MAPPING PIMA COUNTY, ARIZONA

Prepared by
Members of the
Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan Team

August, 2002

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Ed Curley and Joy Mehulka for
sharing their map collections.
Thanks to Paul Matty for
researching the many Pima County maps
used in this report.
Thanks to Recon staff for
providing maps and other materials and for
reviewing the text.
Thanks to John Regan for
his help in providing maps and
reviewing the text.
Thanks to Linda Mayro for
helping locate the archaeological maps and
providing helpful suggestions.

Text and research for this report by Barbara Tellman.
Graphic design and cover by Art Brandt.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.

Introduction ............................................................................ 1

II.

Historic Maps .......................................................................... 7

III.

Use of Maps for Various Purposes .......................................... 31

IV.

Use of Maps for The Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan ....... 71

V.

Where to Get More Information about Maps
and Mapmaking ...................................................................... 89

Figures
1-1 1483 Map of the World ...........................................................
1-2 Decorative artwork from a 1654 Spanish map .......................
1-3 Decorative detail from an 18th century Spanish map .............
1-4 Artwork from a 19th century map of North America ..............
1-5 Mountains in a 19th century map of Canoa ...........................
1-6 Mountains in an early Spanish map of Mexico ......................
1-7 Mountains in an 1850s map of the boundary ........................
1-8 Elevation change shown on a 20th century map ....................
1-9 Measuring location in 18th century England ..........................
1-10 Determining location in 18th century Holland .......................
1-11 Determining distance in 21st century Arizona ........................
1-12 A 16th century mapmaker in Germany ...................................
1-13 A 21st century mapmaker in Arizona ......................................
1-14 Examples of depictions of scale ..............................................
1-15 Examples of direction indicators ............................................
1-16 Ways of projecting a curved world on a flat surface ..............
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Petroglyph map from Sonora .................................................. 7
America Septetrionalis in the 17th century ............................. 8
America Septetrionalis in the 18th century ............................. 9
1740 French map of North America ....................................... 10
An 18th century map of North and South America ................ 11
Mexico and New Spain in 1749 .............................................. 11
Father Kino’s map of Nouveau Mexique ................................ 12
1775 map of the Pacific Coast and Papagueria ....................... 13

Table of Contents

2-9
2-10
2-11
2-12
2-13
2-14
2-15
2-16
2-17
2-18
2-19
2-20
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2-32
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2-34
2-35
2-36

Estados Unidos de Mexico detail in 1847 ............................... 14
Presidio of Tubac in the 17th century ...................................... 15
The United States of Mexico in the 1840s. ............................. 15
Canoa Land Grant ................................................................... 16
Route of the Mormon Battalion in 1846-47 ........................... 16
Mexico, California and Oregon in 1850 ................................. 17
Nebraska, Kansas, New Mexico and the Indian Territories
in the 1850s ............................................................................. 18
Emory’s map from the survey of the boundary in 1846 ........ 18
Illustration from Emory’s report ............................................. 19
A portion of John Parke’s 1854-55 survey for a railroad ........ 19
View of Tucson from Bartlett’s report ..................................... 20
Gray’s map of Proposed Arizona Teritory in 1857 .................. 21
1859 map of the United States and Mexico ........................... 22
Asher and Adams 1873 map of Arizona ................................. 23
Detail of the Asher and Adams map ....................................... 23
George Roskruge ...................................................................... 24
Detail of Roskruge’s 1893 map of Arizona .............................. 24
1928 map of Arizona ............................................................... 25
1938 map of Arizona ............................................................... 25
Map of the Four Corners area before 1881 ............................. 26
Roskruge’s map of the Aribac Land Grant .............................. 27
Walled town of Tucson in the 1860s ...................................... 27
George Hand’s Tucson 1870-1880 .......................................... 28
The first official map of Tucson .............................................. 29
Surveyor’s ad ........................................................................... 29
A 1886 Sanborn Fire Insurance map of downtown Tucson ... 29
1918 map of the Mexican townsite of Ajo ............................. 30
San Xavier Indian Reservation in the early 1900s .................. 30

3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8

Aztec Mining Claim in 1877 ................................................... 31
Field of Operations map from the 1870s ................................ 32
The Military Department of New Mexico in 1864 ................. 32
Annotated stagecoach road map from 1867 ........................... 33
The El Paso and Fort Yuma Wagon Road in 1857-58 ............. 34
Streams and trails in 1870 ....................................................... 35
Proposed Tucson and Gulf of California Railroad in 1861 ..... 35
Roads along the border in 1869 .............................................. 36

i

3-9
3-10
3-11
3-12
3-13
3-14
3-15
3-16
3-17
3-18
3-19
3-20
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3-33
3-34
3-35
3-36
3-37
3-38
3-39
3-40
3-41
3-42

The road between Tucson and Nogales in 1912 ..................... 36
Major routes in Arizona in the 1930s ..................................... 37
Tucson traffic flow in 1941 ..................................................... 38
1981 traffic volumes in Tucson ............................................... 38
Bus routes and service frequencies in Tuson 1969 ................. 39
Alternative freeway interchange design in 1968 .................... 39
Internal auto trips in 1960 ...................................................... 40
Heliograph system in the 1860s ............................................. 41
Military telegraph 1887 ........................................................... 41
Territorial post offices ............................................................. 41
Proposed Sabino Canyon Dam in 1906 .................................. 42
Rillito River and irrigation canals in 1907 .............................. 42
Desert Watering Places in 1925 ............................................... 43
Depth to water in the Tucson area 1970 ................................. 44
Tucson International Airport Superfund Site in the 1980s .... 44
Areas of potential subsidence 1940-2030 ............................... 45
Detail of the Tucson Water distribution system in 2000 ........ 45
Population growth and density in downtown Tucson 1920 .. 46
Population growth and density in downtown Tucson 1947 .. 46
Map of the Rillito Creek floodplain in 1969........................... 47
Aerial photo of the Rillito Creek floodplain in 1969 .............. 47
Map of the new Tucson Mountain Park in the 1930s ............ 48
The Mt. Lemmon recreation area in 1959 .............................. 49
Game refuges in 1959 ............................................................. 49
Parks, recreation and open space map in 1978 ...................... 50
A pit structure in the Santa Cruz Valley ................................. 51
Los Morteros ............................................................................ 51
Tucson Presidio ....................................................................... 52
Major Exploration routes 1693-1721 ...................................... 52
1871 General Land Office Survey Map of Tucson .................. 53
Map of an archaeological site showing stratigraphy .............. 53
Geological map of Arizona (detail) ......................................... 54
Effects of the 1887 earthquake................................................ 55
Perennial and intermittent streams and lines
of equal rainfall 1912 .............................................................. 55
3-43 Lines of equal rainfall 1983 .................................................... 56
3-44 The Sonoran Desert and average rainfall in different regions 56
3-45 Potential annual evapotranspiration in Arizona .................... 57

