Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona rizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Surv ey Arizona Youth Survey ArizoState Report 2004 na Youth Survey Arizona Y outh Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth Survey Arizona Youth A ARIZONA CRIMINAL JUSTICE COMMISSION Chairperson RALPH OGDEN Vice-Chairperson DENNIS GARRETT Yuma County Sheriff JOSEPH ARPAIO Department of Public Safety Director DUANE BELCHER Bach Maricopa County Sheriff Board of Executive Clemency Chairperson RON CHRISTENSEN CLARENCE DUPNIK Gila County Board of Supervisors Pima County Sheriff Harrison, JIM BOLES L.L.C.City of Winslow Mayor DAVID K. BYERS Administrative Office of the Courts Director TONY ESTRADA TERRY GODDARD Santa Cruz County Sheriff Attorney General Pima County Attorney Mohave County Chief Probation Officer Flagstaff Police Department Chief J.T. McCANN RICHARD MIRANDA ROBERT CARTER OLSON RICHARD M. ROMLEY DORA SCHRIRO CHRISTOPHER SKELLY BARBARA LAWALL ROD MARQUARDT Tucson Police Department Chief Arizona Youth Survey State Report 2004 Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Bach Harrison, L.L.C. ARIZONA CRIMINAL JUSTICE COMMISSION Chairperson RALPH OGDEN Vice-Chairperson DENNIS GARRETT Yuma County Sheriff JOSEPH ARPAIO Department of Public Safety Director DUANE BELCHER Maricopa County Sheriff Board of Executive Clemency Chairperson RON CHRISTENSEN CLARENCE DUPNIK Gila County Board of Supervisors BARBARA LAWALL Pima County Sheriff ROD MARQUARDT Pima County Attorney Mohave County Chief Probation Officer ROBERT CARTER OLSON RICHARD M. ROMLEY Pinal County Attorney Maricopa County Attorney JIM BOLES DAVID K. BYERS City of Winslow Mayor Administrative Office of the Courts Director TONY ESTRADA TERRY GODDARD J.T. McCANN RICHARD MIRANDA DORA SCHRIRO CHRISTOPHER SKELLY Santa Cruz County Sheriff Flagstaff Police Department Chief Department of Corrections Director Attorney General Tucson Police Department Chief Judge, Retired RICHARD YOST El Mirage Police Department Chief JOHN A. BLACKBURN, JR. Executive Director R. STEVEN HARRISON, PH.D. STEVE BALLANCE Bach Harrison, L.L.C. Statistical Analysis Center Director ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank the Arizona Drug and Gang Policy Council Working Group and the Arizona Juvenile Justice Commission for their support in the administration of the 2002 Arizona Youth Survey and development of this report for the State of Arizona. The Statistical Analysis Center received support for this report from numerous state agencies and staff throughout the state. Special thanks to the Arizona Department of Education, the Department of Health Services (Tobacco Education and Prevention Program), the Governor’s Division of Drug and Gang Policy, the Department of Vital Statistics, and Bach Harrison, L.L.C. The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and the Statistical Analysis Center T Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................................... vi Executive Summary.............................................................................................................................................................vii Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Section 1: Survey Methods .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Survey Questionnaire.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Completion Rate and Ability to Generalize the Results ............................................................................................... 4 Survey Participants ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 Participation by County ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Survey Norms and Comparative Data .......................................................................................................................... 5 Validity of the Data ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 Section 2: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Abuse and Other Youth Problem Behaviors .................. 10 Community Risk and Protective Factors .................................................................................................................... 12 Community Risk and Protective Factor Scales........................................................................................................... 14 Family Risk and Protective Factors ............................................................................................................................ 16 Family Risk and Protective Factor Scales .................................................................................................................. 18 School Risk and Protective Factors ............................................................................................................................ 20 School Risk and Protective Factor Scales................................................................................................................... 21 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factors............................................................................................................... 23 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factor Scales ..................................................................................................... 26 Section 3: Substance Use Outcomes................................................................................................................................ 28 Age of Initiation .......................................................................................................................................................... 28 Lifetime ATOD Use, By Grade................................................................................................................................... 30 30-Day ATOD Use, By Grade .................................................................................................................................... 32 Lifetime ATOD Use by Gender .................................................................................................................................. 34 Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page i 30-Day Use by Gender .............................................................................................................................................. 36 Intention to Use ATODs.............................................................................................................................................. 38 Multiple Drug Use ...................................................................................................................................................... 40 Perceived Harmfulness and Availability of Drugs...................................................................................................... 42 Section 4: Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results.............................................................................. 46 Heavy Substance Use and Other Antisocial Behaviors by Grade and Gender........................................................... 