520) 791-4331. WHERE DOES MY WATER COME FROM? Tucson Water serves about 734,000 people in the Tucson area. The water supply comes from approximately 200 groundwater wells located in and around the Tucson metropolitan area (see map). In urban Tucson, most of the wells (also known as Entry Points to the Distribution System or EPDS) serve the neighborhood in which they are located, with excess supply routed to reservoirs for use elsewhere in the system. Wells located outside the urban core often deliver water to a single “collector” main prior to delivery to customers. In these cases, the collector main is termed a “Combined Entry Point to the Distribution System”. The Tucson Water system has four combined EPDS: • The Clearwater well field (which delivers a blend of recharged Colorado River water and groundwater) • The Northern Avra Valley well field • The Santa Cruz well field • The South Side well field, which contains treated water from the Tucson Airport Area Remediation Project (TARP) WERE THERE ANY CONTAMINANTS DETECTED IN MY DRINKING WATER? Tucson Water regularly monitors the drinking water that is delivered to you to comply with drinking water regulations set by the USEPA. In addition to this required monitoring, Tucson Water performs a great deal of discretionary monitoring in order to provide both Tucson Water staff and customers with additional water quality information. We are pleased to report that the results from the monitoring conducted in 2008 met all standards for safe drinking water. Three inorganic contaminants of special interest are arsenic, fluoride, and nitrate. Fluoride and arsenic are naturally occurring and tend to increase as water is drawn from greater depths in our aquifer. Nitrate, on the other hand, is typically found in higher concentrations near the surface of the aquifer because it is frequently associated with fertilizer use, septic tanks and other human activities. For more information, please see the Detected Contaminants Table on page 4 and the detailed information, which follows the table. In most cases, the minimum detection level of a contaminant is well below the USEPA regulatory limit for that contaminant. The table on page 4 lists the contaminants that were detected in the required drinking water monitoring. To compare the detected amount with the maximum amount allowed by the USEPA, refer to the Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) column in the table. The vast majority of regulated contaminants were not detected in the drinking water delivered by Tucson Water and those non-detected results were not included in the table. For a complete list of all USEPA regulated contaminants, contact the USEPA at 1-800-426-4791 or visit the USEPA Webster at www.epa.gov/safewater/mcl.html#mcls 2 WHY ARE THERE CONTAMINANTS IN MY DRINKING WATER? DO I NEED TO TAKE SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS? All drinking water, including bottled water, may reasonably be expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants. Tucson’s groundwater contains dissolved minerals and organic compounds, which have been leached from the rock, sediments, and plant materials through which the water travels. One would expect to find beneficial minerals such as calcium and magnesium, harmless minerals such as chloride, bicarbonate, and sulfate, and metals such as iron, copper, arsenic, and lead, which may be either beneficial or harmless at low concentrations, but harmful at high concentrations. In addition to these naturally occurring contaminants, our groundwater may contain contaminants resulting from industrial or domestic activities. For this reason, water utilities must currently monitor for approximately 90 regulated and 25 unregulated contaminants. While the Safe Drinking Water Act regulations are intended to protect consumers throughout their lifetime, some people may be more vulnerable to infections from drinking water than the general population. These “at-risk” populations include: immuno-compromised persons such as persons with cancer undergoing chemotherapy, people who have undergone organ transplants, people with HIV/AIDS or other immune system disorders, and in some cases, elderly people and infants. These people should seek advice about drinking water from their health care providers. USEPA/CDC guidelines on appropriate means to lessen the risk of infection by cryptosporidium and other microbial contaminants are available from the USEPA’s Safe Drinking Water hotline. The following language is required by the USEPA to appear in this report, some of which may not be applicable