ii

3-46 Range of the ringtail cat and least weasel in 1923 ................. 58
3-47 Javelina in the Pusch Ridge area in 1950 ................................ 58
3-48 Critical and Sensitive Wildlife Habitats
of Eastern Pima County .......................................................... 59
3-49 Side trips around Tucson in 1912 ........................................... 60
3-50 The way to Colossal Cave in 1950 .......................................... 60
3-51 Pictorial guide to Southern Arizona 1950s ............................. 61
3-52 Railway adventure in 1894 ..................................................... 61
3-53 Tucson as tourist attraction in 1979 ....................................... 62
3-54 The “Great Threat” in the 1880s ............................................. 63
3-55 The Tucson Mountain Park Area Plan in 1978 ....................... 64
3-56 The Tortolita Mountains Portion
of the Marana Land Use Plan in 1999 .................................... 64
3-57 Urban suitability 1975 ............................................................ 65
3-58 Tucson area shopping centers in the 1960s ............................ 66
3-59 Juvenile court referrals in 1975 ............................................... 66
3-60 1990 employment density ...................................................... 67
3-61 Housing type by planning district .......................................... 67
3-62 Growth of the City of Tucson 1877 to 1958 ........................... 68
3-63 Annexations by the City of Tucson 1905 to 1960 .................. 69
3-64 1975 Contained growth map .................................................. 70
4-1

Schematic of the database for the Cultural
and Historic Resources Element of SDCP ............................... 72
4-2 One of the layers that contribute to the list of priority areas
in the Cultural and Historic Resources Element of SDCP ...... 73
4-3 Areas most in need of protection of cultural resources .......... 74
4-4 Shallow groundwater areas in Pima County .......................... 75
4-5 Schematic of the general process for habitat modeling ......... 76
4-6 Some of the many environmental variables used
in habitat models .................................................................... 77
4-7 Example of a habitat map for the Red-backed
whiptail lizard ......................................................................... 78
4-8 Overlay process for creating composite
land cover data layer ............................................................... 79
4-9 Proposed interior reserve boundaries ..................................... 80
4-10 Priority biological resources .................................................... 81
4-11 Single family residential homes in eastern Pima County ...... 82

Table of Contents

4-12
4-13
4-14
4-15

The “built environment” in eastern Pima County ................. 83
Sewer service areas and taxes paid per acre ............................ 84
Agricultural and ranching lands in eastern Pima County ...... 85
Private and state vacant land in Recovery Area 3 ................... 86

Table of Contents

iii

I. INTRODUCTION
This book presents a very broad overview
of the history of mapping of Pima County and
surrounding areas. It includes representative
samples of maps of the area but is not intended to be an atlas of all the maps made of Pima
County. Such as book would be many hundreds of pages long because so many maps have
been made from the sixteenth century to the
present. This book is not intended to be a history of cartography. Many excellent books
that examine this topic are listed in Chapter V.
For many years the main purpose of
maps was to indicate how to get from one
place to another. As new lands were explored, an important purpose was to delineate discoveries, often for the purpose
of claiming sovereignty over a territory. For example, the Spaniards and Portuguese divided up discovered lands in
North America so it was important to
them to decide which lands belonged to
which country. By the twentieth century
mapping techniques had improved so much
that new uses had been found for maps. Maps
have been used for planning purposes, determining geological and hydrological features,
planning infrastructure, delineating floodprone
areas, predicting earthquakes and other hazards,
mapping vegetation and wildlife, setting political boundaries and many other purposes as
shown by the maps that follow.
Mapping is used today in the Sonoran
Desert Conservation Plan (SDCP) for a multi-

Introduction

tude of purposes. The ability to create many
information layers, which can then be superimposed on each other, plays an important role
in decision making for the SDCP.

Fig. 1-1 One mapper’s view of the
world in 1483 before Europeans knew
about what is now Pima County.
Other mapmakers of this period knew
much more about the outline of
places such as Africa.

The Development of Mapping Techniques
The sophisticated mapping techniques that
are at the core of the Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan have their origins far back in history. In addition to gaining information from
exploration of lands, cartographers and explorers had to solve problems of determining and
depicting distance and direction, and portraying the curved surface of a nearly spherical
earth on a 2-dimensional surface.
We are so accustomed to aerial and satellite photography today, that it is difficult to imagine how the early explorers mapped their world entirely from
observations from the surface of the
earth and sea. Many early maps were
conjectured from theories of what
ought to be according to factors such
as religious dogma. Gradually, however, exploration clarified many of the
unknowns and speculation, leading to
modern, highly accurate maps.
Explorers and mapmakers usually
worked under very difficult conditions
and could only carry the most necessary
equipment.
The development of mapmaking also depended on the invention of the printing press
and later computers as well as the modern printer that utilizes electronic files.
The products of the Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan would not be possible without
the contributions of hundreds of unknown
mappers and inventors in the past.

1

Art work was an important element of
many of the European maps of the 16th to 19th
centuries. Mapmaking was an art more than a
science and where geographic knowledge was
limited, art work assumed great importance.

Fig 1-3 Decorative detail and title block from a Spanish map made in the 18th century.

Fig. 1-2 Decorative artwork from a Spanish map
made in 1654.

Fig. 1-4 Elaborate artwork filling the entire lower left corner of a 19th century map of North America
by H.S. Tanner.

2

Introduction

Showing elevation depended both on determining the elevation and on portraying that
to the viewer. The modern map in Fig. 1-8,
while perhaps less artistic, is far more precise
than the earlier versions, although the inexperienced map reader may find it more difficult
to decipher.

Fig 1-7 Depiction of mountains in a map of the
Mexican survey of the U.S.-Mexico boundary in
the 1850s.

Fig. 1-6 Depiction of mountains in an early
Spanish map of Mexico.

Fig. 1-5 A depiction of mountains in a 19th
century map of Canoa.

Introduction

Fig. 1-8 Depiction of elevation change in a 20th
century U.S.G.S. topographic map of the San Pedro
River near Redington.

3

Fig. 1-9 A simple way of measuring
distance in 18th century England.

Fig. 1-12 A 16th century mapmaker at work in
Germany.

Fig. 1-11 John Regan using a GPS
system to determine distance and
location in 21st century Arizona.

Fig. 1-10 Determining location in 18th century
Holland.

4

Mapping Then and Now
The powerful mapping tools available today
make it possible to produce a great variety of
detailed maps for specific purposes. Aerial photography and now satellite photography
present views unimaginable to the historic cartographers. Anyone equipped with a GPS system can immediately determine his/her precise
location. How modern tools are used
for SDCP is discussed in Chapter IV.

Fig. 1-13 A 21st century mapmaker at work in
Arizona, John Regan making SDCP maps.