46 Handguns and Weapons .............................................................................................................................................. 48 Violence and Gangs .................................................................................................................................................... 50 Safety and School Issues............................................................................................................................................. 52 Academic Performance and Substance Use................................................................................................................ 54 Parent’s Education and Youth Substance Use............................................................................................................. 56 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability................................................................................. 58 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability....................................................................................... 60 Depressive Symptoms and Substance Use ................................................................................................................. 62 Section 5: Findings ........................................................................................................................................................ 64 Summary Appendices A. B. C. D. E. F. ....................................................................................................................................................................... 69 2004 Arizona Youth Survey Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Arizona Youth Survey Results, Frequency and Percentage for Each Response Category Item Dictionary for the 2004 Arizona Student Survey Description of Profile Reports and Arizona State Profile Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD Use for Participating Counties Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page ii T Table of Figures and Tables Executive Summary Table 1: Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade............................................................................ viii Table 2: Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade............................................................................ ix Figure 1: Arizona State ATOD Use and Antisocial Behavior .......... xi Figure 2: Table 4: Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and County for the 2004 Survey Compared to the Percentage of the State Student Population in Each County...................................................................... 9 Section 2: Risk and Protective Factors and Scales Table 5: Youth At Risk: Community............................................... 12 Table 6: Community Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores................................................................................ 14 Arizona State Risk Factors Profile Chart .......................... xii Figure 8: Risk Factors: Community Domain ................................... 15 Figure 3: Arizona State Protective Factors Profile Chart ................. xiii Figure 9: Protective Factors: Community Domain ......................... 15 Figure 4: Arizona State Safe School Factors.................................... xiv Table 7: Youth At Risk: Family ...................................................... 16 Table 8: Family Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores .......... 18 Section 1: Introduction Table 3: Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and Demographic Characteristics................................................................... 7 Figure 10: Risk Factors: Family Domain ........................................... 19 Figure 11: Protective Factors: Family Domain ................................. 19 Table 9: Youth At Risk: School....................................................... 20 Table 10: School Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores .......... 21 Gender: Breakdown of Students Taking the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey ....................................................... 8 Figure 12: Risk Factors: School Domain ........................................... 22 Figure 6: Ethnicity: Breakdown of Students Taking the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey ....................................................... 8 Table 11: Youth At Risk: Peer/Individual ......................................... 23 Figure 7: Family Structure: Breakdown of Students Taking the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey .............................................. 8 Table 12: Peer/Individual Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores..................................................................... 26 Figure 5: Figure 13: Protective Factors: School Domain ................................. 22 Figure 14: Risk Factors: Peer/Individual Domain ............................. 27 Figure 15: Protective Factors: Peer/Individual Domain .................... 27 Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page iii Section 3: Substance Use Outcomes Table 13: Age of Initiation................................................................ 28 Figure 25: Perceived Harmfulness of Using Cigarettes, Alcohol, or Marijuana: 2004 Arizona Compared to National ......... 43 Table 21: Figure 16: Average Age of First Substance Use................................. 29 Figure 17: Lifetime ATOD Use: Arizona State Total ......................... 30 Figure 18: Lifetime ATOD Use: 2004 10th Grade Arizona Compared to National ....................................................... 30 Table 14: Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Use ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade ....................................... 31 Figure 19: ATOD Use For Each Grade Level:30-Day Use ............... 32 Figure 20: 30-Day ATOD Use: 2004 10th Grade Arizona Compared to National ....................................................... 32 Table 15: Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade....................... 33 Figure 21: Arizona Lifetime ATOD Use by Gender .......................... 34 Table 16: Percentage of Males and Females by Grade Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime.......................................... 35 Figure 22: Arizona 30-Day ATOD Use by Gender ............................ 36 Table 17: Percentage of Males and Females By Grade Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days ...................................... 37 Table 18: Percentage of Youth with Intention to Use ATODs .......... 38 Figure 23: Intention to Use ATODs.................................................... 39 Table 19: Percentage Using Multiple Drugs in the Past 30 Days ............................................................................ 40 Figure 24: Multiple Drug Use: Tobacco Users Who Also Use Other Drugs ...................................................................... 