Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey ArizonaYouth Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Survey Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona State Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Report Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Conducted by Harrison, Youth Survey Arizona Youth SurveyBachArizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey L.L.C. Arizona Youth Survey ArizonaPublished Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth December 2008 Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Sur- Arizona Arizona Youth Survey State Report 2008 Sponsored by: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Conducted by: Bach Harrison, L.L.C. ARIZONA CRIMINAL JUSTICE COMMISSION Chairperson RALPH OGDEN Yuma County Sheriff Vice-Chairperson DANIEL HUGHES, Chief Surprise Police Department JOHN R. ARMER Gila County Sheriff JOSEPH ARPAIO Maricopa County Sheriff DUANE BELCHER, Chairperson Board of Executive Clemency DAVID K. BYERS, Director Administrative Office of the Courts CLARENCE DUPNIK Pima County Sheriff TERRY GODDARD Attorney General ROBERT HUDDLESTON, Chief Casa Grande Police Department BARBARA LAWALL Pima County Attorney DAVID SANDERS Pima County Chief Probation Officer DORA SCHRIRO, Director Department of Corrections LINDA SCOTT Former Judge DANIEL G. SHARP, Chief Oro Valley Police Department GEORGE E. SILVA Santa Cruz County Attorney CARL TAYLOR Coconino County Supervisor ANDREW P. THOMAS Maricopa County Attorney ROGER VANDERPOOL, Director Department of Public Safety Mayor VACANT JOHN A. BLACKBURN, JR. Executive Director MICHELLE NEITCH Research Analyst PHILLIP STEVENSON Statistical Analysis Center Director R. STEVEN HARRISON, PH.D. Bach Harrison, L.L.C. T Table of Contents Acknowledgements................................................................................................................................................................ vi Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................................................vii Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Section 1: Survey Methods................................................................................................................................................... 3 Survey Questionnaire..................................................................................................................................................... 3 Completion Rate and Ability to Generalize the Results................................................................................................ 4 Survey Participants........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Participation by County................................................................................................................................................. 4 Survey Norms and Comparative Data........................................................................................................................... 5 Validity of the Data ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Section 2: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Abuse and Other Youth Problem Behaviors. ................... 8 Community Risk and Protective Factors..................................................................................................................... 10 Community Risk and Protective Factor Scales............................................................................................................ 12. Family Risk and Protective Factors............................................................................................................................. 14 Family Risk and Protective Factor Scales................................................................................................................... 16 School Risk and Protective Factors............................................................................................................................. 18 School Risk and Protective Factor Scales.................................................................................................................... 19 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factors................................................................................................................ 21 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factor Scales...................................................................................................... 24 Section 3: Substance Use Outcomes................................................................................................................................ 26 Age of Initiation........................................................................................................................................................... 26 Lifetime ATOD Use, By Grade.................................................................................................................................... 28 30-Day ATOD Use, By Grade..................................................................................................................................... 31 Lifetime ATOD Use by Gender................................................................................................................................... 34 Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page i 30-Day Use by Gender ............................................................................................................................................... 36 Perceived Harmfulness of ATODs............................................................................................................................... 38 Perceived Availability of ATODs................................................................................................................................. 40 Where Students Obtained Alcohol............................................................................................................................... 42 Drinking and Driving................................................................................................................................................... 44 Section 4: Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results.............................................................................. 46 Heavy Substance Use and Other Antisocial Behaviors by Grade and Gender............................................................ 46 Handguns..................................................................................................................................................................... 48 Violence and Gangs..................................................................................................................................................... 50 Student Safety.............................................................................................................................................................. 52 Academic Performance and Substance Use................................................................................................................. 54 Parent’s Education and Youth Substance Use.............................................................................................................. 56 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability.................................................................................. 58 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability........................................................................................ 60 Parent/Youth Communication About the Dangers of Substance Use.......................................................................... 62 Prevention-Related Advertisements............................................................................................................................. 63 Gambling..................................................................................................................................................................... 64 Section 5: Summary of Findings. ............................................................................................................................ 67 Appendices A. B. C. D. E. F. G. 2008 Arizona Youth Survey Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Arizona Youth Survey Results, Frequency and Percentage for Each Response Category Item Dictionary for the 2008 Arizona Student Survey Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use for Participating Counties Profile Report Charts for Arizona Males Compared to Females (2008) Changes in question wording across the 2004, 2006, and 2008 AYS Administrations Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page ii T Table of Figures and Tables Executive Summary Table 1: Table 2: Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade............................................................................. ix Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade............................................................................. x Figure 1: Section 2: Risk and Protective Factors and Scales Table 5: Youth At Risk: Community................................................ 10 Table 6: Community Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores................................................................................. 12 Figure 6: Risk Factors: Community Domain.................................... 13 Figure 7: Protective Factors: Community Domain .......................... 13 Arizona 10th Grade Lifetime, 30 Day and Heavy ATOD Use..................................................................................... xii Table 7: Youth At Risk: Family....................................................... 14 Figure 2: Arizona 10th Grade Antisocial Behavior, Drinking/Driving and Gambling........................................ xiii Table 8: Family Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores........... 16 Figure 8: Risk Factors: Family Domain............................................ 17 Figure 3: Arizona 10th Grade Risk Factors Profile Chart................. xiv Figure 9: Protective Factors: Family Domain .................................. 17 Figure 4: Arizona 10th Grade Protective Factors Profile Chart........ xv Table 9: Youth At Risk: School........................................................ 18 Figure 5: Arizona 10th Grade Safe School Factors........................... xvi Table 10: School Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores........... 19 Section 1: Introduction Table 3: Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and Demographic Characteristics.................................................................... 6 Table 4: Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents and Enrolled School Students by Grade and County......... 7 Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Figure 10: Risk Factors: School Domain............................................ 20 Figure 11: Protective Factors: School Domain .................................. 20 Table 11: Youth At Risk: Peer/Individual.......................................... 21 Table 12: Peer/Individual Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores...................................................................... 24 Figure 12: Risk Factors: Peer/Individual Domain . ............................ 25 Figure 13: Protective Factors: Peer/Individual Domain . ................... 25 Page iii Section 3: Substance Use Outcomes Table 13: Age of Initiation................................................................. 26 Figure 14: Average Age of First Substance Use.................................. 27 Figure 15: Lifetime Substance Use: 2004, 2006, and 2008 Arizona State Totals........................................................... 28 Figure 16: Lifetime Substance Use: Arizona (2004, 2006, 2008) Compared to National (2005)............................................ 29 Table 14: Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Use ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade........................................ 30 Figure 17: 30-Day Substance Use: Arizona (2004, 2006, 2008) Compared to National (2005)............................................ 32 Table 15: Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade....................... 33 Figure 18: Arizona Lifetime Substance Use by Gender...................... 34 Table 16: Percentage of Males and Females by Grade Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime........................................... 35 Figure 19: Arizona 30-Day Substance Use by Gender....................... 36 Table 17: Percentage of Males and Females By Grade Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days....................................... 37 Table 18: Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive That Using the Five Categories of Substances Places People at “Great Risk”... 38 Figure 20: Perceived Harmfulness of Using Cigarettes, Alcohol, or Marijuana: Arizona (2004, 2006, 2008) Compared to National (2007)............................................ 39 Table 19: Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive the Four Substances as “Sort of Easy” or “Very Easy” to Get................................ 40 Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Figure 21: Perceived Availability of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana: Arizona (2004, 2006, 2008) Compared to National (2007)............................................ 41 Table 20: Percentage of Alcohol-Drinking Students Indicating Their Sources of Obtaining Alcohol.................................. 42 Figure 22: Students’ Sources of Obtaining Alcohol, of Students Who Indicated Drinking Alcohol....................................... 43 Table 21: Drinking and Driving, and Riding with a Driver Who Has Been Drinking............................................................. 44 Figure 23: Past Month Driving After Drinking or Riding with a Driver Who Had Been Drinking........................................ 45 Section 4: Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results Figure 24: Arizona Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behaviors: Male, Female, and State Total............................................ 46 Table 22: Percentage of Males, Females, and State Total Who Engaged in Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior in the Past Year................................................... 47 Table 23: Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Handguns........................................... 48 Figure 25: Students’ Use of Handguns and Perceptions About Them.................................................................................. 49 Table 24: Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Violence and Gangs........................... 50 Figure 26: Student Violent Activity/Perceptions and Gang Involvement....................................................... 51 Table 25: Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Safety and Schools.................................................. 52 Figure 27: Student Responses to School Safety Questions................. 53 Page iv Table 26: Percentage Using ATODs by Academic Grades................ 54 Figure 28: Arizona ATOD Use and Academic Grades........................ 55 Table 27: Percentage Using ATODs by Parents’ Education.............. 56 Figure 29: Arizona ATOD Use and Parents’ Education...................... 57 Table 28: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability of Use ......................................................... 58 Figure 30: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability...................................................................... 59 Table 29: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability of Use.......................................................... 60 Figure 31: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability...................................................................... 61 Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Table 30: Percentage of Students Indicating Communication With Parents About Substance Use.................................... 62 Figure 32: Percentage of Students Indicating Communication With Parents About Substance Use.................................... 62 Table 31: Percentage of Students Responding to Questions Regarding Prevention-Related Advertising....................... 63 Figure 33: Percent of Students Reporting Having Noticed Prevention-Related Advertisements................................... 63 Table 32: Percentage of Students Reporting Participation in Various Gambling Activities in the Past Year, and Average Age of First Gambling....................................................... 65 Figure 34: Past Year Participation in Various Gambling Activities, by Grade............................................................................. 66 Page v A Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center (SAC) thanks Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the administration of the 2008 Arizona Youth Survey. We also extend our thanks to the Governor’s Office for Children, Youth, and Families; Governor’s Division for Substance Abuse Policy; Arizona Juvenile Justice Commission; Arizona’s Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention; Office of Problem Gaming; the Tobacco Education and Prevention Program; and the Arizona Department of Education for their collaborative effort and support of the Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and from the input received from many individuals working for agencies throughout the state including: Jean Ajamie, Arizona Department of Education Michelle Anderson, Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections Carisa Dwyer, Governor’s Office for Children, Youth, and Families Charles Katz, Arizona State University West Dr. Manuel Medina, TERROS, Inc. Kim O’Connor, Governor’s Office for Children, Youth, and Families Holly Orozco, Governor’s Office for Children, Youth, and Families Catherine Osborn, Arizona Department of Education Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University Nicole Yancey Johnson, Arizona Early Childhood Development and Health Board Governor’s Youth Commission Arizona Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group Additionally, the success of the 2008 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals, prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in which they live and learn. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page vi E Executive Summary Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416 requires the Arizona Criminal Justice Substance Use Findings: In Brief Commission to conduct a statewide survey that is designed to measure the prevalence and frequency of substance abuse by youth, as well as their The improvements made to the survey model during the 2002 administration attitudes toward substance abuse. To comply with Arizona Revised Statute were sustained during the 2004, 2006, and 2008 survey administrations. §41-2416 the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis With the enhancements made in the survey methodology, the results from the 2004, 2006, and 2008 surveys are able to be displayed within this report and Center conducts a biennial Arizona Youth Survey. This survey is administered comparisons among the three years can be made. This State Report presents to a statewide sample of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students attending public findings from the past three administrations of the AYS only (2002 data can be and charter middle and high schools throughout Arizona. The Arizona viewed in reports from previous administrations). Because of enhancements Criminal Justice Commission has been conducting a youth survey for made in ACJC’s methodology for the 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008 surveys, 17 years on a biennial basis; however, notable improvements in we caution against comparisons to pre-2002 survey results. The Arizona the survey model, sampling methods and the increasing levels Youth Survey uses of participation distinguish the 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008 It is noteworthy that alcohol is still the most common substance the Risk and Protective used by Arizona students. In the past month, 33.1% of Arizona Youth Surveys from prior surveys. Framework to guide students have used alcohol, and 59.6% of students have used prevention efforts aimed at alcohol in their lifetime. Cigarettes are the second most used The 2008 Arizona Youth Survey (AYS) was administered reducing youth substance by Arizona youth, with 14.7% of survey participants problem between January and April 2008 in Arizona public and charter using cigarettes in the past month and 36.0% using in their lifetime. behaviors. schools. This statewide effort encompassed all 15 counties and Marijuana is the third most used substance in 2008 with 12.5% of survey 319 schools, which resulted in the participation of 54,734 8th, 10th, participants indicating he/she had used marijuana at least once in the past and 12th grade students throughout Arizona. This report provides a 30 days and 27.4% indicating use during their lifetime. Prescription drugs comprehensive statewide perspective on the data obtained through this are the fourth highest substance used by Arizona youth, with 10.7% of youth significant statewide survey effort. Participating schools and county officials surveyed indicating using any type of prescription drugs at least once in the also received school and county-specific data in the form of individualized past month, and 22.4% indicating using them at least once in their lifetime. reports to aid in planning strategies and program development. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page vii A comparison between the Arizona Youth Survey and the national Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey is another measure for assessing current substance abuse and risk behaviors of Arizona youth. A lower percentage of Arizona survey participants in all grades have had lifetime experience with inhalants and hallucinogens compared to youth in the same grades in the 2007 national survey. Additionally, a lower percentage of 8th and 10th grade Arizona students have had lifetime experience with chewing tobacco than 8th and 10th grade youth in the national MTF sample. However, Arizona students in all grades indicated higher alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use than students in the same grades in the national sample. Further, cocaine use rates for Arizona 10th and 12th graders were also higher than 10th and 12th grade cocaine use rates in the national sample. Alcohol use for Arizona youth who took the survey was 8.9% greater for Arizona 8th graders, 4.5% greater for Arizona 10th graders, and 2.6% greater for Arizona 12th graders in comparison to national sample youth in the same grades. Cigarette use rates in Arizona were 3.8% to 5.3% higher for each grade than in the MTF sample; marijuana use rates in Arizona were 1.3% to 2.0% higher for each grade than in the MTF sample; and cocaine use rates in Arizona were 1.5% higher for 10th graders and 3.4% higher for 12th graders than in the national sample. Lifetime use of sedatives and methamphetamines in all grades has significantly decreased since the 2006 survey, with sedatives decreasing 1.7% to 4.2% in each grade and methamphetamines decreasing 1.4% to 2.6% in each grade. Further, while 8th and 10th grade rates of lifetime alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use significantly decreased since the 2006 survey, use rates of those substances for 12th graders largely remained unchanged. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Further, in looking at 2008 results compared to 2004 results, alcohol use has decreased 3.1% to 4.1% in each grade, cigarette use has decreased 3.4% to 7.6% in each grade, marijuana use has decreased 2.6% to 4.2% in each grade, and sedative use has decreased 2.7% to 6.6% in each grade. Complete lifetime use results can be seen in Table 1 on the following page. A closer look at past month substance use (Table 2) shows us that a higher percentage of Arizona youth in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades have used alcohol, cigarettes, inhalants, cocaine, and ecstasy than youth in the same grades in the 2007 national MTF sample. The only area in which Arizona youth had a significantly lower use rate than the youth in the national MTF sample was for 10th grade chewing tobacco, where the MTF rate was 1.5% higher than the Arizona 10th grade rate. Since the 2006 AYS, 30-day use rates have decreased by 1.1% to 2.1% in all grades for sedatives. The only substance category which increased in all grades was the prescription drug category. By grade level, 8th grade 30-day use rates decreased significantly since the 2006 survey for cigarettes (1.8% decrease) and sedatives (1.1% decrease). Tenth grade past month use rates decreased significantly for alcohol (1.5% decrease), sedatives (2.1% decrease), and methamphetamines (1.1% decrease) since the 2006 survey. Twelfth grade 30day use rates decreased significantly since 2006 for sedatives (2.1% decrease), but also increased significantly since 2006 for cigarette use (2.1% increase), chewing tobacco (1.4% increase), ecstasy (1.1% increase), and prescription drugs (5.0% increase). Complete past month use results can be seen in Table 2 on the following pages. Page viii Table 1 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade 8th Grade Drug Used 10th Grade 12th Grade Total AZ AZ AZ MTF AZ AZ AZ MTF AZ AZ AZ MTF AZ AZ AZ 2004 2006 2008 2007 2004 2006 2008 2007 2004 2006 2008 2007 2004 2006 2008 Alcohol 51.9 50.4 47.8 38.9 69.3 67.6 66.2 61.7 77.9 74.5 74.8 72.2 63.3 61.7 59.6 Cigarettes 33.5 30.8 25.9 22.1 45.3 43.8 39.9 34.6 54.2 50.0 50.8 46.2 42.0 39.6 36.0 Chewing Tobacco 7.2 8.0 7.1 9.1 11.0 11.8 12.9 15.1 16.7 15.6 17.7 15.1 10.6 11.0 11.3 Marijuana 20.4 18.3 16.2 14.2 36.6 34.0 32.5 31.0 45.7 42.6 43.1 41.8 31.3 29.2 27.4 Hallucinogens* 2.5 2.1 1.9 3.1 5.3 4.1 5.2 6.4 7.6 5.6 7.9 8.4 4.6 3.6 4.3 Cocaine 3.7 3.6 2.7 3.1 7.8 7.6 6.8 5.3 11.5 11.6 11.2 7.8 6.8 6.8 5.9 Inhalants 13.7 15.2 14.3 15.6 10.9 11.9 12.6 13.6 9.1 9.8 9.2 10.5 11.8 12.9 12.6 Methamphetamines* N/A 2.6 1.2 1.8 N/A 5.0 2.4 2.8 N/A 6.6 4.0 3.0 N/A 4.3 2.2 Heroin or Other Opiates 1.5 1.4 1.0 1.3 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.5 3.0 2.8 3.1 1.5 2.1 2.0 1.8 Ecstasy* 2.4 1.9 2.2 2.3 4.3 3.4 4.9 5.2 5.9 4.4 7.0 6.5 3.8 3.0 4.2 Steroids N/A 1.6 1.7 1.5 N/A 2.0 2.3 1.8 N/A 2.2 2.4 2.2 N/A 1.9 2.0 Prescription Pain Relievers N/A N/A 12.2 N/C N/A N/A 20.5 N/C N/A N/A 24.6 N/C N/A N/A 17.6 Stimulants (2004 only)* 3.4 N/A N/A N/C 6.7 N/A N/A N/C 8.2 N/A N/A N/C 5.5 N/A N/A Prescription Stimulants* N/A 3.4 3.8 N/C N/A 7.1 7.6 N/C N/A 8.5 7.9 N/C N/A 5.9 5.9 Prescription Sedatives* 11.0 10.0 8.3 N/C 16.5 14.3 12.0 N/C 19.8 17.4 13.2 9.3 14.8 13.2 10.5 Prescription Drugs* N/A 9.8 17.1 N/C N/A 16.0 25.7 N/C N/A 20.0 28.7 N/C N/A 14.3 22.4 Over-the-Counter Drugs N/A N/A 9.7 N/C N/A N/A 12.9 N/C N/A N/A 13.4 N/C N/A N/A 11.5 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2004, 2006, or 2008 Arizona Youth Surveys. N/C - Indicates where MTF data is not comparable to data gathered through the Arizona Youth Survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page ix Table 2 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade 8th Grade Drug Used Arizona Arizona Arizona 10th Grade MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona 12th Grade MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Total MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona 2004 2006 2008 2007 2004 2006 2008 2007 2004 2006 2008 2007 2004 2006 2008 Alcohol 25.3 24.1 23.2 15.9 41.3 39.2 37.7 33.4 51.1 47.0 46.8 44.4 36.3 34.4 33.1 Cigarettes 10.7 10.5 8.7 7.1 17.7 17.1 16.6 14.0 24.4 21.8 23.9 21.6 16.1 15.3 14.7 Chewing Tobacco 2.4 2.7 2.6 3.2 3.4 4.0 4.6 6.1 5.4 5.4 6.8 6.6 3.4 3.8 4.2 Marijuana 9.7 8.5 7.6 5.7 16.2 15.7 15.1 14.2 18.5 18.1 18.7 18.8 13.8 13.1 12.5 Hallucinogens* 1.6 1.0 0.8 1.0 2.4 1.7 1.9 1.7 2.3 1.7 2.4 1.7 2.0 1.4 1.5 Cocaine 1.6 1.7 1.0 0.9 3.0 2.9 2.2 1.3 3.7 3.3 3.2 2.0 2.5 2.5 1.9 Inhalants 5.8 6.2 5.4 3.9 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.5 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.2 3.9 4.1 3.8 Methamphetamines* N/A 1.0 0.4 0.6 N/A 1.7 0.6 0.4 N/A 1.4 0.8 0.6 N/A 1.3 0.6 Heroin 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.6 Ecstasy* 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.9 2.0 1.6 0.9 0.9 1.3 Steroids N/A 0.8 0.7 0.4 N/A 1.0 1.0 0.5 N/A 1.0 1.0 1.0 N/A 0.9 0.8 Prescription Pain Relievers N/A N/A 6.0 N/C N/A N/A 9.4 N/C N/A N/A 10.5 N/C N/A N/A 8.1 Stimulants (2004 only)* 1.6 N/A N/A N/C 2.8 N/A N/A N/C 3.0 N/A N/A N/C 2.3 N/A N/A Prescription Stimulants* N/A 1.5 1.6 N/C N/A 2.9 2.9 N/C N/A 2.6 2.1 N/C N/A 2.2 2.1 Prescription Sedatives* 5.5 4.5 3.4 N/C 8.2 6.6 4.5 N/C 9.2 7.1 5.0 2.7 7.2 5.8 4.1 Prescription Drugs* N/A 4.5 8.6 N/C N/A 7.3 12.2 N/C N/A 8.1 13.1 N/C N/A 6.3 10.7 Over-the-Counter Drugs N/A N/A 5.6 N/C N/A N/A 6.4 N/C N/A N/A 5.9 N/C N/A N/A 5.9 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2004, 2006, or 2008 Arizona Youth Surveys. N/C - Indicates where MTF data is not comparable to data gathered through the Arizona Youth Survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page x Risk and Protective Factors: In Brief In order to make the results of the 2008 Arizona Youth Survey more usable, risk and protective profiles were developed for each participating school that show the percentage of youth at risk and the percentage of youth with protection on each scale. A detailed description of how the profiles were developed is contained in the main body of this Arizona Youth Survey 2008 State Report. Comparisons can be made between youth in Arizona and a more national sample (eight-state norm). The states upon which the eight-state norm is based include Arizona, Arkansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Utah. An example of the substance use rates and risk and protective factor profiles contained in the main report can be seen in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 on the following pages. The profile charts in this Executive Summary are only for the 10th grade Arizona students who completed the survey. Charts for this grade are merely provided as an example of the information that is discussed for all grades in Section 2 of this report. Further, similar profile reports that provide results by grade were prepared for each participating school (when schools returned a sufficient number of surveys) and district in the state. These profile reports allow prevention planners to more precisely plan and evaluate prevention interventions. Rates of ATOD use (current prevalence of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use) and antisocial behaviors for Arizona 10th grade students can be seen in Figure 1. As was mentioned previously, lifetime and 30-day use of many substances saw positive decreases since the 2004 and 2006 surveys. Figure 2 displays antisocial behavior data, drinking and driving data, and gambling data. Rates of being drunk or high at school also decreased for Arizona 10th grade students. Further, 10th grade reports of both drinking and then driving, and riding with a driver that had been drinking, have decreased since the 2006 administration. Figure 2 shows the percentage of Arizona 10th grade students who are at risk for problem behaviors compared to the eight-state norm. For the 2008 survey, Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Arizona 10th grade students have risk factor scores that are significantly lower than the eight-state norm for six scales. However, as can be seen in the risk profile chart (Figure 3), several scales such as Low Neighborhood Attachment, Poor Family Management, Parent Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior, Academic Failure, Rebelliousness, Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior, Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior, Interaction with Antisocial Peers, and Gang Involvement are above the eight-state level for 10th grade students in 2008. The scales with the lowest percentage of youth at risk are Perceived Availability of Handguns, Early Initiation of Drug Use, and Gang Involvement. A review of the risk factor scales shows that six risk factor scales showed a significant increase in the percentage of students at risk for the 10th grade, while four scales showed a significant decrease since the 2006 survey. Protective factors buffer the influence of the risk factors operating in a young person’s life. Research has shown that young people who spend time with prosocial peers, participate in prosocial activities in the community and at school, and are rewarded for those activities are less likely to become involved in problem behaviors. These important protective factors are measured in the AYS. In nine of the protective factor scales, Arizona 10th grade students had similar, or lower levels, of protection (Figure 4) than students from the eight-state norm. Some areas of highest protection for Arizona 10th grade students were Belief in the Moral Order and Peer/Individual Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. The areas with the lowest protection were Community Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement and Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. Comparisons between the 2006 results and those of 2008 show that 10th grade levels of protection decreased significantly in two scales and increased significantly in five scales since the last survey. The profile reports created for Arizona’s schools, school districts, counties, and some cities across the state also contain charts and tables reporting responses to questions regarding school safety. Figure 5 is an example of the Safe School charts included in the profile reports. Figure 5 illustrates that rates of 10th grade students reporting that he/she were threatened or injured Page xi on school property, that he/she carried a weapon on school property, or that he/she were in a physical fight on school property have decreased since the 2006 survey. However, since the 2006 survey, 10th graders’ reports of being picked on or bullied on school property increased significantly. Figure 1 The analysis of the data obtained from the survey is quite extensive but are not intended to be exhaustive. Rather, it is believed that the data and highlights contained within this report will provide insights for future decisions pertaining to the well-being of Arizona youth. LIFETIME, 30 DAY & HEAVY ATOD USE 2008 State of Arizona, Grade 10 Heavy Use 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 100 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 State 2004 State 2006 State 2008 Binge Drinking 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Steroids Prescription Pain Relievers*† Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Sedatives**† Prescription Drugs**† Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Cigarettes Chewing Tobacco Alcohol Steroids Prescription Pain Relievers*† Prescription Stimulants** Prescription Sedatives**† Prescription Drugs**† Over-the-Counter Drugs*† Ecstasy** Heroin or Other Opiates Methamphetamines** Cocaine Hallucinogens** Marijuana Cigarettes Chewing Tobacco Alcohol 0 Inhalants 10 MTF * Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2008. ** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page xii Figure 2 ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR, DRINKING/DRIVING & GAMBLING* 2008 State of Arizona, Grade 10 Drinking & Driving Past 30 Days Antisocial Behavior Past Year 100 Total Gambling Gambling Behavior Past Year 90 80 70 Percentage (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 State 2004 State 2006 State 2008 Any Gambling Past Year Bet on a horse/ other race?** Bet on Games of Skill** Bet on Dice** Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo Bought Raffle Ticket Bet on Cards Bet on Sports** Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker Passenger with Drinking Driver Drinking and Driving Handgun to School Carried a Handgun Attacked to Harm Been Arrested Stolen a Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Drunk or High at School Suspended from School 0 8-State * Because not all eight states ask gambling and drinking & driving questions, no 8-State value is reported. Gambling and drinking & driving data were not collected prior to 2006. ** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and 2006 administration. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page xiii Arizona Youth Survey 2008 State 2004 State 2006 State 2008 Peer / Individual Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for ASB Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use School Attitudes Favorable to ASB Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of ASB Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Family Academic Failure Parent Attitudes Favor Drug Use Parent Attitudes Favorable to ASB Community Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs 100 Laws & Norms Favor Drug Use Percentage (%) of youth at risk Low Neighborhood Attachment Figure 3 RISK PROFILE 2008 State of Arizona, Grade 10 Total 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8-State * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: eight or more risk factors, 10th & 12th grades: nine or more risk factors.) Page xiv Figure 4 PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2008 State of Arizona, Grade 10 100 Community Family School Peer / Individual Total 90 Percentage (%) of youth with protection 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 State 2004 State 2006 State 2008 Students with High Protection* Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers** Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 0 8-State ** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have five or more protective factors operating in their lives. ** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page xv Figure 5 SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE* 2008 State of Arizona, Grade 10 Percentage of students reporting any experience with the indicated safety issue in the past year 70 60 Percent (%) of Students 50 40 30 20 10 State 2004 State 2006 Picked On or Bullied on School Property** In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School 0 State 2008 ** Because not all eight states ask school safety questions, no 8-State value is reported. ** Bullying on school property was not measured in the 2004 survey administration. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page xvi I Introduction In 2002, the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission made a decision to change the substance abuse survey instrument to a model that would benefit multiple state agencies and generate data that is comparable to data collected at a national level. The Arizona Youth Survey is based upon the nationally recognized Risk and Protective Factor model, which is used by numerous state agencies throughout the United States. The Risk and Protective Factor model was developed in 1989 by J. David Hawkins, Ph.D. and Richard F. Catalano, Ph.D. at the University of Washington as a comprehensive prevention model. The Risk and Protective Factor model identifies "the factors that increase and mitigate the likelihood of delinquent involvement and other dysfunctional behaviors. The model emphasizes the need for community-wide efforts to ameliorate those risk factors” (Office of Juvenile Justice and The survey was Delinquency Prevention, 1995). August Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416 requires the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission to conduct a statewide survey that is designed to measure the prevalence and frequency of substance abuse by youth, as well as the attitudes youth hold toward substance abuse. To comply with Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416 the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center conducts a biennial Arizona Youth Survey. This survey is administered to a statewide sample of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students attending public and charter middle and high schools throughout Arizona. The 2008 Arizona Youth Survey was conducted by the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission with technical assistance from Bach Harrison, L.L.C. The 2008 Arizona Youth Survey is conducted by the result of a partnership among the Arizona Criminal the Arizona Risk-and-protective-factor-focused prevention is based on Criminal Justice Justice Commission; Governor’s Office for Children, a simple premise: to prevent a problem from happening, Commission and Youth and Families; the Governor’s Division for we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that Bach Harrison, L.L.C. Substance Abuse Policy; Arizona’s Parent’s Commission problem developing while simultaneously identifying those on Drug Education and Prevention; the Arizona Juvenile factors that decrease the problem from developing; and then find Justice Commission; and the Office of Problem Gambling. ways to reduce risk factor levels and build upon the protective factors. The successful implementation of the Arizona Youth Survey can The substance abuse prevention field has evolved over time, often through empirical-based research. The theoretical development and rigorous also be attributed to strong collaborative efforts and support from the Arizona Department of Education, the Tobacco Education and Prevention empirical-based research in substance abuse prevention and programming in Program and the Arizona State University. Finally, the cooperation of local recent years are among the most important developments in the field. The prevention coordinators, school administrators, teachers, and students focus has been on risk and protective factors as a unifying descriptive and predictive framework for developing and evaluating prevention programs. directly contributed to the success of the 2008 Arizona Youth Survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 1 Substance abuse prevention programs aim to deter the onset of alcohol, tobacco and other drug use by changing the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of people. Researchers with the Social Development Research Group at the University of Washington have defined areas of risk that affect youth problem behaviors within the community, family, school, and peer/ individual domains. Likewise, protective factors have been identified and include prosocial opportunities, rewards for prosocial involvement, and developing prosocial skills within the community, family, school, and peer/ individual domains. It is particularly important to assess a teen’s peer group as a factor for "drug use, delinquency, school dropout, teen pregnancy, and violent behavior" (Barriers to Learning, 2004). Initiation of substance abuse and risk factor behaviors at an early age affect the involvement of the youth within the community, family, school, and peer group setting (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, 2004). The 2008 Arizona Youth Survey was administered between January and April 2008 in Arizona public and charter schools. The statewide effort encompassed all 15 counties and 319 schools, which resulted in the participation of 54,734 8th, 10th, and 12th students throughout Arizona. School principals and teachers were provided detailed instructions for administering the survey. Students’ anonymity was emphasized through a teacher-read script which instructed students not to put their names on the survey. Upon completion, all surveys were returned and electronically scanned by Bach Harrison L.L.C. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 This report is organized into five sections: 1. Survey Methods: describes how the survey was conducted, who participated, and the procedures used to ensure that valid information was collected. 2. Risk and Protective Factors and Scales: provides a description of the risk and protective factor model of substance abuse prevention, including the four domains of risk and protection (community, family, school, and peer/ individual). Also included are the risk and protective factor scale scores for grades 8, 10, and 12. 3. Substance Use Outcomes: presents data on recent and lifetime use of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs (ATOD) among Arizona’s youth, and information on other ATOD-related questions (perceived harm, perceived availability, where students obtained alcohol, and drinking and driving). Some of these results are comparable to the results of the national Monitoring the Future survey. 4. Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results: presents data on heavy substance use and other antisocial behaviors. This section also presents findings that show the correlation of substance use to academic achievement, socioeconomic background, perceived parental approval of substance use, and perceived peer approval of substance use. 5. Summary of Findings: fully summarizes the results and conclusions of the report. Page 2 1 Section 1: Survey Methods August The information presented in this report was gathered using the 2008 Arizona Risk and protective factors are characteristics of communities, schools, Youth Survey (Appendix A). The goal of the survey was to develop a tool families, peers, and respondents that are reported by those who complete the that provided scientifically sound information about the levels of risk and survey. Besides measuring risk and protective factors, the survey also measures protection in a community as well as levels of substance use and anti-social alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use and delinquent behavior. The behaviors of youth. Risk factors are those conditions or situations that substances that are measured by the survey include: 1) alcohol; 2) cigarettes; 3) increase the likelihood that a child will develop one or more health and/or chewing tobacco; 4) marijuana; 5) inhalants; 6) hallucinogens; 7) cocaine; 8) behavior problems in adolescence. Protective factors are the conditions or prescription sedatives; 9) methamphetamines; 10) prescription stimulants; 11) situations that decrease the likelihood of future behavior problems. Risk heroin; 12) ecstasy; 13) prescription pain relievers; 14) steroids; and 15) and protective factors are found in four domains — community, school, over-the-counter drugs. Another substance category of “prescription family, and the peer/individual. The information gathered on risk and drugs,” which represents use of at least one of the prescription drug Besides protective factors, youth drug use, and delinquency is essential substance categories, was created in order to have comparable measuring risk and in supporting prevention planning, intervention planning, and data to the 2006 prescription drugs question and is included protective factors, needs assessment at the local and state levels. in lifetime and past-month substance use charts and tables. the survey also assesses Most of the questions that ask about substance use are the current prevalence of The topics addressed in this section include the survey similar to those used in the national survey, Monitoring the alcohol, tobacco, questionnaire, how it was administered, the demographics of and other Future (MTF), so comparisons between the two surveys can be participants, completion rates, and the validity of the results. drug use. made easily. Survey Questionnaire The survey questionnaire was originally developed through the combined efforts of six states and the Social Development Research Group at the University of Washington. The collaborative survey development process was a Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) project called the Six-State Consortium. The goal of the Consortium was to develop a survey that provided scientifically sound information about the levels of risk and protection in a community. The survey was further refined through the Diffusion Consortium Project that involved seven states and was funded by four federal agencies: the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), Safe and Drug Free Schools Program, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and CSAP. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 There are a total of 14 risk factor scales and 11 protective factor scales that are measured by the 2008 survey. However, some of the risk factors are broad enough to require more than one scale for adequate measurement. As a result, there are 21 separate risk factor scales and 11 protective factor scales measured by the survey. Appendix B provides a complete list of the risk and protective factors and the corresponding risk and protective factor scales in the survey. There are approximately four survey items that measure each risk factor. Reliability for the constructs is good (the average value for Cronbach’s alpha = .79). The questionnaire has 136 questions; however, many of the questions have multiple components so students actually responded to a total of 258 items. Page 3 The questions were printed in a test booklet that was machine scoreable. See Appendix A for a copy of the questionnaire. Most students from all grades could easily complete the questionnaire in one class period. A complete item dictionary that lists the risk and protective factor scales and the items they contain as well as the outcome variables can be seen in Appendix D. Completion Rate and Ability to Generalize the Results Not all 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students in Arizona participated in the survey. Some schools didn’t participate, some students individually chose not to participate, some students’ parents did not give consent for them to participate, and some students were absent on the day the survey was administered. While 64,325 students in grades 6 through 12 (57,961 students in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grade) took the 2008 Arizona Youth Survey, there are 54,734 surveys that comprise the final survey pool for the analysis contained in this State Report. The final survey pool discussed in this report is only comprised of students in grades 8, 10, and 12 who were deemed to be honest in their responses. It should be noted that not all of the surveys that were completed contained valid information. Some surveys were eliminated because students were deemed not truthful in their responses or did not complete some of the questions (see Validity of the Data section for the validity criteria). Survey Participants The characteristics of the youth who took the survey are presented in Table 3. In comparing the sample characteristics to Arizona student 20062007 school year enrollment data gathered from the Arizona Department of Education web site, some similarities between the sample and Arizona student enrollment figures can be seen. Such similarities provide more assurance that the data gathered through the Arizona Youth Survey are representative of the state as a whole. For example, in the 2008 survey, Arizona Youth Survey 2008 there were nearly an equal number of males and females who took the survey in all grades (female = 51.2% and males = 48.8%), while the Department of Education web site found similar percentages for Arizona students (female = 48.6% and males = 51.4%). Of the 2008 survey respondents, 48.8% were White and 32.9% were Hispanic (similar to the Department of Education web site findings — 49.4% White and 39.8% Hispanic for 8th, 10th, and 12th graders). The other ethnic groups accounted for 18.3% of the respondents. Table 3 also shows that English is the primary language spoken in 80.5% of homes. (Arizona student enrollment data was gathered from the Arizona Department of Education web site—http://www.ade.state.az.us). An analysis of the family structure of respondents showed that 55.4% lived with both of their biological parents, 15.9% lived in a step-family structure, and 23.2% lived in a single-parent home. Participation by County Table 4 displays 2008 survey participation rates by county. Every county in the state of Arizona had schools participate in the 2008 Arizona Youth Survey. The data reported show that the percentage of the state student population in each county is very close to the percentage of students who completed the AYS. Thus, the survey is a good representation of the students in Arizona. For example, in the state of Arizona, 63.5% of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students live in Maricopa County, 12.8% live in Pima County, and 4.0% live in Pinal County. Similarly, of the 2008 Arizona Youth Survey participants, 60.2% live in Maricopa County, 9.1% live in Pima County, and 5.3% live in Pinal County. Tables reporting substance use by county are located in Appendix E of this report. These tables show the total percentage of students in each participating county who used each substance. Page 4 Survey Norms and Comparative Data It can be helpful to know how the results from Arizona students compare to the results from a national sample of students. The 2008 Arizona Youth Survey data are compared throughout this report to the national Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey data. State results from the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades are compared to national results from the same grades. When the wording of AYS and MTF questions were the same, 2007 MTF data was used in comparison to 2008 AYS data. The MTF survey is conducted annually through the University of Michigan and is designed to provide ATOD use information on a sample of students representative of the United States as a whole. The survey questions, measurements, and protocol for both the Arizona Youth Survey and the MTF surveys are similar, making most comparisons valid without any additional analysis. More information on the Monitoring the Future survey and survey results can be found at http://www.monitoringthefuture.org. Validity of the Data There were a total of 64,575 survey questionnaires completed. However, not all of the questionnaires contained valid information. Of these surveys, 3,878 (6.0%) were eliminated because respondents were determined to be dishonest or because students did not answer enough of the validity questions to determine whether or not he/she were honest in their responses. These surveys were eliminated because of five predetermined dishonesty indicators — 1) the students indicated that he/she were “Not Honest Arizona Youth Survey 2008 At All” in completing the survey (1,017 surveys); 2) the students indicated that he/she had used the non-existent drug phenoxydine (2,620 surveys); 3) the students reported an impossibly high level of multiple drug use (997 surveys); 4) the students indicated past-month use rates that were higher than lifetime use rates (1,640 surveys); and 5) the students reported an age that was inconsistent with their grade or their school (284 surveys). These surveys were not included in the final analyses. Because the results reported in this state report and in the profile reports focus on data from the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades, an additional 5,770 students in the 6th, 7th, 9th, and 11th grades were also eliminated from these state level results. These 6th, 7th, 9th, and 11th graders took the survey because he/she were attending a class that was largely made up of students in the even grades, or the school chose to survey students in these grades for a more complete description of their students. Further, 193 surveys were eliminated due to students not reporting a grade level, or because he/she marked more than one grade level. A total of 9,841 questionnaires were eliminated from most analyses. This is less than the sum of those eliminated according to the criteria cited above because many of those eliminated met more than one criteria for elimination. Other measures to reduce response bias included carefully pretesting the questionnaire to ensure that students understood the meaning of each question, using a well developed and tested administration protocol, and reading the same instructions to all students who participated in the survey. Page 5 Table 3 Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and Demographic Characteristics 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 2008 Total 2006 Total 2004 Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 25,695 46.9 16,089 29.4 12,950 23.7 54,734 100.0 60,401 100.0 40,960 100.0 Male 12,462 49.5 7,610 48.2 6,141 48.2 26,213 48.8 28,381 48.2 19,172 47.5 Female 12,730 50.5 8,188 51.8 6,596 51.8 27,514 51.2 30,505 51.8 21,161 52.5 13,824 44.3 9,853 51.6 8,210 54.6 31,887 48.8 26,761 45.7 19,745 49.0 2,416 7.7 1,435 7.5 961 6.4 4,812 7.4 3,394 5.8 2,938 7.3 11,563 37.0 5,653 29.6 4,309 28.6 21,525 32.9 21,376 36.5 13,184 32.7 African American 1,962 6.3 1,131 5.9 822 5.5 3,915 6.0 2,592 4.4 1,503 3.7 Asian or Pacific Islander 1,462 4.7 1,027 5.4 743 4.9 3,232 4.9 1,798 3.1 1,101 2.7 Both Parents 14,355 55.9 8,853 55.0 7,103 54.8 30,311 55.4 32,068 56.8 18,565 52.5 Step-Families 4,174 16.2 2,638 16.4 1,892 14.6 8,704 15.9 9,164 16.2 5,502 15.5 Single Parent 5,895 22.9 3,809 23.7 3,003 23.2 12,707 23.2 15,230 27.0 8,534 24.1 English 19,433 77.2 13,132 83.1 10,708 83.8 43,273 80.5 46,011 78.5 32,544 80.4 Spanish 5,224 20.8 2,285 14.5 1,710 13.4 9,219 17.1 11,376 19.4 6,954 17.2 505 2.0 395 2.5 365 2.9 1,265 2.4 1,244 2.1 989 2.4 Total Sample Gender Race/Ethnicity White Native American Hispanic Family Structure Language Used at Home Another Language *Numbers and percentages listed here reflect only those students who answered each of the demographic questions. Therefore, the numbers and percentages in the Total column do not add up to the final completion rate indicated in the text of the report. Further, in 2008, students could mark more than one ethnic category and the ‘other’ category was removed. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 6 Table 4 Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents and Enrolled School Students by Grade and Participating County 8th Grade 2008 Survey Participation # % 10th Grade 2007-2008 School Year Enrollment Information # % 2008 Survey Participation # % 12th Grade 2007-2008 School Year Enrollment Information # % 2008 Survey Participation # % 2008 Total 2007-2008 School Year Enrollment Information # % 2008 Survey Participation # % 2007-2008 School Year Enrollment Information # % 2006 Survey Participation # % 2004 Survey Participation # % Apache 299 1.2 1,179 1.4 0 0.0 1,104 1.2 1 0.0 945 1.1 300 0.5 3,228 1.2 871 1.4 689 1.7 Cochise 414 1.6 1,614 2.0 487 3.0 2,350 2.5 262 2.0 1,806 2.0 1,163 2.1 5,770 2.2 1,576 2.6 1,746 4.3 Coconino 379 1.5 1,380 1.7 400 2.5 2,184 2.3 350 2.7 2,095 2.3 1,129 2.1 5,659 2.1 1,107 1.8 1,225 3.0 Gila 369 1.4 629 0.8 264 1.6 677 0.7 202 1.6 632 0.7 835 1.5 1,938 0.7 831 1.4 832 2.0 Graham 289 1.1 460 0.6 245 1.5 845 0.9 254 2.0 674 0.8 788 1.4 1,979 0.7 885 1.5 500 1.2 Greenlee 79 0.3 142 0.2 57 0.4 117 0.1 26 0.2 110 0.1 162 0.3 369 0.1 239 0.4 248 0.6 118 0.5 216 0.3 124 0.8 191 0.2 107 0.8 211 0.2 349 0.6 618 0.2 376 0.6 373 0.9 65.8 50,975 62.0 8,647 53.7 60,231 63.2 7,371 59.8 21,970 53.6 La Paz Maricopa 16,911 56.9 58,313 65.3 32,929 60.2 169,519 63.5 36,136 Mohave 549 2.1 2,183 2.7 701 4.4 2,033 2.1 522 4.0 1,771 2.0 1,772 3.2 5,987 2.2 1,877 3.1 1,558 3.8 Navajo 489 1.9 1,593 1.9 682 4.2 3,658 3.8 535 4.1 3,158 3.5 1,706 3.1 8,409 3.2 1,415 2.3 1,399 3.4 Pima 1,515 5.9 11,955 14.5 1,828 11.4 11,595 12.2 1,618 12.5 10,685 12.0 4,961 9.1 34,235 12.8 7,600 12.6 5,430 13.3 Pinal 1,609 6.3 3,658 4.4 936 5.8 3,969 4.2 351 2.7 3,118 3.5 2,896 5.3 10,745 4.0 1,848 3.1 1,616 3.9 221 0.9 812 1.0 538 3.3 887 0.9 416 3.2 757 0.8 1,175 2.1 2,456 0.9 1,355 2.2 1,328 3.2 Yavapai 1,148 4.5 2,338 2.8 976 6.1 2,536 2.7 729 5.6 2,179 2.4 2,853 5.2 7,053 2.6 1,656 2.7 746 1.8 Yuma 1,306 5.1 3,123 3.8 204 1.3 2,975 3.1 206 1.6 2,828 3.2 1,716 3.1 8,926 3.3 2,629 4.4 1,300 3.2 Santa Cruz Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 7 2 Section 2: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Use and Other Youth Problem Behaviors The History and Importance of Risk and Protective Factors August The Arizona Youth Survey is based upon the Risk and Protective Factor conditions and prioritize areas of greatest need. By measuring risk and protective Model of Substance Abuse Prevention. In medical research, risk factors factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can have been found for heart disease and other heath problems. Through be identified and targeted by preventive interventions that also promote related media campaigns that inform the general public about the risk factors for protective factors. For example, if academic failure is identified as an elevated heart disease, most people are now aware that behaviors such as eating risk factor in a community, then mentoring and tutoring interventions can be high-fat diets, smoking, high cholesterol, being overweight, and lack of provided to improve academic performance and also increase opportunities exercise, place them at risk for heart disease. Just as medical research and rewards for classroom participation. An overview of the risk factors and discovered the risk factors for heart disease, social scientists have protective factors that have been shown to be related to youth problem defined a set of risk factors that place young people at risk for the behavior and their link to the Arizona Youth Survey will be provided. Just problem behaviors of substance abuse, delinquency, violence, as medical teen pregnancy, and school dropout. They also have identified The risk and protective factors measured by the Arizona Youth research discovered a set of protective factors that help to buffer the harmful the risk factors for heart Survey have been organized into the four important areas of a disease, social scientists effects of risk. young person’s life — community, family, school, and peer/ have defined risk factors that individual. There are a total of 14 risk factors and 11 protective place youth at risk Dr. J. David Hawkins, Dr. Richard F. Catalano, and their factors that are measured by the 2008 survey. However, some for problem colleagues at the University of Washington have reviewed of the risk factors are broad enough to require more than one scale behaviors. more than 30 years of existing work on risk factors from various for adequate measurement. As a result, there are 21 separate risk fields and have completed extensive work of their own to identify factor scales and 11 protective factor scales measured by the survey. risk factors for youth problem behaviors. They identified risk factors Appendix B provides a complete list of the risk and protective factors and in important areas of daily life: 1) the community, 2) the family, 3) the the corresponding risk and protective factor scales in the survey. school, and 4) within individuals themselves and their peer interactions. Many of the problem behaviors faced by youth — delinquency, substance The remainder of this section of the report is organized according to the four abuse, violence, school dropout, and teen pregnancy — share many domains. For each domain, the definition of each risk factor is presented and common risk factors. Programs designed to reduce those common risk then risk and protective results gathered from the Arizona Youth Survey are factors will have the benefit of reducing several problem behaviors. provided by grade. Risk and protective factor charts are also provided to illustrate Arizona risk and protection in a visual format. On the following page is more The Risk and Protective Factor Model and data from the Arizona Youth information about how to read and interpret the risk and protective charts. Survey can be used to help school and community planners assess current Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 8 How to Read the Risk and Protective Factor Charts in This Section There are two components of the risk and protective factor charts that are key to understanding the information that the charts contain: 1) the cutpoints for the risk and protective factor scales, and 2) the eight-state norm dots that indicate an estimate of national rates. Cut-Points Before the percentage of youth at risk on a given scale could be calculated, a scale value or cut-point needed to be determined that would separate the at-risk group from the group that was not at-risk. The Prevention Needs Assessment survey instrument was designed to assess adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. Because risk and protective factor model surveys have been given to thousands of youth in the Six-State and SevenState Consortium Projects, it was possible to select two groups of youth nationwide, one that was more at-risk for problem behaviors and another group that was less at-risk. A cut-point score was then determined for each risk and protective factor scale that best divided the youth from the two groups into their appropriate group, more at-risk or less at-risk. The criteria for selecting the more at-risk and the less at-risk groups included academic grades (the more at-risk group received “D” and “F” grades, the less at-risk group received “A” and “B” grades); alcohol, tobacco, and other drug (ATOD) use (the more at-risk group had more regular use, the less at-risk group had no drug use and use of alcohol or tobacco on only a few occasions); and antisocial behavior (the more at-risk group had two or more serious delinquent acts in the past year, the less at-risk group had no serious delinquent acts). Arizona Youth Survey 2008 The cut-points that were determined by analyzing the results of the more atrisk and less at-risk groups will remain constant and will be used to produce the profiles for future surveys. Since the cut-points for each scale will remain fixed, the percentage of youth above the cut-point on a scale (at-risk) will provide a method for evaluating the progress of prevention programs over time. For example, if the percentage of youth at risk for family conflict in a community prior to implementing a community-wide family/parenting program was 60% and then decreased to 50% one year after the program was implemented, the program could be viewed as helping to reduce family conflict. Eight-State Norm The eight-state norm allows a comparison between the levels of risk, protection and antisocial behavior in your community and a more national sample. The eight-state norm value for each risk and protective factor scale represents the percentage of youth at risk or with protection for eight states across the country (Arizona, Arkansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Montana, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Utah). Similarly, eight-state levels of antisocial behavior represent the percentage of youth in the eight states who engaged in each of the eight antisocial behaviors. In developing the eight-state norm, the contribution of each of eight states was proportional to its percentage of the national population, which helps to make the results more representative of youth nation-wide. A comparison between the ATOD use rates from the eight-state database and those from the national Monitoring the Future survey showed the rates to be very similar, which provides added confidence in the validity of the eight-state norm. Page 9 Community Risk and Protective Factors When looking at the community domain, it is important to consider more than how members of a community interact with the youth of the community. Youth benefit from living in an area where neighbors and community members show concern for them, offer them support, and give encouragement and praise. However, youth also benefit from living in a community that functions in a socially healthy manner. What is the community like? Are drugs and guns readily available? Is there an active presence of law enforcement officers in the community? Is the community lacking in economic resources? Do community members, businesses, or police turn a blind eye toward drug use and antisocial behaviors or condone such behaviors? Is there a sense of community disorganization or does the community have a common set of shared norms and expectations of behavior? All of these community issues, and more, play significant roles in shaping the behaviors of the youth that live within a particular community. By understanding how youth perceive their neighborhood, Arizona communities can get a better sense of how they need to change in order to reduce the risk that youth will participate in problem behaviors. Definitions of all community domain risk factors, as well as scale scores for the community domain are provided on the next pages. Table 5 below shows the links between the community risk factors and the five problem behaviors. Check marks have been placed in this and similar tables to indicate where at least two welldesigned, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Table 5 Violence School Dropout Teen Pregnancy Delinquency YOUTH AT RISK Substance Abuse PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Community Availability of Drugs  Availability of Firearms Community Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms, and Crime       Media Portrayals of Violence  Low Neighborhood Attachment   Extreme Economic and Social Deprivation   Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Availability of Drugs (Linked to Substance Abuse and Violence) The more available drugs are in a community, the higher the risk that young people will abuse drugs in that community. Perceived availability of drugs is also associated with risk. For example, in schools where students just think drugs are more available, a higher rate of drug use occurs. Availability of Firearms (Linked to Delinquency and Violence) Firearm availability and firearm homicide have increased together since the late 1950s. If a gun is present in the home, it is much more likely to be used against a relative or friend than an intruder or stranger. Also, when a firearm is used in a crime or assault instead of another weapon or no weapon, the outcome is much more likely to be fatal. While a few studies report no association between firearm availability and violence, more studies show a positive relationship. Given the lethality of firearms, the increase in the likelihood of conflict escalating into homicide when guns are present, and the strong association between availability of guns and homicide rates, firearm availability is included as a risk factor. Community Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms, and Crime (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Community norms, the attitudes and policies a community holds about drug use and crime, are communicated in a variety of ways: through laws and written policies, through informal social practices, and through the expectations parents and other community members have of young people. When laws and community standards are favorable toward drug use or crime, or even if they are just unclear, youth are at higher risk.     Page 10 Media Portrayals of Violence (Linked to Violence) The role of media violence on the behavior of viewers, especially young viewers, has been debated for more than three decades. Research over that time period has shown a clear correlation between media portrayal of violence and the development of aggressive and violent behavior. Exposure to violence in the media appears to have an impact on children in several ways: 1) children learn violent behavior from watching actors model that behavior, 2) they learn violent problem-solving strategies, and 3) media portrayals of violence appear to alter children’s attitudes and sensitivity to violence. Please note that a scale has not been developed for this risk factor, and the Arizona Youth Survey does not gather results for this risk factor. Low Neighborhood Attachment and Community Disorganization (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Higher rates of drug problems, juvenile delinquency and violence occur in communities or neighborhoods where people have little attachment to the community, where the rates of vandalism are high, and where there is low surveillance of public places. These conditions are not limited to low-income neighborhoods; they can also be found in wealthier neighborhoods. The less homogeneous a community (in terms of race, class, religion, and even the mix of industrial to residential neighborhoods), the less connected its residents may feel to the overall community, and the more difficult it is to establish clear community goals and identity. The challenge of creating neighborhood attachment and organization is greater in these neighborhoods. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Perhaps the most significant issue affecting community attachment is whether residents feel they can make a difference in their own lives. If the key players in the neighborhood, such as merchants, teachers, police, and human services personnel, live outside the neighborhood, residents’ sense of commitment will be less. Lower rates of voter participation and parental involvement in schools also indicate lower attachment to the community. Extreme Economic Deprivation (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Children who live in deteriorating and crime-ridden neighborhoods characterized by extreme poverty are more likely to develop problems with delinquency, violence, teen pregnancy, and school dropout. Children who live in these areas and have behavior and adjustment problems early in life are also more likely to have problems with drugs later on. Please note that a scale has not been developed for this risk factor, and the Arizona Youth Survey does not gather results for this risk factor. Page 11 Community Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors Table 6 shows that the highest scaled score was for Perceived Availability of Drugs for 12th graders (52.2% at risk), followed by Low Neighborhood Attachment for 12th graders (51.0% at risk). Of the three grades, 8th graders were at highest risk for Perceived Availability of Handguns (37.8%); 10th graders were at highest risk for Laws & Norms Favorable to Drug Use (42.1%); and 12th graders were at highest risk for Low Neighborhood Attachment (51.0%) and Perceived Availability of Drugs (52.2%). Table 6 Community Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade RISK FACTORS 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 Low Neighborhood Attachment 40.7 40.7 38.5 46.7 46.9 46.2 51.0 49.8 51.0 Laws & Norms Favor Drug Use 37.6 37.8 36.6 43.1 42.5 42.1 37.2 34.6 36.3 Perceived Availability of Drugs 40.6 38.1 38.2 52.1 48.8 49.6 55.0 51.3 52.2 37.0 37.8 27.3 27.6 26.7 34.6 34.1 33.1 In looking at Arizona community risk factor scales in relation to the eight-state norm, Figure 6 illustrates that Arizona levels of risk Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 41.1 38.2 are higher than other states for several scales and grades. For Low Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 32.0 30.4 Neighborhood Attachment, risk factor scales for all three grades are higher for Arizona than for the eight-state norm. In contrast, Arizona levels of risk for Perceived Availability of Handguns are Comparisons to Past AYS Survey Data lower than the eight-state norm for all grades. 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 39.3 39.2 37.1 37.1 38.6 37.6 36.1 31.3 37.3 36.3 35.4 35.8 35.2 33.2 Perceived Availability of Handguns PROTECTIVE FACTORS Protective Factors As for community domain protective factors, rates of Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement were well below the eight-state norm for all grades, with 8th graders having the lowest protection (31.3%) and 10th graders having the highest protection (35.4%). Rates of Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement were also significantly lower than the eight-state norm in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. With several Community Domain risk factors being higher than the eight-state norm in many scales and protective factors being much lower than the eight-state norm for both scales, these results indicate that this is an area where prevention programming could benefit Arizona communities. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 37.0 2004 2006 Table 6 shows community domain results for 2004, 2006, and 2008. The 8th grade risk factor scale scores showed positive decreases in rates of Low Neighborhood Attachment (2.2% decrease since 2006) and Laws and Norms Favoring Drug Use (1.2% decrease since 2006). Twelfth grade risk factor scale scores, however, increased 1.2% for Low Neighborhood Attachment since the 2006 survey, and increased 1.7% for Laws and Norms Favoring Drug Use since 2006. In regards to protective factor scales, 8th grade protection for Community Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement increased by 1.1% in the past two years (from 38.2% with protection in 2006 to 39.3% with protection in 2008), 12th grade protection for Community Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement decreased by 1.5% (from 37.6% with protection in 2006 to 36.1% with protection in 2008), and 12th grade rates of Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement decreased by 2.0% (from 35.2% with protection in 2006 to 33.2% with protection in 2008). Page 12 Figure 6 Risk Factors: Community Domain (2008) 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8-State 8th Grade 8-State 10th Grade 8-State 12th Grade Percent of students at risk in the following scales 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Low Neighborhood Attachment Figure 7 Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favor Drug Use Perceived Availability of Handguns Percent of students with protection in the following scales Protective Factors: Community Domain (2008) 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8-State 8th Grade 8-State 10th Grade 8-State 12th Grade 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Page 13 Family Risk and Protective Factors For the family domain, one must consider more than parents’ personal interaction with their children. Youth benefit from being bonded with their family, and from belonging to a family in which their parents offer support, encouragement, and praise. Other important factors that can contribute to youth problem behaviors are whether or not the youth’s parents or siblings have used substances, approve of the use of substances, or have participated in antisocial behaviors. If a youth’s living situation is full of conflict (fights and arguments) and disorganization (lack of family communication or parents’ not knowing the whereabouts or doings of their children), the youth is also at risk for problem behaviors. Definitions of all family domain risk factors, as well as scores for the family domain are provided on the following pages. Table 7 below shows the links between the family risk factors and the five problem behaviors. Table 7 Substance Abuse Delinquency Teen Pregnancy School Dropout Violence PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Family History of the Problem Behavior      Family Management Problems      Family Conflict      Favorable Parental Attitudes and Involvement In the Problem Behavior   YOUTH AT RISK Family  Family History of the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) If children are raised in a family with a history of addiction to alcohol or other drugs, the risk of their having alcohol and other drug problems themselves increases. If children are born or raised in a family with a history of criminal activity, their risk of juvenile delinquency increases. Similarly, children who are raised by a teenage mother are more likely to become teen parents, and children of dropouts are more likely to drop out of school themselves. Family Management Problems (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Poor family management practices include lack of clear expectations for behavior, failure of parents to monitor their children (knowing where they are and who they are with), and excessively severe or inconsistent punishment. Family Conflict (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Persistent, serious conflict between primary care givers or between care givers and children appears to enhance risk for children raised in these families. Conflict between family members appears to be more important than family structure. Whether the family is headed by two biological parents, a single parent, or some other primary care giver, children raised in families high in conflict appear to be at risk for all of the problem behaviors. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 14 Favorable Parental Attitudes and Involvement In the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Parental attitudes and behavior toward drugs, crime, and violence influence the attitudes and behavior of their children. Parental approval of young people’s moderate drinking, even under parental supervision, increases the risk of the young person using marijuana. Similarly, children of parents who excuse their children for breaking the law are more likely to develop problems with juvenile delinquency. In families where parents display violent behavior toward those outside or inside the family, there is an increase in the risk that a child will become violent. Further, in families where parents involve children in their own drug or alcohol behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or to get the parent a beer, there is an increased likelihood that their children will become substance abusers in adolescence. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 15 Family Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors Table 8 Table 8 shows that the highest scaled score for the family domain was for Family Conflict for 8th graders (53.5% at risk), followed by Parent Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior for 10th graders (53.4% at risk). The lowest scaled score for 8th graders in the family domain was for Parent Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use (26.8% at risk). Family Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores In looking at Arizona’s family risk factor scales in relation to the eight-state norm, Figure 8 illustrates that there were only two scales in which Arizona 8th, 10th, and 12th grade results were similar to, or lower than, the eight-state norm — Parent Attitudes Favoring Drug Use (lower that the norm for the 8th grade, and approximately even with the norm for the 10th and 12th grades), and Family History of Antisocial Behavior (significantly lower than the norm for all three grades). Rates for all three grades were higher in Arizona than the eight-state norm for Poor Family Management and Parent Attitudes Favoring Antisocial Behavior. Protective Factors There are three protective factor scales for the family domain — Family Attachment, Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement, and Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. For the Family Attachment and Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement scales, all three grades in Arizona indicated lower protective factor scores than the eight-state norm; and for the Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement scale, only the 10th and 12th grades were lower than the eight-state norm. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade RISK FACTORS 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 Poor Family Management 46.4 47.9 45.5 43.2 45.0 42.8 44.8 44.8 44.3 Family Conflict 52.5 52.2 53.5 40.9 42.2 42.8 38.3 38.3 38.3 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 46.2 42.7 40.3 45.8 43.2 41.1 42.9 38.6 37.3 Parent Attitudes Favorable to ASB 45.3 48.5 49.3 47.7 50.0 53.4 44.4 45.9 50.2 Parent Attitudes Favor Drug Use 27.7 29.1 26.8 41.6 41.1 41.1 42.8 40.1 41.2 PROTECTIVE FACTORS 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 Family Attachment 50.0 48.7 51.5 47.1 44.1 46.1 57.2 57.1 56.2 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 59.7 57.4 59.7 55.9 53.0 54.0 56.8 55.9 55.2 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 60.6 60.6 61.4 56.9 54.9 55.1 56.9 56.9 55.8 Comparisons to Past AYS Survey Data Table 8 shows family domain results for 2004, 2006, and 2008. In the 8th grade, three of the five family risk factor scales significantly decreased since the last survey in 2006 (decreases of 2.3% to 2.4%); in the 10th grade, two of the five scales decreased (decreases of 2.1% and 2.2%); and in the 12th grade, two scales increased (increases of 1.1% and 4.3%). The Family History of Antisocial Behavior scale showed a significant decrease in all grades, with the 8th grade decreasing 2.4% since 2006, the 10th grade decreasing 2.1% since 2006, and the 12th grade decreasing 1.3% since 2006. Eighth and 10th grade protection for Family Attachment and Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement both increased significantly from 2006 to 2008 (increases of 1.0% to 2.8% in each grade). While 12th grade protection for Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement decreased 1.1% since 2006, the scaled scores for the other two grades for the same scale were virtually unchanged since 2006. Page 16 Figure 8 Risk Factors: Family Domain (2008) 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8-State 8th Grade 8-State 10th Grade 8-State 12th Grade Percent of students at risk in the following scales 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Poor Family Management Figure 9 Family Conflict Family History of Antisocial Behavior Parent Attitudes Favorable to ASB Parent Attitudes Favor Drug Use Percent of students with protection in the following scales Protective Factors: Family Domain (2008) 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8-State 8th Grade 8-State 10th Grade 8-State 12th Grade 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Family Attachment Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Page 17 School Risk and Protective Factors Lack of commitment to school means the young person has ceased to see the role of student as a viable one. Young people who have lost this commitment to school are at higher risk for all five problem behaviors. Table 9 Violence PROBLEM BEHAVIORS School Dropout Definitions of all school domain risk factors, as well as scores for the school domain are provided on the next pages. Table 9 below shows the links between the school risk factors and the five problem behaviors. Lack of Commitment to School (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Teen Pregnancy As with the community and family domains, bonding at the school level also decreases risk and increases protection. When students have healthy relationships with their teachers, when they feel as if they are able to play an active role in their classes and in their school, and when they receive encouragement and support, they are more bonded to their school and their commitment to school is less likely to falter. Beginning in the late elementary grades, academic failure increases the risk of drug abuse, delinquency, violence, teen pregnancy, and school dropout. Students fail for many reasons. It appears that the experience of failure, not necessarily the student’s ability, increases the risk of problem behaviors. Delinquency These two factors (academic failure and early engagement in antisocial behavior) indicate that prevention programs should begin early in a student’s schooling. Programs that can effectively target the needs of the school population will help to decrease the level of risk, thereby decreasing problem behaviors later in schooling. The Arizona data will help schools target the problem behaviors and student populations that are at the greatest need for services. Academic Failure in Elementary School (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Substance Abuse In the school domain, the early years are important as far as creating or decreasing the level of risk for children. Academic failure in elementary school puts children at risk for substance use, delinquency, teen pregnancy, school drop out, and violence later in life. Further, a child with early and persistent antisocial behavior is at risk for substance use and other problems later in life. Academic Failure Beginning in Late Elementary School      Lack of Commitment to School      YOUTH AT RISK School Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 18 School Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors There are two risk factor scales for the school domain — Academic Failure and Low Commitment to School. Rates of Academic Failure were higher than the eight-state norm for all grades, and the rates of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade Low Commitment to School were lower than, or similar to, the eightstate norm rates. Protective Factors There are also two protective factor scales for the school domain — School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement and School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. Rates of Arizona School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement were lower than the eight-state norm for the 8th grade, and similar to the norm rates for the other two grades. As for Rewards for Prosocial Involvement, the rates for all Arizona grades were below the eight-state norm rates. Table 10 School Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade RISK FACTORS 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 Academic Failure 49.8 48.6 47.3 49.8 51.6 49.5 43.8 44.1 44.4 Low Commitment to School 39.4 41.1 41.0 43.7 40.1 43.7 47.9 43.0 45.6 PROTECTIVE FACTORS 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 61.8 59.1 60.3 61.7 62.9 62.4 61.3 65.2 64.3 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 52.2 50.7 51.2 60.8 62.3 59.8 43.9 48.0 45.4 Comparisons to Past AYS Survey Data Table 10 displays school domain risk and protective factor results for the 2004, 2006, and 2008 surveys. Eighth and 10th grade levels of risk for Academic Failure decreased since 2006 (1.3% decrease in the 8th grade, 2.1% decrease in the 10th grade). However, the Low Commitment to School scaled scored increased 3.6% in the 10th grade since 2006 and 2.6% in the 12th grade since 2006. For protective factor scores in the school domain, the 8th grade saw an increase in the Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement scale (1.2% increase since 2006). For Rewards for Prosocial Involvement, 10th grade protection decreased 2.5% and 12th grade protection decreased 2.6%. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 19 Figure 10 Risk Factors: School Domain (2008) 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8-State 8th Grade 8-State 10th Grade 8-State 12th Grade Percent of students at risk in the following scales 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Academic Failure Figure 11 Low Commitment to School Protective Factors: School Domain (2008) 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8-State 8th Grade 8-State 10th Grade 8-State 12th Grade Percent of students with protection in the following scales 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Page 20 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factors The final domain of a student’s life — peer/individual — consists of much more than mere peer pressure. While students are at risk for problem behaviors when they have friends who are engaging in unfavorable behaviors or their friends have favorable attitudes toward the behaviors (i.e. it is seen as “cool”), the peer/individual domain also consists of several factors that spring from the individual. For example, students who are depressed, rebellious, or who feel alienated are more likely to use drugs and show antisocial behavior. Other constitutional factors also play a part in whether or not a student is at risk for ATOD use or antisocial behaviors. Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Definitions of all peer/individual domain risk and protective factors, as well as a description of individual characteristics, bonding, and healthy beliefs and clear standards, are presented in this section. Also in this discussion of peer/ individual risk factors, scores for the scales in this domain are provided in the form of tables and charts. Table 11 below shows the links between the peer/ individual risk factors and the five problem behaviors. This risk factor also includes persistent antisocial behavior in early adolescence, like misbehaving in school, skipping school, and getting into fights with other children. Young people, both girls and boys, who engage in these behaviors during early adolescence are at increased risk for drug abuse, delinquency, teen pregnancy, school dropout, and violence. Alienation, Rebelliousness, and Lack of Bonding to Society (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and School Dropout) Table 11 Substance Abuse Delinquency Teen Pregnancy School Dropout Violence PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior      Rebelliousness   Friends Who Engage in a Problem Behavior   Gang Involvement   Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem     Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior     Constitutional Factors   YOUTH AT RISK Peer/Individual Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Boys who are aggressive in grades K-3 are at higher risk for substance abuse and delinquency. When a boy’s aggressive behavior in the early grades is combined with isolation or withdrawal, there is an even greater risk of problems in adolescence. This increased risk also applies to aggressive behavior combined with hyperactivity or attention deficit disorder.         Young people who feel they are not part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society are at higher risk of drug abuse, delinquency, and school dropout. Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Youth who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are much more likely to engage in the same problem behaviors. This is one of the most consistent predictors of youth problem behaviors that the research has identified. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, just hanging out with those who engage in problem behaviors greatly increases their risks. However, young people who experience a low number of risk factors are less likely to associate with those who are involved in problem behaviors. Page 21 Gang Involvement (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, School Dropout, and Violence) Youth who belong to gangs or who have friends that belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. The risk factors associated with gang involvement are well known as many gang-related crimes and events are covered by local media. Gang membership has been linked to violence, shootings, destruction of public property, and involvement in other illegal behaviors including distribution of drugs. Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, and School Dropout) During the elementary school years, children usually express anti-drug, anticrime, prosocial attitudes. They have difficulty imagining why people use drugs, commit crimes, and drop out of school. In middle school, as others they know participate in such activities, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. This places them at higher risk. Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) The earlier young people begin using drugs, committing crimes, engaging in violent activity, becoming sexually active, and dropping out of school, the greater the likelihood that they will have problems with these behaviors later on. For example, research shows that young people who initiate drug use before age 15 are at twice the risk of having drug problems as those who begin using after age 19. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Constitutional Factors (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Constitutional factors are factors that may have a biological or physiological basis. These factors are often seen in young people with behaviors such as sensation seeking, low harm avoidance, and lack of impulse control. These factors appear to increase the risk of young people abusing drugs, engaging in delinquent behavior, and/or committing violent acts. Some young people who are exposed to multiple risk factors do not become substance abusers, juvenile delinquents, teen parents, or school dropouts. Balancing the risk factors are protective factors, those aspects of people’s lives that counter risk factors or provide buffers against them. They protect by either reducing the impact of the risks or by changing the way a person responds to the risks. A key strategy to counter risk factors is to enhance protective factors that promote positive behavior, health, well-being, and personal success. Research indicates that protective factors fall into three basic categories: Individual Characteristics, Bonding, and Healthy Beliefs and Clear Standards. Individual Characteristics Research has identified four individual characteristics as protective factors. These attributes are considered to be inherent in the youngster and are difficult, if not impossible, to change. They consist of: Gender. Given equal exposure to risks, girls are less likely to develop health and behavior problems in adolescence than are boys. A Resilient Temperament. Young people who have the ability to quickly adjust to or recover from misfortune or changes are at reduced risk. Page 22 A Positive Social Orientation. Young people who are good natured, enjoy social interactions, and elicit positive attention from others are at reduced risk. Intelligence. Bright children are less likely to become delinquent or drop out of school. However, intelligence does not protect against substance abuse. Bonding Research indicates that one of the most effective ways to reduce children’s risk is to strengthen their bond with positive, prosocial family members, teachers, or other significant adults, and/or prosocial friends. Children who are attached to positive families, friends, schools, and their community, and who are committed to achieving the goals valued by these groups, are less likely to develop problems in adolescence. Children who are bonded to others who hold healthy beliefs are less likely to do things that threaten that bond, such as use drugs, commit crimes, or drop out of school. For example, if children are attached to their parents and want to please them, they will be less likely to risk breaking this connection by doing things of which their parents strongly disapprove. Studies of successful children who live in highrisk neighborhoods or situations indicate that strong bonds with a caregiver can keep children from getting into trouble. Positive bonding makes up for many disadvantages caused by risk factors or environmental characteristics. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Healthy Beliefs and Clear Standards Bonding is only part of the protective equation. Research indicates that another group of protective factors falls into the category of healthy beliefs and clear standards. The people with whom children are bonded need to have clear, positive standards for behavior. The content of these standards is what protects young people. For example, being opposed to youth alcohol and drug use is a standard that has been shown to protect young people from the damaging effects of substance abuse risk factors. Children whose parents have high expectations for their school success and achievement are less likely to drop out of school. A similar protective effect is found when parents have clear standards against criminal activity and early, unprotected sexual activity. The negative effects of risk factors can be reduced when schools, families, and/or peer groups teach young people healthy beliefs and set clear standards for their behavior. Examples of healthy beliefs include believing it is best for children to be drug and crime free and to do well in school. Examples of clear standards include establishing clear no drug and alcohol family rules, establishing the expectation that a youngster does well in school, and having consistent family rules against problem behaviors. Page 23 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors Some of the highest levels of risk for the peer/individual domain are found when looking at the Interaction with Antisocial Peers scale scores — 58.2% of 8th graders, 57.3% of 10th graders, and 53.2% of 12th graders are at risk. The scale with the lowest scores is Gang Involvement, where 26.9% of 8th graders, 23.2% of 10th graders, and 16.8% of 12th graders are at risk. Table 12 Peer-Individual Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade RISK FACTORS 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 Rebelliousness 37.4 43.8 43.1 39.5 47.5 46.8 36.0 44.3 44.0 Early Initiation of ASB 38.1 40.2 39.4 39.1 42.4 42.0 39.4 38.8 41.2 Early Initiation of Drug Use 38.0 35.2 30.3 38.1 36.6 32.7 39.7 34.1 33.1 In comparison to the eight-state norm, Arizona risk factor scores are higher than the eight state norm in all grades for Rebelliousness, Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior, Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior, Interaction with Antisocial Peers, and Gang Involvement. Some factors that are lower than the eight-state norm for all grades were the Early Initiation of Drug Use, Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use, and Friends’ Use of Drugs scales. Attitudes Favorable to ASB 46.0 46.2 44.6 51.0 49.7 50.7 46.8 45.6 46.9 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 33.5 32.4 29.1 39.3 36.6 37.4 36.9 34.6 36.3 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 48.5 45.4 44.5 40.7 39.2 42.3 44.4 40.5 46.5 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 58.2 58.4 58.2 56.9 58.1 57.3 52.6 52.0 53.2 Friend’s Use of Drugs 44.2 41.3 39.4 44.7 43.2 41.9 38.8 35.9 37.3 Rewards for ASB 49.1 48.7 45.6 42.4 45.0 44.0 52.8 53.8 54.6 Gang Involvement 25.1 26.3 26.9 23.0 23.9 23.2 18.9 16.3 16.8 Protective Factors PROTECTIVE FACTORS 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 Belief in the Moral Order 53.6 54.3 59.4 62.7 62.6 66.5 50.3 51.2 53.6 Interaction with Prosocial Peers* 50.6 50.1 53.1 53.6 54.1 55.3 52.5 53.7 52.5 Prosocial Involvement 39.8 37.7 39.0 43.1 39.3 41.2 40.5 39.1 36.4 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 59.2 58.8 59.4 60.1 61.1 59.7 50.6 53.4 52.2 There are four protective factor scales for the peer/individual domain. The Interaction with Prosocial Peers and Prosocial Involvement scale scores are below the eight-state norm rates for all grades. However, 10th grade rate for Belief in the Moral Order, and the 8th and 10th grade rates for Peer/Individual Rewards for Prosocial Involvement were higher than the eight-state norm rates. Comparisons to Past AYS Survey Data Table 12 displays the peer/individual domain risk and protective factor results for the 2004, 2006, and 2008 surveys. The only risk factor scale to significantly decrease in all three grades since the 2006 survey was Early Initiation of Drug Use, where rates decreased 4.9% in the 8th grade, 3.9% in the 10th grade, and 1.0% in the 12th grade since 2006. Further, the 8th grade saw significant decreases above 1.0% in levels of risk in five of the 10 scales; while three risk factor rates significantly decreased since 2006 in the 10th grade. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 *Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. For protective factor data in the peer/individual domain, protection increased in all three grades for Belief in the Moral Order, with the 8th grade scale score increasing 5.1%, the 10th grade score increasing 3.9%, and the 12th grade score increasing 2.4% since 2006. Scaled scores for Interaction with Prosocial Peers and Prosocial Involvement increased in the 8th and 10th grades since 2006, while the scores for those protective factor scales decreased for the 12th grade. Page 24 Figure 12 Risk Factors: Peer/Individual Domain (2008) 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8-State 8th Grade 8-State 10th Grade 8-State 12th Grade Percent of students at risk in the following scales 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Rebelliousness Early Initiation Early Initiation of Antisocial of Drug Use Behavior Figure 13 Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Perceived Risk Interaction of Drug Use with Antisocial Peers Friend's Use of Drugs Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Gang Involvement Percent of students with protection in the following scales Protective Factors: Peer/Individual Domain (2008) 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8-State 8th Grade 8-State 10th Grade 8-State 12th Grade 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Belief in the Moral Order Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Interaction with Prosocial Peers Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Page 25 3 Section 3: Substance Use Outcomes Age of Initiation The earlier young people begin using drugs, committing crimes, engaging in violent activity, and becoming involved in other behaviors, the greater the likelihood that they will have problems with these behaviors later on. The Arizona Youth Survey asks students to report how old they were when, if ever, they first used ATODs. Asking students to report their age of first substance use allows the average age when students generally begin using a substance to be determined. This not only gives prevention planners an age group in which to target interventions, but also gives the state of Arizona a better idea of the seriousness of the problem—the younger the age of initiation, the more serious the problem is. Through future surveys, age of initiation can be tracked; and if prevention programs are successful, the age of initiation will increase over time. In Table 13 on this page and Figure 14 on the following page, the average age of first use, or age of initiation, is reported. Students begin using cigarettes at a younger age than other drugs. The average age of first use of cigarettes in 2008 was 12.74 years. The age of first cigarette use has increased by 0.45 years since the 2004 survey. For alcohol use, a distinction can be made between the first experimental use of alcohol (having more than a sip or two of alcohol) and the first regular use of alcohol (drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, or at least once or twice a month). Arizona students, on average, reported having their first drink of alcohol (having more than a sip or two of alcohol) at age 12.93 years in 2008, while the average age of first regular use of alcohol (drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, or at least once or twice a month) was over a year later at age 14.27 years. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Table 13 Age of Initiation Drug Used Average Age of First Use (Of Students Who Indicated That They Had Used) 2004 2006 2008 First Cigarette Use 12.29 12.47 12.74 First Marijuana Use 13.22 13.24 13.47 First Alcohol Sip or More 12.76 12.84 12.93 First Regular Alcohol Use 14.21 14.21 14.27 First Use of Methamphetamines 14.22 14.11 14.00 The survey results also show that those students who have used marijuana, on average, try marijuana at a younger age than students who began regularly using alcohol. In 2008, the average age of initiation for marijuana use was 13.47 years, while students began regularly using alcohol at 14.27 years. Of the students who reported having used methamphetamines at least once in their lifetime, the average age of first use was 14.00 years. Page 26 Figure 14 Average Age of First Substance Use (2004, 2006,2008) (Of Students Who Indicated That They Had Used) 2004 2008 2006 First Use of Methamphetamines (Meth, Crystal, or Crank) 14.22 14.11 14.00 14.21 14.21 14.27 First Regular Alcohol Use 12.76 12.84 12.93 First Alcohol Sip or More 13.22 13.24 First Marijuana Use 12.29 First Cigarette Use 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.47 12.50 13.47 12.74 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 Student age in years Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 27 Lifetime ATOD Use, By Grade Arizona Lifetime Usage 2008 Results Compared to Past Survey Results Lifetime use is seen as a good measure of youth experimentation with alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. As can be seen in Figures 15 and 17, the most commonly used substances are alcohol (59.6% of Arizona survey participants in the 2008 survey have used at least once), cigarettes (36.0% have used), marijuana (27.4% have used), prescription drugs (22.4% have used), prescription pain relievers (17.6% have used), inhalants (12.6% have used) and Over-the-counter drugs (11.5% have used). Table 14 also shows that use of sedatives and methamphetamines in all grades has significantly decreased since the 2006 survey, with sedatives decreasing 1.7% to 4.2% in each grade and methamphetamines decreasing 1.4% to 2.6% in each grade. Further, while 8th and 10th grade rates of lifetime alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use significantly decreased since the 2006 survey, use rates of those substances for 12th graders largely remained unchanged. However, Arizona students in all grades indicated higher alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, and steroid use than students in the same grades in the national sample. Further, cocaine use rates for Arizona 10th and 12th graders were also higher than 10th and 12th grade cocaine use rates in the national sample. Alcohol use for Arizona youth who took the survey was 8.9% greater for Arizona 8th graders, 4.5% greater for Arizona 10th graders, and 2.6 greater for Arizona 12th graders in comparison to national sample youth in the same grades. Cigarette use rates in Arizona were 3.8% to 5.3% higher for each grade than in the MTF sample; marijuana use rates in Arizona were 1.3% to 2.0% higher for each grade than in the MTF sample; and cocaine use rates in Arizona were 1.5% higher for 10th graders and 3.4% higher for 12th graders than in the national sample. Figure 15 Lifetime Substance Use: 2004, 2006, and 2008 Arizona State Totals 2004 2006 2008 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Al co ho l Ci ga Ch r ew et te in s g To ba cc o M ar iju Ha an llu a cin og en s* Co ca in e M In et ha ha m la nt ph s et am in es * He ro in Ec Pr st es as cr y* ip tio St n er St Pa oi ds im in ul Re an lie t s Pr v e (2 es rs 00 cr 4 ip tio on n l Pr y) St es * im cr ul ip an tio ts n * Se Pr da es tiv cr O i e p ve s* tio rn th Dr eug Co s* un te rD ru gs When looking at Table 14 (page 30) at the Arizona and MTF survey results, fewer Arizona survey participants in all grades have had lifetime experience with inhalants and hallucinogens compared to youth in the same grades in the 2007 national survey. Additionally, fewer 8th and 10th grade Arizona students have had lifetime experience with chewing tobacco and methamphetamine than 8th and 10th grade youth in the national MTF sample. In looking at 2008 results compared to 2004 results, alcohol use has decreased 3.1% to 4.1% in each grade, cigarette use has decreased 3.4% to 7.6% in each grade, marijuana use has decreased 2.6% to 4.2% in each grade, and sedative use has decreased 2.7% to 6.6% in each grade. Percent of students who have used at least once in their lifetime Arizona Results Compared to National Results * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Noncomparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 28 Figure 16 Lifetime Substance Use: Arizona (2004, 2006, 2008) Compared to National (2007) Arizona 2004 Arizona 2006 Arizona 2008 MTF 2007 100.0 Percent of students indicating that they used at least once in their lifetime 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 Alcohol Cigarettes Chewing Tobacco Marijuana Hallucinogens* Cocaine Inhalants Methamphetamines* Ecstasy* Prescription Pain Relievers Prescription Stimulants* Prescription Sedatives* Prescription Drugs* 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 0.0 Over-theCounter Drugs * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 29 Table 14 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade 8th Grade Drug Used 10th Grade 12th Grade Total AZ AZ AZ MTF AZ AZ AZ MTF AZ AZ AZ MTF AZ AZ AZ 2004 2006 2008 2007 2004 2006 2008 2007 2004 2006 2008 2007 2004 2006 2008 Alcohol 51.9 50.4 47.8 38.9 69.3 67.6 66.2 61.7 77.9 74.5 74.8 72.2 63.3 61.7 59.6 Cigarettes 33.5 30.8 25.9 22.1 45.3 43.8 39.9 34.6 54.2 50.0 50.8 46.2 42.0 39.6 36.0 Chewing Tobacco 7.2 8.0 7.1 9.1 11.0 11.8 12.9 15.1 16.7 15.6 17.7 15.1 10.6 11.0 11.3 Marijuana 20.4 18.3 16.2 14.2 36.6 34.0 32.5 31.0 45.7 42.6 43.1 41.8 31.3 29.2 27.4 Hallucinogens* 2.5 2.1 1.9 3.1 5.3 4.1 5.2 6.4 7.6 5.6 7.9 8.4 4.6 3.6 4.3 Cocaine 3.7 3.6 2.7 3.1 7.8 7.6 6.8 5.3 11.5 11.6 11.2 7.8 6.8 6.8 5.9 Inhalants 13.7 15.2 14.3 15.6 10.9 11.9 12.6 13.6 9.1 9.8 9.2 10.5 11.8 12.9 12.6 Methamphetamines* N/A 2.6 1.2 1.8 N/A 5.0 2.4 2.8 N/A 6.6 4.0 3.0 N/A 4.3 2.2 Heroin or Other Opiates 1.5 1.4 1.0 1.3 2.4 2.1 2.0 1.5 3.0 2.8 3.1 1.5 2.1 2.0 1.8 Ecstasy* 2.4 1.9 2.2 2.3 4.3 3.4 4.9 5.2 5.9 4.4 7.0 6.5 3.8 3.0 4.2 Steroids N/A 1.6 1.7 1.5 N/A 2.0 2.3 1.8 N/A 2.2 2.4 2.2 N/A 1.9 2.0 Prescription Pain Relievers N/A N/A 12.2 N/C N/A N/A 20.5 N/C N/A N/A 24.6 N/C N/A N/A 17.6 Stimulants (2004 only)* 3.4 N/A N/A N/C 6.7 N/A N/A N/C 8.2 N/A N/A N/C 5.5 N/A N/A Prescription Stimulants* N/A 3.4 3.8 N/C N/A 7.1 7.6 N/C N/A 8.5 7.9 N/C N/A 5.9 5.9 Prescription Sedatives* 11.0 10.0 8.3 N/C 16.5 14.3 12.0 N/C 19.8 17.4 13.2 9.3 14.8 13.2 10.5 Prescription Drugs* N/A 9.8 17.1 N/C N/A 16.0 25.7 N/C N/A 20.0 28.7 N/C N/A 14.3 22.4 Over-the-Counter Drugs N/A N/A 9.7 N/C N/A N/A 12.9 N/C N/A N/A 13.4 N/C N/A N/A 11.5 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2004, 2006, or 2008 Arizona Youth Surveys. N/C - Indicates where MTF data is not comparable to data gathered through the Arizona Youth Survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 30 30-Day ATOD Use, By Grade Arizona 30-Day Usage 2008 Results Compared to Past Survey Results When looking at the percentage of students who indicated that he/she used ATODs in the past 30 days (Table 15, Figure 17), an increase by grade can be seen with most substances except inhalants (peaks in the 8th grade at 5.4%), stimulants (peaks in the 10th grade at 2.9%), and over-the-counter drugs (peaks in the 10th grade at 6.4%). Since 2006, 30-day use rates have decreased (by 1.6% to 2.1%) in all grades for sedatives and methamphetamines. The only substance that increased in all grades was the prescription drug category. By grade level, 8th grade 30-day use rates decreased significantly since the 2006 survey for cigarettes (1.8% decrease) and sedatives (1.1% decrease). Tenth grade past month use rates decreased significantly for alcohol (1.5% decrease), sedatives (2.1% decrease), and methamphetamines (1.1% decrease) since the 2006 survey. Twelfth grade 30-day use rates decreased significantly since 2006 for sedatives (2.1% decrease); but also increased significantly since 2006 for cigarette use (2.1% increase), chewing tobacco (1.4% increase), ecstasy (1.1% increase), and prescription drugs (5.0% increase). Arizona Results Compared to National Results Table 15 and Figure 17 show the percentage of Arizona survey participants and youth nationwide who used ATODs in the 30 days prior to completing the survey. A higher percentage of Arizona youth in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades have used alcohol, cigarettes, inhalants, cocaine, and ecstasy than youth in the same grades in the 2007 national MTF sample. The only area in which Arizona youth had a significantly lower use rate than the youth in the national MTF sample was for 10th grade chewing tobacco, where the MTF rate was 1.5% higher than the Arizona 10th grade rate. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 31 Figure 17 30-Day Substance Use: Arizona (2004, 2006, 2008) Compared to National (2007) Arizona 2004 Arizona 2006 Arizona 2008 MTF 2007 100.0 Percent of students indicating that they used at least once in the past 30 days 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 Alcohol Cigarettes Chewing Tobacco Marijuana Hallucinogens* Cocaine Inhalants Methamphetamines* Ecstasy* Prescription Pain Relievers Prescription Stimulants* Prescription Sedatives* Prescription Drugs* 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 10th Grade 8th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 8th Grade 10th Grade 0.0 Over-theCounter Drugs * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 32 Table 15 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade 8th Grade Drug Used Arizona Arizona Arizona 10th Grade MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona 12th Grade MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona Total MTF Arizona Arizona Arizona 2004 2006 2008 2007 2004 2006 2008 2007 2004 2006 2008 2007 2004 2006 2008 Alcohol 25.3 24.1 23.2 15.9 41.3 39.2 37.7 33.4 51.1 47.0 46.8 44.4 36.3 34.4 33.1 Cigarettes 10.7 10.5 8.7 7.1 17.7 17.1 16.6 14.0 24.4 21.8 23.9 21.6 16.1 15.3 14.7 Chewing Tobacco 2.4 2.7 2.6 3.2 3.4 4.0 4.6 6.1 5.4 5.4 6.8 6.6 3.4 3.8 4.2 Marijuana 9.7 8.5 7.6 5.7 16.2 15.7 15.1 14.2 18.5 18.1 18.7 18.8 13.8 13.1 12.5 Hallucinogens* 1.6 1.0 0.8 1.0 2.4 1.7 1.9 1.7 2.3 1.7 2.4 1.7 2.0 1.4 1.5 Cocaine 1.6 1.7 1.0 0.9 3.0 2.9 2.2 1.3 3.7 3.3 3.2 2.0 2.5 2.5 1.9 Inhalants 5.8 6.2 5.4 3.9 2.9 3.1 3.0 2.5 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.2 3.9 4.1 3.8 Methamphetamines* N/A 1.0 0.4 0.6 N/A 1.7 0.6 0.4 N/A 1.4 0.8 0.6 N/A 1.3 0.6 Heroin 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.0 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.6 Ecstasy* 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.6 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.0 0.9 2.0 1.6 0.9 0.9 1.3 Steroids N/A 0.8 0.7 0.4 N/A 1.0 1.0 0.5 N/A 1.0 1.0 1.0 N/A 0.9 0.8 Prescription Pain Relievers N/A N/A 6.0 N/C N/A N/A 9.4 N/C N/A N/A 10.5 N/C N/A N/A 8.1 Stimulants (2004 only)* 1.6 N/A N/A N/C 2.8 N/A N/A N/C 3.0 N/A N/A N/C 2.3 N/A N/A Prescription Stimulants* N/A 1.5 1.6 N/C N/A 2.9 2.9 N/C N/A 2.6 2.1 N/C N/A 2.2 2.1 Prescription Sedatives* 5.5 4.5 3.4 N/C 8.2 6.6 4.5 N/C 9.2 7.1 5.0 2.7 7.2 5.8 4.1 Prescription Drugs* N/A 4.5 8.6 N/C N/A 7.3 12.2 N/C N/A 8.1 13.1 N/C N/A 6.3 10.7 Over-the-Counter Drugs N/A N/A 5.6 N/C N/A N/A 6.4 N/C N/A N/A 5.9 N/C N/A N/A 5.9 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2004, 2006, or 2008 Arizona Youth Surveys. N/C - Indicates where MTF data is not comparable to data gathered through the Arizona Youth Survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 33 Lifetime ATOD Use by Gender higher lifetime use rates than males) and sedatives (females indicated 3.2% to 5.1% higher use rates than males). Table 16 on the following page shows the percentage of lifetime ATOD use for males and for females. Lifetime use is a measure of the experience that young people have had with the various substances. While being female is generally considered a protective factor for substance use, it can be seen that, of the Arizona students who took the survey, females are becoming the predominant substance users in the lower grades; and, in some substance use categories, actually indicate higher use than males in all grades. As was previously mentioned, female lifetime use rates top male use rates in the younger grades, while 12th grade use is more similar among males and females. In the 8th grade, females indicated significantly higher lifetime use rates in seven of the 17 substance use categories. In the 10th grade, females have more similar, though still significantly higher, use rates in six of 17 categories. By the 12th grade, females had significantly higher use rates in only three of 17 categories. Such a finding indicates that females may be experimenting with drug use at higher rates than males in the early grades, but as students get older, males take over as the more dominant substance users. Males in all grades indicate higher use rates for chewing tobacco use for 10th and 12th graders (more than two times the rate of females) and marijuana use (1.8% to 3.8% higher than female use rates in each grade). In contrast, the 2008 AYS results show that females in all grades indicated higher lifetime use rates of the following substances: alcohol (females indicated 2.7% to 5.4% Figure 18 Arizona Lifetime Substance Use by Gender (2004, 2006, 2008) 2004 2006 2008 Percent of students who used at least once in their lifetime 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Male Female Alcohol Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Male Female Cigarettes Male Female Marijuana Page 34 Table 16 Percentage of Males and Females by Grade Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime 8th Grade Drug Used Males 10th Grade Females Males 12th Grade Females Males Total Females Males Females 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 Alcohol 50.7 48.8 45.9 52.9 51.7 49.7 67.5 65.8 63.4 71.1 69.2 68.8 77.4 73.8 73.4 78.4 75.1 76.1 62.2 60.2 57.4 64.4 62.9 61.8 Cigarettes 33.4 30.6 25.7 33.4 30.9 26.2 45.2 44.8 39.7 45.2 43.0 40.1 55.8 51.7 51.7 52.6 48.2 49.8 42.4 40.3 35.9 41.6 39.0 36.1 Chewing Tobacco 9.5 9.8 8.3 5.2 6.1 5.9 16.3 17.6 17.7 6.3 6.5 8.4 26.8 24.7 27.0 7.4 7.0 9.2 15.7 15.9 15.4 6.1 6.5 7.4 Marijuana 21.9 19.4 17.1 19.0 17.1 15.3 37.8 36.3 33.7 35.5 31.9 31.3 48.7 45.6 45.0 43.0 39.7 41.2 33.1 31.1 28.5 29.7 27.3 26.3 Hallucinogens* 2.2 2.0 1.9 2.7 2.1 1.9 5.5 4.5 5.7 5.0 3.8 4.8 9.0 6.8 10.0 6.2 4.4 6.0 4.9 4.0 4.9 4.2 3.2 3.8 Cocaine 3.2 3.4 2.5 4.0 3.8 2.9 7.4 7.5 6.5 8.1 7.7 7.0 13.1 12.3 11.7 9.9 10.8 10.6 6.9 6.9 5.8 6.7 6.7 6.0 Inhalants 11.3 12.7 11.2 16.0 17.5 17.3 9.7 10.8 10.6 11.9 12.8 14.5 10.0 10.6 9.3 8.2 9.2 9.0 10.5 11.6 10.6 12.9 14.0 14.5 Methamphetamines* N/A 2.1 1.0 N/A 2.9 1.4 N/A 4.4 2.0 N/A 5.6 2.7 N/A 5.7 3.3 N/A 7.4 4.6 N/A 3.7 1.8 N/A 4.9 2.6 Heroin 1.2 1.3 0.9 1.7 1.6 1.1 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.9 4.0 3.5 3.7 2.1 2.1 2.5 2.3 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 Ecstasy* 2.1 1.6 2.1 2.6 2.1 2.4 4.3 3.3 4.9 4.3 3.4 5.0 6.2 4.7 8.0 5.4 4.0 6.1 3.8 2.9 4.3 3.8 3.0 4.0 Steroids N/A 2.1 2.0 N/A 1.2 1.4 N/A 2.9 3.1 N/A 1.2 1.5 N/A 3.5 3.8 N/A 1.0 1.1 N/A 2.7 2.7 N/A 1.1 1.4 Prescription Pain Relievers N/A N/A 10.0 N/A N/A 14.3 N/A N/A 19.3 N/A N/A 21.6 N/A N/A 25.4 N/A N/A 24.0 N/A N/A 16.3 N/A N/A 18.8 Stimulants (2004 only)* 2.8 N/A N/A 3.9 N/A N/A 5.4 N/A N/A 7.7 N/A N/A 8.2 N/A N/A 8.0 N/A N/A 4.9 N/A N/A 6.1 N/A N/A Prescription Stimulants* N/A 2.7 3.0 N/A 4.1 4.5 N/A 6.5 7.2 N/A 7.6 8.0 N/A 8.4 8.1 N/A 8.6 7.6 N/A 5.3 5.4 N/A 6.3 6.3 Prescription Sedatives* 8.3 7.4 5.7 13.4 12.3 10.8 13.4 11.8 9.3 19.2 16.4 14.4 19.3 16.3 11.6 20.2 18.5 14.8 12.5 11.0 8.2 16.8 15.1 12.9 Prescription Drugs* N/A 8.1 14.0 N/A 11.2 20.3 N/A 14.0 23.3 N/A 17.6 27.9 N/A 19.7 28.5 N/A 20.1 29.0 N/A 12.9 20.1 N/A 15.4 24.7 Over-the-Counter Drugs N/A N/A 8.3 N/A N/A 11.2 N/A N/A 11.3 N/A N/A 14.3 N/A N/A 13.6 N/A N/A 13.1 N/A N/A 10.4 N/A N/A 12.6 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2004, 2006, or 2008 Arizona Youth Surveys. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 35 30-Day ATOD Use by Gender Table 17 on the following page shows the percentage of ATOD use in the past 30 days by males and females in all three grades and the total for all males and all females. Again, rates are very similar in both genders. However, marijuana 30-day use rates were consistently higher for males (2.6% to 4.4% higher in each grade), and the 30-day use rates of chewing tobacco are higher for males as well (3.7% to 8.9% higher for males over females in each grade). As with lifetime substance use, females are using substances at higher rates in the younger grades with 8th grade females indicated significantly higher use rates in six of the 17 substance categories. In the 10th grade, use rates were higher for females in five of the 17 categories. However, in the 12th grade, most use rates were equal among the two genders or higher for males. Such findings seem to match what was discovered from looking at lifetime use rates by gender — that more younger females are experimenting with substances and are indicating regular use of substances than young males. Figure 19 Arizona 30-Day Substance Use by Gender (2004, 2006, 2008) Percent of students who used at least once in the past 30 days 2004 2006 2008 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Male Female Alcohol Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Male Female Cigarettes Male Female Marijuana Page 36 Table 17 Percentage of Males and Females by Grade Who Used ATODs During The Past 30 Days 8th Grade Drug Used Males 10th Grade Females Males 12th Grade Females Males Total Females Males Females 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 Alcohol 23.7 22.7 20.7 26.7 25.3 25.5 39.8 38.4 36.0 42.7 39.8 39.3 53.7 48.5 47.0 48.7 45.7 46.4 35.8 33.9 31.3 36.8 34.8 34.7 Cigarettes 10.1 10.1 8.6 11.2 10.8 8.8 17.8 18.1 17.1 17.6 16.2 16.1 26.7 24.4 26.4 22.1 19.4 21.5 16.4 16.1 15.3 15.8 14.6 14.1 Chewing Tobacco 2.9 3.4 3.0 1.8 2.0 2.3 5.4 6.7 7.1 1.7 1.7 2.4 10.0 9.6 11.4 1.3 1.5 2.5 5.4 6.0 6.2 1.6 1.8 2.4 Marijuana 10.1 9.2 8.0 9.2 7.9 7.4 17.8 17.8 16.8 14.7 13.8 13.6 21.8 21.8 21.0 15.5 14.7 16.6 15.3 15.0 13.6 12.4 11.5 11.4 Hallucinogens* 1.5 1.1 0.8 1.6 1.0 0.8 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.3 1.6 2.8 2.3 3.5 1.7 1.2 1.4 2.1 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.1 1.2 Cocaine 1.5 1.6 1.0 1.7 1.6 1.0 2.8 3.1 2.5 3.1 2.7 2.0 4.6 4.0 3.6 2.9 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.0 2.4 2.2 1.8 Inhalants 4.5 5.0 3.9 7.0 7.3 6.9 2.8 3.2 2.7 3.1 3.0 3.4 1.9 2.0 1.8 0.9 1.3 1.4 3.4 3.7 3.0 4.4 4.5 4.6 Methamphetamines* N/A 0.9 0.4 N/A 1.0 0.4 N/A 1.6 0.6 N/A 1.7 0.6 N/A 1.3 0.8 N/A 1.5 0.8 N/A 1.2 0.5 N/A 1.4 0.6 Heroin 0.7 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.4 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.1 1.1 1.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 Ecstasy* 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.7 0.8 1.4 1.3 1.6 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.4 1.1 2.5 0.5 0.7 1.5 1.1 1.0 1.5 0.7 0.7 1.2 Steroids N/A 1.0 0.9 N/A 0.6 0.6 N/A 1.6 1.3 N/A 0.5 0.6 N/A 1.7 1.7 N/A 0.3 0.3 N/A 1.4 1.2 N/A 0.5 0.5 Prescription Pain Relievers N/A N/A 4.8 N/A N/A 7.3 N/A N/A 8.7 N/A N/A 10.1 N/A N/A 11.6 N/A N/A 9.6 N/A N/A 7.5 N/A N/A 8.7 Stimulants (2004 only)* 1.3 N/A N/A 1.8 N/A N/A 2.4 N/A N/A 3.1 N/A N/A 3.2 N/A N/A 2.8 N/A N/A 2.1 N/A N/A 2.4 N/A N/A Prescription Stimulants* N/A 1.2 1.4 N/A 1.8 1.8 N/A 2.7 2.8 N/A 3.1 3.0 N/A 2.8 2.2 N/A 2.3 2.0 N/A 2.0 2.0 N/A 2.4 2.2 Prescription Sedatives* 4.0 3.2 2.3 6.9 5.7 4.6 6.8 5.7 3.5 9.4 7.5 5.4 10.0 7.6 4.6 8.3 6.6 5.5 6.3 5.1 3.2 8.0 6.5 5.1 Prescription Drugs* N/A 3.9 6.7 N/A 5.0 10.4 N/A 6.7 10.6 N/A 7.6 13.5 N/A 8.8 13.6 N/A 7.4 12.8 N/A 6.0 9.5 N/A 6.4 11.9 Over-the-Counter Drugs N/A N/A 4.8 N/A N/A 6.4 N/A N/A 5.5 N/A N/A 7.3 N/A N/A 6.1 N/A N/A 5.6 N/A N/A 5.3 N/A N/A 6.5 * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2004, 2006, or 2008 Arizona Youth Surveys. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 37 Perceived Harmfulness of ATODs When students perceive that a substance is harmful, he/she are less likely to use it. The survey asked students, “How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they smoked one or more packs of cigarettes per day, tried marijuana once or twice, smoked marijuana regularly, or drank one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day.” Response categories were “No Risk,” “Slight Risk,” “Moderate Risk,” or “Great Risk.” For Arizona 8th graders, the greatest perceived risk was for regular marijuana smoking (64.5% perceived great risk), while in the 10th and 12th grades, the greatest perceived harmfulness was for heavy cigarette smoking (66.1% perceived great risk for 10th grade, 69.0% perceived great risk for 12th grade). The category that 8th grade students viewed as being the least harmful was in drinking one or more alcoholic beverages nearly every day (30.5%); while 10th and 12th graders viewed trying marijuana once or twice as being the least harmful of the four categories (23.8% for 10th grade, 20.4% for 12th grade). It is interesting to note that perceived harm for regular cigarette use and drinking one or two drinks every day increases with age, while perceived harm of smoking marijuana regularly, smoking marijuana once or twice, and regular binge drinking (drinking five or more drinks once or twice a week) decreases with increased age. While Arizona youth in all grades perceived a greater risk in trying marijuana once or twice than national MTF students (1.6% to 2.4% higher perceived harmfulness in Arizona across the grades), Arizona youth perceived significantly less risk in regularly using marijuana. Rates of perceived harmfulness of smoking marijuana regularly were significantly lower than MTF rates in all grades — 9.8% less perceived risk in the 8th grade (64.5% for Arizona, 74.3% for MTF), 13.4% less perceived risk in the 10th grade (51.1% for Arizona, 64.5% for MTF), and 10.0% less perceived risk for the 12th grade (44.8% for Arizona, 54.8% for MTF). Such findings indicate that programs focusing on educating students about the harmful effects of regular marijuana use would be very beneficial to Arizona youth. From 2004 to 2006, the Arizona Youth Survey data showed significant increases in perceived harmfulness of cigarette, marijuana, and alcohol use (only one year of data is available for perceived harmfulness of regular binge drinking). However, there were mixed changes from 2006 to 2008. The only significant increase since 2006 was for perceived harmfulness of smoking marijuana once or twice in the 8th grade (increase of 2.3%). In the 10th grade since 2006, rates decreased 3.1% for perceived harm in regularly using marijuana, and decreased 2.4% for perceived harm in drinking one or two drinks a day. In the 12th grade, perceived harm decreased significantly for the following three categories since the 2006 survey: regular cigarette use (decrease of 2.6%), regular marijuana use (decrease of 6.3%), and drinking one or two drinks a day (decrease of 4.1%). Table 18 Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive that Using the Five Categories of Substances Places People at “Great Risk” Arizona 8th Grade Question 2004 2006 2008 MTF 8th Grade 2003 2005 2007 Arizona 10th Grade 2004 2006 2008 MTF 10th Grade 2003 2005 2007 Arizona 12th Grade 2004 2006 2008 MTF Grade12 2003 2005 Total 2007 2004 2006 2008 Smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day 58.8 60.2 60.8 57.7 61.5 61.1 65.4 67.0 66.1 65.7 68.1 68.2 68.7 71.6 69.0 72.1 76.5 77.3 63.2 65.1 64.4 Try marijuana once or twice 26.3 32.9 35.2 30.2 31.4 32.8 18.8 23.8 23.8 21.1 22.3 22.2 15.8 21.2 20.4 16.1 16.1 18.6 21.5 27.1 28.3 Smoke marijuana regularly 62.4 64.8 64.5 74.2 73.9 74.3 52.6 54.2 51.1 63.9 65.5 64.5 46.1 51.1 44.8 54.9 58.0 54.8 55.5 58.0 55.8 Drink one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day 30.0 30.5 30.5 29.9 31.4 32.6 30.6 33.6 31.2 30.9 32.6 33.3 32.7 36.6 32.5 20.1 23.7 25.1 30.8 33.0 31.2 Drinking five or more drinks once or twice a week Arizona Youth Survey 2008 N/A N/A 53.0 56.5 57.2 57.9 N/A N/A 52.2 51.6 53.3 54.1 N/A N/A 51.0 43.5 45.0 45.8 N/A N/A 52.3 Page 38 Figure 20 Perceived Harmfulness of Using Cigarettes, Alcohol, or Marijuana: Arizona (2004, 2006, 2008) Compared to National (2007) Arizona 2004 Arizona 2006 Arizona 2008 MTF 2007 Percent of students indicating that using the following substances put them at "Great Risk" 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 8th 10th 12th 8th 10th 12th Smoke one or more Try marijuana once or twice packs of cigarettes per day Arizona Youth Survey 2008 8th 10th 12th Smoke marijuana regularly 8th 10th 12th Drink one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day 8th 10th 12th Drink five or more drinks once or twice a week Page 39 Perceived Availability of ATODs Availability of ATODs has been linked to substance abuse and violence. On the survey questionnaire, a question asked if the participant wanted to get the substances listed in Table 19, “how easy would it be to get some.” The response choices were, “Very Hard,” “Sort of Hard,” “Sort of Easy,” and “Very Easy.” Table 19 contains the percentage of youth who reported that it was “Sort of Easy” or “Very Easy” to get the substances. The results reveal that Arizona survey participants do not perceive any type of drug as being as easy to get as do the youth from the national sample. In all categories, and for all grades, there is a 1.5% to 13.8% difference in perceived availability between Arizona results and national results. This difference is illustrated in Figure 21, which looks at the perceived availability of students in grades 8, 10, and 12 in the Arizona and national surveys. When looking at the 2008 results by grade, Arizona 8th graders and 10th graders perceived alcohol as the substance that was the most available, and in the 12th grade the substance perceived as being the easiest to get was cigarettes. The group of substances with the lowest perceived availability (or the substance perceived as being the most difficult to get) were cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines. In comparing 2008 data to the last survey in 2006, perceived availability of cigarettes increased in the 10th and 12th grades (increases of 1.2% in each grade), while the perceived availability of alcohol increased in the 8th and 10th grades (increase of 1.0% in the 8th grade, increase of 1.3% in the 10th grade). Table 19 Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive the Four Substances as “Sort of Easy” or “Very Easy” to Get Arizona 8th Grade MTF 8th Grade Arizona 10th Grade MTF 10th Grade Arizona 12th Grade MTF Grade12 Total 2004 2006 2008 2003 2005 2007 2004 2006 2008 2003 2005 2007 2004 2006 2008 2003 2005 2007 2004 2006 2008 Cigarettes 45.5 44.0 44.1 63.1 59.1 55.6 70.0 66.8 68.0 80.7 81.5 78.2 87.6 85.1 86.3 N/A N/A N/A 63.1 61.4 61.4 Alcoholic beverages 51.6 51.4 52.4 67.0 64.2 62.0 73.4 70.5 71.8 83.4 83.7 82.6 80.8 77.9 78.4 94.2 93.0 92.2 65.4 64.2 64.4 Marijuana 38.8 35.7 35.9 44.8 41.1 37.4 66.1 63.4 64.3 73.9 72.6 69.0 75.5 72.6 72.9 87.1 85.6 83.9 56.1 53.9 53.3 Cocaine, LSD, or Amphetamines 18.0 16.3 16.8 N/A N/A N/A 34.9 32.7 33.3 N/A N/A N/A 42.1 40.0 40.4 N/A N/A N/A 29.0 27.4 27.4 Question Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 40 Figure 21 Perceived Availability of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana: Arizona (2004, 2006, 2008) Compared to National (2007) Percent of students indicating that it was "Sort of Easy" or "Very Easy" to get the following substances Arizona 2002 Arizona 2004 Arizona 2008 MTF 2007 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 8th 10th Cigarettes Arizona Youth Survey 2008 12th 8th 10th Alcohol 12th 8th 10th Marijuana 12th 8th 10th 12th Cocaine, LSD, or Amphetamines Page 41 Where Students Obtained Alcohol Table 20 and Figure 22 contain data on where students obtained alcohol. When examining sources of alcohol data, it is important to note that the categories are not mutually exclusive and students were allowed to select more than one option. For example, students who report getting alcohol from a parent or guardian might also report getting it at a party. Accordingly, total percentages will not sum to 100% within grade, as selection of multiple options is evident. Further, it must be noted that the percentages reported in Table 20 reflect the percent of students who reported “yes” to the individual questions (14,355 student sample size), and that the percentages only account for alcohol-using students and not those students who answered “did not use” to the question. Across all grades, one of the most prominent alcohol sources for Arizona students is in getting it at a party. This source becomes increasingly more frequent as students progress from the 8th grade (41.6% obtained alcohol at a party) to the 12th grade (57.6% obtained alcohol at a party). Table 20 For alcohol-using 8th graders, the major sources for obtaining alcohol are getting it at a party (41.6%), taking it from home (31.5%), getting it from someone under the age of 21 (23.8%), and giving someone else money to buy the alcohol (21.4%). For alcohol-using 10th and 12th graders, the major sources for obtaining alcohol are getting it at a party (53.1% for 10th graders, 57.6% for 12th graders), giving someone money to buy it (34.4% for 10th graders, 43.7% for 12th graders), and by having a non-relative over the age of 21 give it to them (28.7% of 10th graders, 39.5% of 12th graders). Encouragingly, very few students reported buying alcohol themselves at a liquor store, gas station, or grocery store (5.0% to 12.3% of alcohol-drinking students in each grade); at a restaurant, bar, or club (3.0% to 7.0% of alcoholdrinking students in each grade); or at a public event (2.9% to 3.9% of alcoholdrinking students in each grade). Percentage of Alcohol-Drinking Students Indicating Their Sources of Obtaining Alcohol If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) Total 4,418 4,872 5,065 14,355 Bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station 5.0 6.9 12.3 8.2 Bought it at a restaurant, bar or club 3.0 3.0 7.0 4.4 Sample Size Arizona Youth Survey 2008 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event 2.9 2.9 3.9 3.3 Gave someone else money to buy it for me 21.4 34.4 43.7 33.7 Parent or guardian gave it to me 18.7 14.8 13.0 15.4 Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me 19.7 18.7 18.3 18.9 Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me 19.2 28.7 39.5 29.6 Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me 23.8 24.8 22.0 23.5 Got it at a party 41.6 53.1 57.6 51.2 Took it from home 31.5 23.2 13.8 22.4 Took it from a store or someone else’s home 11.8 11.3 8.0 10.3 Got it some other way 28.7 23.6 17.9 23.2 Page 42 Figure 22 Students' Sources of Obtaining Alcohol, of Students Who Indicated Drinking Alcohol (2008) (Students could select all sources that applied to them in the past month) 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 100.0 Percent of alcohol-using students 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Bought it at a Bought it in a store such as a restaurant, bar or club liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event Another family Someone not Someone under Got it at a party Parent or Gave someone the age of 21 else money to guardian gave it member who is related to me gave it to me 21 or older gave who is 21 or to me buy it for me older gave it to it to me me Took it from home Took it from a store or someone else's home Got it some other way Page 43 Drinking and Driving In the 2006 Arizona Youth Survey, questions were added asking students to report the number of times a week he/she either drove a vehicle after drinking or riding with someone who had been drinking. The questions were worded as follows: “During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol?” and “During the past 30 days, how many times did you RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol?” Response options were “0 times,” “1 time,” “2 or 3 times,” “4 or 5 times,” and “6 or more times.” that he/she did so one time in the past month (4.1% driving after drinking one time in the past month, 11.4% riding with a driver who had a drink one time in the past month). Comparisons of 2006 and 2008 survey data show that reported rates of drinking alcohol and driving at least one time in the past 30 days decreased significantly in each grade. In 2006, 10.0% of the total survey population indicated drinking and driving at least one time in the past month; while in 2008, that rate decreased to 8.8%. Likewise, reported rates of riding with a driver who had been drinking at decreased in all grades and for the total survey population. In 2006, 31.8% of the total survey population indicated riding with a driver who had been drinking at least one time in the past 30 days. In 2008, that same rate decreased to 29.3%. The 2008 survey found that a minority of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade youth in the state had driven a vehicle after drinking (8.8%) or ridden with a driver who had been drinking (29.2%) (see Table 21). However, even small percentages given the content are alarming. Of those students who indicated that they had driven after drinking or ridden with a driver who had been drinking, most indicate Table 21 Drinking and Driving, and Riding with a Driver Who Has Been Drinking 8th Grade 2006 10th Grade 2008 2006 2008 12th Grade 2006 2008 Total 2006 2008 During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? 0 time 93.4 94.4 91.1 92.1 82.1 83.9 90.0 91.2 1 time 3.3 2.7 4.2 3.9 8.1 7.2 4.7 4.1 2-3 times 1.7 1.5 2.6 2.2 5.7 5.1 2.9 2.6 4-5 times 0.7 0.6 0.9 0.7 1.7 1.7 1.0 0.9 6 or more times 1.0 0.8 1.2 1.0 2.4 2.1 1.4 1.2 During the past 30 days, how many times did you RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? Arizona Youth Survey 2008 0 time 68.6 70.9 67.8 70.9 67.5 70.3 68.1 70.8 1 time 12.2 11.2 12.0 11.8 11.9 11.1 12.0 11.4 2-3 times 9.7 9.3 10.7 9.6 11.3 10.2 10.4 9.6 4-5 times 3.6 3.5 4.3 3.3 4.0 3.6 3.9 3.5 6 or more times 5.9 5.1 5.3 4.4 5.3 4.8 5.5 4.8 Page 44 Figure 23 Past Month Driving After Drinking or Riding with a Driver Who Had Been Drinking (2006, 2008) 2006 2008 100 90 Percent of students 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 8th 10th 12th Indicated driving a vehicle after drinking at least once in the past month Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Total 8th 10th 12th Total Indicated riding in a vehicle with someone who had been drinking at least once in the past month Page 45 4 Section 4: Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results Heavy Substance Use and Other Antisocial Behavior by Grade and Gender Overall, binge drinking and being drunk or high at school appear to be the biggest antisocial problems among Arizona youth with 19.9% of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students binge drinking at least once in the past two weeks and 16.9% of students in the three grades reporting being at school while drunk or high at least once in the past year. These behaviors increase with increased grade level. For binge drinking, 8th graders had a rate of 13.1%, 10th graders had a rate of 22.4%, and 12th graders had a rate of 30.2%. For being drunk or high at school, 8th graders had a rate of 12.0%, 10th graders had a rate of 20.5%, and 12th graders had a rate of 22.2%. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Male, Female, and State Total 2004 2006 2008 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 Binge Drinking Regular Cigarette Suspended from Use School Drunk or High at Sold Illegal Drugs Stolen a Vehicle School State Male Female State Female Male State Male Female State Female Male State Female Male State Male Female State 0.0 Female Table 22, which contains rates of heavy substance use and antisocial behavior, shows that antisocial behavior doesn’t always increase by grade level. The rate of students being suspended from school peaked in the 8th grade; the rates of student reporting having stolen a vehicle and being arrested peaked in the 10th grade; and students reporting heavy cigarette use, being drunk or high at school, or selling illegal drugs peaked in the 12th grade. Arizona Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behaviors (2004, 2006, 2008): Male In looking at the male and female antisocial behavior totals in Table 22, some of the biggest differences between males and females were in being suspended from school (21.1% for males compared to 11.5% for females), selling illegal drugs (10.1% for males compared to 4.9% for females), and being arrested (11.0% for males and 5.7% for females). Figure 24 Percent of students who engaged in the following antisocial behaviors The male-female differences in heavy use of alcohol and tobacco and antisocial behavior are more pronounced than the results for lifetime and 30-day use by gender. Figure 24 and Table 22 show that males engage in these behaviors more than females. The only exceptions were that a higher percentage of females than males in the 8th grade participated in binge drinking and being drunk or high in school. These higher rates correspond with the slightly higher rates of drug and alcohol use by females in the lower grades. Been Arrested The behavior that the fewest students in all grades participated in was heavy cigarette smoking (2.0%), and stealing a vehicle (3.4%). Engagement in antisocial behaviors by gender, and for the state as a whole, changed very little from 2006 to 2008. The greatest changes since the 2006 survey can be found in looking at the rate of binge drinking for the 12th grade, which increased 2.0% (from 28.2% in 2006 to 30.2% in 2008). The biggest decrease since the 2006 survey is found for 8th grade reports of being drunk or high at school. That 8th grade rate decreased 1.0%, from 13.0% in 2006 to 12.0% in 2008. Page 46 Table 22 Percentage of Males, Females, and the State Total who Engaged in Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior In the Past Year 8th Grade Substance Used / Antisocial Behavior Males 10th Grade Females State Males Females State 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 Binge drinking 15.1 12.5 11.4 16.8 14.1 14.9 16.0 13.4 13.1 24.8 23.2 22.1 25.4 21.4 22.8 25.1 22.4 22.4 Half a pack/day cigarettes 1.0 1.2 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.8 1.0 0.7 3.0 3.0 2.6 2.2 1.8 1.6 2.6 2.4 2.1 Suspended from school 23.9 26.2 25.8 11.9 13.7 14.6 17.7 19.8 20.2 16.2 20.1 19.0 8.8 11.2 10.4 12.3 15.5 14.6 Drunk or high at school 12.1 12.4 10.6 14.1 13.4 13.4 13.2 13.0 12.0 20.7 22.0 20.4 20.9 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.1 20.5 Sold illegal drugs 6.6 6.4 5.9 3.5 3.4 3.3 5.0 4.9 4.6 12.0 12.7 13.2 6.1 5.8 6.5 8.9 9.1 9.8 Stolen a vehicle 6.1 5.9 4.5 3.5 3.3 2.7 4.8 4.6 3.6 6.1 6.4 4.7 2.9 3.1 2.6 4.4 4.7 3.7 Been arrested 11.2 10.8 9.8 6.3 5.9 5.3 8.7 8.3 7.5 11.8 12.3 11.7 6.7 6.5 6.7 9.1 9.3 9.2 12th Grade Substance Used / Antisocial Behavior Males Total Females State Males Females State 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 Binge drinking 37.5 31.9 32.0 27.9 24.7 28.3 32.5 28.2 30.2 23.4 20.7 19.3 22.1 19.1 20.5 22.7 19.9 19.9 Half a pack/day cigarettes 6.2 5.3 5.5 3.5 2.6 2.9 4.8 3.9 4.2 2.9 2.8 2.5 1.8 1.6 1.4 2.3 2.2 2.0 Suspended from school 13.4 13.3 14.1 5.5 5.6 6.6 9.3 9.4 10.2 19.1 21.2 21.1 9.4 11.0 11.5 14.1 16.0 16.2 Drunk or high at school 26.4 24.9 25.8 18.3 18.0 18.6 22.2 21.4 22.2 18.1 18.5 17.0 17.1 16.8 16.8 17.7 17.6 16.9 Sold illegal drugs 14.6 14.2 14.8 5.4 5.7 6.1 9.8 9.8 10.4 10.2 10.3 10.1 4.7 4.7 4.9 7.3 7.4 7.5 Stolen a vehicle 4.0 4.8 4.1 1.2 1.4 1.3 2.6 3.1 2.7 5.6 5.8 4.5 2.8 2.8 2.4 4.2 4.3 3.4 Been arrested 13.4 11.0 12.3 5.0 4.9 5.2 9.1 7.8 8.7 11.9 11.3 11.0 6.1 5.8 5.7 8.9 8.5 8.3 Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 47 Handguns The issue of youth carrying handguns is a serious concern of communities, schools, and families. The Arizona Youth Survey has several questions about handguns and violent behavior. Table 23 lists the questions concerning possession of handguns by grade. It is clear that responses to most of the questions show a very low percentage of students who carry handguns or take them to school. However, with such subject matter, even low percentages should be taken seriously by schools and communities. For example, 1.3% of the students surveyed reported having taken a handgun to school in the past 12 months. In regard to carrying a handgun in general, 7.7% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in the past 12 months, and 9.0% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in their lifetime. Only 8.5% of students think that he/she would be seen as cool if he/she carried a handgun. Most students (74.5%) also perceived that it would be difficult to get a handgun if he/she wanted one. Table 23 When looking at the results by grade, it is interesting to note that 8th graders reported the highest rates of believing he/she had a good chance of being seen as cool if he/she carried a handgun (9.5%). Twelfth graders reported the highest rates of carrying a handgun in their lifetime (9.7%), carrying a handgun in the past year (8.1%), taking a handgun to school (1.4%), believing it was easy to get a gun (33.1%), that their parents wouldn’t know if he/she carried a handgun (35.5%), and that the police wouldn’t catch them if he/she carried a handgun (61.6%). In comparing 2006 and 2008 results, Table 23 and Figure 25 show that there were very few significant changes. Most rates fluctuated by less than one percent since the last AYS administration. The most changes over the past two years occurred in the 12th grade, where lifetime handgun carry increased 1.3% (from 8.4% in 2006 to 9.7% in 2008), and past year handgun carry increased 1.1% (from 7.0% in 2006 to 8.1% in 2008). Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Handguns 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 Carried a Handgun - Lifetime 7.6 8.8 8.5 7.2 9.2 9.4 7.2 8.4 9.7 7.4 8.8 9.0 Carried a Handgun in the Past 12 Months 6.5 7.6 7.7 5.9 7.5 7.2 5.5 7.0 8.1 6.1 7.5 7.7 Taken a Handgun to School in Past 12 Months 1.5 1.6 1.2 1.5 1.6 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.3 Very Easy or Sort of Easy to Get a Handgun 20.8 20.4 20.7 27.2 27.6 26.7 34.6 34.1 33.1 26.1 26.0 25.5 Not At All Wrong to Take a Handgun to School 1.5 1.4 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 Very or Pretty Good Chance You Would Be Seen As Cool if You Carried a Handgun 8.8 9.9 9.5 5.8 8.2 8.1 4.5 6.4 7.1 6.8 8.5 8.5 Parents Wouldn’t Know if You Carried a Handgun (no or NO!) 20.4 21.8 21.1 26.4 29.8 28.6 32.6 36.0 35.5 25.3 28.1 26.9 Police Wouldn’t Catch Kid Carrying a Handgun (no or NO!) 40.9 43.9 44.4 53.2 55.7 56.4 59.8 60.7 61.6 49.2 51.8 52.1 Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 48 Figure 25 Students' Use of Handguns and Perceptions About Them (2004, 2006, 2008) 2004 2006 2008 100.0 90.0 80.0 Percent of students 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Carried a Handgun Lifetime Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Carried a Handgun in the Past 12 Months Taken a Very Easy or Handgun to Sort of Easy to School in Past Get a 12 Months Handgun Not At All Wrong to Take a Handgun to School Very or Pretty Good Chance You Would Be Seen As Cool if You Carried a Handgun Parents Wouldn't Know if You Carried a Handgun Police Wouldn't Catch Kid Carrying a Handgun Page 49 Violence and Gangs The Arizona Youth Survey also asked several questions about violent behavior, attitudes towards violence, and their possible participation in gangs. Table 24 and Figure 26 show the questions that relate to violence. A review of the responses reveals that 20.7% of the youth in Arizona have attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them at some time in their life, and 16.3% have attacked someone in the past 12 months. However, only a small percentage (4.1%) believe that it isn’t at all wrong to attack someone to seriously hurt them. Though these results show that violent students are the minority, there’s no denying that there are many youth in Arizona who believe that using violence is acceptable and are willing to hurt another person. When looking at the results by grade, it appears that 8th and 10th graders have the most problems with violent behavior and attitudes. More 8th graders than students in other grades had attacked someone in the past year (18.1%), believed it was not at all wrong to attack someone to seriously hurt them (4.4%), and believed it was not at all wrong to pick a fight (9.3%). Tenth graders had the highest rates of attacking someone to hurt them in their lifetime (21.7%), and of believing it was okay to beat someone up if he/she started the fight (55.9%). From 2006 to 2008, most violence data has not changed significantly. The biggest change between the two administrations is found in the 8th and 10th grade decrease in student perceptions about whether or not it is okay to beat someone up if he/she start the fight. The 8th grade rate for that particular question decreased 2.1% in the past two years (from 53.5 in 2006 to 51.4%), and the 10th grade rate decreased 1.8% (from 57.7% in 2006 to 55.9% in 2008). Arizona Youth Survey 2008 In covering the full spectrum of antisocial behaviors, the Arizona Youth Survey asks several questions on gang involvement. One of the most telling questions asks students not only if they have ever been in a gang or are currently in a gang, but also about how current gang members feel about their present membership. As can be seen in Table 24, a large majority of Arizona youth (89.4%) have never belonged to a gang, while 5.4% of the youth surveyed reported that they had been members in the past; 3.1% reported they belong now; 1.5% reported that they would like to join a gang; and 0.5% reported that they are in a gang, but would like to get out. Gang data changed very little from 2006 to 2008, and there are no significant increases or decreases in any category to report. Table 24 Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Violence and Gangs 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 Attacked Someone to Seriously Hurt Them in Their Lifetime 19.7 21.5 20.7 20.6 22.4 21.7 19.1 19.6 19.6 19.8 21.3 20.7 Attacked Someone to Seriously Hurt Them in Past 12 Months 17.8 17.9 18.1 16.5 16.5 16.1 13.3 13.2 12.9 16.3 16.3 16.3 Not At All Wrong to Attack Someone to Seriously Hurt Them 4.7 4.8 4.4 4.7 4.7 4.1 3.8 3.6 3.7 4.5 4.5 4.1 It is okay to beat someone up if they start the fight (response of “YES” or “yes”) 54.2 53.5 51.4 57.3 57.7 55.9 54.0 53.1 52.5 55.1 54.7 53.0 Not At All Wrong to Pick a Fight 10.3 10.1 9.3 8.5 9.0 8.4 6.1 5.9 6.0 8.8 8.8 8.3 VIOLENCE GANGS (Total Number and Percentage of Youth Who Responded to the Question, “Have you ever belonged in a gang?”) No 88.6 87.6 87.5 92.0 89.9 89.8 94.5 93.6 92.7 91.1 89.8 89.4 No, but would like to 1.7 1.9 1.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 0.9 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.5 Yes, in the past 6.0 6.3 6.4 4.2 5.1 5.1 2.8 3.3 3.9 4.7 5.2 5.4 Yes, belong now 3.3 3.8 3.7 2.5 3.4 3.2 1.5 2.0 1.9 2.6 3.2 3.1 Yes, but would like to get out 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 Page 50 Figure 26 Student Violent Activity/Perceptions and Gang Involvement (2004, 2006, 2008) 2004 2006 2008 100.0 90.0 Percent of students 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Attacked Someone Attacked Someone Not At All Wrong to It is okay to beat Not At All Wrong to Have Ever Belonged to Seriously Hurt to Seriously Hurt Attack Someone to someone up if they Pick a Fight to a Gang Them in Their Them in Past 12 Seriously Hurt start the fight (response of "Yes, Lifetime Months Them in the past," "Yes, belong now," or "Yes, but would like to get out") Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 51 Student Safety The Arizona Youth Survey also asked students questions regarding their safety on school property. Students were asked to indicate the number of days in the past month that he/she carried a weapon to school and the number of days that he/she didn’t go to school because they felt unsafe at school or on their way to school. Additionally, students were asked how many times in the past year they were threatened by someone or injured with a weapon on school property, how many times they had a physical fight at school, and how many times they were bullied on school property. Results for these questions are found on the following page in Table 25 and Figure 27. Overall, a large majority of students feel safe at school, haven’t been in a fight at school in the past year, haven’t been injured or threatened at school in the past year, and haven’t taken a weapon to school in the past month. However, just as with handgun carry, even small percentages for these safety issues can be serious. For example, 6.1% of 8th graders, 6.2% of 10th graders, and 5.6% of 12th graders have taken a weapon to school at least once in the past month. Most safety issues (being in a fight at school, not feeling safe at school, not going to school because they felt unsafe, being threatened or injured with a weapon at school), and being bullied show a decrease with increased grade level. While more than one in 10 8th graders (10.1%) reported that he/ she did not go to school because he/she felt unsafe at least one day in the past month, the rate for 10th and 12th graders was less extreme, with 8.9% of 10th graders and 6.2% of 12th graders indicating they had skipped school because they felt unsafe. Even more Arizona youth indicated that he/she had been threatened or injured by someone at school. Of 8th graders, 12.9% indicated that he/she had been threatened by someone or injured with a weapon at school. This percentage decreases with increased grade level, with 11.6% of 10th graders and 7.6% of 12th graders reporting that it had happened to them. The 2006 and 2008 surveys contained a question asking students to report how often, if ever, he/she had been bullied on school property in the past year. For all three grades combined, 32.3% of students reported having been bullied at least once in the past year (40.6% of 8th graders, 30.9% of 10th graders, and 17.7% of 12th graders). In looking at the 2008 results in comparison to 2006 survey results, there is a mix of rate increases and decreases. For the 8th graders, Table 25 shows that while the rates of being in a fight at school in the past year, perceptions of not feeling safe at school, and reports of being threatened or injured with a weapon at school have all decreased (decreases of 1.8% to 2.6% since 2006), reports of being bullied at least once in the past year are up 2.4% since 2006. In the 10th grade, carrying a weapon to school in the past month decreased 1.1% and being threatened or injured with a weapon at school decreased 2.3%; however reports of having been bullied in the past year increased 6.4% since 2006 and reports of skipping school at least one day in the past month because he/she didn’t feel safe increased 1.1%. Finally, 12th grade rates of not feeling safe at school increased 1.1% since 2006, skipping school for safety reasons increased 1.2%, and reported rates of having been bullied increased 3.4% since 2006. Table 25 Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Safety and Schools 8th Grade 12th Grade Total 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 2004 2006 2008 In a Fight at School at Least Once in the Past 12 Months 27.6 25.6 23.5 17.1 15.7 14.8 9.9 8.9 8.5 20.2 18.0 17.4 I Do Not Feel Safe At My School (response of “NO” or “no” to the statement “I feel safe at my school”) 25.6 25.3 23.5 22.2 23.5 22.6 16.3 17.1 18.2 22.4 22.8 22.0 Did Not Go to School at Least One Day in the Past Month Because Felt Unsafe At School or On the Way to School 11.3 10.7 10.1 7.8 7.8 8.9 5.6 5.0 6.2 8.8 8.4 8.8 Carried a Weapon to School at Least Once in the Past 30 Days 6.3 6.9 6.1 5.2 6.0 5.6 5.8 6.8 6.0 5.6 7.3 6.2 Been Threatened or Injured With a Weapon on 16.1 15.5 12.9 13.5 13.9 11.6 10.1 9.5 7.6 13.9 13.6 11.3 School Property in the Past 12 Months Been Bullied At Least Once in the Past Year Arizona Youth Survey 2008 10th Grade N/A 38.2 40.6 N/A 24.5 30.9 N/A 14.3 17.7 N/A 28.2 32.3 Page 52 Figure 27 Student Responses to School Safety Questions (2004, 2006, 2008) 2004 2006 2008 100.0 90.0 80.0 Percent of students 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Carried a Weapon Been Threatened or Did Not Go to In a Fight at School I Do Not Feel Safe Injured With a At My School School at Least One to School at Least at Least Once in the Once in the Past 30 Weapon on School Day in the Past Past 12 Months Property in the Past Days Month Because Felt 12 Months Unsafe At School or On the Way to School Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Been Bullied At Least Once in the Past Year Page 53 Academic Performance and Substance Use Table 26 and Figure 28 show a clear relationship between substance use and academic performance. Of the students who report getting better grades, fewer have tried ATODs and fewer have recently used ATODs than those who report poorer grades. Failing students (those students receiving mostly Ds and Fs) are twice as likely to have used alcohol in the past 30 days, four times as likely to have used cigarettes in the past 30 days, and four times more likely to have indicated use of marijuana in the past 30 days than “A” students. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Table 26 Percentage Using ATODs by Academic Grades (2008) Academic Grades Drugs Used Mostly As Mostly Bs Mostly Cs Mostly Ds or Fs Alcohol Lifetime 46.5 62.4 70.0 73.0 Alcohol 30 Days 22.1 34.1 42.5 47.3 Marijuana Lifetime 14.9 27.3 38.8 48.6 Marijuana 30 Days 5.9 12.1 18.5 25.6 Cigarettes Lifetime 20.1 37.1 50.0 57.5 Cigarettes 30 Days 6.8 14.1 22.3 28.7 Page 54 Figure 28 Arizona ATOD Use and Academic Grades (2008) Mostly As Mostly Bs Mostly Cs Mostly Ds or Fs 100.0 Percent of students reporting substance use by their self-reported grades 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Alcohol 30 Days Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Marijuana 30 Days Cigarettes 30 Days Page 55 Parents’* Education and Youth Substance Use Table 27 displays reported substance use among youth by the reported highest education level of an adult living in the child’s home. In this section, the person living with the child will be referred to as a “parent.” Like academic grades, there is an interesting relationship between parent education and youth drug use, with lower levels of parent education typically corresponding with higher levels of youth drug use. Youth whose parents’ highest level of education attained was “attended but did not graduate high school” had the highest rates of lifetime and 30-day alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use. As parents’ education level increased beyond attending high school, youth ATOD use decreased. In contrast to the general trend of decreasing ATOD use with increasing levels of parents’ education, youth whose parents “completed grade school or less” had lifetime and 30-day ATOD use rates that were more similar to those whose parents at least attended college for some time. For example, the past month marijuana use rate was nearly identical between the two groups, with 13.2% of students whose parents completed grade school or less reporting marijuana use in the past 30 days, and 13.0% of students whose parents attended some college reporting marijuana use in the past 30 days. Table 27 Percentage Using ATODs by Parents’* Education (2008) Parents’ Education Drugs Used Attended, Completed But Did Grade School or Not Graduate, Less High School Graduated High School Some College College Graduate or Graduate School Alcohol Lifetime 64.9 70.3 66.4 63.7 55.6 Alcohol 30 Days 38.0 42.7 37.7 34.4 30.6 Marijuana Lifetime 28.2 35.5 31.7 30.8 24.5 Marijuana 30 Days 13.2 16.9 14.2 13.0 11.3 Cigarettes Lifetime 40.6 47.6 42.2 39.5 30.6 Cigarettes 30 Days 14.3 19.4 16.9 15.4 13.3 Trends for all education levels can be seen on the following page in Figure 29. *Refers to the highest level of education completed by any of the adults living in the child’s home. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 56 Figure 29 Arizona ATOD Use and Parents'* Education (2008) Completed Grade School or Less Graduated High School College Graduate or Graduate School Attended But Did Not Graduate High School Some College Percent of students reporting substance use by the highest education level of any family member they are living with 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Alcohol 30 Days Marijuana 30 Days Cigarettes 30 Days *Refers to the highest level of education completed by any of the adults living in the child’s home. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 57 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability When parents have favorable attitudes toward drugs, they influence the attitudes and behavior of their children. For example, parental approval of young people’s moderate drinking, even under parental supervision, increases the risk of the young person using marijuana. Further, in families where parents involve children in their own drug or alcohol behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or to get the parent a beer, there is an increased likelihood that their children will become drug abusers in adolescence. Table 28 and Figure 30 illustrate how perceived parental acceptability is related to substance use. In the Arizona Youth Survey, students were asked how wrong their parents felt it was to use different ATODs. The table to the right displays the percentage of students who have used marijuana in their lifetime and in the past 30 days in relation to their responses about their parents’ acceptance of marijuana use. Table 28 Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability of Marijuana Use (2008) How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to smoke marijuana? Has Used Marijuana Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 At Least Once in Lifetime Days Very Wrong 21.2 8.1 Wrong 58.9 30.9 A Little Bit Wrong 76.8 50.2 Not Wrong At All 66.6 49.1 As can be seen, relatively few students (21.2% lifetime, 8.1% 30-day) use marijuana when their parents think it is “Very Wrong” to use it. In contrast, when a student believes that their parents agree with use somewhat (i.e. the parent only believes that it is “Wrong” not “Very Wrong”) use increased substantially to 58.9% for lifetime use and 30.9% for 30-day use. These results make a strong argument for the importance of parents having strong and clear standards and rules when it comes to ATOD use. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 58 Figure 30 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability (2008) How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to smoke marijuana? Very Wrong Wrong A Little Bit Wrong Not Wrong At All 100.0 90.0 Percent of students 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Lifetime Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 Days Page 59 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability During the elementary school years, children usually express anti-drug, anti-crime, and prosocial attitudes. They have difficulty imagining why people use drugs, commit crimes, and drop out of school. In middle school, as others they know participate in such activities, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. This places students at higher risk. The results provided in the following table and figure illustrate the relation between peer acceptability and individual drug use. As with perceived parental acceptability, the slightest perceived peer acceptability increases the chance that a student will use ATODs. In this section, lifetime and 30-day marijuana use results are looked at in relation to what students thought were their chances of being seen as cool if he/she used marijuana. Table 29 Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability of Marijuana Use (2008) What are your chances you would be seen as cool if you smoked marijuana? Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Lifetime Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 Days No or very little chance 12.6 3.9 Little chance 37.0 15.2 Some chance 47.1 22.3 Pretty good chance 50.2 26.8 Very good chance 62.4 40.6 When students thought there was “No or very little chance” that he/she would be seen as cool if he/she used marijuana, only 12.6% had tried marijuana in their lifetime and only 3.9% had used it in the last month. However, when students thought that there was even a “Little chance” that he/she would be seen as cool, marijuana use rates were nearly three times higher for lifetime use (37.0%) and over three times higher for pastmonth use (15.2%). Students who thought that there was a “Very good chance” they would be seen as cool, indicated past-month marijuana use rates that were ten times higher than students who perceived that marijuana use was not cool. These results better illustrate how peer acceptability puts youth at risk for ATOD use. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 60 Figure 31 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability (2008) What are your chances you would be seen as cool if you smoked marijuana? No or very little chance Little chance Some chance Pretty good chance Very good chance 100.0 90.0 80.0 Percent of students 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Lifetime Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 Days Page 61 Parent/Youth Communication About the Dangers of Substance Use In the 2008 Arizona Youth Survey, questions were added asking students to indicate whether or not their parents had talked to them about the dangers of substance use. The question was worded as follows: “During the past 12 months, have you talked with at least one of your parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use? By parents, we mean your biological parents, adoptive parents, stepparents, or adult guardians -whether or not they live with you. (Choose all that apply).” The results of the question presented in Table 30 and Figure 32 indicate that slightly less than half of students surveyed (45.9%) have not had a discussion with their parents about the dangers of any substance. Further, when distinguishing which substances parents had discussed with their students, it appears that parent/child discussions about the dangers of tobacco use and of drug use gradually decrease as students age. For example, 34.6% of 8th graders indicated speaking with their parents about the dangers of tobacco use, while the rate decreased to 32.8% in the 10th grade, and 30.8% in the 12th grade. In contrast, the rate of parents speaking to their children about the dangers of alcohol use appears to peak in the 10th grade at 34.3%. Table 30 Percentage of Students Indicating Communication with Parents About Substance Use During the past 12 months, have you talked with at least one of your parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use? By parents, we mean your biological parents, adoptive parents, stepparents, or adult guardians -- whether or not they live with you. (Choose all that apply) 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total No, I did not talk with my parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use. 43.1 46.2 50.8 45.9 Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of tobacco use. 34.6 32.8 30.8 33.2 Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of alcohol use. 31.0 34.3 33.0 32.5 Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of drug use. 42.1 39.5 33.3 39.2 Figure 32 Percentage of Students Indicating Communication with Parents About Substance Use (2008) 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 100.0 90.0 80.0 Percent of students For all grades combined, Table 30 shows that the greatest amount of parental discussions about substance use dangers are centered on drug use (39.2% of students indicated at least one discussion in the past year), while 33.2% of students indicated they had discussed the dangers of tobacco use, and 32.5% of students indicated they had discussed the dangers of alcohol use. 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 No, I did not talk with my parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of tobacco use. Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of alcohol use. Yes, I talked to my parents about the dangers of drug use. Page 62 Prevention-Related Advertisements In the 2008 Arizona Youth Survey, two advertising-related questions were posed to students to gather information on whether he/she remembered hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year and whether he/she had ever heard of the gun violence prevention program called Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN). The results of two of the prevention-related advertising questions asked in the AYS are presented in Table 31 and Figure 33. The results show that while an overwhelming majority of youth (80.5%) have remembered hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year, only 18.3% of youth surveyed indicated that he/she had heard of PSN. Table 31 Percentage of Students Responding to Questions Regarding Prevention-Related Advertisements 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total Reported hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year 75.7 83.4 85.8 80.5 Reported having heard of the gun violence prevention program, Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN) 18.9 17.8 17.9 18.3 Figure 33 Further, the data shows that the reported rates of remembering substance abuse prevention ads increases with increased grade level (75.7% in 8th grade, 83.4% in 10th grade, 85.8% in 12th grade). On the other hand, younger students are slightly more apt to have heard of PSN (18.9% of 8th graders, 17.8% of 10th graders, 17.9% of 12th graders). Percentage of Students Reporting Having Noticed Prevention-Related Advertisements 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 100.0 90.0 Percent of students 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Reported hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Reported having heard of the gun violence prevention program, Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN) Page 63 Gambling In the AYS, students were asked to report how often (if ever) he/she participated in various gambling activities in the past year. Table 32 and Figure 34 display the data for survey questions regarding past year gambling and also report an average age when youth first gambled. Past year gambling was determined by those students who responded that he/ she had gambled “A few times in the past year,” “Once or twice a month,” “Once or twice a week,” or “Almost every day.” Average age of initiation was determined by asking students to report how old they were they first time he/ she bet or gambled. When students were asked how often he/she participated in various gambling activities, betting on cards was the activity in which the greatest number of students participated in the past year. Of respondents in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades, 42.9% indicated that he/she had bet on cards at least once in the past year. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Betting on a game of personal skill had the second highest rates of participation (31.0% of students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grade participating), and the third highest gambling activity was betting on sports (29.9% of the three grades) in the past year. The gambling activities with the least past-year participation were gambling on the Internet (5.6%), animal races (5.9%), and playing a slot machine, poker machine, or other gambling machine (6.2%). Rates of reported past year gambling tend to decrease with increased grade level, as rates of gambling peaked in the 8th grade for nine of the 10 gambling categories (playing gambling machines, playing the lottery, betting on sports, playing bingo for money, Internet gambling, playing a dice game, betting on personal skill, and betting on animal races). Page 64 Table 32 Gambling: Percentage of Students Reporting Participation in Various Gambling Activities in the Past Year, and Average Age of First Gambling Incident 8th Grade 2006 2008 10th Grade 2006 2008 12th Grade 2006 Total 2008 2006 2008 Have engaged in one of the following gambling activities for money, possessions, or anything of value at least once in the past year Any Gambling 54.2 69.1 51.8 65.9 46.3 60.6 50.8 66.2 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? 2.7 6.4 2.6 6.1 3.1 5.8 2.8 6.2 Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? 26.3 24.8 22.3 21.8 17.9 19.0 22.8 22.5 N/A 31.8 N/A 30.2 N/A 25.6 N/A 29.9 24.8 43.7 26.2 43.7 24.6 40.6 25.2 42.9 N/A 20.4 N/A 20.7 N/A 18.9 N/A 20.1 Played bingo? 18.5 32.6 12.1 23.2 7.1 14.7 13.4 25.6 Gambled on the Internet? 6.0 6.3 5.4 5.1 4.4 4.7 5.4 5.6 Played a dice game?* N/A 31.5 N/A 25.1 N/A 19.2 N/A 26.7 20.8 32.7 21.4 31.3 18.5 27.0 20.4 31.0 N/A 6.4 N/A 5.8 N/A 5.1 N/A 5.9 N/A 11.6 N/A 12.2 N/A 13.2 N/A 12.1 Bet on sports?* Played cards? Bought a raffle ticket?* Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game?*" Bet on a horse or other animal race?* Average age of first gambling or betting? Average age of initiation -8th, 10th, and 12th grade combined * Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Some changes resulted in data not being comparable from 2006 to 2008. Consult Appendix G for a detailed explanation. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Page 65 Figure 34 Past Year Participation in Various Gambling Activities, By Grade (2008) Percent of students indicating they had gambled a few times in the past year, once or twice a month, once or twice a week, or almost every day 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 100.0 90.0 80.0 Percent of students 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Any Gambled at Played the Gambling, a Casino, Lottery, Past Year Past Year Past Year Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Bet on Sports, Past Year Bet on Cards, Past Year Bought a Raffle Ticket, Past Year Played Bingo for Money, Past Year Gambled on the lnternet, Past Year Bet on Dice, Past Year Bet on Games of Skill, Past Year Bet on Animal Races, Past Year Page 66 5 Section 5: Summary of Findings The Arizona Youth Survey (AYS), conducted in January through April 2008, gathered a plethora of information that can be used by Arizona policy makers and practitioners. Because of time and resource constraints the data presented in this report merely skim the surface of the data gathered by the survey; however, the results are highly beneficial in helping Arizona communities identify the needs of Arizona youth and plan prevention and delinquency programs that fit their needs. The Arizona Youth Survey is based on the national Communities That Care model and the research of J. David Hawkins, Ph.D. and Richard F. Catalano, Ph.D. The model has strong support from numerous federal agencies including the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), the National Youth Gang Center, and the Center for Substance Abuse and Prevention (CSAP). Given the scarce resources available to schools and service providers today, the information contained within this report and a continued analysis of the data provides Arizona with a considerable advantage at all levels of government in securing additional funding. This statewide effort encompassed all 15 counties and 319 schools, which resulted in the participation of 54,734 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students throughout Arizona. As a result of this year’s success, and the success of previous administrations, outstanding strides continue to be made in developing a data infrastructure that provides valuable information regarding youth at the state and local level. Continuing to increase participation (both in schools and in number of students) and build and strengthen partnerships between those who work with youth remain the primary goals of the Arizona Youth Survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 The ability to accurately understand the underlying factors — behaviors, attitudes, conditions or events — that increase and decrease the risk for criminal activities will provide a basis on which to bring about positive change. Risk factors are powerful tools for identifying and locating populations and individuals with a high potential for substance abuse, delinquency, school dropout, and/or violence, and they provide valuable targets for programs aimed at preventing or reducing these problem behaviors. Protective factors are also important tools for enhancing the availability of positive interactions and bonding with the community, family, school, and peer groups. Additionally, the data obtained on the use of ATOD and delinquency provide further insight into the experiences of Arizona youth which can assist in the development of school and community-based intervention programming. The results show that Arizona students’ use of Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs (ATODs) have decreased since 2006, particularly in the lower grades, but are at levels that are similar to, or higher than, current national trends; several rates of delinquency and antisocial behavior showed small, but significant increases (particularly for handgun and school safety results); and that for many scales Arizona has higher levels of risk and lower levels of protection than students on a more national level. Findings for each of the report sections are summarized below: Risk Factor Profiles In looking at Arizona community risk factor scales in relation to the eight-state norm rates, Perceived Availability of Handguns is the only scale in which all grades are below the eight-state norm rates. All grade levels have risk factor scores above the eight-state norm for Low Neighborhood Attachment. For Laws and Norms Favoring Drug Use, the 8th and 12th grade rates fall below the 8-state norm, but the 10th grade rate in Arizona is slightly higher than the norm. Page 67 In looking at Arizona’s family risk factor scales in relation to the eight-state norm, the results illustrate that there were only two scales in which Arizona 8th, 10th, and 12th grade results were similar to, or lower than, the eight-state norm — Parent Attitudes Favoring Drug Use (lower that the norm for the 8th grade, and approximately even with the norm for the 10th and 12th grades), and Family History of Antisocial Behavior (significantly lower than the norm for all three grades). Rates for all three grades were higher in Arizona than the eight-state norm for Poor Family Management and Parent Attitudes Favoring Antisocial Behavior. In regard to the school domain risk factor scales, Academic Failure scaled scores were higher in Arizona than for the eight-state norm, while rates for Low Commitment to School were similar to, or lower than, the eight-state norm for all grades. In comparison to the eight-state norm, Arizona risk factor scores are higher than the eight state norm in all grades for Rebelliousness, Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior, Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior, Interaction with Antisocial Peers, and Gang Involvement. Some factors that are lower than the eight-state norm for all grades were the Early Initiation of Drug Use, Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use, and Friends’ Use of Drugs scales. Protective Factor Profiles As for Community Domain protective factors, rates of Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement were well below the eight-state norm for all grades, with 8th graders having the lowest protection (31.3%) and 10th graders having the highest protection (35.4%). Rates of Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement also were significantly lower than the eight-state norm in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades. There are three protective factor scales for the family domain — Family Attachment, Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement, and Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. For the Family Attachment and Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement scales, all three grades in Arizona indicated lower protective factor scores than the eight-state norm; and for the Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement scale, only the 10th and 12th grades were lower than the eight-state norm. Rates of Arizona School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement were lower than the eight-state norm for the 8th grade, and similar to the norm rates for the other two grades. As for Rewards for Prosocial Involvement, the rates for all Arizona grades were below the eight-state norm rates. Within the Peer/Individual Domain, the Interaction with Prosocial Peers and Prosocial Involvement scale scores are well below the eight-state norm rates for all grades. However, 10th grade rate for Belief in the Moral Order, and the 8th and 10th grade rates for Peer/Individual Rewards for Prosocial Involvement were higher than the eight-state norm rates. Age of Initiation Arizona students begin using cigarettes at a younger age than other drugs. The average age of first use of cigarettes in 2008 was 12.74 years. The age of first cigarette use has increased 0.45 years since the 2004 survey. Arizona students, on average, reported having their first drink of alcohol (having more than a sip or two of alcohol) at age 12.93 years in 2008, while the average age of first regular use of alcohol (drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, or at least once or twice a month) was over a year later at age 14.27 years. The average age of initiation for marijuana in 2008 was 13.47 years. Substance Use for Arizona For 2008 lifetime substance use, the most commonly used substances are alcohol (59.6% of Arizona survey participants in the 2008 survey have used at least once), cigarettes (36.0% have used), marijuana (27.4% have used), prescription drugs (22.4% have used), prescription pain relievers (17.6% have used), sedatives (10.5% have used), and chewing tobacco (11.3% have used). In regard to 30-day use, an increase by grade can be seen with most substances except inhalants (peaks in the 8th grade at 5.4%), stimulants (peaks in the 10th grade at 2.9%), and over-the-counter drugs (peaks in the 10th grade at 6.4%). Page 68 Lifetime use of sedatives and methamphetamines in all grades has significantly decreased since the 2006 survey, with sedatives decreasing 1.7% to 4.2% in each grade and methamphetamines decreasing 1.4% to 2.6% in each grade. Further, while 8th and 10th grade rates of lifetime alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use significantly decreased since the 2006 survey, use rates of those substances for 12th graders largely remained unchanged. In looking at 2008 results compared to 2004 results, lifetime alcohol use has decreased 3.1% to 4.1% in each grade, cigarette use has decreased 3.4% to 7.6% in each grade, marijuana use has decreased 2.6% to 4.2% in each grade, and sedative use has decreased 2.7% to 6.6% in each grade. Since 2006, 30-day use rates have decreased (by 1.1% to 2.1%) in all grades for sedatives. The only substance which increased in all grades was the prescription drug category. By grade level, 8th grade 30-day use rates decreased significantly since the 2006 survey for cigarettes (1.8% decrease) and sedatives (1.1% decrease). Tenth grade past month use rates decreased significantly for alcohol (1.5% decrease), sedatives (2.1% decrease), and methamphetamines (1.1% decrease) since the 2006 survey. Twelfth grade 30-day use rates decreased significantly since 2006 for sedatives (2.1% decrease); but also increased significantly since 2006 for cigarette use (2.1% increase), chewing tobacco (1.4% increase), ecstasy (1.1% increase), and prescription drugs (5.0% increase). Arizona Results Compared to National Results A comparison between the Arizona Youth Survey and the national Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey is another measure for assessing current substance abuse and risk behaviors of Arizona youth. Fewer Arizona survey participants in all grades have had lifetime experience with inhalants and hallucinogens compared to youth in the same grades in the 2007 national survey. Additionally, fewer 8th and 10th grade Arizona students have had lifetime experience with chewing tobacco than 8th and 10th grade youth in the national MTF sample. However, Arizona students in all grades indicated higher alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use than students in the same grades in the national sample. Further, cocaine use rates for Arizona 10th and 12th graders also were higher than 10th and 12th grade cocaine use rates in the national sample. Alcohol use for Arizona youth Arizona Youth Survey 2008 who took the survey was 8.9% greater for Arizona 8th graders, 4.5% greater for Arizona 10th graders, and 2.6 greater for Arizona 12th graders in comparison to national sample youth in the same grades. Cigarette use rates in Arizona were 3.8% to 5.3% higher for each grade than in the MTF sample; marijuana use rates in Arizona were 1.3% to 2.0% higher for each grade than in the MTF sample; and cocaine use rates in Arizona were 1.5% higher for 10th graders and 3.4% higher for 12th graders than in the national sample. A higher percentage of Arizona youth in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades have used alcohol, cigarettes, inhalants, cocaine, and ecstasy at least once in the past month than youth in the same grades in the 2007 national MTF sample. The only area in which Arizona youth had a significantly lower 30-day use rate than the youth in the national MTF sample was for 10th grade chewing tobacco, where the MTF rate was 1.5% higher than the Arizona 10th grade rate. Substance Use by Gender While being female is generally considered a protective factor for substance use, of the Arizona students who took the survey, males and females are very similar in their use of most substances. In some cases, females (especially in the lower grades) actually have use rates that are higher than males. Males in all grades indicate higher use rates for chewing tobacco use (over two times the rate of females) and marijuana use (1.8% to 3.8% higher than female use rates in each grade). In contrast, the 2008 AYS results show that females in all grades indicated higher lifetime use rates of the following substances: alcohol (females indicated 2.7% to 5.4% higher lifetime use rates than males) and sedatives (females indicated 3.2% to 5.1% higher use rates than males). For 30-day use, marijuana usage rates for consistently higher for males (0.6% to 4.4% higher in each grade), and the 30-day usage rates of chewing tobacco are significantly higher for males (0.7% to 8.9% higher for males over females in each grade). Page 69 Perceived Harmfulness of Drugs: Arizona Compared to National Sample While Arizona youth in all grades perceived a greater risk in trying marijuana once or twice than national MTF students (1.6% to 2.4% higher perceived harmfulness in Arizona across the grades), Arizona youth perceived significantly less risk in regularly using marijuana. Rates of perceived harmfulness of smoking marijuana regularly were significantly lower than MTF rates in all grades — 9.8% less perceived risk in the 8th grade (64.5% for Arizona, 74.3% for MTF), 13.4% less perceived risk in the 10th grade (51.1% for Arizona, 64.5% for MTF), and 10.0% less perceived risk for the 12th grade (44.8% for Arizona, 54.8% for MTF). Such findings indicate that programs focusing on educating students about the harmful effects of regular marijuana use would be very beneficial to Arizona youth. Perceived Availability of Drugs: Arizona Compared to National Sample The results reveal that Arizona survey participants do not perceive any type of drug as being as easy to get as do the youth from the national sample. In all categories, and for all grades, there is a 1.5% to 13.8% difference in perceived availability between Arizona results and national results. Where Students Obtained Alcohol Across all grades, one of the most prominent alcohol sources for Arizona students (who indicated that he/she used alcohol) is in getting it at a party. This source becomes increasingly more frequent as students progress from the 8th grade (41.6% obtained alcohol at a party) to the 12th grade (57.6% obtained alcohol at a party). For alcohol-using 8th graders, the major sources for obtaining alcohol are getting it at a party (41.6%), taking it from home (31.5%), getting it from someone under the age of 21 (23.8%), and giving someone else money to buy the alcohol (21.4%). For alcohol-using 10th and 12th graders, the major sources for obtaining alcohol are getting it at a party (53.1% for 10th graders, 57.6% for 12th graders), giving someone money to Arizona Youth Survey 2008 buy it (34.4% for 10th graders, 43.7% for 12th graders), and by having a nonrelative over the age of 21 give it to them (28.7% of 10th graders, 39.5% of 12th graders). Drinking and Driving The survey found that a minority of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade youth in the state had driven a vehicle after drinking (8.8%) or ridden with a driver who had been drinking (29.2%), however, even small percentages given the content are alarming. Of those students who indicated that he/she had driven after drinking or ridden with a driver who had been drinking, most indicate that he/she did so one time in the past month (4.1% driving after drinking one time in the past month, 11.4% riding with a driver who had a drink one time in the past month). Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior by Grade and Gender Unlike 30-day and lifetime ATOD substance use, where Arizona males and females had similar use rates, and often females in lower grades had higher rates, the male-female differences in heavy use of alcohol and tobacco and antisocial behavior are more pronounced, with males using more than females. Some of the biggest differences between males and females were in being suspended from school (21.1% for males compared to 11.5% for females), selling illegal drugs (10.1% for males compared to 4.9% for females), and being arrested (11.0% for males and 5.7% for females). An exception to this is binge drinking, with females reporting slightly higher rates (20.5% for females and 19.3% for males). Overall, binge drinking and being drunk or high at school appear to be the biggest antisocial problems among Arizona youth with 19.9% of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students binge drinking at least once in the past two weeks and 16.9% of students in the three grades reporting being at school while drunk or high at least once in the past year. Page 70 Handguns Student Safety It is clear that responses to most of the questions regarding handguns and violence show a low percentage of students carry handguns or take them to school. However, with such subject matter, even low percentages should be taken seriously. For example, 1.3% of the students surveyed reported having taken a handgun to school in the past 12 months. In regard to carrying a handgun in general, 7.7% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in the past 12 months, and 9.0% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in their lifetime. Only 8.5% of students think that he/she would be seen as cool if they carried a handgun. Most students (74.5%) also perceived that it would be difficult to get a handgun if he/she wanted one. Overall, a large majority of students feel safe at school, haven’t been in a fight at school in the past year, haven’t been injured or threatened at school in the past year, and haven’t taken a weapon to school in the past month. However, just as with handgun carry, even small percentages for these safety issues can be serious. For example, 6.1% of 8th graders, 6.2% of 10th graders, and 5.6% of 12th graders have taken a weapon to school at least once in the past month. Most safety issues (being in a fight at school, not feeling safe at school, not going to school because they felt unsafe, and being threatened or injured with a weapon at school) show a decrease with increased grade level. Comparisons of the 2006 and 2008 handgun results show us that there were very few significant changes. Most rates fluctuated by less than one percent since the last AYS administration. The most changes over the past two years occurred in the 12th grade, where lifetime handgun carry increased 1.3% (from 8.4% in 2006 to 9.7% in 2008), and past year handgun carry increased 1.1% (from 7.0% in 2006 to 8.1% in 2008). Violence and Gangs A review of the responses reveals that 20.7% of the youth in Arizona have attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them at some time in their life, and 16.3% have attacked someone in the past 12 months. However, only a small percentage (4.1%) believe that it isn’t at all wrong to attack someone to seriously hurt them. A large majority of Arizona youth (89.4%) have never belonged to a gang, while 5.4% of the youth surveyed reported that he/she had been members in the past; 3.1% reported they belong now; 1.5% reported that they would like to join a gang; and 0.5% reported that they are in a gang, but would like to get out. Gang data changed very little from 2006 to 2008, and there are no significant increases or decreases in any category to report. Arizona Youth Survey 2008 While more than one in ten 8th graders (10.1%) reported that they did not go to school because he/she felt unsafe at least one day in the past month, the rate for 10th and 12th graders was less extreme, with 8.9% of 10th graders and 6.2% of 12th graders indicating he/she had skipped school because he/ she felt unsafe. The 2006 and 2008 surveys contained a question asking students to report how often, if ever, he/she had been bullied on school property in the past year. For all three grades combined, 32.3% of students reported having been bullied at least once in the past year (40.6% of 8th graders, 30.9% of 10th graders, and 17.7% of 12th graders). In looking at the 2008 results in comparison to 2006 survey results, reported rates of being bullied at least once in the past year increased 2.4% in the 8th grade, 6.4% in the 10th grade, and 3.4% in the 12th grade since the 2006 administration. In contrast, reported rates of being threatened or injured with a weapon on school property at least once in the past year decreased 1.9% to 2.6% in all grades since the 2006 survey. Page 71 Students’ Academic Performance and Substance Use There is a clear relationship between substance use and school performance. Of the students who reported getting better grades, fewer have tried ATODs and fewer recently used ATODs than those who report poorer grades. For example, students receiving grades of mostly Ds or Fs are approximately four times more likely to have indicated use of marijuana in the past 30 days than students receiving mostly As. Parent’s Education and Youth Substance Use Like academic grades, there is an interesting relationship between parent education and youth drug use, with lower levels of parent education typically corresponding with higher levels of youth drug use. Youth whose parents’ highest level of education attained was “attended but did not graduate high school” had the highest rates of lifetime and 30-day alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use. As parents’ education level increased beyond attending high school, youth ATOD use decreased. Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability Parental attitudes toward drugs influence the attitudes and behavior of their children. Even a small amount of perceived parental acceptability can lead to substance use. For example, relatively few students (8.1%) reported using marijuana in the past 30 days when their parents thought it is “Very Wrong” to use it. In contrast, when a student believes that their parents agree with use somewhat (i.e. the parent only believes that it is “Wrong,” as opposed to “Very Wrong”) use increased substantially to 30.9% for 30-day use. Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability As with perceived parental acceptability, the slightest perceived peer acceptability increases the chance that a student will use ATODs. For example, when students thought there was “No or very little chance” that they would be seen as cool if they used marijuana, only 3.9% had used marijuana in the Arizona Youth Survey 2008 past month. However, when students even thought that there was a “Little chance” that they would be seen as cool, marijuana use rates were over three times higher for past-month use (15.2%). Parent/Youth Communication About the Dangers of Substance Use In the 2008 Arizona Youth Survey, questions were added asking students to indicate whether or not their parents had talked to them about the dangers of substance use. The results of the question indicate that slightly less than half of students surveyed (45.9%) have not had a discussion with their parents about the dangers of any substance. For all grades combined, the greatest amount of parental discussions about substance use dangers are centered on drug use (39.2% of students indicated at least one discussion in the past year), while 33.2% of students indicated they had discussed the dangers of tobacco use, and 32.5% of students indicated they had discussed the dangers of alcohol use. Prevention-Related Advertisements The AYS asks several advertising-related questions to gather information on whether they remembered hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year and whether they had ever heard of the gun violence prevention program called Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN). The results show that while an overwhelming majority of youth (80.5%) have remembered hearing, reading, or watching a substance abuse prevention advertisement in the past year, only 18.3% of youth surveyed indicated that they had heard of PSN. Further, the reported rates of remembering substance abuse prevention ads increases with increased grade level (75.7% in 8th grade, 83.4% in 10th grade, 85.8% in 12th grade). On the other hand, younger students are slightly more apt to have heard of PSN (18.9% of 8th graders, 17.8% of 10th graders, 17.9% of 12th graders). Page 72 Gambling Past year gambling was determined by those students who responded that they had gambled “A few times in the past year,” “Once or twice a month,” “Once or twice a week,” or “Almost every day.” Average age of initiation was determined by asking students to report how old they were they first time they bet or gambled. When students were asked how often they participated in various gambling activities, betting on cards was the activity in which the greatest number of students participated in the past year. Of respondents in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades, 42.9% indicated that they had bet on cards at least once in the past year. Betting on a game of personal skill had the second highest rates of participation (31.0% of students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grade participating), and the third highest gambling activity was betting on sports (29.9% of the three grades) in the past year. The gambling activities with the least past-year participation were gambling on the Internet (5.6%) and betting on animal races (5.9%). Rates of reported past year gambling tend to decrease with increased grade level, as rates of gambling peaked in the 8th grade for nine of the 10 gambling categories (playing gambling machines, playing the lottery, betting on sports, playing bingo for money, Internet gambling, playing a dice game, betting on personal skill, and betting on animal races). Arizona Youth Survey 2008 Conclusion The Arizona Youth Survey fills a critical role within a statewide substance abuse, violence, and juvenile delinquency strategy to provide information on the well-being of youth, families, and communities. In the next two years, the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission will continue to place an emphasis on building partnerships and working to disseminate survey data to community leaders and decision makers. Although this report provides a statewide perspective, additional reports will be available at the county and city levels. In addition topical research briefs will be made available as they are produced. The data made available through the 2008 Arizona Youth Survey provides local decision makers with information for developing strategies in directing scarce funding toward needed programs to serve the youth and families in their community. Data-driven programs are more likely to target needed areas and, therefore, are more likely to result in the successful maximization of limited resources. Critical to this effort is the continued development of a state data infrastructure that provides information on the wellbeing of our youth and the communities in which we live. Page 73 7 aba aa aba aa aa aba ARIZONA YOUTH SURVEY aba aa 1. Thank you for agreeing to participate in this survey. The purpose of this survey is to learn how students in our schools feel about their community, family, peers, and school. The survey also asks about health behaviors. 2. The survey is completely voluntary and anonymous. DO NOT put your name on the questionnaire. 3. This is not a test, so there are no right or wrong answers. We would like you to work quickly so you can finish. 4. All of the questions should be answered by completely filling in one of the answer spaces. If you do not find an answer that fits exactly, use the one that comes closest. If any question does not apply to you, or you are not sure what it means, just leave it blank. You can skip any question that you do not wish to answer. 5. For questions that have the following answers: NO! no yes YES! Mark (the BIG) NO! if you think the statement is DEFINITELY NOT TRUE for you. Mark (the little) no if you think the statement is MOSTLY NOT TRUE for you. Mark (the little) yes if you think the statement is MOSTLY TRUE for you. Mark (the BIG) YES! if you think the statement is DEFINITELY TRUE for you. Example: Chocolate is the best ice cream flavor. NO! no YES! #@@#@@$@@# #yes In the example above, the student marked “yes” because he or she thinks the statement is mostly true. 6. Please mark only one answer for each question by completely filling in the oval with a #2 pencil. Please fill in the following questions with the help of your teacher/survey assistant. Student’s Zip Code ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) District Site 0 0 0 0 @$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@$@$ 00@@@@@@00@@@@@@00@@@@@@000@@@@@@00000 ##@@@@@@##@@@@@@##@@@@@@###@@@@@@##### 1 1 1 1 @$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@$@$ 11@@@@@@11@@@@@@11@@@@@@111@@@@@@11111 ##@@@@@@##@@@@@@##@@@@@@###@@@@@@##### 2 2 2 2 @$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@$@$ 22@@@@@@22@@@@@@22@@@@@@222@@@@@@22222 ##@@@@@@##@@@@@@##@@@@@@###@@@@@@##### 3 3 3 3 @$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@$@$ 33@@@@@@33@@@@@@33@@@@@@333@@@@@@33333 ##@@@@@@##@@@@@@##@@@@@@###@@@@@@##### 4 4 4 4 @$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@$@$ 44@@@@@@44@@@@@@44@@@@@@444@@@@@@44444 ##@@@@@@##@@@@@@##@@@@@@###@@@@@@##### 5 5 5 5 @$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@$@$ 55@@@@@@55@@@@@@55@@@@@@555@@@@@@55555 ##@@@@@@##@@@@@@##@@@@@@###@@@@@@##### 6 6 6 6 @$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@$@$ 66@@@@@@66@@@@@@66@@@@@@666@@@@@@66666 ##@@@@@@##@@@@@@##@@@@@@###@@@@@@##### 7 7 7 7 @$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@$@$ 77@@@@@@77@@@@@@77@@@@@@777@@@@@@77777 ##@@@@@@##@@@@@@##@@@@@@###@@@@@@##### 8 8 8 8 @$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@$@$ 88@@@@@@88@@@@@@88@@@@@@888@@@@@@88888 ##@@@@@@##@@@@@@##@@@@@@###@@@@@@##### 9 9 9 9 ##@@@@@@##@@@@@@##@@@@@@###@@@@@@##### @$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@@@@@@@$@$@$ 99@@@@@@99@@@@@@99@@@@@@999@@@@@@99999 District 6. What is the language you use most often at home? Type 1. Are you: MALE FEMALE @@@@@#@@@# County 2. How old are you? or less Some high school Graduate or professional @#@@@@@@@@@# Completed high school Don’t know @#@@@@@@@@@# Some college Does not apply @#@@@@@@@@@# 8. Think of where you live most of the time. Which of the following people live there with you? (Mark all that apply.) Mother Uncle @#@@@@@@@@@# Stepmother Other Adult(s) @#@@@@@@@@@# Father Brother(s) @#@@@@@@@@@# Stepfather Stepbrother(s) @#@@@@@@@@@# Foster-parents Sister(s) @#@@@@@@@@@# Grandparent(s) Stepsister(s) @#@@@@@@@@@# Aunt Other Children @#@@@@@@@@@# aba aa ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) aba aa APPERSON PRINT MANAGEMENT SERVICES school after college Completed grade school Completed college @#@@@@@@@@@# of schooling any of them completed? ) ) ) 10 or younger 12 14 16 18 @#@@@@@#@@#@@#@@# 11 13 15 17 19 or older @#@@@@@#@@#@@#@@#@ 3. What grade are you in? 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th @#@@#@@#@@#@@#@@#@@# 4. What is your race (Mark all that apply)? @#Asian @#Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander @#American Indian @#Alaskan Native @#Black or African-American @#White 5. Are you Hispanic or Latino? Yes No @@@@@@@@@@@#@@# 99372PCN1107 (ReflexRead) ######################## PLEASE DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA Produced by the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and Bach Harrison, L.L.C. Salt Lake City, Utah Phone: (801) 359-2064 ACCU-SCAN TM aba aa ) ) English Spanish Another language @#@@@@#@@@@# 7. Think of the adults you live with. What is the highest level @ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 aba aa Appendix A: 2008 Arizona Youth Survey aba aa aba aa ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( aa aba aba aa no yes YES! The next section asks about your experiences at school. NO! #@#@#@# $@@@$ $@@@$ #@#@#@# 10. Teachers ask me to work on special classroom projects. $@@@$ #@#@#@# 9. In my school, students have lots of chances to help decide things like class activities and rules. 11. My teacher(s) notices when I am doing a good job and lets me know about it. aba aa The next questions ask about your feelings and experiences in other parts of your life. Number of Friends $@$@$ ##### 0 1 2 3 4 a. participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? 25. Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: b. smoked cigarettes? $@$@$ ##### ##### $@$@$ $@$@$ ##### $@$@$ ##### $@$@$ ##### ##### $@$@$ $@$@$ ##### ##### $@$@$ c. tried beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) when their parents didn’t know about it? d. made a commitment to stay drug-free? e. used marijuana? f. tried to do well in school? g. used LSD, cocaine, amphetamines, or other illegal drugs? h. been suspended from school? i. liked school? j. carried a handgun? l. stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? $@$@$ ##### $@$@$ ##### $@$@$ ##### ##### $@$@$ m. been arrested? k. sold illegal drugs? n. dropped out of school? $@$@$ ##### ##### $@$@$ o. been members of a gang? 26. What are the chances you would be seen as cool if you: Very Good Chance Pretty Good Chance Some Chance Little Chance No or Very Little Chance a. smoked cigarettes? b. worked hard at school? $@$@$ ##### $@$@$ ##### ##### $@$@$ $@$@$ ##### aba aa d. defended someone who was being verbally abused at school? c. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? e. smoked marijuana? aba aa 4 aba aa $@$@$ ##### $@$@$ ##### ##### $@$@$ f. regularly volunteered to do community service? g. carried a handgun? aba aa aba aa $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# 13. There are lots of chances for students in my school to talk with a teacher one-on-one. 12. There are lots of chances for students in my school to get involved in sports, clubs, and other school activities outside of class. 14. I feel safe at my school. #@#@#@# $@@@$ $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# 15. The school lets my parents know when I have done something well. 16. My teachers praise me when I work hard in school. $@@@$ #@#@#@# ##### $@$@$ ##### $@$@$ $@$@$ ##### ##### $@$@$ Almost Always Often Sometimes Seldom Never $@@@$ #@#@#@# 17. Are your school grades better than the grades of most students in your class? 18. I have lots of chances to be part of class discussions or activities. 19. Now thinking back over the past year in school, how often did you: a. enjoy being in school? b. hate being in school? c. try to do your best work in school? 20. How often do you feel that the school work you are assigned is meaningful and important? 21. Putting them all together, what were your grades like last year? Mostly F’s Mostly B’s #@@@@@@# Mostly D’s Mostly A’s #@@@@@@# #Mostly C’s 22. How important do you think the things you are learning in school are going to be for your later life? Very important Slightly important #@@@@@@# Quite important Not at all important #@@@@@@# #Fairly important 23. How interesting are most of your courses to you? Very interesting and stimulating #Quite interesting Slightly dull #@@@@@@# Fairly interesting Very dull #@@@@@@# 24. During the LAST FOUR WEEKS how many whole days of school have you missed because you skipped or ‘cut’? None 1 2 3 4-5 6-10 11 or more #@@@#@@#@@#@@#@@#@@# 2 aa aba ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( aba aa 27. How old were you when you first: a. smoked marijuana? aa aba 10 or Younger Never 11 12 13 15 17 or Older 16 14 c. had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin)? $@$@$@$@$ ######### $@$@$@$@$ ######### 29. How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: aba aa $@$@$@$ ######## $@$@$@$ ######## $@$@$@$ ######## ######## $@$@$@$ ) ) ) ) ) ) 40+ times 30 to 39 times 20 to 29 times 10 to 19 times 6 to 9 times 3 to 5 times 1 to 2 times Never $@$@$@$ ######## a. been suspended from school? e. participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? ) ) ) ) d. stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? c. sold illegal drugs? b. carried a handgun? f. been arrested? $@$@$@$ ######## ######## $@$@$@$ h. attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? $@$@$@$ ######## g. done extra work on your own for school? i. been drunk or high at school? j. volunteered to do community service? $@$@$@$ ######## $@$@$@$ ######## ######## $@$@$@$ ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) k. taken a handgun to school? Very False Somewhat True #@@@@@@@@# ) ) ) Somewhat False Very True #@@@@@@@@# Very False Somewhat True #@@@@@@@@# Somewhat False Very True #@@@@@@@@# 32. I ignore rules that get in my way. Very False Somewhat True #@@@@@@@@# Somewhat False Very True #@@@@@@@@# 31. I like to see how much I can get away with. 30. I do the opposite of what people tell me, just to get them mad. aba aa d. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? $@$@$@$@$ ######### $@$@$@$@$ ######### ######### $@$@$@$@$ e. used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? b. smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? f. got suspended from school? $@$ #### #### $@$ Not Wrong at All A Little Bit Wrong Wrong Very Wrong $@$@$@$@$ ######### ######### $@$@$@$@$ $@$@$@$@$ ######### ######### $@$@$@$@$ $@$@$@$@$ ######### ######### $@$@$@$@$ g. got arrested? h. carried a handgun? i. attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? j. belonged to a gang? k. gambled or bet? 28. How wrong do you think it is for someone your age to: a. take a handgun to school? b. steal anything worth more than $5? c. pick a fight with someone? ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 33. During the past 30 days, how many times did you RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? 0 times 4 or 5 times #@@@@@@@@# $@$ #### #### $@$ $@$ #### ) ) ) d. attack someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? e. stay away from school all day when their parents think they are at school? 1 time 6 or more times #@@@@@@@@# #2 or 3 times aba aa ) $@$ #### ) ) ) aba aa aba aa 0 times 4 or 5 times #@@@@@@@@# 1 time 6 or more times #@@@@@@@@# #2 or 3 times 34. During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? f. drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) regularly? h. smoke marijuana? g. smoke cigarettes? 3 $@$ #### $@$ #### #### $@$ i. use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drug? aba aa aba aa ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( aa aba aba aa 35. How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: aba aa 39. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you NOT go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school? $@@@$ #@#@#@# 0 days 4-5 days #@@@@@@# 1 day 6 or more days #@@@@@@# #2-3 days ###### $@$@$ 41. I think sometimes it’s okay to cheat at school. $@@@$ #@#@#@# Almost every day Once or twice a week Once or twice a month At least once in the past 12 months Before, but not in the past year Never a. Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? 42. It is all right to beat up people if they start the fight. $@@@$ #@#@#@# d. Played cards? e. Bought a raffle ticket? 0 days 4-5 days #@@@@@@# 1 day 6 or more days #@@@@@@# #2-3 days 44. Sometimes we don’t know what we will do as adults, but we may have an idea. Please answer how true this statement may be for you. a. WHEN I AM AN ADULT, I will smoke cigarettes. NO! no yes YES! $@@@$ #@#@#@# 45. Have you ever used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, or chewing tobacco)? Never Regularly in the past #@@@@@@# Once or twice Regularly now #@@@@@@# #Once in a while but not regularly 46. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you use chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip? 0 days 10 to 19 days #@@@@@@# 1 or 2 days 20 to 29 days #@@@@@@# 3 to 5 days All 30 days #@@@@@@# #6 to 9 days 47. Think back over the LAST TWO WEEKS. How many times have you had five or more alcoholic drinks in a row? None 3-5 times #@@@@@@# Once 6-9 times #@@@@@@# Twice 10 or more times #@@@@@@# 4 aba aa f. Played bingo? g. Gambled on the Internet? h. Played a dice game? i. Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? j. Bet on a horse or other animal race? 36. During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 0 times 6-7 times #@@@@@@# 1 time 8-9 times #@@@@@@# 2-3 times 10-11 times #@@@@@@# 4-5 times 12 or more times #@@@@@@# 37. During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 0 times 6-7 times #@@@@@@# 1 time 8-9 times #@@@@@@# 2-3 times 10-11 times #@@@@@@# 4-5 times 12 or more times #@@@@@@# 38. During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 0 times 6-7 times #@@@@@@# 1 time 8-9 times #@@@@@@# 2-3 times 10-11 times #@@@@@@# 4-5 times 12 or more times #@@@@@@# 40. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? b. Played the lottery or scratch off tickets? ###### $@$@$ ###### $@$@$ ###### $@$@$ ###### $@$@$ ###### $@$@$ ###### $@$@$ ###### $@$@$ ###### $@$@$ 43. I think it is okay to take something without asking if you can get away with it. c. Bet on sports? ###### $@$@$ 4 aba aa aba aa aba aa aa aba ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( aba aa aba aa 7 aa aba 1-2 aba aa 6-9 10-19 20-39 40+ OCCASIONS 3-5 $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 0 48. had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink in your lifetime – more than just a few sips? $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# #@#@#@#@#@#@# $@@@$@@@$@@@$ ) On how many occasions (if any) have you: 49. had beer, wine or hard liquor to drink during the past 30 days? $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# ) 57. sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high during the past 30 days? aba aa 56. sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high in your lifetime? 55. used cocaine or crack during the past 30 days? 54. used cocaine or crack in your lifetime? 53. used LSD or other hallucinogens during the past 30 days? 52. used LSD or other hallucinogens in your lifetime? 51. used marijuana during the past 30 days? 50. used marijuana in your lifetime? 58. used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in your lifetime? $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# #@#@#@#@#@#@# $@@@$@@@$@@@$ 59. used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) during the past 30 days? $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# #@#@#@#@#@#@# $@@@$@@@$@@@$ ) ) ) 60. used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank) in your lifetime? 61. used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank) in the past 30 days? 62. used heroin or other opiates in your lifetime? 63. used heroin or other opiates during the past 30 days? 68. used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, Oxycontin, Percocet, or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? 67. used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone) in the past 30 days? $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# #@#@#@#@#@#@# $@@@$@@@$@@@$ ) ) ) ) ) $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# #@#@#@#@#@#@# $@@@$@@@$@@@$ 69. used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, Oxycontin, Percocet, or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# ) 64. used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA) in your lifetime? 70. used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# ) ) ) ) ) ) 71. used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# ) 65. used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA) during the past 30 days? 72. used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) in your lifetime? $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# 66. used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or Depotesterone) in your lifetime? 73. used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) during the past 30 days? $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# aba aa aba aa ) 74. used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high in your lifetime? $@@@$@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@#@#@# ) aba aa 5 aba aa 75. used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high during the past 30 days? aba aa aba aa ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( aba aa 76. Have you ever smoked cigarettes? Never Regularly in the past #@@@@@@@# Once or twice Regularly now #@@@@@@@# #Once in a while but not regularly 77. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes? 0 days 10 to 19 days #@@@@@@@# 1 or 2 days 20 to 29 days #@@@@@@@# 3 to 5 days All 30 days #@@@@@@@# #6 to 9 days 78. During the past 30 days, on the days you smoked, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? #I did not smoke cigarettes during the past 30 days #Less than 1 cigarette per day #1 cigarette per day #2 to 5 cigarettes per day #6 to 10 cigarettes per day #11 to 20 cigarettes per day #More than 20 cigarettes per day 87. If you wanted to get a drug like cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines, how easy would it be for you to get some? 86. If you wanted to get some beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin), how easy would it be for you to get some? 85. If you wanted to get some cigarettes, how easy would it be for you to get some? $@$ #### $@$ #### $@$ #### $@$ #### aba aa 88. If you wanted to get a handgun, how easy would it be for you to get one? $@$ #### Very Easy Sort of Easy Sort of Hard Very Hard 89. If you wanted to get some marijuana, how easy would it be for you to get some? 4 aba aa #I did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days #I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station #I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club #I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event #I gave someone else money to buy it for me #My parent or guardian gave it to me #Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me #Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me #Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me #I got it at a party #I took it from home #I took it from a store or someone else’s home #I got it some other way 3-4 5+ 90. If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply.) aa aba 79. Does anyone who lives with you now smoke cigarettes? (Mark all that apply.) #No one who lives with me now smokes cigarettes. #A parent (or guardian) #A brother or sister #Another adult who lives with us #Another young person who lives with us 80. Which statement best describes the rules about smoking where you live? 2 Number of Adults 1 aa aba $@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@# 0 a. used marijuana, crack, cocaine, or other drugs? 91. About how many adults (over 21) have you known personally who in the past year have: b. sold or dealt drugs? c. done other things that could get them in trouble with the police, like stealing, selling stolen goods, mugging or assaulting others, etc.? $@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@# $@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@# $@@@$@@@$ #@#@#@#@# $@$ #### #### $@$ aba aa aba aa aba aa aba aa I have never belonged to a gang No Yes #@@@@@@@@@@@#@@@# 94. If you have ever belonged to a gang, did the gang have a name? Protection/safety Make money #@@@@@@@@# Friendship Other #@@@@@@@@# Parent(s) are in a gang I have never belonged to a gang #@@@@@@@@# #Sibling(s) are in a gang 93. If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the one major reason you joined? No Yes, belong now #@@@@@@@@# No, but would like to Yes, but would like to get out #@@@@@@@@# #Yes, in the past 92. Have you ever belonged to a gang? d. gotten drunk or high? 6 $@$ #### $@$ #### #### $@$ Great Risk Moderate Risk Slight Risk No Risk #Smoking is not allowed anywhere #Smoking is allowed in some places or at some times #Smoking is allowed anywhere 81. How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they: a. smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day? b. try marijuana once or twice? c. smoke marijuana regularly? d. take one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, liquor) nearly every day? ( ( ( ( ( ( ( e. have five or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage in a row once or twice a week? yes YES! $@@@$ #@#@#@# no 82. If a kid smoked marijuana in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# 84. If a kid carried a handgun in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? 83. If a kid drank some beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? NO! These questions ask about the neighborhood and community where you live. ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( aba aa 7 aba aa 95. How wrong would most adults (over 21) in your neighborhood think it is for kids your age: a. to use marijuana? b. to drink alcohol? c. to smoke cigarettes? Not Wrong at All A Little Bit Wrong Wrong Very Wrong $@$ #### $@$ #### #### $@$ 100. I’d like to get out of my neighborhood. $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# 7 aba aa 106. During the past 12 months, do you recall hearing, reading, or watching an advertisement about the prevention of substance use? No Yes #@@@# The next few questions ask about your family. When answering these questions please think about the people you consider to be your family, for example, parents, stepparents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc. 107. My parents notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. Never or Almost Never Often #@@@@@@@@@# Sometimes All the Time #@@@@@@@@@# 108. How often do your parents tell you they’re proud of you for something you’ve done? Never or Almost Never Often #@@@@@@@@@# Sometimes All the Time #@@@@@@@@@# ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) $@$ #### ) ) ) a. drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) regularly? 109. How wrong do your parents feel it would be for YOU to: b. smoke cigarettes? c. smoke marijuana? d. steal something worth more than $5? e. draw graffiti, write things, or draw pictures on buildings or other property (without the owner’s permission)? f. pick a fight with someone? $@$ ### ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) $@$ #### ) ) ) 110. Has anyone in your family ever had a severe alcohol or drug problem? No Yes #@@@# 111. Have any of your brothers or sisters ever: a. drunk beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin)? I don’t have any brothers or sisters Yes No b. smoked marijuana? aba aa aba aa ) ) ) aba aa $@$ ### ### $@$ $@$ ### ### $@$ c. smoked cigarettes? d. taken a handgun to school? e. been suspended or expelled from school? aba aa ) ) ) ) $@$ #### $@$ #### $@$ #### #### $@$ Not Wrong at All A Little Bit Wrong Wrong Very Wrong aba aa $@@@$ #@#@#@# yes YES! 96. If I had to move, I would miss the neighborhood I now live in. $@@@$ #@#@#@# no 97. My neighbors notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. NO! 98. I like my neighborhood. $@@@$ #@#@#@# #@#@#@# $@@@$ 101. There are people in my neighborhood who are proud of me when I do something well. $@@@$ #@#@#@# 99. There are lots of adults in my neighborhood I could talk to about something important. 102. There are people in my neighborhood who encourage me to do my best. 103. I feel safe in my neighborhood. $@@@$ #@#@#@# 104. Which of the following activities for people your age are available in your community? a.@@@@@@@@@#@@@# sports teams No Yes b.@@@@@@@@@#@@@# scouting No Yes c.@@@@@@@@@#@@@# boys and girls clubs No Yes d.@@@@@@@@@#@@@# 4-H clubs No Yes e.@@@@@@@@@#@@@# service clubs No Yes 105. During the past 12 months, have you talked with at least one of your parents about the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use? By parents, we mean your biological parents, adoptive parents, stepparents, or adult guardians – whether or not they live with you. (Choose all that apply.) No, I did not talk with my parents about the dangers #of tobacco, alcohol, or drug use. Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of #tobacco use. Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of #alcohol use. Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of #drug use. aba aa aba aa aba aa 112. The rules in my family are clear. aba aa NO! no yes YES! 114. When I am not at home, one of my parents knows where I am and who I am with. $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# #@#@#@# $@@@$ ( ( 115. We argue about the same things in my family over and over. 113. People in my family often insult or yell at each other. ( $@@@$ #@#@#@# ( ( ( ( 116. If you drank some beer, wine, or liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents? ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 128. My parents give me lots of chances to do fun things with them. 127. Do you feel very close to your father? 126. If I had a personal problem, I could ask my mom or dad for help. 125. Do you enjoy spending time with your father? 124. Do you enjoy spending time with your mother? 123. Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your father? 122. Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your mother? 121. Do you feel very close to your mother? 120. My parents ask me what I think before most family decisions affecting me are made. 119. If you skipped school would you be caught by your parents? 118. If you carried a handgun without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents? 117. My family has clear rules about alcohol and drug use. $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# $@@@$ #@#@#@# aba aa 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 #@#@#@#@#@#@#@# 133. During a typical week, how many days do all or most of your family eat at least one meal together? Number of days: 134. Have you ever heard of the gun violence prevention program, Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN)? No Yes #@@@#@ 135. How did you hear about the gun violence prevention program, Project Safe Neighborhoods? (Mark all that apply.) T.V. Billboard Have not heard of PSN #@@@@#@@@@@# Radio Other #@@@@# 136. How honest were you in filling out this survey? # I was very honest # I was honest pretty much of the time # I was honest some of the time # I was honest once in a while # I was not honest at all Thank you for completing the survey 4 aba aa ( 129. My parents ask if I’ve gotten my homework done. $@@@$ #@#@#@# 8 aba aa aa aba ( 130. People in my family have serious arguments. $@@@$ #@#@#@# aa aba ( 131. Would your parents know if you did not come home on time? ( ( ( ( ( ( $@@@$ #@#@#@# ( ( ( 132. It is important to be honest with your parents, even if they become upset or you get punished. aa aba aa aba aba aa aba aa Appendix B: Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Community Domain Protective Factors Community Domain Risk Factors Protective Factor Associated Scales Community Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Community Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Risk Factor Associated Scales Low Neighborhood Attachment Low Neighborhood Attachment Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use, Firearms, and Crime Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use Availability of Drugs and Firearms Perceived Availability of Drugs Perceived Availability of Handguns Media Portrayals of Violence Extreme Economic Deprivation Family Domain Protective Factors No Scale No Scale Protective Factor Associated Scales Family Attachment Family Attachment Family Opportunities for Positive Involvement Family Opportunities for Positive Involvement Family Rewards for Positive Involvement Family Rewards for Positive Involvement Appendix B (Cont.): Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Family Domain Risk Factors School Domain Protective Factors School Domain Risk Factors Risk Factor Associated Scales Family Management Problems Poor Family Management Family Conflict Family Conflict Family Involvement in the Problem Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Favorable Parental Attitudes Towards The Problem Behavior Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Protective Factor Associated Scales School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Risk Factor Associated Scales Academic Failure Beginning in Late Elementary School Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Low School Commitment Appendix B (Cont.): Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Individual-Peer Protective Factors Individual-Peer Risk Factors Protective Factor Associated Scales Belief in the Moral Order Belief in the Moral Order Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers Interaction with Prosocial Peers Risk Factor Associated Scales Rebelliousness Rebelliousness Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior Interaction with Antisocial Peers Friends’ Use of Drugs Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Favorable Attitudes Towards the Problem Behavior Attitudes Favorable Towards Antisocial Behavior Attitudes Favorable Towards Drug Use Perceived Risks of Drug Use Gang Involvement Gang Involvement Appendix C: AYS Survey Results, Frequency and Percentage for Each Response Category 1. 2. Question Response Are you? male 26,213 48.8 female 27,514 51.2 12 84 0.2 13 9,832 18.0 Completed college 14 14,770 27.0 15 7,160 13.1 16 9,356 17 18 How old are you? 19 or older 3. 4. What grade are you in? What is your race (Mark all that apply)? 6. Are you Hispanic or Latino? Question % 7. # % Grade school or less 1,606 3.1 Some high school 4,436 8.5 Completed high school 9,204 17.6 Some college 8,378 16.0 14,774 28.3 Graduate or Professional school after college 7,333 14.0 17.1 Don’t know 6,186 11.8 6,275 11.5 Does not apply 341 0.7 6,783 12.4 474 0.9 48,097 87.9 8. Think of the adults you live with. What is the highest level of schooling any of them completed? Response Think of where you live most of the time. Mother Which of the following people live there with Stepmother you? (Choose all that apply.) Father 2,750 5.0 34,841 63.7 8th 25,695 46.9 10th 16,089 29.4 Stepfather 6,978 12.7 12th 12,950 23.7 Foster-parents 274 0.5 Grandparent(s) 4,644 8.5 2,270 4.1 4.4 Asian 2,117 3.9 Aunt Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander 1,115 2.0 Uncle 2,394 Other adults 2,091 3.8 American Indian 4,585 8.4 Brother(s) 27,453 50.2 Alaskan Native 5. # 346 0.6 Stepbrother(s) Black 3,915 7.2 Sister(s) White 31,887 58.3 Yes 21,525 41.2 No 30,684 58.8 What is the language you use most often at English home? Spanish Another Language 43,273 80.5 9,219 17.1 1,265 2.4 9. 2,053 3.8 25,935 47.4 Stepsister(s) 1,891 3.5 Other children 3,439 6.3 In my school, students have lots of chances NO! to help decide things like class activities no and rules. yes YES! 8,265 15.3 19,772 36.6 22,287 41.2 3,708 6.9 Question 10. Teachers ask me to work on special classroom projects. Response NO! 7,002 13.0 23,623 43.9 yes 19,884 36.9 My teacher(s) notices when I am doing a good job and lets me know about it. NO! no yes YES! 12. There are a lot of chances for students in NO! my school to get involved in sports, clubs, no and other school activities outside of class. yes YES! 13. 14. 3,326 18. 4,121 7.6 12,872 23.8 2,131 4.0 no 8,857 16.5 yes 32,241 59.9 YES! 10,604 19.7 enjoy being in school? Never 3,625 6.7 6,051 11.2 51.2 17.3 Sometimes 21,989 40.7 Often 15,241 28.2 7,121 13.2 1,861 Almost Always 3.4 3,817 7.0 22,285 41.1 26,196 48.4 4.5 yes 29,117 53.9 YES! 12,518 23.2 NO! 3,854 7.2 no 8,002 14.9 yes 30,768 57.1 YES! 11,255 20.9 b. c. hate being in school? try to do your best work in school? How often do you feel that the school work you are assigned is meaningful and important? Never 4,264 7.9 Seldom 13,534 25.1 Sometimes 21,316 39.6 Often 9,713 18.0 Almost Always 5,064 9.4 584 1.1 Never Seldom 1,954 3.6 Sometimes 9,778 18.2 Often 19,164 35.7 Almost Always 22,234 41.4 Never 4,455 8.3 Seldom 11,035 20.7 NO! 13,264 24.7 no 23,627 44.1 Sometimes 18,863 35.3 yes 13,115 24.5 Often 13,258 24.8 3,597 6.7 Almost Always 5,768 10.8 7,760 14.5 Mostly F’s 1,194 2.3 21,265 39.6 Mostly D’s 2,741 5.3 11,622 22.3 My teachers praise me when I work hard in NO! school. no YES! Are your school grades better than the grades of most students in your class? NO! 9,352 18.5 yes 17. % 27,638 2,414 YES! 16. # Seldom 10,020 The school lets my parents know when I have done something well. Response 19.Now think back over the past year in school, how often did you: a. 20. 15. I have lots of chances to be part of class discussions or activities. 6.2 There are lots of chances for students in my NO! school to talk with a teacher one-on-one. no I feel safe at my school. Question % no YES! 11. # NO! Putting them all together, what were your grades like last year? 20,541 38.3 Mostly C’s 4,083 7.6 Mostly B’s 19,577 37.6 Mostly A’s 16,939 32.5 4,906 9.1 no 17,101 31.8 yes 23,426 43.6 8,272 15.4 YES! 21. Question 22. Response How important do you think the things you Very important are learning in school are going to be for Quite important your later life? Fairly important Slightly important 23. How interesting are most of your courses to you? # Question % 26.4 15,850 29.5 6,631 12.6 9,420 17.5 3 Friends 5,446 10.3 4 Friends 14,725 27.9 0 Friends 15,225 29.0 1 Friend 8,666 16.5 2,002 3.7 Very interesting and stimulating 4,057 7.6 d. made a commitment to stay drug-free? b. smoked cigarettes? 13.7 24.5 2 Friends 6,130 11.7 Fairly interesting 20,514 38.3 3 Friends 5,330 10.2 Slightly Dull 11,434 21.3 4 Friends 17,109 32.6 4,450 8.3 0 Friends 28,554 54.3 34,739 65.6 1 Friend 6,909 13.1 1 6,000 11.3 2 Friends 5,160 9.8 2 4,127 7.8 3 Friends 3,987 7.6 3 3,177 6.0 4 Friends 7,986 15.2 4 to 5 2,840 5.4 6 to 10 1,207 2.3 0 Friends 2,270 4.3 837 1.6 1 Friend 3,748 7.1 2 Friends 7,966 15.2 3 Friends 11,153 21.3 4 Friends 27,343 52.1 used LSD, cocaine, amphetamines, or other 0 Friends illegal drugs? 1 Friend 40,471 76.9 5,499 10.4 2 Friends 2,810 5.3 3 Friends 1,464 2.8 4 Friends 2,409 4.6 0 Friends 29,444 55.7 1 Friend 10,007 18.9 2 Friends 5,979 11.3 3 Friends 2,882 5.5 4 Friends 4,512 8.5 none f. used marijuana? tried to do well in school? 25.Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have... participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? 