Introduction

Determining latitude and longitude posed
real problems for early explorers and sea captains. Once the compass was invented latitude
became relatively simple to determine and direction could be determined by watching celestial bodies such as the North Star on a clear
night. Longitude–distance east and west–was
much more difficult. Sea captains often had
difficulty knowing just how far they had gone,

especially with cross winds and waves and under cloudy skies. The English government offered a large prize to anyone who solved this
problem and many ingenious solutions were
proposed. The true solution ultimately depended on invention of an accurate clock. In an
interesting book, Ava Sobel tells of the many
attempts and John Harrison’s 40-year search for
the true solution to the longitude problem.

Fig. 1-14 The earliest maps did not indicate the scale to show the distance on the earth that is represented by
a distance on the map. The first is from a 1660 French map, the second from a modern atlas, the third and fourth
from 1757 and 1730 German maps. Note the need to state measurements from several countries in the bottom
map, while in the modern map, there are only two types needed. Note that all the maps in this report have been
much reduced from the scale of the original maps.

Introduction

Fig. 1-15 On the earliest maps, north could be
anywhere on the map. By the 16th century, north
was generally up and the location of north
indicated. The map roses above are examples of
ways of doing this. On modern maps, north is
usually indicated by an arrow.

5

How to show a nearly spherical 3-dimensional
world on a 2-dimensional surface was a major
challenge for cartographers. The first is used
frequently in atlases and by the U.S.G.S. for
certain purposes. Shapes are correct along parallels but increasing distorted at the poles. The
second is a projection developed by Mercator
in 1569 and is most accurate in the equatorial
regions and most distorted at the poles. It is
commonly used in maps today. The third projection was invented in 1820 and was in common use until the 1950s but is considered obsolete today. It is best suited for large areas
with a north-south orientation. The bottom
projection is increasingly in use today by groups
such as the National Geographic Society. It reduced distortion at the poles considerably but
has some distortion. For further information
see the U.S.G.S. Poster Map Projections.

Fig. 1-16 Several ways of projecting a curved world
on a flat surface from the 2002 U.S.G.S. Map
Projections Poster .
Note the use of various projections in the maps
in this report, especially that in some of the maps,
lines of latitude and longitude are straight while
in others they are curved.

6

Introduction

II. HISTORIC MAPS
Spanish discoveries and maps
New Views of the World
For most of human life on earth, people’s view
of the world was limited to what they could experience personally by traveling on foot or later
horseback or boat. Some early civilizations used
rock art to depict places. More extensive mapping
came along with the invention of writing and
expansion of geographic horizons. The Mediterranean civilizations began to map their explorations into other lands. Greek, Roman, and Arabic travelers mapped the coast of Africa and Europe and explorations in the interior of the continents. Europeans knew little or nothing of the
world beyond the great oceans, and people on the
other side of the ocean knew virtually nothing about
Europe.
Period of the Conquistadors
When the first Spanish explorers reached Pima
County from the south they were entering what
was for them unknown territory. The natives who
lived in the area, of course, were quite familiar with
their homeland, but as far as we know did not make
maps, although Native Americans in other areas
did. The earliest Spanish maps show how knowledge of the region gradually progressed. Spanish
ships sailed along the coast of what is now Mexico and California and up the Gulf of California.

Historic Maps

Fig. 2-1 This prehistoric rock art map from Sonora
depicts a village, farm fields, and canals. The map
(top) corresponds to an archaeologist’s map of
the site itself (bottom).

It was apparent to some of these explorers that what
is now Baja and California up to San Francisco Bay
was one large island. Father Kino’s explorations
ultimately determined that Baja was a peninsula.
The earliest maps show confusion about the
Colorado and Gila Rivers, some showing just one
river extending eastward into Arizona. What is
now Pima County was at that time the northernmost extent of Pimeria Alta, which extended far
into Mexico. The major roads were north and south
and as far as possible followed the rivers. The Camino
Real extended from Tucson Presidio into the interior of Sonora. The Camino del Diablo went across
what are now the Tohono O’odham Nation and
the Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge. Along
this route water sources were far apart and knowledge
of where to find water was crucial to survival.
After the Mexican revolution what is now Pima
County became a part of Mexico. Knowledge of
the region had expanded greatly and the Gila and
Colorado Rivers were fairly accurately placed. After
Mexico ceded and later sold parts of Arizona to the
United States mapping the international boundary became an important goal.
Much more information about historic trails
and exploration of Pima County is available in
Suzanne Bott’s SDCP report Trails, Rails, and Roadways
in Pima County.

7

Fig. 2-2 America Septetrionalis 17th century. Note in this map that the coasts of Baja and California are
mapped but the notion persists that that area is an island all the way to San Francisco Bay. This notion
lasted in maps long after Baja was shown to be a peninsula. Courtesy Arizona State Library map collection.

8

Historic Maps

Fig. 2-3 America Septetrionalis 18th century. Note that Baja and California are no longer
depicted as an island. The entire unexplored northwest is left totally blank. Courtesy
Arizona State Library map collection.

Historic Maps

9

Fig. 2-4 A French map from 1740 showing much more coastal detail than other maps, but still
indicating the lack of knowledge of the American Southwest or unexplored areas inland. Courtesy
Arizona State Library map collection.

10

Historic Maps

Fig. 2-5 An 18th century English
map of North and South America.
Longitude is measured from London.

Fig. 2-6 Partie de Mexique ou de la Nouvle Espagne by the French mapmaker, Roubert de Vaugondy,
1749. Courtesy the University of Arizona Library.

Historic Maps

11

“I spoke to them of the Word of God and on
the map of the world I showed them the lands,
the rivers, and the seas over which we fathers
had come from afar to bring them the saving
knowledge of our Holy Faith. …And I showed
them on the map of the world how the Spaniards and the Faith had come by sea to Vera
Cruz, and had gone into Puebla and to Mexico, Gaudalaxara, Sinaloa, Sonora, and now
…the land of the Pimas…” Father Kino speaking to the residents of Bac (which later became
San Xavier del Bac). In Kino, Historical Memoirs 122-123.

Fig. 2-7 A map based on Father Kino’s explorations. His depiction of the Santa Cruz and
San Pedro rivers were quite accurate because they were based on personal observation.

12

Historic Maps

Fig. 2-8 Mapa Correspondiente al Diario que Forme E.L. P.E. Pedro Font del Viace que Hizo a
Monterrey y Puerto de San Francisco y del Viage que Hize El. P. Garces al Moqui 1775. From
Hinton’s Handbook to Arizona. 1878.

Historic Maps

13

Fig. 2-9 Mapa de los Estados Unidos de Mexico. 1847. Courtesy Arizona State Library map collection.

14

Historic Maps

Fig. 2-11 The United States of Mexico in the
1840s. Courtesy Arizona State Library map
collection.

Fig. 2-10 The Presidio of Tubac and farm fields. This is one of a series of maps made by Spanish
cartographers and is amazingly accurate. The channel of the Santa Cruz River is very similar to
today’s channel and many of the buildings indicated by black squares have been found in archaeological
excavations in the places marked.