to deep groundwater wells, the primary source of the Tucson Water supply: Contaminants that may be present in source water can include: • Microbial contaminants, such as viruses and bacteria, which may come from sewage, septic systems, agricultural livestock, and wildlife. • Inorganic contaminants, such as salts and metals, which can be naturally-occurring or result from urban stormwater runoff, industrial or domestic wastewater discharges, oil and gas production, mining, or farming. • Pesticides and herbicides, which may come from a variety of sources such as agriculture, urban stormwater runoff, and residential uses. • Organic chemical contaminants, including synthetic and volatile organic chemicals, which are byproducts of industrial processes and petroleum production, and can also come from gas stations, urban stormwater runoff, and septic systems. • Radioactive contaminants, which can be naturally occurring or be the result of oil and gas production and mining activities. HOW CAN I HAVE BETTER TASTING WATER? It may be stating the obvious, but water drawn from the tap may have a chlorine odor. It may have also been in contact with your pipes for several hours or longer. It may contain dissolved air, and it may be warmer than you desire. You can improve the taste of your drinking water by simply drawing it after other water uses, which brings fresh water to the tap, then allowing it to stand several hours or longer in a clean odor-free pitcher or bottle. You can store your water either on the kitchen counter or in the refrigerator, depending on which temperature you prefer. If you store the water in the refrigerator, you may want to be sure it is capped to help prevent picking up refrigerator odors. In order to ensure that tap water is safe to drink, USEPA regulations limit the amount of certain contaminants in water provided by public water systems. Food and Drug Administration regulations establish limits for contaminants in bottled water that must provide the same protection for public health. Bottled water may come from either a surface water source or groundwater source, and may be treated minimally or extensively. For information on the quality of your bottled water, contact the water bottling company. 3 Detected Contaminants Table Contaminant Maximum Result CCR Range MCL MCLG Major Sources of Contaminant Disinfection By-Products (DPB) Haloacetic acids (HAA) Dibromoacetic Acid 1.4 ppb <1 - 1.4 ppb None By-product of chlorination Total Haloacetic Acids (5) 1.4 ppb <1 – 1.4 ppb None By-product of chlorination Running Annual Average for HAA5 < 2 ppb 60 ppb Trihalomethanes (THM) Bromodichloromethane 2.3 ppb <0.5 – 2.3 ppb 0 ppb By-product of chlorination Bromoform 10.1 ppb <0.5 – 10.1 ppb 0 ppb By-product of chlorination Chloroform 0.6 ppb <0.5 – 0.6 ppb 0 ppb By-product of chlorination Chlorodibromomethane 7.1 ppb <0.5 – 7.1 ppb 0 ppb By-product of chlorination Total Trihalomethanes 19.5 ppb <0.5 – 19.5 ppb 0 ppb By-product of chlorination Running Annual Average for TTHMS 7.6 ppb 80 ppb Inorganics Arsenic 6.2 ppb <2.0 – 6.2 ppb 10 ppb 0 ppb Natural deposits Barium 0.09 ppm 0.04 – 0.09 ppm 2 ppm 2 ppm Natural deposits; Industrial Uses Fluoride 1.1 ppm <0.1 – 1.1 ppm 4 ppm 4 ppm Natural deposits Nitrate (as N) 7.4 ppm 0.37 – 7.4 ppm 10 ppm 10 ppm Natural deposits; septic tanks; agriculture; sewage Sodium 61 ppm 43 – 61 ppm None None Natural deposits Radiochemical Adjusted Gross Alpha 1.3 pCi/L 1.3 – 1.3 pCi/L 15 pCi/L 0 pCi/L Natural Deposits Uranium 6.3 ppb 1.5 – 6.3 ppb 30 ppb 0 ppb Natural Deposits Lead and Copper in Standing Water Samples Contaminant No. of Samples Above 90th Percentile Action MCLG Major Sources the Action Level Value Level Lead One 2.0 ppb 15 ppb 0 Corrosion of household plumbing systems Copper None 0.12 ppm 1.3 ppm 1.3 ppm Corrosion of household plumbing systems Microbiological Contaminant Months with % of Positive Samples Total # of Samples MCL MCLG Major Sources Coliform Detections for the Month Collected for the Month Total Coliform April 0.4 250 ≤5% 0 Naturally present in environment Maximum Residual Disinfection Level (MRDL) Contaminant Annual Monthly Average MRDL MCLG Major Sources of Contaminant Average Range Chlorine 0.89 ppm 0.82 – 0.97 ppm 4 ppm 4 ppm Disinfection additive used to control microbes 1 The MCL for microbiological contaminants is 5% of the total number of samples collected in the month.  