35.5 7,237 13,160 11 or more a. 18,717 Quite interesting e. During the LAST FOUR WEEKS how many whole days of school have you missed because you skipped or “cut”? % 14,220 22.9 Not at all important Very Dull 24. # tried beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, 0 Friends vodka, whiskey, or gin) when their parents 1 Friend didn’t know about it? 2 Friends 12,324 c. Response 0 Friends 9,149 17.3 1 Friend 8,449 16.0 2 Friends 11,108 21.0 3 Friends 8,425 15.9 4 Friends 15,731 29.8 0 Friends 29,349 55.5 1 Friend 8,388 15.9 2 Friends 5,771 10.9 3 Friends 3,456 6.5 4 Friends 5,902 11.2 g. h. been suspended from school? Question i. j. liked school? carried a handgun? Response 0 Friends sold illegal drugs? 14,378 Question % 27.3 o. been members of a gang? Response 0 Friends 41,769 79.2 4,239 8.0 8,039 15.3 2 Friends 11,775 22.4 2 Friends 2,266 4.3 3 Friends 8,730 16.6 3 Friends 1,216 2.3 4 Friends 3,253 6.2 4 Friends 9,655 18.4 0 Friends 46,205 87.6 1 Friend 3,143 6.0 1,434 26.What are the chances you would be seen as cool if you… a. smoked cigarettes? No or Very Little Chance 33,690 63.9 2.7 Little Chance 9,720 18.4 5,804 11.0 3 Friends 656 1.2 Some Chance 4 Friends 1,284 2.4 Pretty Good Chance 2,086 4.0 Very Good Chance 1,383 2.6 0 Friends 41,686 79.3 1 Friend 5,150 9.8 No or Very Little Chance 8,669 16.5 2 Friends 2,708 5.2 Little Chance 9,998 19.0 2.3 Some Chance 13,914 26.5 Pretty Good Chance 10,963 20.9 9,025 17.2 23,400 44.5 1,192 b. worked hard in school? 4 Friends 1,841 3.5 stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such 0 Friends as a car or motorcycle? 1 Friend 47,126 89.3 3,088 5.8 2 Friends 1,185 2.2 9,161 17.4 3 Friends 496 0.9 Some Chance 9,305 17.7 1.7 Pretty Good Chance 6,774 12.9 Very Good Chance 3,899 7.4 7,935 15.1 7,984 15.2 13,690 26.0 Very Good Chance 4 Friends m. been arrested? dropped out of school? 896 0 Friends 38,762 73.4 1 Friend 7,277 13.8 2 Friends n. % 1 Friend 3 Friends l. # 1 Friend 2 Friends k. # 3,409 c. d. 6.5 began drinking alcohol beverages regularly, No or Very Little Chance that is, at least once or twice a month? Little Chance defended someone who was being verbally No or Very Little Chance abused at school? Little Chance 3 Friends 1,402 2.7 Some Chance 4 Friends 1,945 3.7 Pretty Good Chance 12,422 23.6 Very Good Chance 10,586 20.1 No or Very Little Chance 0 Friends 44,153 83.6 1 Friend 5,194 9.8 29,916 57.0 2 Friends 1,800 3.4 Little Chance 7,566 14.4 1.3 Some Chance 6,769 12.9 1.8 Pretty Good Chance 4,257 8.1 Very Good Chance 3,951 7.5 3 Friends 4 Friends 712 930 e. smoked marijuana? Question f. regularly volunteer to do community service? Response c. had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or Never have hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, 10 or younger or gin)? 11 36.8 6,521 12.2 3,053 5.7 12,776 24.4 10,862 20.7 5,374 10.2 12 4,349 8.1 4,074 7.8 13 6,463 12.0 14 5,056 9.4 39,160 74.6 15 4,485 8.4 5,353 10.2 16 2,547 4.7 17 or Older 1,454 2.7 Never have 38,399 71.5 683 1.3 No or Very Little Chance Some Chance 3,508 6.7 Pretty Good Chance 1,895 3.6 Very Good Chance 2,574 4.9 Never have d. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? 10 or younger 11 664 1.2 38,592 71.8 12 1,260 2.3 1,442 2.7 13 2,530 4.7 2,578 4.8 11 1,211 2.3 14 12 1,932 3.6 15 3,234 6.0 13 3,120 5.8 16 2,516 4.7 14 2,552 4.7 17 or Older 1,857 3.5 15 2,440 4.5 16 1,522 2.8 Never have 52,227 97.1 965 1.8 152 0.3 11 68 0.1 17 or Older smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? 19,715 Some Chance 10 or younger b. % Little Chance 27.How old were you when you first: smoked marijuana? # 36.9 Little Chance a. Response 19,371 Very Good Chance carried a handgun? Question % No or Very Little Chance Pretty Good Chance g. # e. used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? 10 or younger 33,393 62.3 12 122 0.2 10 or younger 4,688 8.7 13 245 0.5 11 2,241 4.2 14 265 0.5 298 0.6 Never have 12 2,628 4.9 15 13 3,298 6.1 16 247 0.5 14 2,527 4.7 17 or Older 171 0.3 15 2,337 4.4 16 1,477 2.8 Never have 38,860 72.4 17 or Older 1,051 2.0 10 or younger 3,619 6.7 11 1,824 3.4 12 2,478 4.6 13 3,015 5.6 14 1,871 3.5 15 1,057 2.0 16 586 1.1 17 or Older 362 0.7 f. got suspended from school? Question g. got arrested? Response Never have carried a handgun? gambled or bet? Never have % 33,954 63.5 6,254 11.7 1.0 11 471 0.9 11 2,485 4.6 12 765 1.4 12 2,874 5.4 2.4 13 3,119 5.8 2,118 4.0 1,312 14 1,015 1.9 14 15 876 1.6 15 1,304 2.4 16 635 1.2 16 810 1.5 17 or Older 578 1.1 17 or Older 468 0.9 Never have 48,618 91.0 1,159 2.2 28.How wrong do you think it is for someone your age to: a. take a handgun to school? Very Wrong 45,639 84.9 5,874 10.9 1,567 2.9 665 1.2 Very Wrong 22,682 42.3 11 536 1.0 Wrong 12 647 1.2 A Little Bit Wrong 13 816 1.5 Not Wrong at All 14 586 1.1 15 473 0.9 16 326 0.6 Wrong 19,490 36.3 17 or Older 294 0.5 A Little Bit Wrong 9,355 17.4 Not Wrong at All 2,122 4.0 Very Wrong 16,043 30.0 2.2 Wrong 18,560 34.7 14,413 27.0 4,411 8.3 Very Wrong 31,438 58.9 Wrong 13,760 25.8 A Little Bit Wrong 5,990 11.2 Not Wrong at All 2,216 4.1 Very Wrong 22,288 41.6 Wrong 16,906 31.6 1.3 A Little Bit Wrong 11,050 20.6 Not Wrong at All 3,339 6.2 attacked someone with the idea of seriously Never have hurting them? 10 or younger belonged to a gang? k. # 542 11 j. 88.7 Response 10 or younger 10 or younger i. 47,577 Question % 10 or younger 13 h. # 42,477 79.3 2,811 5.2 1,156 b. c. steal anything worth more than $5? pick a fight with someone? 12 1,627 3.0 A Little Bit Wrong 13 2,094 3.9 Not Wrong at All 14 1,495 2.8 15 1,008 1.9 16 572 1.1 17 or Older 351 0.7 Never have 49,547 92.4 10 or younger 687 1.3 11 430 0.8 12 688 13 991 1.8 14 636 1.2 15 323 0.6 16 202 0.4 17 or Older 126 0.2 d. e. attack someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? stay away from school all day when their parents think they are at school? Question f. Response drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, Very Wrong vodka, whiskey or gin) regularly? Wrong i. smoke marijuana? 49,349 92.5 1 or 2 Times 1,650 3.1 11,540 21.5 3 to 5 Times 714 1.3 5,798 10.8 6 to 9 Times 421 0.8 10 to 19 Times 324 0.6 Very Wrong 29,832 55.6 20 to 29 Times 215 0.4 Wrong 11,800 22.0 30 to 39 Times 90 0.2 A Little Bit Wrong 7,105 13.2 40+ Times 569 1.1 Not Wrong at All 4,893 9.1 96.6 61.8 stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such Never as a car or motorcycle? 1 or 2 Times 51,659 33,096 1,095 2.0 Wrong 8,856 16.5 3 to 5 Times 283 0.5 A Little Bit Wrong 6,266 11.7 6 to 9 Times 160 0.3 Not Wrong at All 5,321 9.9 10 to 19 Times 93 0.2 20 to 29 Times 29 0.1 Very Wrong use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another Very Wrong illegal drug? Wrong been suspended from school? 46,347 86.5 4,353 8.1 A Little Bit Wrong 1,658 3.1 Not Wrong at All 1,237 2.3 Never c. sold illegal drugs? 30 to 39 Times 18 0.0 159 0.3 Never 14,647 27.3 1 or 2 Times 13,581 25.4 3 to 5 Times 8,530 15.9 40+ Times e. participated in clubs, organizations or activities in school? 83.8 6 to 9 Times 4,170 7.8 1 or 2 Times 6,517 12.1 10 to 19 Times 3,296 6.2 3 to 5 Times 1,356 2.5 20 to 29 Times 1,994 3.7 6 to 9 Times 414 0.8 30 to 39 Times 994 1.9 10 to 19 Times 186 0.3 40+ Times 6,346 11.8 20 to 29 Times 74 0.1 17 0.0 123 0.2 40+ Times carried a handgun? Never 45,021 30 to 39 Times b. % 23.3 29.How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: a. # 12,488 d. h. Response 44.4 Not Wrong at All smoke cigarettes? Question % 23,818 A Little Bit Wrong g. # Never f. been arrested? Never 48,971 91.7 1 or 2 Times 3,353 6.3 3 to 5 Times 609 1.1 6 to 9 Times 49,509 92.3 209 0.4 1 or 2 Times 1,908 3.6 10 to 19 Times 96 0.2 3 to 5 Times 777 1.4 20 to 29 Times 43 0.1 6 to 9 Times 421 0.8 30 to 39 Times 14 0.0 10 to 19 Times 294 0.5 40+ Times 102 0.2 20 to 29 Times 146 0.3 89 0.2 477 0.9 30 to 39 Times 40+ Times Question g. done extra work on your own for school? Response 14,024 26.3 1 or 2 Times 13,448 25.2 3 to 5 Times 9,523 17.9 6 to 9 Times 5,894 11.1 52,837 98.7 1 or 2 Times 311 0.6 3 to 5 Times 80 0.1 6 to 9 Times 57 0.1 47 0.1 8.3 20 to 29 Times 2,193 4.1 20 to 29 Times 36 0.1 30 to 39 Times 924 1.7 30 to 39 Times 20 0.0 2,885 5.4 40+ Times 149 0.3 44,785 83.7 18,027 34.1 5,436 10.2 15,878 30.0 16,601 31.4 2,365 4.5 30. I do the opposite of what people tell me, just Very False to get them mad. Somewhat False 3 to 5 Times 1,578 2.9 Somewhat True 6 to 9 Times 710 1.3 Very True 10 to 19 Times 392 0.7 20 to 29 Times 170 0.3 Never 31. I like to see how much I can get away with. Very False 80 0.1 Somewhat False 361 0.7 Somewhat True 17,421 32.9 14,753 27.8 16,362 30.9 Very True 4,472 8.4 Very False 19,144 36.1 44,419 83.1 1 or 2 Times 4,050 7.6 3 to 5 Times 1,668 3.1 Somewhat False 16,464 31.1 6 to 9 Times 937 1.8 Somewhat True 13,907 26.2 Very True 3,504 6.6 During the past 30 days, how many times 0 times did you RIDE in a car or other vehicle 1 time driven by someone who had been drinking alcohol? 2-3 times 37,552 70.8 6,028 11.4 5,095 9.6 10 to 19 Times 685 1.3 20 to 29 Times 390 0.7 30 to 39 Times 214 0.4 1,091 2.0 40+ Times volunteered to do community service? Never % 4,422 40+ Times j. taken a handgun to school? # 10 to 19 Times attacked someone with the idea of seriously Never hurting them? 1 or 2 Times been drunk or high at school? k. Response 10 to 19 Times 30 to 39 Times i. Question % Never 40+ Times h. # 32. 33. I ignore the rules that get in my way. Never 28,593 53.5 4-5 times 1,845 3.5 1 or 2 Times 10,043 18.8 6 or more times 2,554 4.8 3 to 5 Times 5,484 10.3 6 to 9 Times 3,289 6.2 0 times 48,742 91.2 10 to 19 Times 2,435 4.6 1 time 2,204 4.1 20 to 29 Times 1,284 2.4 2-3 times 1,366 2.6 555 1.0 4-5 times 490 0.9 1,780 3.3 6 or more times 629 1.2 30 to 39 Times 40+ Times 34. During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had been drinking alcohol? Question Response # e. 35.How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: a. Played a slot machine, poker machine, or other gambling machine? Never Question % Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Bet on sports? Played cards? 34,428 65.1 Not in past year 7,819 14.8 A few times in the past year 7,831 14.8 Once or twice a month 1,999 3.8 85.3 4,548 8.6 A few times in the past year 2,293 4.3 Once or twice a month 548 1.0 Once or twice a week 484 0.9 Once or twice a week 217 0.4 Almost every day 313 0.6 Almost every day 210 0.4 Never 28,794 54.4 32,914 62.0 Not in past year 10,604 20.0 A few times in the past year 9,110 17.2 Once or twice a month Never Played bingo? Not in past year 8,181 15.4 A few times in the past year 7,976 15.0 2,920 5.5 Once or twice a month 2,889 5.4 Once or twice a week 861 1.6 Almost every day 665 1.3 Once or twice a week 769 1.4 Almost every day 326 0.6 Never 31,321 Gambled on the internet? Never 48,131 91.1 59.1 Not in past year 1,772 3.4 A few times in the past year 1,306 2.5 Once or twice a month 714 1.4 435 0.8 503 1.0 Not in past year 5,833 11.0 A few times in the past year 9,238 17.4 Once or twice a month 3,762 7.1 Once or twice a week Once or twice a week 1,464 2.8 Almost every day Almost every day 1,364 2.6 h. d. % 45,304 g. c. Never # Not in past year f. b. Bought a raffle ticket? Response Never Not in past year Never 31,737 60.2 6,928 13.1 23,609 44.6 Not in past year A few times in the past year 7,897 15.0 Once or twice a month 3,824 7.3 Once or twice a week 1,415 2.7 929 1.8 31,217 58.9 6,570 12.4 10,367 19.6 Once or twice a month 7,762 14.7 Once or twice a week 2,948 5.6 Almost every day 1,642 3.1 A few times in the past year Played a dice game? Almost every day i. Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool Never or a video game? Not in past year 5,362 10.1 A few times in the past year 7,029 13.3 Once or twice a month 4,685 8.8 Once or twice a week 2,491 4.7 Almost every day 2,210 4.2 Question j. Bet on a horse or other animal race? Response Never Not in past year A few times in the past year 36. 89.3 2,525 4.8 39. 3.1 Once or twice a month 762 1.4 Once or twice a week 367 0.7 Almost every day 372 0.7 # % During the past 30 days, on how many days 0 days did you not go to school because you felt 1 day you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school? 2-3 days 48,084 91.2 2,644 5.0 1,231 2.3 4-5 days 280 0.5 6 or more days 496 0.9 49,382 94.0 1,283 2.4 88.7 649 1.2 3,059 5.8 4-5 days 245 0.5 2-3 times 1,596 3.0 6 or more days 975 1.9 4-5 times 431 0.8 6-7 times 190 0.4 NO! 13,926 26.4 8-9 times 131 0.2 no 20,011 38.0 84 0.2 yes 15,853 30.1 476 0.9 YES! 2,917 5.5 During the past 12 months, how many times 0 times were you in a physical fight on school 1 time property? 2-3 times 43,763 82.6 NO! 12,434 23.7 5,182 9.8 no 12,257 23.3 2,595 4.9 yes 16,197 30.8 4-5 times 579 1.1 YES! 11,627 22.1 6-7 times 250 0.5 8-9 times 146 0.3 NO! 26,235 50.1 10-11 times 101 0.2 no 20,420 39.0 12 or more times 341 0.6 yes 4,457 8.5 YES! 1,222 2.3 12 or more times During the past 12 months, how often have 0 times you been picked on or bullied by a student 1 time on school property? 2-3 times 35,742 67.7 5,699 10.8 5,035 9.5 4-5 times 1,750 3.3 6-7 times 776 1.5 8-9 times 10-11 times 12 or more times 40. Response 47,016 During the past 12 months, how many times 0 times has someone threatened or injured you with 1 time a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on 10-11 times 38. 47,341 1,642 Question % During the past 30 days, on how many days 0 days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, 1 day or club on school property? 2-3 days school property? 37. # 41. 42. 43. I think sometimes it’s okay to cheat at school. It is all right to beat up people if they start a fight. I think it is okay to take something without asking if you can get away with it. 44.Sometimes we don’t know what we will do as adults, but we may have an idea. Please answer how true these statements may be for you. WHEN I AM AN ADULT I WILL: a. smoke cigarettes NO! 37,215 71.0 no 9,880 18.8 1.0 yes 3,870 7.4 331 0.6 YES! 1,469 2.8 2,928 5.5 540 Question 45. 46. 47. Have you ever used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, or chewing tobacco)? Response Never # 46,722 88.7 Once or Twice 3,564 6.8 Once in a while but not regularly 1,207 2.3 Regularly in the past 600 1.1 Regularly now 585 1.1 During the past 30 days, on how many days 0 days did you use chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip? 1 or 2 days 50,314 95.8 1,107 2.1 3 to 5 days 305 0.6 6 to 9 days 145 0.3 10 to 19 days 219 0.4 20 to 29 days 156 0.3 All 30 days 271 0.5 Think back over the last two weeks. How many times have you had five or more alcoholic drinks in a row? Question % None 41,949 80.1 Once 4,250 8.1 Twice 2,489 4.8 3-5 times 2,113 4.0 6-9 times 689 1.3 10 or more times 899 1.7 49. 50. 51. had beer, wine or hard liquor to drink during the past 30 days? used marijuana in your lifetime? used marijuana during the past 30 days? 48-75: On how many occasions (if any) have you: 48. had alcoholic beverages beer, wine or hard 0 Occasions liquor) to drink in your lifetime - more than 1-2 Occasions just a few sips? 3-5 Occasions 21,210 40.4 8,457 16.1 5,686 10.8 6-9 Occasions 3,867 7.4 10-19 Occasions 4,250 8.1 20-39 Occasions 3,227 6.1 40+ Occasions 5,837 11.1 52. used LSD or other hallucinogens in your lifetime? Response 0 Occasions # % 35,030 66.9 1-2 Occasions 9,191 17.6 3-5 Occasions 3,773 7.2 6-9 Occasions 2,084 4.0 10-19 Occasions 1,398 2.7 20-39 Occasions 401 0.8 40+ Occasions 446 0.9 38,011 72.6 1-2 Occasions 3,694 7.1 3-5 Occasions 2,169 4.1 6-9 Occasions 1,528 2.9 10-19 Occasions 1,665 3.2 20-39 Occasions 1,318 2.5 40+ Occasions 3,937 7.5 0 Occasions 0 Occasions 45,453 87.5 1-2 Occasions 2,448 4.7 3-5 Occasions 1,104 2.1 6-9 Occasions 732 1.4 10-19 Occasions 766 1.5 20-39 Occasions 487 0.9 40+ Occasions 929 1.8 0 Occasions 49,979 95.7 1-2 Occasions 1,131 2.2 3-5 Occasions 499 1.0 6-9 Occasions 235 0.4 10-19 Occasions 160 0.3 20-39 Occasions 101 0.2 40+ Occasions 129 0.2 Question 53. 54. 55. 56. Response # used LSD or other hallucinogens in the past 0 Occasions 30 days? 1-2 Occasions 51,286 98.5 507 1.0 3-5 Occasions 124 0.2 6-9 Occasions 65 10-19 Occasions used cocaine or crack in your lifetime? Question % 57. sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high in the past 30 days? Response 0 Occasions # % 50,064 96.2 1-2 Occasions 1,345 2.6 3-5 Occasions 356 0.7 0.1 6-9 Occasions 140 0.3 42 0.1 10-19 Occasions 81 0.2 20-39 Occasions 18 0.0 20-39 Occasions 25 0.0 40+ Occasions 32 0.1 40+ Occasions 46 0.1 49,128 94.1 0 Occasions 1-2 Occasions 1,386 2.7 3-5 Occasions 429 0.8 6-9 Occasions 337 0.6 10-19 Occasions 307 0.6 20-39 Occasions 224 0.4 40+ Occasions 415 0.8 used cocaine or crack in the past 30 days? 0 Occasions 50,959 98.1 1-2 Occasions 530 1.0 3-5 Occasions 200 0.4 6-9 Occasions 113 0.2 10-19 Occasions 70 0.1 20-39 Occasions 29 0.1 40+ Occasions 49 0.1 sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an 0 Occasions aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or 1-2 Occasions sprays, in order to get high in your lifetime? 3-5 Occasions 45,620 87.4 3,727 7.1 1,314 2.5 6-9 Occasions 601 1.2 10-19 Occasions 410 0.8 20-39 Occasions 188 0.4 40+ Occasions 318 0.6 used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in your 0 Occasions lifetime? 51,924 100.0 58. used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in the past 30 days? 0 Occasions 51,889 100.0 59. used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank) in your lifetime? 0 Occasions 50,876 97.8 1-2 Occasions 549 1.1 3-5 Occasions 190 0.4 6-9 Occasions 89 0.2 10-19 Occasions 92 0.2 60. 20-39 Occasions 68 0.1 167 0.3 51,647 99.4 1-2 Occasions 156 0.3 3-5 Occasions 58 0.1 6-9 Occasions 25 0.0 10-19 Occasions 14 0.0 20-39 Occasions 10 0.0 40+ Occasions 26 0.1 40+ Occasions 61. used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank) in the past 30 days? 0 Occasions Question 62. used heroin or other opiates in your lifetime? Response 0 Occasions 64. 65. used ecstasy (“X”, “E”, “MDMA”) in your lifetime? % 98.0 554 1.1 0.3 166 0.3 106 0.2 6-9 Occasions 91 0.2 76 0.1 10-19 Occasions 68 0.1 445 0.9 3-5 Occasions 167 6-9 Occasions 34 0.1 20-39 Occasions 42 0.1 112 0.2 40+ Occasions 134 0.3 51,551 99.4 51,371 99.2 1-2 Occasions 184 0.4 214 0.4 3-5 Occasions 56 0.1 used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as 0 Occasions Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or 1-2 Occasions Depotesterone) during the past 30 days? 3-5 Occasions 74 0.1 6-9 Occasions 27 0.1 6-9 Occasions 39 0.1 10-19 Occasions 19 0.0 10-19 Occasions 33 0.1 20-39 Occasions 10 0.0 20-39 Occasions 22 0.0 40+ Occasions 29 0.1 40+ Occasions 56 0.1 42,796 82.4 3,461 6.7 1,936 3.7 40+ Occasions used heroin or other opiates in the past 30 days? # 50,892 1-2 Occasions 66. Response used steroids or anabolic steroids (such as 0 Occasions Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise or 1-2 Occasions Depotesterone) in your lifetime? 3-5 Occasions 98.2 20-39 Occasions Question % 51,060 10-19 Occasions 63. # 0 Occasions 0 Occasions 67. 49,793 95.8 1-2 Occasions 1,161 2.2 68. 3-5 Occasions 414 0.8 used prescription pain relievers (such as 0 Occasions Vicodin, Oxycontin, Percocet, or Codeine) 1-2 Occasions without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? 3-5 Occasions 6-9 Occasions 190 0.4 6-9 Occasions 1,163 2.2 10-19 Occasions 166 0.3 10-19 Occasions 1,021 2.0 20-39 Occasions 83 0.2 20-39 Occasions 525 1.0 40+ Occasions 145 0.3 40+ Occasions 1,013 2.0 used ecstasy (“X”, “E”, “MDMA”) in the past 0 Occasions 30 days? 1-2 Occasions 51,134 98.7 434 0.8 3-5 Occasions 121 0.2 6-9 Occasions 58 10-19 Occasions 26 20-39 Occasions 40+ Occasions 69. used prescription pain relievers (such as Vicodin, Oxycontin, Percocet, or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? 0 Occasions 47,595 91.9 1-2 Occasions 2,345 4.5 3-5 Occasions 951 1.8 0.1 6-9 Occasions 444 0.9 0.1 10-19 Occasions 251 0.5 12 0.0 20-39 Occasions 104 0.2 27 0.1 40+ Occasions 105 0.2 Question 70. used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? Response 6-9 Occasions 331 0.6 6-9 Occasions 795 1.5 0.5 10-19 Occasions 661 1.3 0.3 20-39 Occasions 451 0.9 346 0.7 40+ Occasions 1,047 2.0 50,608 97.9 48,659 94.1 1,599 3.1 used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as valium or xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them, in the past 30 days? 277 144 2.6 88.5 1,898 3.7 1,125 2.2 600 1.2 3-5 Occasions 198 0.4 728 1.4 0.2 6-9 Occasions 355 0.7 0.1 10-19 Occasions 184 0.4 76 0.1 120 0.2 91 64 75. 45,874 1-2 Occasions 10-19 Occasions 73. 1,343 94.1 used over the counter drugs (such as cough 0 Occasions syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the 1-2 Occasions purposes of getting high during the past 30 days? 3-5 Occasions 0 Occasions 6-9 Occasions used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as valium or xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them, in your lifetime? % 1.2 40+ Occasions 72. # 603 48,787 74. Response 3-5 Occasions 1-2 Occasions 20-39 Occasions used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them during the past 30 days? Question % used over the counter drugs (such as cough 0 Occasions syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the 1-2 Occasions purposes of getting high in your lifetime? 3-5 Occasions 0 Occasions 10-19 Occasions 71. # 20-39 Occasions 66 0.1 20-39 Occasions 40+ Occasions 70 0.1 40+ Occasions 46,354 89.5 0 Occasions 76. Have you ever smoked cigarettes? Never 32,936 64.0 8,991 17.5 1-2 Occasions 2,363 4.6 Once or Twice 3-5 Occasions 1,167 2.3 Once in a while but not regularly 4,624 9.0 6-9 Occasions 643 1.2 10-19 Occasions 484 0.9 Regularly in the past 2,388 4.6 20-39 Occasions 259 0.5 Regularly now 2,500 4.9 40+ Occasions 546 1.1 During the past 30 days, on how many days 0 days did you smoke cigarettes? 1 or 2 days 43,696 85.3 2,937 5.7 3 to 5 days 1,173 2.3 6 to 9 days 650 1.3 10 to 19 days 782 1.5 708 1.4 1,262 2.5 0 Occasions 49,565 95.9 1-2 Occasions 1,243 2.4 3-5 Occasions 430 0.8 6-9 Occasions 166 0.3 10-19 Occasions 102 0.2 20-39 Occasions 108 0.2 85 0.2 40+ Occasions 77. 20 to 29 days All 30 days Question 78. 79. During the past 30 days, on the days you smoked, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? Response Not at all 85.1 2,096 4.1 1 cigarette per day 1,627 3.2 2 to 5 cigarettes per day 2,866 5.6 6 to 10 cigarettes per day 599 1.2 11 to 20 cigarettes per day 269 0.5 More than 20 cigarettes per day 127 0.3 c. smoke marijuana regularly? Response 33,829 65.7 13,558 26.3 A brother or sister 3,991 7.8 Another adult who lives with us 2,697 5.2 505 1.0 Another young person who lives with us Smoking is not allowed anywhere 29,960 59.0 Smoking is allowed in some places or at some times 17,504 34.5 Smoking is allowed anywhere 3,293 e. 82. take one or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, liquor) nearly every day? have five or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage in a row once or twice a week? 5,335 10.8 6,614 13.4 9,885 20.0 27,577 55.8 6,695 13.3 Slight risk 12,757 25.3 Moderate risk 15,251 30.2 Great risk 15,742 31.2 No risk No Risk 4,166 8.2 Slight Risk 6,437 12.7 Moderate Risk 13,503 26.7 Great Risk 26,451 52.3 If a kid smoked marijuana in your NO! neighborhood would he or she be caught by no the police? yes YES! 83. 6.5 If a kid drank some beer, wine or hard liquor NO! (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) in your no neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? yes YES! 81.How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they: a. smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per No risk day? Slight risk 84. 3,177 6.3 3,941 7.8 Moderate risk 10,959 21.6 Great risk 32,645 64.4 try marijuana once or twice? No risk 12,684 25.1 Slight risk 13,318 26.3 Moderate risk 10,253 20.3 Great risk 14,314 28.3 If a kid carried a handgun in your NO! neighborhood would he or she be caught by no the police? yes If you wanted to get some cigarettes, how easy would it be for you to get some? 11,435 22.8 23,366 46.6 10,632 21.2 4,696 9.4 14,371 28.7 24,912 49.8 7,764 15.5 3,026 6.0 8,443 16.9 17,595 35.2 14,361 28.7 9,581 19.2 11,787 23.8 Sort of hard 7,321 14.8 Sort of easy 10,594 21.4 Very easy 19,794 40.0 YES! 85. b. % Slight risk Great risk d. # No risk Moderate risk A parent (or guardian) 80. 43,163 Question % Less than 1 cigarette per day Does anyone who lives with you now smoke No one who lives with me now cigarettes? (Mark all that apply.) smokes cigarettes Which statement best describes the rules about smoking where you live? # Very hard Question 86. Response If you wanted to get some beer, wine or hard Very hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin), Sort of hard how easy would it be for you to get some? Sort of easy Very easy 87. 88. If you wanted to get a drug like cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines, how easy would it be for you to get some? If you wanted to get a handgun, how easy would it be for you to get one? # 9,910 20.0 7,684 15.5 13,349 27.0 18,497 Question % If you wanted to get some marijuana, how easy would it be for you to get some? % 37.4 used marijuana, crack, cocaine, or other drugs? 0 adults 28,162 57.0 1 adult 7,373 14.9 2 adults 5,133 10.4 Very hard 25,700 52.2 3-4 adults 3,723 7.5 Sort of hard 10,039 20.4 5+ adults 5,048 10.2 Sort of easy 7,196 14.6 Very easy 6,306 12.8 0 adults 35,290 71.7 1 adult 5,662 11.5 54.4 2 adults 3,315 6.7 2,117 4.3 2,846 5.8 32,846 66.9 6,434 13.1 Very hard 26,828 b. sold or dealt drugs? Sort of hard 9,908 20.1 3-4 adults Sort of easy 5,994 12.2 5+ adults Very easy 6,555 13.3 Very hard 17,314 35.1 done other things that could get them in 0 adults trouble with the police, like stealing, selling 1 adult stolen goods, mugging others, etc.? 2 adults Sort of hard 5,720 11.6 3,582 7.3 Sort of easy 8,215 16.7 3-4 adults 2,401 4.9 18,040 36.6 5+ adults 3,860 7.9 34,619 68.1 0 adults 16,081 32.7 2.3 1 adult 8,419 17.1 2 adults 5,938 12.1 3-4 adults 5,290 10.8 5+ adults 13,464 27.4 No 44,039 89.4 Very easy 90. # 91.About how many adults (over 21) have you known personally who in the past year have: a. c. 89. Response If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, I did not drink how did you get it? (Mark all that apply.) Got it from a store 1,182 Bought it at a restaurant/bar 637 1.3 Bought it at a public event 468 0.9 I gave someone else money for it 4,833 9.5 My parent/guardian gave it to me 2,205 4.3 A family member over 21 gave it to me 2,706 5.3 Someone over 21 gave it to me 4,248 8.4 Someone under 21 gave it to me 3,378 6.6 I got it at a party 7,341 14.5 I took it from home 3,215 6.3 I took it from a store or someone else’s house 1,473 2.9 I got it in some other way 3,323 6.5 d. 92. gotten drunk or high? Have you ever belonged to a gang? No, but would like to 762 1.5 Yes, in the past 2,660 5.4 Yes, belong now 1,539 3.1 236 0.5 Yes, but would like to get out Question 93. If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the major reason your joined? Response 2,361 5.1 Friendship 2,053 4.4 116 0.3 336 0.7 892 1.9 Sibling(s) in a gang Make money Other Never belonged to a gang If you have ever belonged to a gang, did the I have never belonged gang have a name? No Yes Question % Protection/Safety Parent(s) in a gang 94. # 1,403 3.0 39,060 84.5 41,921 87.9 1,295 2.7 4,472 9.4 98. 99. 100. I like my neighborhood. b. to use marijuana? to drink alcohol? Very wrong 33,297 67.8 Wrong 9,701 19.8 A Little Wrong 4,319 8.8 Not wrong at all 1,763 3.6 Very wrong 24,293 49.6 Wrong 12,766 26.1 8,865 18.1 A Little Wrong Not wrong at all c. to smoke cigarettes? 97. If I had to move, I would miss the neighborhood I now live in. My neighbors notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. 102. 6.3 Very wrong 26,404 53.9 Wrong 12,083 24.7 7,067 14.4 A Little Wrong 96. 3,064 101. Not wrong at all 3,398 6.9 NO! 7,444 15.2 no 10,338 21.2 yes 16,409 33.6 YES! 14,623 30.0 NO! 23,520 48.3 no 15,953 32.8 yes 6,679 13.7 YES! 2,546 5.2 103. NO! # % 6,487 13.3 no 7,960 16.4 yes 22,313 45.9 YES! 11,845 24.4 There are lots of adults in my neighborhood NO! I could talk to about something important. no 18,152 37.6 15,384 31.9 yes 9,835 20.4 YES! 4,901 10.2 NO! 14,984 30.9 no 18,706 38.6 yes 8,651 17.9 YES! 6,080 12.6 There are people in my neighborhood who NO! are proud of me when I do something well. no 16,817 34.7 15,424 31.9 yes 12,084 25.0 YES! 4,075 8.4 NO! 16,463 34.0 no 13,868 28.7 yes 12,602 26.0 YES! 5,462 11.3 NO! 4,257 8.8 no 6,508 13.5 yes 22,720 47.1 YES! 14,799 30.6 I’d like to get out of my neighborhood. 95.How wrong would most adults in your neighborhood think it is for kids your age: a. Response There are people in my neighborhood who encourage me to do my best. I feel safe in my neighborhood. Question Response # 108. 104.Which of the following activities for people your age are available in your community? a. b. sports teams scouting Question % No 9,759 20.4 Yes 38,103 79.6 No 23,110 50.0 Yes 23,087 50.0 d. e. 105. 106. 107. boys and girls clubs 4-H clubs service clubs No My parents notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. % 5,201 11.0 Some times 12,847 27.2 Often 14,426 30.6 All the time 14,723 31.2 39.0 31,452 66.8 8,620 18.3 A Little Wrong 5,473 11.6 Not wrong at all 1,539 3.3 37,902 80.1 drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, Very wrong vodka, whiskey or gin) regularly? Wrong Yes 28,420 61.0 No 29,274 66.1 Yes 15,046 33.9 Wrong 6,082 12.9 No 22,428 49.4 A Little Wrong 2,161 4.6 Yes 22,978 50.6 Not wrong at all 1,177 2.5 22,448 45.9 During the past 12 months, have you talked No, I did not talk with my parents with at least one of your parents about about the dangers of tobacco, the dangers of tobacco, alcohol, or drug alcohol, or other drug use. use? By parents, we mean your biological parents, adoptive parents, stepparents, or adult guardians -- whether or not they live with you. (Choose all that apply.) Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of tobacco use. During the past 12 months, do you recall hearing, reading, or watching an advertisement about the prevention of substance use? 18,159 Never or almost never # 109.How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to: a. c. How often do your parents tell you they’re proud of you for something you’ve done? Response 16,229 Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of alcohol use. 15,896 Yes, I talked with my parents about the dangers of drug use. 19,198 33.2 b. c. d. smoke marijuana? steal something worth more than $5? 32.5 Very wrong Very wrong 40,251 85.8 Wrong 3,796 8.1 A Little Wrong 1,750 3.7 Not wrong at all 1,123 2.4 Very wrong 37,086 79.1 Wrong 6,956 14.8 A Little Wrong 1,961 4.2 863 1.8 37,334 79.2 6,212 13.2 2,324 4.9 1,295 2.7 Very wrong 25,744 54.5 Wrong 12,201 25.8 A Little Wrong 7,158 15.2 Not wrong at all 2,109 4.5 Not wrong at all 39.2 No 9,250 19.5 Yes 38,122 80.5 e. 3,895 8.2 Some times 13,009 27.5 Often 13,395 28.3 All the time 16,950 35.9 draw graffiti, or write things or draw picturesVery wrong on buildings or other property (without the Wrong owner’s permission)? A Little Wrong Not wrong at all f. Never or almost never smoke cigarettes? pick a fight with someone? Question 110. Response Has anyone in your family ever had a severe No alcohol or drug problem? Yes # Question % 25,785 55.6 20,586 44.4 114. When I am not at home, one of my parents knows where I am and who I am with. 111.Have any of your brothers or sisters ever: a. drunk beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, No vodka, whiskey or gin)? Yes No brothers/sisters b. smoked marijuana? smoked cigarettes? 45.2 23,558 50.4 2,078 4.4 No 31,119 66.4 Yes 13,690 29.2 2,044 4.4 No brothers/sisters c. 21,149 No 28,866 61.8 Yes 15,809 33.8 2,070 4.4 No brothers/sisters 115. e. taken a handgun to school? been suspended or expelled from school? NO! 116. 113. The rules in my family are clear. People in my family often insult or yell at each other. 1,888 % 4.0 5,152 11.0 yes 20,755 44.3 YES! 19,041 40.7 NO! 7,095 15.2 no 17,172 36.8 yes 15,584 33.4 6,823 14.6 If you drank some beer or wine or hard NO! liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) no without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents? yes YES! 7,452 16.0 16,240 34.9 10,737 23.1 12,066 26.0 2,090 4.5 No 43,510 93.1 My family has clear rules about alcohol and NO! drug use. no 5,972 12.8 Yes 1,164 2.5 yes 15,028 32.3 No brothers/sisters 2,058 4.4 YES! 23,436 50.4 No 30,499 65.2 Yes 14,242 30.4 No brothers/sisters 2,068 4.4 NO! 1,497 3.2 no 4,933 10.5 118. If you carried a handgun without your NO! parents’ permission, would you be caught no by your parents? yes YES! 112. # no YES! 117. d. We argue about the same things in my family over and over. Response 9.7 7,916 17.2 11,372 24.6 22,371 48.5 yes 21,404 45.3 If you skipped school would you be caught NO! by your parents? no YES! 19,368 41.0 yes 14,265 30.9 YES! 18,590 40.2 NO! 8,835 18.9 no 19,388 41.4 yes 13,176 5,439 YES! 119. 4,494 120. 4,302 9.3 9,053 19.6 6,463 14.1 28.1 My parents ask me what I think before most NO! family decisions are affecting me are made. no 11,471 25.0 11.6 yes 17,791 38.8 YES! 10,089 22.0 Question 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. Do you feel very close to your mother? Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your mother? Do you share your thoughts and feelings with your father? Do you enjoy spending time with your mother? Do you enjoy spending time with your father? If I had a personal problem, I could ask my mom or dad for help. Do you feel very close to your father? Response NO! # Question % 4,033 8.7 no 5,718 12.4 yes 14,614 31.7 YES! 21,736 47.1 128. NO! # % 4,032 8.8 no 10,199 22.3 yes 18,078 39.5 YES! 13,418 29.3 5,765 12.6 8.9 10,771 23.5 My parents ask if I’ve gotten my homework NO! done. no 4,070 no 7,521 16.4 yes 15,386 33.5 yes 17,077 37.3 YES! 17,112 37.4 NO! 10,571 23.2 no 19,368 42.5 NO! YES! 13,965 30.4 NO! 10,704 23.5 no 12,815 28.1 yes 129. My parents give me lots of chances to do fun things with them. Response 130. People in my family have serious arguments. 13,692 30.0 yes 10,034 22.0 YES! 8,433 18.5 YES! 5,625 12.3 NO! 3,045 6.6 NO! 2,876 6.3 no 4,641 10.1 no 7,192 15.8 yes 19,653 42.9 yes 17,853 39.2 YES! 18,469 40.3 YES! 17,675 38.8 NO! 6,289 13.8 NO! 2,828 6.2 no 5,267 11.6 no 6,110 13.4 yes 18,167 40.0 yes 18,183 39.8 YES! 15,710 34.6 YES! 18,521 40.6 NO! 4,629 10.1 131. 132. 133. Would your parents know if you did not come home on time? It is important to be honest with your parents, even if they become upset or you get punished. no 6,495 14.2 yes 16,415 35.8 During a typical week, how many days do all 0 times or most of your family eat at least one meal 1 time together? 2 times 4,811 10.5 YES! 18,308 39.9 3 times 5,234 11.5 4 times 4,415 9.7 5,575 12.2 6,112 13.4 5,297 11.6 NO! 7,945 17.5 5 times no 8,426 18.6 6 times 3,555 7.8 yes 14,243 31.4 7 times 10,665 23.4 YES! 14,779 32.6 Question 134. 135. 136. Response # % Have you ever heard of Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN)? No 37,249 81.7 Yes 8,362 18.3 How did you hear about Project Safe Neighborhoods? T.V. 7,165 15.3 Radio 1,735 3.7 Billboard 1,321 2.8 Other 4,738 10.1 Have not heard of PSN 33,650 71.8 I was very honest How honest were you in filling out this survey? 36,063 78.5 I was honest pretty much of the time 8,166 17.8 I was honest some of the time 1,294 2.8 422 0.9 I was honest once in a while Appendix D: Item Dictionary for the 2008 Arizona Youth Survey Item Dictionary for the 2008 Arizona Youth Survey SCALES AND QUESTIONS RESPONSE CATEGORIES 2008 AYS # DEMOGRAPHICS What is your Zip Code? With Heading ZIP-5 Are you: Female, Male 1 How old are you? 10 or younger, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or older 2 What grade are you in? 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 3 What is your race (Mark all that apply)? Asian, Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, American Indian, Alaskan Native, Black or African-American, White 4 Are you Hispanic or Latino? Yes, No 5 What is the language you use most often at home? English, Spanish, Another language 6 Think of the adults you live with. What is the highest level of schooling any of them completed? See questionnaire for complete list of school completion categories 7 Think of where you live most of the time. Which of the following people live there with you? (Mark all that apply) See questionnaire for complete list of family members 8 COMMUNITY: Low neighborhood Attachment I’d like to get out of my neighborhood. NO!, no, yes, YES! 100 I like my neighborhood. same as above 98 If I had to move, I would miss the neighborhood I now live in. same as above 96 COMMUNITY: Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use How wrong would most adults (over 21) in your neighborhood think it was for kids your age: to use marijuana? Very Wrong, Wrong, A little bit wrong, Not wrong at all 95a to drink alcohol? same as above 95b to smoke cigarettes? same as above 95c SCALES AND QUESTIONS RESPONSE CATEGORIES 2008 AYS # If a kid drank some beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) in your NO!, no, yes, YES! neighborhood, would he or she be caught by the police? 