Historic Maps

15

Fig. 2-12 San Ignacio de la Canoa Land Grant.
The exact boundaries of the Spanish and Mexican
land grants were tested in courts to determine
land ownership claims into American times. While
some of the grants were legitimate, in other cases,
wildly exaggerated claims were discounted in
court. Maps played an important role in
determining who had the right to specific lands.
Canoa is in the Green Valley area and preservation
of the historic ranch is an element of SDCP. Courtesy
Arizona State Library map collection.

16

Fig. 2-13 The route of the Mormon Battalion led by Lt. George Cooke in 1846-47 under the military
command of Gen. Stephen Watts Kearny. One charge of this group was to map out a wagon road to
California.

Historic Maps

Fig. 2-14 A New Map of Mexico, California & Oregon by A.M. and E.P. James 1850. Note that Pima
County is in Sonora. Courtesy Arizona State Library map collection.

Historic Maps

17

Accurate surveys of the border were needed and both Mexico and the U.S. appointed
official surveyors to do the job. Politicians had
determined the boundary with little geographic
information or concern for natural boundaries
such as mountains, although parts of the
boundary followed the center of rivers such as
the Rio Grande. While geographically meaningful, since rivers move around in their channels, the boundary itself could move. This is
an issue today for the boundary between Arizona and California that is based on the Colorado River which has changed in places so that
what should be Arizona is now in California
and vice versa. Paula Rebert describes mapping
the boundary in detail in La Gran Linea.
As more and more people settled in the
area the U.S. General Land Office, later the
Bureau of Land Management, conducted systematic surveys of the state.

Fig. 2-15 A New Map of Nebraska, Kansas and
the Indian Territories. Courtesy Joy Mehulka.
Mapping in the Early Territorial Period
The United States acquired parts of Arizona by treaty in 1848, but Pima County was still
in Mexico. In 1854 the U.S. purchased lands
south of the Gila River to what is now the international border and Pima County changed
from a Mexican territory to an American one.
Even before this, however, travelers were crossing Pima County to get to the California gold
fields and groups such as the Mormon Battalion gathered useful geographic information.

18

Fig. 2-16 Emory’s map of the journey Oct. 21st
- Nov. 8th, 1846. Note the similarities to Cooke’s
map. Emory had traveled with the Mormon
Battalion as surveyor and scientist. From W. Emory
Report on the U.S. and Mexico Boundary Survey
1859.

Historic Maps

Fig. 2-17 Scientists and artists were an important
part of the official U.S. boundary survey. This is
one drawing from Emory’s United States and
Mexican Boundary Survey.

Fig. 2-18 A portion of John G. Parke’s Survey for A Railroad of 1854-55.

Historic Maps

19

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo specified
a vague boundary line that needed to be
mapped by Mexican and U.S. surveyors for the
details. Here is a section of the treaty indicating what the surveyors were to determine. The
boundary line was to continue from the Rio
Grande “…thence westwardly along the whole

Southern Boundary of New Mexico (which runs
north of the town called Paso) to its western
termination; thence northward along the western line of New Mexico until it intersects the
first branch of the river Gila (or it should not
intersect any branch of that river, then, to the
point on the said line nearest to such branch,

and thence in a direct line to the same) thence
down the middle of said branch and of the said
river, until it empties into the Rio Colorado,
thence, across the Rio Colorado, following the
division line between Upper and Lower California, to the Pacific Ocean…”

Fig. 2-19 An artist accompanied Bartlett on his survey and depicted unusual sights such as this
saguaro-studded hill overlooking the small town of Tucson. Narrative of Explorations and Incidents.
1854.

20

Historic Maps

Major Explorations that Included Pima County
1687-1710 . Father Eusebio Kino
1774-76 ..... Juan Batista de Anza
1775-76 ..... Francisco Garces
1846-47 ..... Lt. Cooke and the Mormon Battalion
1852 .......... John Bartlett

1854-55 ..... John G. Parke
1849-57 ..... U.S.-Mexico Boundary Commissions
1854 .......... Andrew B. Gray
1860s on ... Land Office Cadastral Surveys
1891-94 ..... Boundary Resurvey

Fig. 2-20 Map of the Proposed Arizona Territory in 1857 by A.B. Gray.

Historic Maps

21

Fig. 2-21 1859 map of the United States and Mexico, showing Arizona as a separate territory south
of the New Mexico Territory. Although this division was proposed, it never happened.
22

Historic Maps

Fig. 2-22 Asher and Adams 1873 map of Arizona. Courtesy Joy Mehulka.

Historic Maps

Fig. 2-23 The eastern Pima County portion of the Asher and Adams map.

23

Fig. 2-24 George Roskruge was Pima County’s
preeminent surveyor in the last quarter of the 19th
century. He later became Surveyor General of
the United States. He is shown here in full Free
Mason regalia.

Fig 2-25 Detail of the 1888 Official Map of Pima County by George Roskruge.
Mining districts are indicated by rectangles. Note that Santa Cruz County is now
a separate county.

24

Historic Maps

Fig. 2-26 1885 Geo. F. Cram map of Arizona. Both maps this page courtesy
Ed Curley.

Historic Maps

Fig. 2-27 1889 Rand, McNally & Co. map of Arizona.

25

26
Historic Maps

Fig. 2-28 The Four-Corners Region before 1881. Map courtesy Ed Curley.

Some of Pima County’s Towns

Fig. 2-29 The Aribac (Arivaca) Land Grant as drawn by George Roskruge.
Courtesy University of Arizona Library, Special Collections.

Historic Maps

Fig. 2-30 The Walled Town of Tucson in the 1860s. Note
that north is on the left. Courtesy Arizona State Library map
collection.

27

Fig. 2-31 George Hand’s Tucson 1870-1880. Courtesy Arizona State Library map collection.

28

Historic Maps

Fig. 2-33
Surveyor’s
newspaper ad from the
1870s.

Fig. 2-32 The first official map of Tucson. Courtesy Arizona State Archives map collection.

Fig. 2-34. One of the Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps of
Tucson for 1886. Such maps were used for calculating
fire insurance risks and rates.

Historic Maps

29

Fig. 2-35 Map of the Mexican townsite of Ajo made for the New Cornelia Copper Company in
1918. Courtesy Arizona State Library map collection.

30

Fig. 2-36 San Xavier Indian reservation and
cultivated lands. Produced by the U.S. Indian
Irrigation Service in the early 1900s. Courtesy
University of Arizona map collection.