41 Table 20: Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive the Four Substances as “Sort of Easy” or “Very Easy” to Get ............................... 44 Figure 26: Perceived Availability of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana: 2004 Arizona Compared to National ....... 45 Section 4: Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results Figure 27: Arizona Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behaviors: Male, Female, and State Total........................................... 46 Table 22: Percentage of Males, Females, and State Total Who Engaged in Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior in the Past Year .................................................. 47 Table 23: Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Handguns .......................................... 48 Figure 28: Students’ Use of Handguns and Perceptions About Them ................................................................................. 49 Table 24: Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Violence and Gangs .......................... 50 Figure 29: Student Violent Activity/Perceptions and Gang Involvement...................................................... 51 Table 25: Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Safety and Schools ................................................. 52 Figure 30: Student Responses to School Safety Questions ................ 53 Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive That Using the Five Categories of Substances Places People at “Great Risk”.. 42 Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page iv Table 26: Percentage Using ATODs by Academic Performance ...... 54 Figure 31: Arizona ATOD Use and Academic Performance.............. 55 Table 27: Percentage Using ATODs by Father’s Education ............. 56 Figure 32: Arizona ATOD Use and Father’s Education ..................... 57 Table 28: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability of Use ......................................................... 58 Figure 33: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability ..................................................................... 59 Table 29: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability of Use.......................................................... 60 Figure 34: Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability ..................................................................... 61 Table 30: Percentage Using ATODs and Level of Depressive Symptoms ......................................................................... 62 Figure 35: Arizona ATOD Use by Depressive Symptoms ................. 63 Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page v A Acknowledgements The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission (ACJC) Statistical Analysis Center (SAC) would like to thank Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions toward the success of the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey. Additionally, ACJC would like to thank the Arizona Juvenile Justice Commission, the Governor’s Division for Children, the Arizona Department of Education, and the Tobacco Education, and Prevention Program (TEPP) for their collaborative effort in taking this needs assessment to a higher level for the State of Arizona. The SAC received support for this report from numerous state agencies and staff throughout the state. Special thanks to: Elizabeth Eells, Administrative Office of the Courts Jean Ajamie, Arizona Department of Education Denise Muller, Arizona Department of Education Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services Steve Sparks, Arizona Department of Economic Services Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Vital Statistics Charles Katz, Arizona State University West Todd Armstrong, Arizona State University West Karen Abman, Governor’s Division for Children Patrice Childress, Governor’s Division for Children Sheila Hoppe, Governor’s Division for Children Nicole Yancey, Governor’s Division for Children Claire Brown, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Jesse Nodora, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Michele Walsh, Tobacco Education and Prevention Program Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona Prevention Resource Center Mitch Halfpenny, Maricopa County Juvenile Probation Department Sheriff Ralph Ogden, Yuma County Sheriff’s Office Kristen Roof, Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Additionally, the success of the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been realized without the support and participation of school principals and prevention coordinators throughout the state. Thank you for contributing your time and efforts toward the completion of this report. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page vi E Executive Summary Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416 requires that the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission conduct a statewide survey to “measure both the attitudes and the actual prevalence and frequency of substance abuse by children.” This report is produced to fulfill these requirements. The survey was administered between January and April of 2004 in Arizona public and charter schools. A statewide surveying effort encompassing 15 counties and 266 individual schools resulted in the participation of 45,119 students in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades throughout Arizona. This report provides a statewide perspective. Participating school and county officials will receive community-specific data in the form of individual reports to assist in analysis and comparison, as well as for planning strategies and program development. To comply with Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416 the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center conducted a youth assessment and evaluation. A survey was administered in a statewide sample of public and charter middle- and high-schools throughout Arizona. The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission has been conducting a Substance Use Findings: In Brief youth survey for 14 years on a biennial basis; however, notable improvements in the survey model, sampling methods and Arizona has The improvements made to the survey model during the 2002 been using the Risk the increased collaboration distinguish the 2002 and 2004 Arizona Youth Survey were sustained during the 2004 survey and Protective Arizona Youth Surveys from prior surveys. administration. With the enhancements made in the survey Framework to guide methodology, the results from both the 2002 and 2004 prevention efforts aimed at The 2004 Arizona Youth Survey was conducted by surveys are able to be displayed within this report and reducing youth the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission with technical comparisons between the two years can be made. The 2002 problem assistance from Bach Harrison, L.L.C. The Arizona Youth Arizona Youth Survey reported that more Arizona youth used behaviors. Survey is the result of a partnership between the Arizona Criminal marijuana in the past month than had used