83 If a kid smoked marijuana in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? same as above 82 If a kid carried a handgun in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? same as above 84 COMMUNITY: Perceived Availability of Drugs If you wanted to get some beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin), Very hard, Sort of hard, Sort of easy, Very easy how easy would it be for you to get some? 86 If you wanted to get some cigarettes, how easy would it be for you to get some? same as above 85 If you wanted to get some marijuana, how easy would it be for you to get some? same as above 89 If you wanted to get a drug like cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines, how easy would it be for same as above you to get some? 87 COMMUNITY: Perceived Availability of Handguns If you wanted to get a handgun, how easy would it be for you to get one? same as above 88 NO!, no, yes, YES! 99 COMMUNITY: Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement There are lots of adults in my neighborhood I could talk to about something important. Which of the following activities for people your age are available in your community? sports teams. No, Yes 104a scouting. same as above 104b boys and girls clubs. same as above 104c 4-H clubs. same as above 104d service clubs. same as above 104e COMMUNITY: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement My neighbors notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. NO!, no, yes, YES! 97 There are people in my neighborhood who encourage me to do my best. same as above 102 There are people in my neighborhood who are proud of me when I do something well. same as above 101 My parents ask if I’ve gotten my homework done. NO!, no, yes, YES! 129 Would your parents know if you did not come home on time? same as above 131 When I am not at home, one of my parents knows where I am and who I am with. same as above 114 The rules in my family are clear same as above 112 My family has clear rules about alcohol and drug use. same as above 117 FAMILY: Poor Family Management SCALES AND QUESTIONS RESPONSE CATEGORIES 2008 AYS # If you drank some beer or wine or liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents? NO!, no, yes, YES! 116 If you skipped school would you be caught by your parents? same as above 119 If you carried a handgun without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents? same as above 118 People in my family often insult or yell at each other. NO!, no, yes, YES! 113 People in my family have serious arguments. same as above 130 We argue about the same things in my family over and over. same as above 115 No, Yes 110 drunk beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin)? No, Yes, I don’t have any brothers or sisters 111a smoked marijuana? same as above 111b smoked cigarettes? same as above 111c taken a handgun to school? same as above 111d been suspended or expelled from school? same as above 111e used marijuana, crack cocaine, or other drugs? None, 1 adult, 2 adults, 3 or 4 adults, 5 or more adults 91a sold or dealt drugs? same as above 91b done other things that could get them in trouble with the police, like stealing, selling stolen same as above goods, mugging or assaulting others, etc? 91c gotten drunk or high? same as above 91d drink beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) regularly? Very wrong, Wrong, A little bit wrong, Not wrong at all 109a smoke cigarettes? same as above 109b smoke marijuana? same as above 109c FAMILY: Family Conflict FAMILY: Family History of Antisocial Behavior Has anyone in your family ever had a severe alcohol or drug problem? Have any of your brothers or sisters ever: About how many adults (over 21) have you know personally who in the past year have: FAMILY: Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Drug Use How wrong do your parents feel it would be for YOU to: SCALES AND QUESTIONS RESPONSE CATEGORIES 2008 AYS # FAMILY: Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior steal something worth more than $5? Very wrong, Wrong, A little bit wrong, Not wrong at all 109d draw graffiti, write things, or draw pictures on buildings or other property (without the owner’s permission)? same as above 109e pick a fight with someone? same as above 109f Do you feel very close to your mother? NO!, no, yes, YES! 121 Do you share your thoughts and feeling with your mother? same as above 122 Do you feel very close to your father? same as above 127 Do you share your thoughts and feeling with your father? same as above 123 My parents give me lots of chances to do fun things with them. NO!, no, yes, YES! 128 My parents ask me what I think before most family decisions affecting me are made. same as above 120 If I had a personal problem, I could ask my mom or dad for help. same as above 126 My parents notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. Never or almost never, Sometimes, Often, All the time 107 How often do your parents tell you they’re proud of you for something you’ve done? same as above 108 Do you enjoy spending time with your mother? NO!, no, yes, YES! 124 Do you enjoy spending time with your father? same as above 125 Putting them all together, what were your grades like last year? Mostly F’s, Mostly D’s, Mostly C’s, Mostly B’s, Mostly A’s 21 Are your school grades better than the grades of most students in your class? NO!, no, yes, YES! 17 How often do you feel that the school work you are assigned is meaningful and important? Almost Always, Often, Sometimes, Seldom, Never 20 How interesting are most of your courses to you? Very Interesting & Stimulating, Quite Interesting, Fairly Interesting, Slightly Dull, Very Dull 23 FAMILY: Attachment FAMILY: Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement FAMILY: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement SCHOOL: Academic Failure SCHOOL: Little Commitment to School How important do you think the things you are learning in school are going to be for your Very Important, Quite Important, Fairly Important, Slightly later life? Important, Not at all Important 22 SCALES AND QUESTIONS RESPONSE CATEGORIES 2008 AYS # Now, thinking back over the past year in school, how often did you... enjoy being in school? Never, Seldom, Sometimes, Often, Almost Always 19a hate being in school? same as above 19b try to do your best work in school? same as above 19c During the LAST FOUR WEEKS how many whole days of school have you missed because you skipped or “cut”? None, 1, 2, 3, 4-5, 6-10, 11 or more 24 SCHOOL: Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement In my school, students have lots of chances to help decide things like class activities and NO!, no, yes, YES! rules. 9 There are lots of chances for students in my school to talk with a teacher one-on-one. same as above 13 Teachers ask me to work on special classroom projects. same as above 10 There are lots of chances for students in my school to get involved in sports, clubs, and other school activities outside of class. same as above 12 I have lots of chances to be part of class discussions or activities. same as above 18 My teacher(s) notices when I am doing a good job and lets me know about it. NO!, no, yes, YES! 11 The school lets my parents know when I have done something well. same as above 15 I feel safe at my school. same as above 14 My teachers praise me when I work hard in school. same as above 16 I do the opposite of what people tell me, just to get them mad. Very False, Somewhat False, Somewhat True, Very True 30 I ignore the rules that get in my way. same as above 32 I like to see how much I can get away with. same as above 31 smoked marijuana? Never, 10 or younger, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or older 27a smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? same as above 27b had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin)? same as above 27c began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? same as above 27d SCHOOL: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement PEER-INDIVIDUAL: Rebelliousness PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Early Initiation of Drug Use How old were you when you first: SCALES AND QUESTIONS RESPONSE CATEGORIES 2008 AYS # PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior got suspended from school? same as above 27f got arrested? same as above 27g carried a handgun? same as above 27h attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? same as above 27i take a handgun to school? Very Wrong, Wrong, A Little Bit Wrong, Not Wrong at All 28a steal anything worth more than $5? same as above 28b pick a fight with someone? same as above 28c attack someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? same as above 28d stay away from school all day when their parents think they are at school? same as above 28e drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) regularly? Very Wrong, Wrong, A Little Bit Wrong, Not Wrong at All 28f smoke cigarettes? same as above 28g smoke marijuana? same as above 28h use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drug? same as above 28i PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Favorable Attitudes Toward Antisocial Behavior How wrong do you think it is for someone your age to... PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use How wrong do you think it is for someone you age to: PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Perceived Risks of Drug Use How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they: Smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day? No Risk, Slight Risk, Moderate Risk, Great Risk 81a Try marijuana once or twice? same as above 81b Smoke marijuana regularly? same as above 81c Take one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, liquor) nearly every day. same as above 81d PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Interaction with Antisocial Peers Think of you four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: been suspended from school? None, 1, 2, 3, 4 25h carried a handgun? same as above 25j sold illegal drugs? same as above 25k stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? same as above 25l been arrested? same as above 25m dropped out of school? same as above 25n SCALES AND QUESTIONS RESPONSE CATEGORIES 2008 AYS # PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Friends’ Use of Drugs Think of you four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: smoked cigarettes? 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 25b tried beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) when their parents didn’t know about it? same as above 25c used marijuana? same as above 25e used LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drugs? same as above 25g smoked cigarettes? No or Very Little Chance, Little Chance, Some Chance, Pretty Good Chance, Very Good Chance 26a began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? same as above 26c smoked marijuana? same as above 26e carried a handgun? same as above 26g In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have been members of a gang? 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 25o Have you ever belonged to a gang? No; No, but would like to; Yes, in the past; Yes, belong now; Yes, but would like to get out 92 If you have ever belonged to a gang, did that gang have a name? No, Yes, I have never belonged to a gang 94 How old were you when you first belonged to a gang? Never, 10 or younger,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or older 27j I think it is okay to take something without asking if you can get away with it. NO!, no, yes, YES! 43 I think sometimes it’s okay to cheat at school. same as above 41 It is all right to beat up people if they start the fight. same as above 42 It is important to be honest with your parents, even if they become upset or you get punished. same as above 132 participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? Never 1 or 2 times, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40+ 29e done extra work on your own for school? Same as above 29g volunteered to do community service? Same as above 29j PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Rewards for Antisocial Involvement What are the chances you would be seen as cool if you: PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Gang Involvement Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Belief in Moral Order PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Prosocial Involvement How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: SCALES AND QUESTIONS RESPONSE CATEGORIES 2008 AYS # PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement What are the chances you would be seen as cool if you: worked hard in school? Very good change, Pretty good chance, Some chance, Little chance, No or very little chance 26b defended someone who was being verbally abused at school? Same as above 26d regularly volunteered to do community service? Same as above 26f PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Interaction with Prosocial Peers Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 25a made a commitment to stay drug-free? Same as above 25d tried to do well in school? Same as above 25f liked school? Same as above 25i Never; Once or twice; Once in a while but not regularly; Regularly in the past; Regularly now 45 DRUG USE OUTCOMES Have you ever used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, or chewing tobacco)? During the past 30 days, on how many days did you use chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip? 0 days, 1 or 2 days, 3 to 5 days, 6 to 9 days, 10 to 19 days, 20 to 29 days, All 30 days 46 Have you ever smoked cigarettes? Never; Once or twice; Once in a while but not regularly; Regularly in the past; Regularly now 76 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes? 0 days, 1 or 2 days, 3 to 5 days, 6 to 9 days, 10 to 19 days, 20 to 29 days, All 30 days 77 Think back over the LAST TWO WEEKS. How many times have you had five or more alcoholic drinks in a row? None, Once, Twice, 3-5 times, 6-9 times, 10 or more times 47 On how many occasions (if any) have you had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink in your lifetime - more than just a few sips? 0 occasions, 1-2, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-39, 40+ 48 On how many occasions (if any) have you had beer, wine or hard liquor during the past 30 days? same as above 49 On how many occasions (if any) have you used marijuana in your lifetime? same as above 50 On how many occasions (if any) have you used marijuana during the past 30 days? same as above 51 On how many occasions (if any) have you used LSD or other hallucinogens psychedelics same as above in your lifetime? 52 On how many occasions (if any) have you used LSD or other hallucinogens psychedelics same as above during the past 30 days? 53 On how many occasions (if any) have you used cocaine or crack in your lifetime? 54 same as above SCALES AND QUESTIONS On how many occasions (if any) have you used cocaine or crack during the past 30 days? RESPONSE CATEGORIES 2008 AYS # same as above 55 On how many occasions (if any) have you sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an same as above aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high in your lifetime? 56 On how many occasions (if any) have you sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high during the past 30 days? same as above 57 On how many occasions (if any) have you used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in your lifetime? same as above 58 On how many occasions (if any) have you used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in the past same as above 30 days? 59 On how many occasions (if any) have you used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, speed, crank, crystal meth) in your lifetime? same as above 60 On how many occasions (if any) have you used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, speed, crank, crystal meth) in the past 30 days? same as above 61 On how many occasions (if any) have you used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? Same as above 70 On how many occasions (if any) have you used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them in the past 30 days? Same as above 71 On how many occasions (if any) have you used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such Same as above as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) in your lifetime? 72 On how many occasions (if any) have you used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such same as above as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) in the past 30 days? 73 On how many occasions (if any) have you used heroin or other opiates in your lifetime? same as above 62 On how many occasions (if any) have you used heroin or other opiates in the past 30 days? same as above 63 On how many occasions (if any) have you used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA) in your lifetime? Same as above 64 On how many occasions (if any) have you used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA) in the past 30 Same as above days? 65 On how many occasions (if any) have you used steroids or anabolic steroids (such Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise, or Depotesterone) in your lifetime? 66 same as above SCALES AND QUESTIONS RESPONSE CATEGORIES 2008 AYS # On how many occasions (if any) have you used steroids or anabolic steroids (such Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin, Equipoise, or Depotesterone) in the past 30 days? 0 occasions, 1-2, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-39, 40+ 67 On how many occasions (if any) have you used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high in your lifetime? same as above 74 On how many occasions (if any) have you used over the counter drugs (such as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet pills) for the purposes of getting high during the past 30 days? same as above 75 been suspended from school? Never, 1 or 2 times, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40+ 29a carried a handgun? same as above 29b sold illegal drugs? same as above 29c stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? same as above 29d been arrested? same as above 29f attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? same as above 29h been drunk or high at school same as above 29i taken a handgun to school? same as above 29k I was very honest; I was honest pretty much of the time; I was honest some of the time; I was honest once in a while; I was not honest at all 136 used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? Never, 10 or younger, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or older 27e gambled or bet? same as above 27k OUTCOME: Antisocial Behavior How many times in the past year (12 months) have you... FINAL QUESTION How honest were you in filling out this survey? ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS How old were you when you first: During the past 30 days, how many times did you RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by 0 times, 1 time, 2 or 3 times, 4 or 5 times, 6 or more times someone who had been drinking alcohol? 33 During the past 30 days, how many times did you DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you same as above had been drinking alcohol? 34 Played a slot machine, poker machine or other gambling machine? 35a Never; Before, but not in the past 12 months; A few times in the past 12 months; Once or twice a month; Once or twice a week; Almost every day SCALES AND QUESTIONS RESPONSE CATEGORIES 2008 AYS # Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets? Never; Before, but not in the past 12 months; A few times in the past 12 months; Once or twice a month; Once or twice a week; Almost every day Bet on sports? same as above 35c Played cards? same as above 35d Bought a raffle ticket? same as above 35e Played bingo? same as above 35f Gambled on the Internet? same as above 35g Played a dice game? same as above 35h Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? same as above 35i Bet on a horse or other animal race? same as above 35j During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with 0 times, 1 time, 2-3 times, 4-5 times, 6-7 times, 8-9 times, a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 10-11 times, 12 or more times 36 During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? same as above 37 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you NOT go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school? 0 days, 1 day, 2-3 days, 4-5 days, 6 or more days 39 During the past 12 months, how often have you been picked on or bullied by a student ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? same as above 38 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, same as above or club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY? 40 Sometimes we don’t know what we will do as adults, but we may have an idea. Please answer how true this statements may be for you. WHEN I AM AN ADULT I will: I will smoke cigarettes. NO!, no, yes, YES! 44a During the past 30 days, on the days you smoked, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? I did not smoke cigarettes during the past 30 days, Less than 1 cigarette per day, 1 cigarette per day, 2 to 5 cigarettes per day, 6 to 10 cigarettes per day, 11 to 20 cigarettes per day, More than 20 cigarettes per day 78 SCALES AND QUESTIONS RESPONSE CATEGORIES 2008 AYS # Does anyone who lives with you now smoke cigarettes? (Mark all that apply) No one who lives with me now smokes cigarettes, A parent (or guardian), A brother or sister, Another adult who lives with us, Another young person who lives with us 79 Which statement best describes the rules about smoking where you live? Smoking is not allowed anywhere, Smoking is not allowed in some places or at some times, Smoking is allowed anywhere 80 How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they: Have five or more drinks of an alcoholic beverage in a row once or twice a week? No Risk, Slight Risk, Moderate Risk, Great Risk 81e If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it? (Mark all that apply) I did not drink alcohol in the past 30 days; I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station; I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club; I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event; I gave someone else money to buy it for me; My parent or guardian gave it to me; Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me; Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me; Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me; I got it at a party; I took it from home; I took it from a store or someone else’s home; I got it some other way 90 If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the one major reason you joined? Protection/safety; Friendship; Parent(s) are in a gang; Sibling(s) are in a gang; Make money; Other; I have never belonged to a gang 93 I feel safe in my neighborhood. NO!, no, yes, YES! 103 During a typical week, how many times do all or most of your family eat at least one meal 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 together? 133 How often during the past 12 months have you: Have you ever heard of the gun violence prevention program, or Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN)? No, Yes 134 How did you hear about the gun violence prevention program, or Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN)? TV, Billboard, Radio, Other, Have not heard of PSN 135 Appendix E: Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD use for Participating Counties Lifetime ATOD Use by County (2008) Alcohol Cigarettes Chewing Tobacco Apache 40.7 46.2 21.9 43.7 Cochise 65.8 41.7 14.8 26.5 Coconino 62.1 43.8 15.1 Gila 65.7 47.8 Graham 53.7 Greenlee 75.2 La Paz Prescription Pain Prescription Prescription Prescription Over-theRelievers Stimulants Sedatives Drugs Counter Drugs Cocaine Inhalants Methamphetamines 1.9 4.9 15.8 2.3 1.5 0.8 1.1 19.2 3.8 8.4 22.3 16.0 4.7 8.0 12.7 2.3 2.2 5.7 1.8 20.0 7.2 11.2 24.7 14.1 35.5 5.6 8.0 12.6 4.1 1.7 5.6 1.6 21.3 4.9 10.5 25.9 11.1 26.0 35.7 3.5 7.3 16.7 2.4 1.7 2.7 2.7 20.7 4.2 10.0 24.3 15.3 39.0 15.7 26.0 4.1 7.1 15.3 3.0 2.0 2.8 2.0 16.7 4.0 10.7 21.2 13.2 39.9 28.3 29.9 3.2 3.8 21.0 3.2 1.3 2.5 1.9 21.2 3.2 10.3 26.9 19.9 61.2 42.6 15.6 32.1 3.3 3.8 10.7 2.7 0.3 1.5 1.5 22.0 6.0 10.4 27.7 14.0 Maricopa 57.4 32.9 9.4 25.3 4.2 5.4 12.1 2.0 1.8 4.0 2.0 16.5 6.1 10.4 21.4 10.9 Mohave 68.7 39.8 13.4 30.7 5.3 4.6 13.6 3.0 2.4 4.8 2.4 23.3 4.8 14.5 27.7 14.0 Navajo 60.5 47.1 19.5 42.1 4.1 8.3 11.5 5.3 1.5 3.2 2.1 21.9 5.4 9.9 25.8 12.0 Pima 63.1 39.3 10.9 32.0 5.7 8.2 11.6 2.0 2.3 6.1 1.7 18.7 6.7 9.9 23.3 12.3 Pinal 64.2 40.0 11.8 31.8 4.3 6.2 16.2 2.5 1.7 4.8 2.6 18.9 6.3 10.9 24.1 14.0 Santa Cruz 72.7 46.7 11.9 26.8 2.9 7.5 9.6 0.9 0.6 3.1 1.5 12.5 3.2 8.4 18.3 9.1 Yavapai 63.4 38.4 18.3 27.3 4.7 5.8 14.4 2.3 2.1 3.9 2.6 20.6 6.0 12.8 26.1 11.9 Yuma 55.2 31.2 8.3 16.5 2.1 4.1 13.6 2.3 1.0 3.3 1.3 13.6 3.6 8.3 17.8 9.0 Marijuana Hallucinogens Heroin Ecstasy Steroids 30-day ATOD Use by County (2008) Alcohol Cigarettes Chewing Tobacco Cocaine Inhalants Methamphetamines Heroin Ecstasy Steroids Apache 16.0 12.7 7.8 22.0 Cochise 35.2 18.1 5.8 11.3 0.4 1.9 4.1 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.4 12.5 1.5 3.8 14.0 11.0 1.9 2.9 3.3 0.3 0.7 1.9 0.6 9.5 2.3 3.5 11.9 6.8 Coconino 31.6 16.1 5.5 16.1 2.2 2.5 2.8 0.4 0.3 1.1 0.6 8.8 0.7 3.0 10.4 5.4 Gila 37.2 21.0 11.0 14.3 0.7 2.4 6.2 0.9 0.5 0.4 1.4 10.5 2.1 3.8 11.8 9.4 Graham 30.2 Greenlee 43.3 13.4 6.1 10.5 0.9 2.0 5.1 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.8 8.4 1.6 5.2 11.2 7.0 13.7 9.4 13.4 1.3 1.9 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 12.8 1.3 3.2 15.4 10.3 La Paz 33.5 12.7 3.8 14.4 1.2 1.5 3.3 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.6 11.0 2.1 4.2 14.3 8.0 Maricopa 31.8 13.7 3.5 11.9 1.5 1.8 3.8 0.5 0.6 1.3 0.8 7.5 2.2 4.2 10.4 5.5 Mohave 36.4 15.6 4.7 13.1 1.8 1.3 3.5 0.6 0.7 1.6 0.8 10.5 1.6 4.7 12.4 7.5 Navajo 32.1 18.9 7.3 19.3 1.4 2.6 2.9 0.8 0.5 1.0 1.0 10.4 2.1 4.2 12.8 5.6 Pima 36.1 16.2 3.6 13.8 2.0 2.5 3.3 0.4 0.8 1.9 0.7 7.9 2.2 4.0 10.3 6.2 Pinal 36.2 15.0 4.2 13.9 1.6 2.3 5.4 0.6 0.9 1.5 1.0 10.1 2.6 4.6 12.3 7.8 Santa Cruz 45.8 22.7 3.7 10.3 1.3 2.6 3.6 0.4 0.3 1.3 1.1 6.0 1.5 2.7 8.2 5.6 Yavapai 35.0 15.0 7.4 12.0 1.2 1.2 3.6 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 9.2 2.0 4.9 12.1 6.0 Yuma 29.9 12.3 3.7 7.0 1.1 1.2 4.8 0.9 0.4 0.9 0.7 6.7 1.3 2.9 8.7 4.7 Marijuana Hallucinogens Prescription Prescription Prescription Prescription Over-thePain Relievers Stimulants Sedatives Drugs Counter Drugs Appendix F: Profile Report Charts for Arizona Males Compared to Females (2008) Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females LIFETIME, 30 DAY & HEAVY ATOD USE 30-Day Use 100 60 50 40 Percentage (%) 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking Over-the-Counter Drugs† Prescription Drugs† Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Pain Relievers† Steroids Ecstasy Methamphetamines Heroin or Other Opiates Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs† Prescription Drugs† Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Pain Relievers† Steroids Ecstasy Methamphetamines Heroin or Other Opiates Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2008 Female 2008 Male 2008 Heavy Use 2008 Report by Gender, Grade 8 Lifetime Use 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR, DRINKING/DRIVING & GAMBLING 2008 Report by Gender, Grade 8 60 50 40 Percentage (%) Any Gambling Past Year Bet on a horse/ other race? Bet on Games of Skill Bet on Dice Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo Bought Raffle Ticket Bet on Cards Bet on Sports Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker Passenger with Drinking Driver Drinking and Driving Handgun to School Carried a Handgun Attacked to Harm Been Arrested Stolen a Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Drunk or High at School Suspended from School NOTE: Because not all eight states ask gambling and drinking & driving questions, no 8-State value is reported. 8-State State 2008 Female 2008 Male 2008 Total Gambling Gambling Behavior Past Year Drinking & Driving Past 30 Days Antisocial Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females RISK PROFILE 2008 Report by Gender, Grade 8 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percentage (%) of youth at risk Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for ASB Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to ASB Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of ASB Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parent Attitudes Favor Drug Use Parent Attitudes Favorable to ASB Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favor Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: eight or more risk factors, 10th & 12th grades: nine or more risk factors.) 8-State State 2008 Female 2008 Male 2008 Total Peer / Individual School Family Community 100 90 10 0 Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2008 Report by Gender, Grade 8 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percentage (%) of youth with protection Students with High Protection* Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement * High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have five or more protective factors operating in their lives. 8-State State 2008 Female 2008 Male 2008 Total Peer / Individual School Family Community 100 90 10 0 Arizona 8th Grade Males Compared to Females SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2008 Report by Gender, Grade 8 Percentage of students reporting any experience with the indicated safety issue in the past year 70 60 Percent (%) of Students 50 40 30 20 10 0 NOTE: Because not all eight states ask school safety questions, no 8-State value is reported. Picked On or Bullied on School Property Female 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School Male 2008 State 2008 Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females LIFETIME, 30 DAY & HEAVY ATOD USE 100 60 50 40 Percentage (%) 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking Over-the-Counter Drugs† Prescription Drugs† Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Pain Relievers† Steroids Ecstasy Methamphetamines Heroin or Other Opiates Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs† Prescription Drugs† Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Pain Relievers† Steroids Ecstasy Methamphetamines Heroin or Other Opiates Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2008 Female 2008 Male 2008 Heavy Use 30-Day Use Lifetime Use 2008 Report by Gender, Grade 10 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR, DRINKING/DRIVING & GAMBLING 2008 Report by Gender, Grade 10 60 50 40 Percentage (%) Any Gambling Past Year Bet on a horse/ other race? Bet on Games of Skill Bet on Dice Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo Bought Raffle Ticket Bet on Cards Bet on Sports Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker Passenger with Drinking Driver Drinking and Driving Handgun to School Carried a Handgun Attacked to Harm Been Arrested Stolen a Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Drunk or High at School Suspended from School NOTE: Because not all eight states ask gambling and drinking & driving questions, no 8-State value is reported. 8-State State 2008 Female 2008 Male 2008 Total Gambling Gambling Behavior Past Year Drinking & Driving Past 30 Days Antisocial Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females RISK PROFILE 2008 Report by Gender, Grade 10 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percentage (%) of youth at risk Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for ASB Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to ASB Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of ASB Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parent Attitudes Favor Drug Use Parent Attitudes Favorable to ASB Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favor Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: eight or more risk factors, 10th & 12th grades: nine or more risk factors.) 8-State State 2008 Female 2008 Male 2008 Total Peer / Individual School Family Community 100 90 10 0 Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2008 Report by Gender, Grade 10 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percentage (%) of youth with protection Students with High Protection* Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement * High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have five or more protective factors operating in their lives. 8-State State 2008 Female 2008 Male 2008 Total Peer / Individual School Family Community 100 90 10 0 Arizona 10th Grade Males Compared to Females SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2008 Report by Gender, Grade 10 Percentage of students reporting any experience with the indicated safety issue in the past year 70 60 Percent (%) of Students 50 40 30 20 10 0 NOTE: Because not all eight states ask school safety questions, no 8-State value is reported. Picked On or Bullied on School Property Female 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School Male 2008 State 2008 Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females LIFETIME, 30 DAY & HEAVY ATOD USE 30-Day Use 100 60 50 40 Percentage (%) 1/2 Pack (or More) Cigarettes/Day Binge Drinking Over-the-Counter Drugs† Prescription Drugs† Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Pain Relievers† Steroids Ecstasy Methamphetamines Heroin or Other Opiates Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol Over-the-Counter Drugs† Prescription Drugs† Prescription Sedatives† Prescription Stimulants Prescription Pain Relievers† Steroids Ecstasy Methamphetamines Heroin or Other Opiates Inhalants Cocaine Hallucinogens Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Cigarettes Alcohol † No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey. MTF State 2008 Female 2008 Male 2008 Heavy Use 2008 Report by Gender, Grade 12 Lifetime Use 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR, DRINKING/DRIVING & GAMBLING 2008 Report by Gender, Grade 12 60 50 40 Percentage (%) Any Gambling Past Year Bet on a horse/ other race? Bet on Games of Skill Bet on Dice Gambled on the lnternet Played Bingo Bought Raffle Ticket Bet on Cards Bet on Sports Played the Lottery Played Slots/ Video Poker Passenger with Drinking Driver Drinking and Driving Handgun to School Carried a Handgun Attacked to Harm Been Arrested Stolen a Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Drunk or High at School Suspended from School NOTE: Because not all eight states ask gambling and drinking & driving questions, no 8-State value is reported. 8-State State 2008 Female 2008 Male 2008 Total Gambling Gambling Behavior Past Year Drinking & Driving Past 30 Days Antisocial Behavior Past Year 100 90 80 70 30 20 10 0 Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females RISK PROFILE 2008 Report by Gender, Grade 12 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percentage (%) of youth at risk Students at High Risk* Gang Involvement Rewards for ASB Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to ASB Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of ASB Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Academic Failure Parent Attitudes Favor Drug Use Parent Attitudes Favorable to ASB Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favor Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment * High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives. (8th grade: eight or more risk factors, 10th & 12th grades: nine or more risk factors.) 8-State State 2008 Female 2008 Male 2008 Total Peer / Individual School Family Community 100 90 10 0 Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females PROTECTIVE PROFILE 2008 Report by Gender, Grade 12 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 Percentage (%) of youth with protection Students with High Protection* Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers Belief in the Moral Order Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement * High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have five or more protective factors operating in their lives. 8-State State 2008 Female 2008 Male 2008 Total Peer / Individual School Family Community 100 90 10 0 Arizona 12th Grade Males Compared to Females SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE 2008 Report by Gender, Grade 12 Percentage of students reporting any experience with the indicated safety issue in the past year 70 60 Percent (%) of Students 50 40 30 20 10 0 NOTE: Because not all eight states ask school safety questions, no 8-State value is reported. Picked On or Bullied on School Property Female 2008 In a Physical Fight on School Property Threatened or Injured on School Property Carried a Weapon on School Property Felt Unsafe at School Male 2008 State 2008 Appendix G: Changes in question wording across the 2004, 2006, and 2008 AYS Administrations Changes in Question Wording Across the 2004, 2006, and 2008 AYS Administrations Issue Drug Category 2004 AYS On how many occasions (if any) have you: 2006 AYS On how many occasions (if any) have you: 2008 AYS Notes regarding changes On how many occasions (if any) have you: Hallucinogens Used LSD or other psychedelics during the past 30 days? Used LSD or other psychedelics during the past 30 days? Used LSD or other hallucinogens during the past 30 days? Substituted "hallucinogens" for "psychedelics" in 2008. Comparable across all years. Methamphetamines Not applicable, no methamphetamine-specific item on 2004 AYS Used methamphetamines (meth, speed, crank, crystal meth)? Used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? 2006 and 2008 provide slightly different examples, but are cautiously comparable. Prescription stimulants Used stimulants (“amphetamines”, “meth”, “crystal”, “crank”) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them? 2004 is not comparable to any other years, data are presented for archival interest. 2006 and 2008 data are cautiously comparable. Prescription sedatives Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them? Used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)? 2008 AYS added descriptor "prescription" and removed qualifier "without a doctor telling you to take them." 2008 data are cautiously comparable with other years. Ecstasy Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)? Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)? Used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)? 2008 AYS used "ecstasy" as the primary descriptor and moved "MDMA" to examples. Comparable across years. Prescription drugs Not applicable, no prescription drugs item on 2004 AYS Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills), stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) or other prescription drugs (such as Oxycontin) without a doctor telling you to take them? (composite question, see notes) Used prescription stimulants (Ritalin, Adderall, or Dexedrine), sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) or pain relievers (Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a doctor telling you to take them? (composite question, see notes ) In 2006, responses to the stimulant, sedative and other prescription drug questions were calculated as one measure. (2006 had no prescription pain reliever item.) In 2008, responses to the stimulant, sedative and prescription pain reliever questions were calculated as one measure. (2008 had no standalone prescription drug item.) 2006 and 2008 data are cautiously comparable. (Note that composite 2006 data will not match past reports' prescription drugs category.) Gambling Category Not applicable, no gambling items on 2004 AYS How often during the past 12 months have you: How often have you done the following for money, possessions, or anything of value: Sports betting n/a Bet on team sports? Bet on sports? Not comparable across years. Race betting n/a Bet money on horse races? Bet on a horse race or other animal race? Not comparable across years. Dice n/a Bet on dice games such as craps? Played a dice game? Not comparable across years. Games of skill n/a Bet on games of personal skill such as pool, darts, or bowling? Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or a video game? Comparable across years. Protective Scale: Peer-Individual Interaction with Prosocial Peers Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: (Scale is calculated based on the average response [0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 friends] to the following questions) ...participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? ...made the commitment to stay drug-free? ...tried to do well in school? ...liked school? ...regularly attended religious services?(removed in 2008) Regularly attended religious services was removed from 2008 AYS. 2004 and 2006 have been recalculated to match 2008 AYS and are now comparable across all years. Due to this recalculation, current reports may differ slightly from past reports. Contacts for Prevention Arizona Department of Education Student Services Division www.ade.az.gov Regional Prevention Contacts Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Pima, and Santa Cruz Counties Bill Burnett Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) (520) 618-8807 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Lisa Shumaker (602) 364-4594 www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm Gila, La Paz, Pinal, and Yuma Counties Linda Weinberg Cenpatico Behavioral Health of Arizona (866) 495-6738 Arizona Prevention Resource Center (800) 432-2772 www.azprevention.org Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai Counties Petrice Post Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) (928) 214-2177 Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Charles Katz (602) 543-6618 charles.katz@asu.edu Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) http://prevention.samhsa.gov Maricopa County Juan Aristizabal Magellan (602) 797-8256 Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families (602) 542-4043 http://www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html Gila River Indian Community Joan Grey Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority (602) 528-7136 Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Pasqua Yaqui Tribe Centered Spirit Program Jill Fabian (520) 879-6067 Arizona Department of Gaming's Office of Problem Gambling Elise Mikkelsen (602) 266-8299 ext. 351 www.problemgambling.az.gov Navajo Nation Department of Behavioral Health Services (928) 871-6235 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) www.samhsa.gov White Mountain Apache Tribe Apache Behavioral Health Services (928) 338-4811 Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention http://ojjdp.ncjrs.org/ Colorado River Indian Tribes (928) 669-6577 Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CAPT) www.westcapt.org Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Michelle Neitch/ Phillip Stevenson (602) 364-1173/(602) 364-1157 www.azcjc.gov Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. (801) 359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com 37