Historic Maps

III. USE OF MAPS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
There are many ways in which maps are
used, only a few of which are explored in this
chapter. They are used to depict, analyze and
plan in areas such as:
• Agriculture and irrigation facilities
• Archaeological and historical features
• Communications systems
• Crime patterns
• Economics and business trends
• Future infrastructure demands
• Geology, hydrology, and soil types
• Health patterns and facility needs
• Land ownership
• Land use
• Military campaigns
• Mining claims
• Parks and recreation facilities
• Political boundaries
• Population distribution
• Racial and economic distribution
• School districts
• Tourism promotion
• Transportation routes
• Vegetation and wildlife

Fig. 3-1 One of the early territorial impetuses to making maps was establishing mining claims.
Certain areas were declared mining districts and claims within those districts delineated. This map
shows the Aztec Mining District in the Santa Rita Mountains in 1877. Courtesy University of Arizona map
collection.

• Voting districts
• Water supplies
• Water quality
• Watercourses and floodplains
• Weather and climate

Uses of Maps

31

Military Campaigns

Fig. 3-3 Map of the Military Department of New
Mexico, prepared by the U.S. Army in 1864.

Fig. 3-2 Field of operations against the Hostile Chiricahua Indians prepared by the U.S. Army in the
1870s.

32

Uses of Maps

Transportation Routes
Transportation maps either show the existing location of roads, trails, and railroads or
are used for planning purposes to develop the
best route for a new road or railroad. In the
twentieth century, new mapping techniques led
to map that analyze features such as traffic volumes in order to project future road needs.

Fig. 3-4 An annotated map of the stagecoach road along the old Butterfield route between Tucson
and Yuma in 1867. The annotations include notes such as “rattlesnake” and “no water.” Note the
importance of places to find water. Courtesy Arizona State Archives map collection.

Uses of Maps

33

Fig. 3-5 The El Paso and Fort Yuma Wagon Road. The section from El Paso to Tucson in 1857-58.
Courtesy of the Arizona State Archives map collection.

34

Uses of Maps

Fig. 3-7 The proposed Tucson and Gulf of California
Railroad in 1861. It was never built. Courtesy
University of Arizona map collection.
Fig. 3-6 Streams and trails in Southern Arizona in 1870. Courtesy Arizona State Library map collection.

Uses of Maps

35

Fig. 3-8 Roads along the border in the early 1900s. Courtesy University of Arizona map collection.

Fig. 3-9 The route between Tucson and Nogales
in 1912 according to the Arizona Good Roads
Association.

36

Uses of Maps

Fig. 3-10 Major routes in Arizona in the 1920s. Arizona Highway Department.

Uses of Maps

37

Fig. 3-11 Tucson traffic flow diagram 1941. Tucson Regional Plan.

38

Fig. 3-12 1981 traffic volumes in Tucson. Pima Association of
Governments.
Uses of Maps

Fig. 3-13 Bus routes and service frequencies in
1969. Tucson Area Transportation Planning
Agency.

Fig. 3-14 One alternative design for freeway interchange construction in 1968. Arizona Highway
Department.

Uses of Maps

39

Fig. 3-15 Internal auto trips
1960. Tucson Area Transportation
Planning Agency.

40

Uses of Maps

Communications

Fig. 3-17 Growth of the military telegraph in Arizona. Courtesy
University of Arizona map collection.

Fig. 3-16 Heliograph System Dept. of Arizona 1860s. Courtesy Fort Huachuca
Military Museum.

Fig. 3-18 Territorial post offices. Pima County section. Courtesy
University of Arizona map collection.

Uses of Maps

41

Water Quantity and Quality
Water-related maps may show streams and
other surface water features including diversions and planned dams. They may also show
features related to groundwater, not visible to
the surface viewer such as depth to water, contamination, or impacts of water withdrawal.

Fig. 3-19 Proposed Sabino Canyon Dam in 1906. This was one of several
proposals to dam Sabino Canyon to provide water supplies for Tucson.

Fig. 3-20 The Rillito River and irrigation canals . From G.E.P. Smith’s 1910 Groundwater supply and
irrigation in the Rillito Valley. Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arizona.

42

Uses of Maps

Fig. 3-21 Desert watering places. Detail from the Quijotoa Area. From Kirk Bryan’s 1925 U.S.G.S
study, The Papago Country, Arizona. Water Supply Paper 499.

Uses of Maps

43

Fig. 3-22 Depth to water in the Tucson area, 1970 W. Osterkamp
1970. U.S. Geological Survey.

44

Fig. 3-23 The plume of groundwater contaminated with TCE on
Tucson’s south side in the 1980s, as determined by the Arizona
Department of Environmental Quality and the Environmental
Protection Agency.

Uses of Maps

Fig. 3-24 Areas of potential subsidence 1990-2030 in the
Tucson Area. Anderson et al. 1988. U.S. Geological Survey.

Uses of Maps

Fig. 3-25 Detail of the Tucson Water distribution system in 2000. Tucson Water.

45

Urban Infrastructure

Fig. 3-26 Population growth and density in 1920 prepared for planning
the sewer system for the city.

46

Fig. 3-27 Population growth and density in 1947 prepared for planning
the sewer system for the city. Maps from Pima County Wastewater
Management Department.

Uses of Maps

Floods and Floodplains
Rivers and floodplains are mapped to
determine areas of past flooding and future
flood and erosion hazards. Aerial photography, developed in the 1830s. plays an important role in helping to determine past
flood locations. Rivers tend to move around,
changing their channels making it difficult
to predict future configurations. In mapping Rillito Creek in 1969, aerial photography played a major role.

Fig. 3-29 Aerial photo of the same section of Rillito Creek in 1969. Both from the Pima County
Department of Transportation and Flood Control District.

Fig. 3-28 Map of the floodplain of a section of
Rillito Creek in 1969.

Uses of Maps

47

Parks and Recreation
Maps are useful for planning recreation
areas and open space and for giving the user
a guide to location of facilities such as campgrounds and hiking trails.

Fig. 3-30 Map of the new Tucson Mountain Park in the 1930s. Pima County Parks Department.

48

Uses of Maps

Fig. 3-31 The Mount Lemmon recreation area
in 1959. US. Forest Service recreational map.

Fig. 3-32 Game refuges in 1959. Arizona Game and Fish Department.

Uses of Maps

49

Fig. 3-33 Parks, recreation, and open space plan. City of Tucson and Pima County 1978.

50

Uses of Maps

Archaeology and History
One of the most important tasks of archaeologists is to provide accurate maps of sites they
are investigating. Accurate location of facilities and artifacts aids enormously in interpreting the data and in some cases for restoration
and preservation. Archaeological and historical maps also map out patterns of sites throughout an area. Chapter IV shows how this type
of map is useful for SDCP.

Fig. 3-34 A pit structure in the Santa Cruz Valley.
Center for Desert Archaeology.

Fig. 3-35 Los Morteros. Center for Desert Archaeology.

Uses of Maps

51

Fig. 3-36 Tucson Presidio archaeology. Center for Desert
Archaeology.

Fig. 3-37 Major exploration routes 1693-1721. Map by Harry Karns. Courtesy
University of Arizona map collection.