cigarettes; the 2004 Arizona Justice Commission, the Arizona Juvenile Justice Commission, Youth Survey results indicate that marijuana use during the past month and the Governor’s Division for Children. The development and has decreased across all grade levels compared to no change in past-month implementation of the survey is a product of ongoing meetings by state cigarette use. In addition, alcohol use during the past month has also decreased agencies participating in the discussion and evaluation of current statewide among all grades. and national surveys over the past four years. The successful implementation of the Arizona Youth Survey can also be attributed to strong collaborative Enhancements were made in ACJC’s methodology for the 2002 and 2004 efforts from the Arizona Department of Education and the Tobacco, surveys and we must caution against comparisons to pre-2002 survey results. Education, and Prevention Program. Finally, the overwhelming cooperation However, it is noteworthy that alcohol is still the most common substance used of local school administrators directly contributed to the success of the 2004 by Arizona students. In the past month, 36.3% of students have used alcohol, Arizona Youth Survey. The outstanding success of the 2004 Arizona Youth and 63.3% of students have used alcohol in their lifetime. Cigarette use is Survey could not have been realized without the support and participation of the second most used by Arizona youth, with 16.1% of survey participants school principals and prevention coordinators throughout the state. using in the past month and 42.0% using in their lifetime. Marijuana use, Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page vii Table 1 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade Grade 8 Drug Used Grade 10 Grade 12 Total Arizona MTF Arizona MTF Arizona MTF Arizona MTF Arizona MTF Arizona MTF Arizona Arizona 2002 2002 2004 2003 2002 2002 2004 2003 2002 2002 2004 2003 2002 2004 Alcohol 56.9 47.0 51.9 45.6 72.3 66.9 69.3 66.0 80.8 78.4 77.9 76.6 69.2 63.3 Cigarettes 39.6 31.4 33.5 28.4 49.8 47.4 45.3 43.0 61.1 57.2 54.2 53.7 49.3 42.0 6.8 11.2 7.2 11.3 10.2 16.9 11.0 14.6 16.9 18.3 16.7 17.0 10.9 10.6 Marijuana 26.6 19.2 20.4 17.5 41.7 38.7 36.6 36.4 50.8 47.8 45.7 46.1 38.8 31.3 Inhalants 11.9 15.2 13.7 15.8 10.4 13.5 10.9 12.7 10.1 11.7 9.1 11.2 10.9 11.8 Hallucinogens 2.4 4.1 2.5 4.0 8.3 7.8 5.3 6.9 12.6 12.0 7.6 10.6 7.4 4.6 Cocaine 4.5 3.6 3.7 3.6 8.2 6.1 7.8 5.1 12.0 7.8 11.5 7.7 8.0 6.8 * N/C 11.0 N/C * N/C 16.5 N/C * N/C 19.8 N/C * 14.8 Stimulants 2.9 N/C 3.4 N/C 6.8 N/C 6.7 N/C 8.6 N/C 8.2 N/C 5.9 5.5 Steroids 2.2 2.5 N/A 2.5 2.7 3.5 N/A 3.0 2.7 4.0 N/A 3.5 2.5 N/A Ecstasy 5.5 4.3 2.4 3.2 8.2 6.6 4.3 5.4 12.0 10.5 5.9 8.3 8.3 3.8 Heroin 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.6 3.2 1.8 2.4 1.5 3.8 1.7 3.0 1.5 2.9 2.1 33.2 N/C 33.2 N/C 44.5 N/C 45.6 N/C 52.8 N/C 52.4 N/C 42.8 41.6 Smokeless Tobacco Sedatives Any Drug * The 2002 sedative question only asked about quaaludes, barbituates, and tranqualizers and is not comparable to the 2004 question. N/C - Indicates where MTF data is not comparable to data gathered through the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey which was higher than cigarettes in the 2002 survey, is now back to its more 30-day use. Complete results can be seen in Tables 1 and 2 on this page and typical position as the third most used substance in 2004 with 13.8% of survey the following page. participants indicating they had used marijuana at least once in the past 30 days The greatest differences in 30-day use are seen when looking at the use of and 31.3% indicating use during their lifetime. alcohol. While past-month use of alcohol decreased in every grade since A comparison between the Arizona Youth Survey and the national Monitoring the 2002 survey, 2004 past-month use of alcohol is still notably higher for the Future (MTF) survey is another measure for assessing current substance Arizona youth than for youth nationwide. The Arizona Youth Survey results, abuse and risk behaviors of Arizona youth. Students in Arizona had less when compared to the national MTF results, show that for all grades, more lifetime experience with smokeless tobacco, inhalants, hallucinogens, and Arizona students have used alcohol in the past month than have students in ecstasy; and less 30-day use of smokeless tobacco than students taking the the national sample. Past-month use was 3.6% to 5.9% higher for youth in National MTF Survey. However, Arizona students had somewhat higher Arizona than for youth in the national sample. Arizona 8th grade students’ lifetime use of alcohol, cigarettes, and cocaine; and higher of rates of alcohol 30-day alcohol use rate was 5.6% higher than the national sample (25.3% Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page viii Table 2 Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade Grade 8 Drug Used Grade 10 Grade 12 Total Arizona MTF Arizona MTF Arizona MTF Arizona MTF Arizona MTF Arizona MTF Arizona Arizona 2002 2002 2004 2003 2002 2002 2004 2003 2002 2002 2004 2003 2002 2004 34.4 19.6 25.3 19.7 47.9 35.4 41.3 35.4 58.9 48.6 51.1 47.5 46.4 36.3 Cigarettes 9.2 10.7 10.7 10.2 18.1 17.7 17.7 16.7 23.2 26.7 24.4 24.4 16.5 16.1 Smokeless Tobacco 4.0 3.3 2.4 4.1 4.7 6.1 3.4 5.3 5.9 6.5 5.4 6.7 4.8 3.4 14.3 8.3 9.7 7.5 22.4 17.8 16.2 17.0 25.4 21.5 18.5 21.2 20.5 13.8 Inhalants 6.5 3.8 5.8 4.1 3.3 2.4 2.9 2.2 2.1 1.5 1.4 1.5 4.1 3.9 Hallucinogens 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.2 3.2 1.6 2.4 1.5 3.1 2.3 2.3 1.8 2.6 2.0 Cocaine 2.6 1.1 1.6 0.9 3.5 1.6 3.0 1.3 4.0 2.3 3.7 2.1 3.3 2.5 Alcohol Marijuana * N/C 5.5 N/C * N/C 8.2 N/C * N/C 9.2 N/C * 7.2 Stimulants 1.0 N/C 1.6 N/C 2.6 N/C 2.8 N/C 2.2 N/C 3.0 N/C 2.0 2.3 Steroids 1.2 1.1 N/A 1.2 1.5 1.8 N/A 1.4 0.9 1.7 N/A 1.7 1.2 N/A Ecstasy 3.6 1.4 0.8 0.7 2.5 1.8 1.1 1.1 3.2 2.4 1.0 1.3 3.1 0.9 Sedatives Heroin Any Drug 1.2 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.4 0.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 0.5 0.7 0.4 1.3 0.7 19.9 10.4 17.9 9.7 25.7 20.8 23.6 19.5 28.6 25.4 25.1 24.1 24.6 21.4 * The 2002 sedative question only asked about quaaludes, barbituates, and tranqualizers and is not comparable to the 2004 question. N/C - Indicates where MTF data is not comparable to data gathered through the Arizona Youth Survey N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey compared to 19.7%), Arizona 10th graders’ use rate was 5.9% higher than the national sample (41.3% compared to 35.4%), and Arizona 12th graders’ use rate was 3.6% higher than the national sample (51.1% compared to 47.5%). Despite these elevations, it is promising to note that the difference between Arizona and MTF alcohol use rates is much less than it was in the 2002 survey (8.9% to 12.9% more Arizona youth than MTF youth in all grades used alcohol in the past month), indicating that prevention programming is working to reduce student alcohol use. Other interesting results are seen in comparing male and female use. While males generally have tended to have higher use rates of substances, the 2002 survey results and the results of this year’s survey show that Arizona