The MCL for microbiological contaminants is 5% of the total number of samples collected in the month. DRINKING WATER TERMS AND DEFINITIONS: Action Level. The concentration of a contaminant which, if exceeded, triggers a treatment or other requirement which a water system must follow. Entry Point to the Distribution System (EPDS). All water sources are monitored at the entry point to the distribution system before the first customer but after any required treatment. Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL). The highest level of a contaminant that is allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to the MCLGs as feasible using the best available treatment technology. If a contaminant is believed to cause health concerns in humans, then the MCL is set as close as practical to zero and at an acceptable level of risk. Generally, the maximum acceptable risk of cancer is 1 in 10,000 with 70 years of exposure. Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG). The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety. Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level (MRDL). The highest level of a disinfectant allowed in drinking water. There is convincing evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of microbial contaminants. Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal (MRDLG). The level of a drinking water disinfectant below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MRDLGs do not reflect the benefits of the use of disinfectants to control microbial contaminants. Parts Per Billion (ppb). Some constituents in water are measured in very small units. One ppb equals one microgram per liter. For example, one part per billion equals: 2 drops of water in a 15,000 gallon backyard swimming pool, one second of time in 31.7 years, or the first 16 inches of a trip to the moon. Parts Per Million (ppm). One ppm equals one milligram per liter or 1000 times more than a ppb. One part per million equals: 1/4 cup of water in a typical 15,000 gallon backyard swimming pool or one second of time in 11.6 days. Picocurie Per Liter (pCi/l). The quantity of radioactive material in one liter which produces 2.22 nuclear disintegrations per minute. 4 DETAILED INFORMATION ON DETECTED CONTAMINANTS Haloacetic Acids (HAA5) are a group of chemicals that are formed along with other disinfection byproducts when chlorine or other disinfectants used to control microbial contaminants in drinking water react with naturally occurring organic and inorganic matter in water. The regulated haloacetic acid compounds, known as HAA5, are monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid. Under the Stage 2 Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule, USEPA has established an MCL of 60 parts per billion. The annual HAA5 average for 2008, calculated from 19 locations, was not detected at 2 ppb. The minimum detection limit for the laboratory method used in the analysis for HAAs is 2 ppb (the MCL is 60ppb). Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs) are formed when chlorine combines with naturally occurring organic material in water. Since the level of organic matter in our groundwater is extremely low, these compounds are found at very low concentrations. The compounds which make up the TTHMs include bromodichloromethane, bromoform, chlorodibromomethane, and chloroform. The highest result for TTHM during 2008 was 19.5 ppb and the highest concentration for any of the four compounds was 10.1 ppb for bromoform. Compliance with the TTHM standard is based on the running quarterly average (or a single annual average if sampling once a year) concentration from 19 distribution monitoring points. The running annual average for TTHMs in 2008 was 7.6 ppb (the MCL is 80 ppb). Arsenic is a naturally occurring substance commonly found in groundwater in the southwestern United States. EPA has finalized a reduction in the arsenic drinking water standard from 50 ppb down to 10 ppb. All water utilities were required to have met this reduced standard by January 2006. While your drinking water meets USEPA’s reduced standard for arsenic, it does contain low levels of arsenic. USEPA’s new standard balances the current understanding of arsenic’s possible health effects against the cost of removing arsenic from drinking water. USEPA continues to research the health effect of low levels of arsenic which is a mineral known to cause cancer in humans at high concentrations and is linked to other health effects such as skin damage and circulatory problems. The highest arsenic concentration detected during 2008 was 6.2 ppb (the MCL is 10 ppb). Fluoride is an important naturally occurring mineral that helps to form healthy teeth and bones. A concentration of 1 ppm is considered optimum. At concentrations above 2 ppm, fluoride can