52

Uses of Maps

Fig. 3-38 The first official survey of Tucson by
the U.S. General Land Office in 1871. Historians
use these maps to document lands uses and
locations of features such as roads and streams.

Fig. 3-39 Map of an archaeological site showing stratigraphy on the site. Knowledge of the layers
helps in interpretations of the age of artifacts and structures.

Uses of Maps

53

Geology
Geological maps serve many purposes. Establishment of the U.S. Geological Survey in
the late 19th century and later the Arizona
Geological Survey enabled systematic mapping
to occur. Geological maps show rock forma-

tions, soils, occurrence of minerals, oil, and
water, natural hazards, and many other kinds
of features. Topographic maps of Arizona show
not only changes of elevation but also manmade features such as wells or farming areas.

Fig. 3-40 1998. Geological Highway Map of Arizona, Pima County portion. Colors depict geological
features. U.S.G.S. WRI Report 85-4225-C, Tucson, 1989.

54

Uses of Maps

Weather, Climate, and Natural Disasters
Weather and climate maps depict daily
changes in weather as well as long-term
trends that can be used for many purposes.

Fig. 3-4 Areas impacted by the 1887 earthquake.
DuBois, S. and A.W. Smith. The 1887 Earthquake
in San Bernardino Valley, Sonora. Arizona Geological
Survey. 1980.

Uses of Maps

Fig. 3-42 Perennial and intermittent streams and lines of equal rainfall. 1912 Bulletin of the Arizona
Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Arizona.

55

Fig. 3-43 Lines of equal rainfall in the 1983 flood.

Fig. 3-44 The Sonoran Desert and average rainfall in different
regions. Map by T.L. Burgess.

56

Uses of Maps

Uses of Maps
57

Fig. 3-45 Potential annual evapotranspiration in Arizona. Arizona Soils by David Hendricks. 1985.
College of Agriculture, University of Arizona.

Vegetation and Wildlife
Maps are used to map large-scale features
such as the Sonoran Desert or maps of very
specific occurrences of a particular species.
These maps are used for many purposes such
as hunting or designing areas for preservation. The importance of vegetation and wildlife mapping to SDCP is discussed in Chapter IV.

Fig. 3-47 Javelina in the Pusch Ridge area in 1950 according to
the Arizona Game and Fish Department
Fig. 3-46 The range of the ringtail cat in the
south and least weasel in the north according to
Ernest Thomas Seton and the U.S. Biological
Survey in 1923.

58

Uses of Maps

Fig. 3-48 Bill Shaw’s 1988 Critical and Sensitive Wildlife Habitats of Eastern Pima
County. School of Renewable Natural Resources, University of Arizona.

Uses of Maps

59

Fig. 3-49 Side trips around
Tucson in 1912 according to the
Good Roads Association. Note
the wrong placement of the Santa
Cruz River.

Tourism
Maps are used to promote tourism,
showing people where the interesting sites are.
Arizona Highways has been significant in Arizona in using maps to promote recreational
travel.

Fig. 3-50 The way to Colossal Cave in 1950 according to Arizona Highways.

60

Uses of Maps

Fig. 3-51 Pictorial Guide to Southern Arizona. Valley National Bank 1950s.

Fig 3-52 Railway adventure in 1894 according
to a Southern Pacific Company ad.

Uses of Maps

61

Political Commentary
Maps are also be used for political or societal commentary.

Fig. 3-53 Tucson as tourist attraction, with sardonic political commentary according to Royce in
1979. This is a small portion of a large poster.

62

Uses of Maps

Fig. 3-54 The “great threat” posed by Chinese immigration according to Arana, a Mexican artist in
the 1880s. Courtesy University of Arizona map collection.

Uses of Maps

63

Land Use Planning
Maps are vital to land use planning and
zoning. There have been several major comprehensive planning efforts in the Tucson
area since the 1930s. State law required cities and counties to have land use plans delineating land uses in different parts of the
area. The use of land use mapping in SDCP
is discussed in Chapter IV.

Fig. 3-56 The Tortolita Mountains portion of the Future Land Use Plan for
Marana, 1999. Marana Planning Department.

Fig. 3-55 The Tucson Mountain Area Plan in 1978, a part of the Pima
County Master Plan. Pima County Planning Department.

64

Uses of Maps

Fig. 3-57 Urban suitability from the 1975 Regional Comprehensive Plan.

Uses of Maps

65

Fig. 3-58 Juvenile court referrals. 1975 Comprehensive Plan

Fig. 3-59 Tucson area shopping centers in the 1950s. Pima County
Planning Department.

66

Uses of Maps

Social and Economic Analysis
Maps are used to analyze community
elements such as employment, housing, income, race, health, age, and other elements.
The decadal U.S. censuses provide much of
the basic information for these maps.

Fig. 3-61 Housing type by planning district. 1975 Comprehensive Plan

Fig. 3-60 1990 Employment density.

Uses of Maps

67

Population and Land Use Trends
Maps are also used to express long-term
trends such as population growth and to
predict future trends. The Arizona Department of Economic Security and the Pima
Association of Government provide the basis population statistics and projections that
form the official basis for local planning.

Fig. 3-62 Growth of the City of Tucson 1877 to 1958. City of Tucson Planning Department.

68

Uses of Maps

Uses of Maps
69

Fig. 3-63 Annexations to the City of Tucson from 1905 to 1960. City-County Planning
Department 1960.

70
Uses of Maps

Fig. 3-64 Prediction of the lowest cost pattern for growth as analyzed by Booz-Allen in a 1975 report
for the Comprehensive Plan. This report assumed the official numbers for projected population, then
analyzed ways of distributing that population in the area. Booz, Allen, and Hamailton. 1974. Cost/
Revenue Analysis: Fourt Alernate Plans for Growth.

IV. USE OF MAPS FOR THE SONORAN DESERT CONSERVATION PLAN
Sophisticated mapping techniques are vital
to the SDCP. Many of the more than 200 reports
involve mapping of features such as wildlife
habitat, archaeological features, or land use. The
maps are compiled so they are compatible with
each other and easily manipulated to produce
composite maps providing new information.
At the heart of this is the Geographic Information System (GIS). An entire SDCP report,
GIS Primer, explains how it works. In brief, data
bases using geographic information can be
turned into maps that show the information
visually in ways that tables or verbal descriptions
cannot. Information from one data base can
then be visually displayed and layered with information from other compatible data bases to
produce individual layers of information which
can then be compared to other data bases. A
valuable feature of the process is that the data
can easily be updated as things change and new
maps created.
One use of this type of map is to incorpo-

rate it into presentations for technical experts
and the general public. Individual layers can
be shown on the screen, then combined as desired to show cumulative effects, a much more
graphic way of presenting data for interpretation. In some applications, for example, it is possible to use the data so that different parameters can be applied. In one such presentation
it was possible to change the assumptions to
show what the impacts would be under different scenarios. If more homes are built in an area,
the impacts on wildlife or scenic values can be
demonstrated.
Much of the information had previously
been compiled for specific uses outside SDCP.
For example, zoning information is available in
this format for use by the Development Services Department. When zoning details change, the
changes are recorded in the database so that upto-date maps can be made. New SDCP information can be incorporated into data bases used
by various departments.