females Arizona Youth Survey 2004 actually have higher use rates of alcohol (30-day and lifetime use), inhalants (30-days), stimulants (30-day and lifetime), and sedatives (30-day and lifetime). With this continued trend, a focus on prevention efforts directed toward females could be beneficial. As mentioned previously, the 2002 survey showed marijuana use as more prevalent among students than cigarettes — an unexpected finding. The problem is less extreme in the 2004 survey. The 2004 survey indicates that there are smaller differences in Arizona and national 30-day marijuana use, with many differences being insignificant. Arizona 30-day usage rates of marijuana are higher than national rates for the 8th grade (2.2% higher in Arizona) and 12th grades (2.7% higher in Arizona). Rates of lifetime use are 2.9% higher for 8th grade Arizona youth than for the national sample. Page ix An explanation for the higher use rates in Arizona for marijuana could possibly be gathered by comparing Arizona and national rates of perceived harmfulness of trying marijuana once or twice and using marijuana regularly. When students were asked how much of a risk (health and otherwise) there was in using marijuana, students in Arizona generally believed that it was less harmful to try marijuana once or twice and smoke marijuana regularly than students nationwide. The greatest difference is seen in the perceived harm of smoking marijuana regularly. For all grades of the Arizona students surveyed, there was a perception that marijuana was less harmful than was the perception of their national counterparts. For the 8th grade, there was an 11.8% difference in perceived harmfulness, in the 10th grade there was an 11.3% difference in perceived harmfulness, and in the 12th grade there was an 8.8% difference in perceived harmfulness. For perceived harmfulness of experimenting with marijuana, Arizona rates were 0.3% to 3.9% lower than those of the MTF survey. Such results could potentially explain the higher experimental and lifetime marijuana use rate for Arizona youth, since (generally) students who are not afraid of using substances, and who believe they will not be harmed by using substances, tend to use substances more than students who perceive harm in using a substance. It could be beneficial for prevention programs to increase the focus on the harmful effects of drugs. Risk and Protective Factors: In Brief In order to make the results of the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey more usable, risk and protective profiles were developed for each participating school that show the percentage of youth at risk and the percentage of youth with protection on each scale. A detailed description of how the profiles were developed is contained in the Arizona Youth Survey 2004 State Report. Comparisons can be made between youth in Arizona and a more national sample (seven-state norm). The states upon which the seven-state norm is based include Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. An example of the substance use rates and risk and protective factor profiles contained in the main report can be seen in Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 on the Arizona Youth Survey 2004 following pages. The profile charts in this Executive Summary are for Arizona school students (grades 8, 10, and 12 combined) who completed the survey. Similar profile reports that provide results by grade were prepared for each participating school (when schools returned a sufficient number of surveys) and district in the state. These profile reports allow prevention planners to more precisely plan and evaluate prevention interventions. Rates of ATOD (current prevalence of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use) use and antisocial behaviors for Arizona students can be seen in Figure 1. As was also mentioned previously, lifetime and 30-day use of many substances saw positive decreases since the 2002 survey. More harmful substance use reflected in rates of binge drinking and being drunk or high at school also decreased. Figure 2 shows the percentage of Arizona students who are at risk for problem behaviors compared to the seven-state norm. Arizona students have risk factor scores that are lower than the seven-state norm for 11 scales. However, as can be seen in the risk profile chart (Figure 2), several scales such as Interaction with Antisocial Peers, Sensation Seeking, Depressive Symptoms, Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior, and Community Disorganization are above the seven-state level. The scales with the lowest percentage of youth at risk are Perceived Availability of Handguns, Parent Attitudes Favor Drug Use, and Gang Involvement. A review of the risk factor scales shows that there was an overall increase in risk from 2002 to 2004, with most risk factor scales showing an increase in the percentage of students at risk. Four new protective factor scales were added to the 2004 survey. The scales are Religiosity, Interaction with Prosocial Peers, Prosocial Involvement, and Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. The new protective factor scales were added to increase the ability of the AYS to measure protection in the peer/ individual domain. Protective factors buffer the influence of the risk factors operating in a young person’s life. Research has shown that young people who are involved in a religion, spend time with prosocial peers, participate in prosocial activities in the community and at school, and are rewarded for those activities are less likely to become involved in problem behaviors. These important protective factors are now measured through the AYS. In over half of the protective factor scales, Arizona students had a lower level of protection (Figure 3) than students from the seven states. Some areas of Page x The analysis of the data obtained from the survey is quite extensive and therefore the results are not intended to be exhaustive. Rather, it is believed that the data and highlights contained within this report will provide insights for future decisions pertaining to the well-being of Arizona youth. Specifically, the purpose of the Arizona Youth Survey is to provide policy and decision makers with better information to aid in the development of prevention and intervention strategies throughout the state. Figure 1 ARIZONA STATE ATOD USE AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2004 Student Survey, All Grades Comparisons between the 2002 results and those of 2004 show that levels of protection are fairly stable and changed only slightly since the 2002 survey. 