cause mild discoloration of teeth, and exposure at above the MCL of 4 ppm can cause both severe discoloration of teeth and over many years of exposure, bone disease. The highest level of fluoride detected during 2008 was 1.1 ppm in one well (the MCL is 4 ppm). Nitrate is a form of nitrogen and an important plant nutrient. Tucson Water performs more frequent monitoring of wells high in nitrate for extra assurance that action can be taken when approaching the MCL. Nitrate in drinking water at levels above 10 ppm is a health risk for infants of less than six months of age. High nitrate levels in drinking water can cause blue baby syndrome. Nitrate levels may rise quickly for short periods of time because of rainfall or agricultural activity. If you are caring for an infant you should ask advice from your heath care provider. The highest level for nitrate during 2008 was 7.4 ppm (the MCL is 10 ppm). Sodium is the sixth most abundant element on Earth and is widely distributed in soils, plants, water, and food. A goal of 2400 mg/day dietary sodium has been proposed by several government and health agencies. Drinking water containing between 30 and 60 ppm would contribute only 2.5 % to 5% of the dietary goal if tap water consumption is 2 L/day. Currently, there is no MCL for sodium in drinking water. The recommended EPA guidance level for individuals on a very low sodium diet (500 mg/day) is 20 ppm in drinking water. The average sodium level in Tucson water during 2008 was 52 ppm. Drinking water does not play a significant role in sodium exposure for most individuals. Those who are under treatment for sodium-sensitive hypertension should consult with their health care provider regarding sodium levels in their drinking water supply and the advisability of using an alternative water source or point-of-use treatment to reduce the sodium. Barium occurs naturally at very low concentrations in our groundwater. The highest barium value in 2008 was 0.09 ppm (the MCL is 2 ppm). 5 DETAILED INFORMATION ON DETECTED CONTAMINANTS (continued) Coliform Bacteria are commonly found in the environment and in the digestive tract of animals. While rarely harmful, Coliform bacteria in drinking water are indicators that the water may also contain harmful microorganisms. In 2008, there was only one positive total coliform sample for the entire year. The recollect samples were negative. The highest monthly percentage positive was 0.4 % which occurred in April. (The MCL is 5% per month or not more than 12 positives in the 247 samples collected each month.) Chlorine Residual Disinfection is maintained throughout the distribution system. Approximately 0.8 ppm of chlorine is added to the drinking water supply at well sites, reservoirs and other facilities to provide assurance that water delivered to customers will remain free of microbiological contamination. This also ensures that the water meets microbiological drinking water standards from the time it is pumped from the ground until it reaches the customer’s tap. Chlorine Residual Disinfectant is measured from 247 sample stations where the bacteriological samples are collected monthly. The annual chlorine residual disinfectant is calculated using the monthly chlorine averages for the past 12 months. The annual average for twelve months of 2008 was 0.89 ppm. The maximum was 0.97 ppm (The Maximum Residual Disinfectant Limit or MRDL is 4 ppm). Adjusted Gross Alpha is a measure of radioactivity due to naturally occurring minerals in groundwater. This excludes the radioactivity contributed by either radon or uranium. In 2008, a representative EPDS was sampled for adjusted gross alpha. The highest level for adjusted gross alpha during 2008 was 1.3 picocuries per liter or pCi/L (the MCL for gross alpha radioactivity is 15 pCi/L). Uranium is a metallic element, which is highly toxic and radioactive. The highest level for uranium during 2008 was 6.3 ppb (the MCL is 30 ppb). Lead and Copper are naturally occurring metals, which are generally found at very low levels in source waters. If present, elevated levels of lead can cause serious health problems, especially for pregnant women and young children. Lead in drinking water is primarily from materials and components associated with service lines and home plumbing. Tucson Water is responsible for providing high quality drinking water, but can not control the variety of materials used in plumbing components. When your water has been sitting for several hours, you can minimize the potential for lead exposure by flushing your tap for 30 seconds to 2 minutes before using water for