Some of the Many Map Layers
Available to the SDCP
Land Use
• Current zoning
• Planned land uses
• Agricultural and ranching land
• Industrial and mining uses
Infrastructure
• Wastewater facilities
• Roads
• Water providers and systems
• Landfills
Services
• Schools
• Parks
• Hospitals
Physical Characteristics
• Elevation and slope
• Watercourses and floodplains
• Average temperature and precipitation
Biological
• Occurrence of species
• Potential habitat
Cultural
• Historic and archaeological sites

Maps and SDCP

71

Archaeological and Cultural Maps
In Mapping and Modeling: The Making of the Cultural and Historical Resources Element Report, Pima
County Cultural Resources staff describe the process
they used to develop maps.
In brief, they assembled a team of leading
local historians and archaeologists to help devise a comprehensive system for mapping cultural resources. The next step was to assemble
all available information sources, beginning
with the Arizona State Museum’s AZSITE. This
information system is now in the county’s computer system where the information is kept
confidential to minimize site looting. In addition, information not in the AZSITE system was
collected from places such as the National Park
Service. The Pima County portion of the database, exclusive of Tribal lands has records for
7,643 sites and 2,913 inventory surveys which
is far higher than the professionals originally

projected. Where information was not fully
available, staff estimated data gaps by several
methods.
At an Archaeological Expert Workshop, participants noted that although more than 4,000
sites have been recorded, this represents surveys of only 12.1 percent of the land in the
county. The professionals then analyzed the
areas of missing data to get an idea of the most
current thought on what additional information could gained for the purpose of preservation.
The result was a series of maps of cultural resources with layers that can be arranged
by type of site, period and other criteria.
The team assembled will continue to work
on cooperative efforts to map cultural and archaeological resources and develop protective
programs.

Fig. 4-1 Schematic of the Database for the
Cultural and Historic Resources Element of SDCP.

72

Maps and SDCP

Priority Archaeological
Complexes In
Eastern Pima County

The information depicted on this display is the result
of digital analyses performed on a variety of databases
provided and maintained by several governmental agencies.
The accuracy of the information presented is limited to
the collective accuracy of these databases on the date
of the analysis. The Pima County Department of
Transportation Technical Services Division makes no
claims regarding the accuracy of the information depicted
herein.
This product is subject to the Department of Transportation
Technical Services Division’s Use Restriction Agreement.

Scale 1:160,000

Pima County Technical Services
201 North Stone Avenue 9th Floor
Tucson, Arizona 857011207
(520)7406670 FAX:(520)7983429
http://www.dot.co.pima.az.us

pygmyowl3/cultural/cushman/amls/pcr_complexes.aml

Plotted: 12/12/01

Fig. 4-2 One of the layers that contribute to the list of priority areas in cultural element of SDCP.
Maps and SDCP

73

Priority Cultural Resources
In
Eastern Pima County

The information depicted on this display is the result
of digital analyses performed on a variety of databases
provided and maintained by several governmental agencies.
The accuracy of the information presented is limited to
the collective accuracy of these databases on the date
of the analysis. The Pima County Department of
Transportation Technical Services Division makes no
claims regarding the accuracy of the information depicted
herein.
This product is subject to the Department of Transportation
Technical Services Division’s Use Restriction Agreement.

Scale 1:160,000

Pima County Technical Services
201 North Stone Avenue 9th Floor
Tucson, Arizona 857011207
(520)7406670 FAX:(520)7983429
http://www.dot.co.pima.az.us

pygmyowl3/cultural/cushman/amls/pcr.aml

Plotted: 5/2/02

Fig. 4-3 The combined map showing areas most in need of protection of their cultural resources.
74

Maps and SDCP

Maps and SDCP
75

Fig. 4-4 This is one of several maps by the Pima Association of Governments that delineated perennial
streams, springs, and shallow groundwater areas. These were used for the biological mapping as well as
for predicting which areas were most in danger of loss of water from increased groundwater pumping.

Species and Reserve Design Maps
Leading local biological scientists joined the
SDCP process as volunteer members of the “Science Team.” This team met frequently with
the County and the consultants to determine
which species need special protection, what the
habitat needs are of these special species, where
appropriate habitat exists, and what the threats
are to those species. All this information was
mapped on individual map layers which were
then combined to develop composite maps that
form the basis of recommendations for areas
that would form the core of the biological preserve. That information was in turn combined
with current land use information to develop
the final recommendations.
The process was extremely complex and
involved hundreds of variables, map layers, and
iterations. Only a small part of this complexity can be represented here. For much more
information, see the SDCP report Reserve Design Process Update.

Fig. 4-5 Schematic diagram of the general process for habitat modeling. These and the next four
illustrations by RECON Consulting.

76

Maps and SDCP

Fig. 4-6 Some of the many environmental variables used in habitat modes. Some variables will be
more important to some species than to others. In some cases the species will require that all the
requirements be met, while other species are more flexible.

Maps and SDCP

77

Fig. 4-7 An example of a habitat map for one species, the Red-backed whiptail lizard.

78

Maps and SDCP

Fig. 4-8 The map on the right was created by combining information from three very different maps
of the same location. Map 1 had rather detailed covered of Cienega Creek. Map 2 generally showed
primary land cover and Map 3 had very little detail about the area. The combined map conveys a
great deal of information.
Maps and SDCP

79

Fig. 4-9 A combined map showing proposed interior reserve boundaries. This map includes species
richness, important riparian areas, recovery areas, agriculture and other components, as shown.

80

Maps and SDCP

Fig. 4-10 A composite map showing priority biological resources for SDCP.

Maps and SDCP

81

Land Use Maps

Fig. 4-11 This map shows the distribution of single family homes
in eastern Pima County, the most prevalent building type. Other
maps of this type include multiple family; hotel, motel, and resort;

82

condominium and townhouses; mobile homes, commercial,
partially completed structures, industrial, agriculture, natural
resources, special use, and others.

Maps and SDCP

Pima County Comprehensive
Land Use Plan
Eastern Pima County
Built Enviroment
with June 2000 Landsat Image

Subregion Boundaries
Built

Pima County Index Map

Index Map Scale 1:1,500,000

The information depicted on this display is the result
of digital analyses performed on a variety of databases
provided and maintained by several governmental agencies.
The accuracy of the information presented is limited to
the collective accuracy of these databases on the date
of the analysis. The Pima County Department of
Transportation Technical Services Division makes no
claims regarding the accuracy of the information depicted
herein.

Scale 1:160,000

This product is subject to the Department of Transportation
Technical Services Division's Use Restriction Agreement.