30-Day Use Heavy Use Antisocial Behavior 90 State 2002 80 State 2004 70 Percentages (%) 60 50 40 30 20 10 Carried a Handgun Handgun to School Been Arrested Attacked to Harm Stolen a Vehicle Sold Illegal Drugs Drunk or High at School Suspended from School 1/2 Pack of Cigarettes/Day Ecstasy Binge Drinking Heroin * Sedatives Cocaine Stimulants Hallucinogens Inhalants Marijuana Chewing Tobacco Alcohol Cigarettes Ecstasy Heroin * Sedatives Stimulants Cocaine Inhalants Hallucinogens Marijuana Chewing Tobacco 0 Alcohol The profile reports distributed to Arizona’s schools, school districts, and counties also contain charts and tables reporting responses to questions regarding school safety. Figure 4 is an example of the Safe School Factors charts included in the profile reports. Figure 4 illustrates that, while the rates of unsafe perceptions and behaviors — such as feeling unsafe at school, carrying a weapon to school, being threatened or injured at school, and being in a physical fight at school — are low (under 20% for each question), it is alarming that three of the four categories showed increases since the 2002 survey. The only category to show no change was for carrying a handgun to school. Lifetime Use 100 Cigarettes highest protection for Arizona students were for School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement, Social Skills, Peer/Individual Rewards for Prosocial Involvement, and Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. The areas with the lowest protection were Community Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement and Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. * The 2002 sedative question only asked about quaaludes, barbituates, and tranqualizers and is not comparable to the 2004 question. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page xi Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Intention to Use Drugs Gang Involvement 80 Depressive Symptoms 90 Rewards for ASB Sensation Seeking Friend's Use of Drugs Interaction with Antisocial Peers School Perceived Risk of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to ASB Early Initiation of Drug Use Early Initiation of ASB Rebelliousness Low Commitment to School Family Academic Failure Parent Attitudes Favor Drug Use Parent Attitudes Favorable to ASB Community Family History of Antisocial Behavior Family Conflict Poor Family Management Perceived Availability of Handguns Perceived Availability of Drugs Laws & Norms Favor Drug Use 100 Transitions & Mobility Community Disorganization Low Neighborhood Attachment Percentage of Youth at Risk Figure 2 ARIZONA STATE RISK FACTORS 2004 Student Survey, All Grades Peer / Individual State 2002 State 2004 7 State Norm 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Page xii Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers Belief in the Moral Order ARIZONA STATE PROTECTIVE FACTORS 2004 Student Survey, All Grades School Social Skills Religiosity Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 80 Opportunity for Prosocial Involvement 90 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Community Opportunity for Prosocial Involvement Family Attachment 100 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunity for Prosocial Involvement Percentage of Youth with Protective Factor Figure 3 Peer / Individual State 2002 State 2004 7 State Norm. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Page xiii Figure 4 ARIZONA STATE SAFE SCHOOL FACTORS 2004 Student Survey, All Grades 100 90 State 2002 State 2004 80 Percentage (%) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Unsafe at School Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Carried a Weapon Threatened or Injured In a Physical Fight Page xiv I Introduction This report describes the findings from a survey of 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students in the state of Arizona. Arizona Revised Statute §41-2416 requires that the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission (ACJC) conduct a statewide survey to “measure both the attitudes and the actual prevalence and frequency of substance abuse by children.” This report has been created to fulfill this requirement. of data on youth, families, communities, and programs. These instruments, however, are not exhaustive and should be analyzed in conjunction with supplemental data. August In 2002, the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission made a decision to change the substance abuse survey instrument to a stronger model that would also benefit multiple state agencies. The Arizona Youth Survey is based upon the The 2004 Arizona Youth Survey was conducted by the Arizona Criminal nationally recognized Risk and Protective Factor model and is supported Justice Commission with technical assistance from Bach Harrison, L.L.C. by numerous state agencies. The Risk and Protective Factor model was developed in 1989 by J. David Hawkins, Ph.D. and Richard F. Catalano, The Arizona Youth Survey is the result of a partnership between the Ph.D. at the University of Washington as a comprehensive prevention Arizona Criminal Justice Commission, the Tobacco Education and model. The Risk and Protective Factor model identifies “the factors that Prevention Program, and the Governor’s Division for Children. increase and mitigate the likelihood of delinquent involvement and The development and implementation of the survey is a product The survey was other dysfunctional behaviors. The model emphasizes the need of ongoing meetings among state agencies participating conducted by for community-wide efforts to ameliorate those risk factors.” in the discussion and evaluation of current statewide the Arizona (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, and national surveys over the past four years. The Criminal Justic 1995) successful implementation of the Arizona Youth Commission and Survey can also be attributed to collaborative efforts Bach Harrison, L.L.C. Risk- and protective-focused prevention is based on a simple from the Arizona Department of Education and the Tobacco premise: to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify Education and Prevention Program. Finally, the outstanding the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing and then cooperation of local school administrators directly contributed to find ways to reduce the risks. The substance abuse prevention field the success of the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey. has been evolving over time, often through empirical-based research. It is important to note that in Arizona there is consensus on the need to The science-based theories and theoretical frameworks in substance abuse provide both services and data in a collaborative manner. Agreements prevention and programming in recent years are among the most important between the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission, the Arizona Drug developments. The focus has been on risk and protective factors as a and Gang Policy Council, and the Arizona Juvenile Justice Commission unifying descriptive and predictive framework for developing and evaluating specify the Arizona Youth Survey, the Social Indicators and the Program prevention programs. Inventory as instruments adopted by the state for the future collection Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 1 Substance abuse prevention programs aim to deter the onset of risky activities, such as alcohol, tobacco and other drug use, by changing the knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of people. To have an impact, a person’s environment must be affected. A group of researchers from the Social Development Research Group at the University of Washington have defined