drinking or cooking. If you are concerned about lead in your water, you may wish to have your water tested. Information on lead in drinking water, testing methods, and steps you can take to minimize exposure is available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at http://www.epa.gov/safewater/lead. The required lead and copper monitoring was performed during 2008. The 90th percentile value was 2 ppb for lead (Action Level is 15 ppb) and 0.12 ppm for copper (Action Level is 1.3 ppm). One sample was above the action level for lead. A second confirmation sample was collected from this residence using the proper procedure. No lead was detected in the second sample. There were no samples above the action level for copper. 1,4-Dioxane was first detected in 2002. The laboratory’s minimum reporting limit for this chemical is 1 ppb, with the highest concentration in 2008 at 2.1 ppb. 1,4 dioxane is used primarily as a stabilizer in chlorinated solvents, particularly 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA). At this time, USEPA has not set a drinking water standard for this compound. Therefore, it is not listed on the Detected Contaminant Table in page 4. However, the EPA Office of Drinking Water has a Health Advisory Level of 3 ppb. 6 UCMR Data Availability Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Regulation sampling was conducted by Tucson Water during the fourth quarter of 2008, results of which were non-detects. Unregulated contaminants are those that don’t yet have a drinking water standard set by USEPA. The purpose of monitoring for these contaminants is to help EPA decide whether the contaminants should have a standard. As a Tucson Water customer, you have the right to know that this data is available. If you are interested in examining the results, please contact the Water Quality Division by calling 791-2544. SOURCE WATER ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (SWAP) HOW IS OUR DRINKING WATER TREATED? The groundwater delivered by Tucson Water meets all drinking water standards without treatment, with the exception of the water supplied from the Tucson Airport Area Remediation Project or TARP (See below). However, approximately 0.8 ppm of chlorine is added to the drinking water supply at well sites, reservoirs and other facilities to provide assurance that water delivered to customers will remain free of microbiological contamination. This also ensures that the water meets microbiological drinking water standards from the time it is pumped from the ground until it reaches the customer’s tap. Additionally, to elevate the pH in the Clearwater blend, approximately 1.8 ppm of sodium hydroxide, also known as “caustic soda”, is added to the blend prior to delivery to customers to achieve a target pH of 8.1. This ensures that the delivered water is not corrosive. Corrosive water can damage metallic plumbing and leach metals such as copper and lead from certain plumbing fixtures (see Lead and Copper information). The Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) has completed a source water assessment for Tucson Water drinking water wells. This assessment reviewed the adjacent land uses that may pose a potential risk to the water sources. These risks include, but are not limited to gas stations, landfills, dry cleaning, agricultural fields, wastewater treatment plants, and mining activities. The assessment has classified approximately 1/3 of our wells as high risks. Tucson Water ensures the safety of our drinking water by conducting regular monitoring of all sources. If any contamination approaches the drinking water MCL, the source is removed from service. Residents can help protect our water sources by practicing good septic system maintenance, limiting pesticide and fertilizer use, and by taking hazardous household chemicals to the Household Hazardous Waste Program (visit http://www.deq. pima.gov/waste/householdhaz.html or call 791-4502). MORE ABOUT TARP The Tucson Airport Area Remediation Project (TARP) was developed in order to clean and make beneficial use of water contaminated with the industrial solvent trichloroethylene (TCE). Tucson Water operates TARP under an agreement with the USEPA and other industrial and governmental agencies. All costs associated with operating and maintaining the TARP facility are fully reimbursed to Tucson Water. The complete SWAP report is available for review at ADEQ, 1110 W. Washington, Phoenix, Arizona or by requesting an electronic copy by contacting ADEQ at 800-234-5677. WHAT ABOUT CAP WATER? The City of Tucson has rights to approximately 144,000 acre-feet