27-AUG-2001

/pygmyowl3/cplan/regional/amls/built.aml

Fig. 4-12 This layer shows the “built environment.” These are the areas where there are already
homes or approved subdivisions under construction. These areas would be unavailable or inappropriate
for biological reserves.

Maps and SDCP

83

Fig. 4-13 In order to do an economic analysis of the impacts of various options, maps such as this
are made showing the tax collected per acre by Pima County. Other maps show cost of services per
acre, land costs per acre and other factors.

84

Maps and SDCP

Agricultural Lands

6B

5

1

4

Planning Unit Boundary
Major Washes
Agricultural Lands
BLM
County Park
Indian Lands
Military Reservations

7

National Forest Lands
National Parks and Monuments
National Wildlife Refuge
Private Lands
State Lands
State Park
Ranch Use

2

6A
3

Pima County Index Map

Index Map Scale 1:1,500,000

The information depicted on this display is the result
of digital analyses performed on a variety of databases
provided and maintained by several governmental agencies.
The accuracy of the information presented is limited to
the collective accuracy of these databases on the date
of the analysis. The Pima County Department of
Transportation Technical Services Division makes no
claims regarding the accuracy of the information depicted
herein.
This product is subject to the Department of Transportation
Technical Services Division's Use Restriction Agreement.

Scale 1:155,000

Pima County Technical Services
201 North Stone Avenue - 9th Floor
Tucson, Arizona 85701-1207
(520)740-6670 - FAX:(520)798-3429
http://www.dot.co.pima.az.us

/pygmyowl2/sonora/cultural/asmjoined/plan_all/amls/ranch_age.aml

6/20/00

Fig. 4-14 Agricultural and ranching land. These are areas with high potential value as future preserves and relatively low land costs in most cases.
Maps and SDCP

85

Private & State Vacant
in Recovery Area 3,
Unincorporated & CLS
Recovery Area 3
Administrative Boundaries
Parcel/CLS Lines
Private Vacant
(4,063 acres, $52,427,357 FCV, 859 parcels)
State Vacant
(996 acres, $10,472,031 FCV, 13 parcels)

Pima County Index Map

Index Map Scale 1:1,500,000

The information depicted on this display is the result
of digital analyses performed on a variety of databases
provided and maintained by several governmental agencies.
The accuracy of the information presented is limited to
the collective accuracy of these databases on the date
of the analysis. The Pima County Department of
Transportation Technical Services Division makes no
claims regarding the accuracy of the information depicted
herein.
This product is subject to the Department of Transportation
Technical Services Division's Use Restriction Agreement.

Scale 1:30,000

Pima County Technical Services
201 North Stone Avenue - 9th Floor
Tucson, Arizona 85701-1207
(520)740-6670 - FAX:(520)798-3429
http://www.dot.co.pima.az.us

/pygmyowl5/chh_analysis/amls/vacant_recov3.aml

86

Plotted: 5/9/02

Maps and SDCP

The final maps for the Conservation Plan will
be based on:
1. The reserve design maps developed by the
Science Team, County staff, and consultants.
2. Riparian priorities map developed by County staff.

Fig. 4-15 Vacant land on the northwest side of
town, the Tortolita area. The yellow areas are private
vacant land and the purple areas are State Trust
Lands that may be available for sale to the highest
bidder in the future. The rest is committed or in
incorporated areas. This map shows that vacant
land available for purchase as preserves is very
limited and mostly in scattered noncontiguous
parcels unsuitable for use as wildlife corridors or
preserves.

3. The cultural and historical priorities maps
developed by the Cultural Resources Team
and County staff.
4. Maps of existing and committed land use
developed by County staff.
5. Maps of important economic factors including cost of land, tax revenue per acre
and other economic variables.
6. Recommendations of the SDCP Steering
Committee.
7. Consultation with other governmental jurisdictions.
8. Public input.
9. Decisions of elected officials.
10. Acceptance by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service.

Maps and SDCP

87

V. WHERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT MAPS AND MAPMAKING
Books

Rebert, P. 2001. La Gran Linea. University of
Texas Press. Austin.

American Maps and the History of our Land.
St. Martin’s Press. New York.

Regan, John. 2000. GIS Primer. Sonoran Desert
Conservation Plan. Pima County.

Wilford, John N. 1981. The Mapmakers. Alfred
Knopf. New York.

Anon. 2000. Mapping and Modeling: The Making of the Cultural and Historical Resources
Element Report. Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan. Pima County

Reinhartz, Dennis. 1987. The Mapping of the
American Southwest. Texas A & M University Press. College Station.

Local Map Collections

Bahre, Stephen. 1976. Atlas of Arizona. Arizona Information Press. Yuma.

Riebsame, William et al. 1997. Atlas of the New
West. University of Colorado. Boulder.

Bernknoopf, Richard L. et al. 1993. Societal
Value of Geologic Maps. U.S. Geological Survey. Circular 1111. Denver.

Sayner, Donald B. 1969 and 1975. Early Southwestern Cartography. 2 vols. Arizona Historical Society. Tucson.

Bott, Suzanne. 2002. Trails, Rails and Roadways
in Pima County. Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan. Pima County.

Sobel, Ava. 1995. Longitude. The True Story of
a Lone Genius who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of his Time. Walker and Co.
New York.

Anon. No date. Map Projections. U.S. Geological Survey. Reston.

Brown, Lloyd A. 1949. The Story of Maps. General Publishing Co. Toronto.
Huskinson, CC. March 1938. The Mapping of
Arizona. Arizona Highways. 22-25.
Mundy, Barbara E. 1996. The Mapping of New
Spain. University of Chicago Press. Chicago.
Nebenzahl, Kenneth. No date. Highspots of
Cartography of the American Southwest.
Manuscript. University of Arizona Library.
Tucson.
Portinaro, Pierluigi and Franco Knirsch. 1987.
The Cartography of North America 15001800. Chartwell Books. Edison, NJ.

References

Stein, Pat H. 1994. Historic Trails in Arizona
from Coronado to 1940. SWCA for Arizona
State Historic Preservation Office. Phoenix.

The Arizona State Library and Archives in the
State Capitol in Phoenix has a large collection of historic maps.
The Arizona Historical Society has many local
maps in its collection.
The University of Arizona Library has many maps
in its map collection. Rare and older maps in
the Special Collections Library.
The Arizona Geological Society has maps for sale
as well as an extensive library of Arizona and
U.S. geological maps.
The U.S. Bureau of Land Management has extensive maps of the cadastral surveys.

Thrower, Norman J.W. 1999. Maps and Civilization. Cartography in Culture and Society.
University of Chicago Press. Chicago.
Tooley, R.V. 1949. Maps and Mapmakers. Dorset Press. New York.
Walker, Henry P. and Don Bufkin. 1979. Historical Atlas of Arizona. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman.
Warhus, Mark. 1997. Another America. Native

89