areas of risk that affect youth problem behaviors. These behaviors include involvement, and perceptions for involvement, within the community, family, and school. It is also important to assess a teen’s peer group as a factor for “drug use, delinquency, school dropout, teen pregnancy, and violent behavior.” (Barriers to Learning, 2004) Initiation of substance abuse and risk factor behaviors at an early age affect the involvement of the youth within the community, family, school, and peer group setting. (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, 2004) The ACJC has had a successful history of conducting state substance abuse evaluations. In previous years, to collect substance use information throughout Arizona, the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center conducted two separate evaluations. A survey was administered in a statewide sample of public and charter middle and high schools. The Commission conducted that survey for 12 years on a biennial basis. The 2004 Arizona Youth Survey report represents only the results obtained from the student survey and not from the adult substance abuse interviews. The Arizona Youth Survey was administered between January and April of 2004 in 266 public and charter middle and high schools across the state. The involvement from these schools resulted in a total of 45,119 students in grades 8, 10, and 12 being surveyed. School principals and teachers were provided detailed instructions for administering the survey. Students’ anonymity was emphasized through a teacher-read script which instructed students to not put their name on the survey. Upon completion, all surveys were returned and electronically scanned by an outside vendor, Bach Harrison, L.L.C. in Salt Lake City, Utah. Individual school and district reports were sent directly to all participating schools by Bach Harrison, L.L.C. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 This report is organized into five sections: 1. Survey Methods: describes how the survey was conducted, who participated, and the procedures used to ensure that valid information was collected. 2. Risk and Protective Factors and Scales: provides a description of the risk and protective factor model of substance abuse prevention, including the four domains of risk and protection (community, family, school, and peer/ individual). Also included are the risk and protective factor scale scores for grades 8, 10, and 12. 3. Substance Use Outcomes: presents data on recent and lifetime use of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs (ATOD) among Arizona’s youth, and information on other ATOD-related questions (intention to use, perceived harm, perceived availability, and multiple drug use). Some of these results are comparable to the results of the national Monitoring the Future survey. 4. Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results: presents data on heavy substance use and other antisocial behaviors. This section also presents findings that show the correlation of substance use to academic achievement, socioeconomic background, and depression. 5. Survey Findings: fully summarizes the results and conclusions of the report. Page 2 1 Section 1: Survey Methods August Information was gathered using the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey (Appendix protection in a community. The survey has been further refined through the A). The goal of the survey was to develop a tool that provided scientifically Diffusion Consortium Project that involves seven states and is funded by sound information about the levels of risk and protection in a community. four federal agencies: the National Institute of Drug Abuse (NIDA), Safe The information gathered on youth drug use and delinquency is essential and Drug Free Schools Program, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency in supporting prevention planning, intervention planning, and needs Prevention, and CSAP. assessment at the local and state levels. Risk factors are those conditions or situations that increase the likelihood that a child will develop one Risk and protective factors are characteristics of a community that are or more health and/or behavior problems in adolescence. Protective reported by the youth who complete the survey. Besides measuring factors are the conditions or situations that decrease the likelihood of risk and protective factors, the survey also measure ATOD use. The future behavior problems. Risk and protective factors are found substances that are measured by the survey include: 1) alcohol; 2) Besides in four domains — community, school, family, and the peer/ cigarettes; 3) smokeless tobacco; 4) marijuana; 5) hallucinogens; measuring risk and individual. 6) cocaine; 7) inhalants; 8) sedatives; 9) stimulants; 10) protective factors, heroin; and 11) ecstasy. A twelfth substance category the survey also assesses The topics addressed in this section include the of “any drug,” which includes all substances except the current prevalence of survey questionnaire, how it was administered, the alcohol, smokeless tobacco, and cigarettes, is also included alcohol, tobacco, demographics of participants, completion rates, and the and other in several analysis. The questions that ask about substance validity of the results. drug use. use are similar to those used in the national survey, Monitoring the Future (MTF), so comparisons between the two surveys can be Survey Questionnaire made easily. The survey questionnaire was developed through the combined efforts of six states and the Social Development Research Group at the University of Washington. The collaborative survey development process was a Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) project called the SixState Consortium. The goal of the Consortium was to develop a survey that provided scientifically sound information about the levels of risk and Arizona Youth Survey 2004 There are a total of 19 risk factors that are measured by the survey. However, some of the risk factors are broad enough to require more than one scale for adequate measurement. As a result, there are 28 separate risk factor scales and 13 protective factor scales. Appendix B provides a complete list of the risk and protective factors and the corresponding risk and protective factor scales in the survey. Page 3 There are approximately four survey items that measure each risk factor. Reliability for the constructs is good (the average value for Cronback’s was alpha = .79). The questionnaire has 142 questions, however, many of the questions have multiple components so students actually responded to a total of 226 items. The questions were printed in a test booklet that was machine scoreable. See Appendix A for a copy of the questionnaire. Students from all grades could easily complete the questionnaire in one class period. A complete item dictionary that lists the risk and protective factor scales and the items they contain as well as the outcome variables can be seen in Appendix D. Completion Rate and Ability to Generalize the Results Survey Participants The characteristics of the youth who took the survey are presented in Table 3. In