of Colorado River water per year, delivered through the Central Arizona Project (CAP). In 2008, the City of Tucson’s Colorado River allocation was not used directly, but a portion of this allocation was recharged into the aquifer. At the end of 2008, Tucson Water was using approximately 90% of its available allocation. At the Clearwater Renewable Resource Facility located in Avra Valley, Tucson Water is recharging a portion of the City’s available CAP supply by delivering the river water to shallow basins and allowing the water to percolate (or recharge) naturally through the earth to reach and blend with the groundwater below. Tucson Water began delivery of this blend of recharged Colorado River water and groundwater in 2001. At the end of 2008, the blend was about 50% native groundwater and 50% recharged Colorado River water. Over time, it will contain an increasing percentage of recharged Colorado River water. Information on the quality of this blend is contained in the detected contaminant table, and more information is available on Tucson Water’s web site. Nine wells extract the contaminated water and deliver it through a pipeline to a treatment plant that removes the TCE from the water. The TARP treatment plant uses an “air stripping” process which forces volatile contaminants such as TCE to evaporate from the water into air. The air is then passed through activated carbon filters, which removes the airborne TCE. The TARP plant is designed to treat approximately 8.4 million gallons of water per day (or 5,800 gallon per minute). During 2008, this plant treated a total of approximately 2.394 billion gallons of water. The treatment system removed 317 pounds of combined VOCs from the groundwater. MONITORING WAIVERS 7 The Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, the regulatory agency for all public water suppliers in Arizona, grants waivers for certain monitoring requirements. Waivers are granted for specific contaminants if previous monitoring results, and/or the land uses within a half-mile radius of the well, allow ADEQ to conclude that the risk of contamination by a specific substance is very low. No monitoring waivers were in use for 2008. PRSRT STD US POSTAGE City of Tucson Tucson Water P.O.Box 27210 Tucson, AZ 85726-7210 PAID TUCSON, AZ PERMIT NO. 426 WHOM DO I CONTACT FOR MORE INFORMATION? For more information on this Tucson Water report, contact Mohsen Belyani with the Water Quality Management Division. Call 791-2544 or e-mail your questions to mohsen.belyani@tucsonaz.gov. WERE THERE ANY MONITORING FAILURES OR VIOLATIONS? The Water Quality Management Division also publishes the following reports: • • Annual Microbiological Report detailing the results of monthly distribution system monitoring. Annual Turbidity Report, evaluating the clarity of the water throughout the year. In 2008, Tucson Water also collected a large amount of additional monthly water quality data. The results of this additional monitoring are available on the Tucson Water web site, www.tucsonaz.gov/water/. Tucson’s Mayor and Council set policy and direction for Tucson Water, including those policies that may impact water quality. Mayor and Council meetings are normally held each Tuesday and are open to the public. Mayor and Council meeting agendas and other opportunities for public comment are published at www.tucsonaz. gov/mcc. Customers of Tucson Water may leave a recorded message on the Mayor and Council Comment Line at (520) 791-4700. Telephone Numbers: Tucson Water Public Information Office Tucson Water Quality Management Division Tucson Water Customer Service/Billing Tucson Water 24 hour Emergency United States Environmental Protection Agency Safe Drinking Water Hotline USEPA Website City of Tucson TTY# Tucson Water in collaboration with ten community partners and the USEPA has established the Environmental Monitoring for Public Access and Community Tracking Program (EMPACT) which is designed to provide the community with more information about your drinking water. For more information please call 791-2666 or visit our web site at www.tucsonaz.gov/water/ 791-4331 791-2544 791-3242 791-4133 1-800-426-4791 www.epa.gov/safewater/ 791-2639 The approximate cost for each individual report, including postage was 33 cents. 8 At the end of each quarter, Tucson Water conducts an internal audit of compliance monitoring records to verify that all required monitoring has been completed and reported to the State. There were no monitoring failures or violations during 2008. Si usted desea este documento escrito en español, por favor, llame al 791-4331.