comparing the sample characteristics to Arizona student 20032004 school year enrollment data gathered from the Arizona Department of Education website, some similarities between the sample and Arizona student enrollment figures can be seen. Such similarities provide more assurance that the data gathered through the Arizona Youth Survey are representative of the state as a whole. For example, in the 2004 survey, there were nearly an equal number of males and females who took the survey in all grades (female = 52.5% and males = 47.5%), while the Department of Education website found similar percentages for Arizona (female = 48.4% and males = 51.6%). Not all Arizona students participated in the survey. Some 52.5% of students individually chose not to participate, some students’ Of the respondents, 49.0% were White and 32.7% were Hispanic Arizona Youth parents refused to give consent for them to participate, and (similar to the Department of Education website findings Survey respondents lived some students were absent on the day the survey was — 49.2% white and 37.2% Hispanic). The other ethnic with their biological parents, administered. While 49,755 students (45,119 students groups accounted for 18.3% of the respondents. Table 3 15.5% lived with step-parents, in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grade) took the 2004 Arizona also shows that English is the primary language spoken in and 24.1% lived Youth Survey, there are 40,960 surveys that comprise the 80.4% of homes. (Arizona student enrollment data gathered with a single final survey pool for the analysis contained in this State Report. parent. from the Arizona Department of Education website—http: The final survey pool discussed in this report is only comprised of //www.ade.state.az.us). students in grades 8, 10, and 12. Some schools also chose to survey 9th and 11th graders and those schools that chose to do so received valid An analysis of the family structure of respondents showed that 52.5% reports for these grades. lived with both of their biological parents, 15.5% lived in a step-family structure, and 24.1% lived in a single parent home. The remaining 7.9% of It should be noted that not all of the surveys that were completed the respondents lived in other settings. contained valid information. Some (4,159) surveys were eliminated because students were deemed not truthful in their responses or did not complete some of the questions (see Validity of the Data section for the validity criteria). Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 4 Participation by County Table 4 displays 2004 survey participation rates by county. Every county in the state of Arizona participated in the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey. The following counties were included: Apache, Cochise, Coconino, Gila, Graham, Greenlee, La Paz, Maricopa, Mohave, Navajo, Pima, Pinal, Santa Cruz, Yavapai, and Yuma. of the United States as a whole. The survey questions, measurements, and protocol for both the Arizona Youth Survey and the MTF surveys are similar, making the comparisons valid. More information on the Monitoring the Future survey and survey results can be found at http://www.monitoringthe future.org. Validity of the Data There were a total of 49,755 survey questionnaires completed. However, not The data reported show that the percentage of the state student population all of the students who completed the Arizona Youth Survey are included as in each county is very close to the percentage of students who completed part of these state-wide results. The results reported in this state report and the AYS. Thus, the survey is a good representation of the students in in the profile reports use data from students in the 8th, 10th, and 12th Arizona. For example, in the State of Arizona, 60.6% of the students grades. However, there were 4,636 additional students in the 6th, 7th, live in Maricopa county, 13.9% live in Pima county, and 3.3% live 9th, and 11th grades who took the survey because they were in a in Yuma county. Similarly, of the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey The class comprised of mostly 8th, 10th, or 12th grade students or participants, 53.6% live in Maricopa county, 13.3% live in confidentiality part of a special survey effort. This also includes 155 surveys Pima County, and 3.2% live in Yuma county. of the survey was eliminated due to students not reporting a grade level. This stressed through the instructions and left 45,119 students in the 8th, 10th, and 12th grades that Tables reporting use by county are located in Appendix administration completed the survey, however not all of the surveys contain F of this report. These tables show the total percentage procedures. valid information. of students in each participating county who used each substance. Of these surveys, 2,542 (5.6%) were eliminated from the final analysis because respondents were determined to be dishonest. These surveys Survey Norms and Comparative Data were eliminated because of five predetermined dishonesty indicators — 1) the students indicated that they were “Not Honest At All” in completing the It is important to know how results from Arizona students are compared survey (715 surveys); 2) the students indicated that they had used a nonto other national comparison data. The 2004 Arizona Youth Survey data existent drug (1,823 surveys); 3) the students reported an impossibly high are compared throughout this report to the national Monitoring the Future level of multiple drug use (737 surveys); 4) the students indicated past-month (MTF) survey data from 2003. State results from the 8th, 10th, and 12th use rates that were higher than lifetime use rates (406 surveys); and 5) the grades are compared to national results from the same grades. The survey students reported an age that was inconsistent with their grade (146 surveys). is conducted annually through the University of Michigan and is designed It should be noted that the sum of those eliminated according to the criteria to provide ATOD use information on a sample of students representative Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 5 cited above is greater than the total (2,542) because many of those eliminated met more than one criteria for elimination. In addition, there were 1,617 (3.2%) surveys where students did not answer enough of the validity questions to determine whether or not they were honest in their responses. These surveys were not included in the final analyses. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Other measures to reduce response bias included carefully pretesting the questionnaire to ensure that students understood the meaning of each question, using a well developed and tested administration protocol, and reading the same instructions to all students who participated in the survey. Page 6 Table 3 Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and Demographic Characteristics Grade 8 Number Grade 10 Percent Number Grade 12 Percent Number 2003-2004 AZ Department of Education Total 2004 Total Percent Number Percent 18,812 45.9 12,558 30.7 9,590 23.4 40,960 100.0 Male 8,754 47.4 5,866 47.4 4,552 48.0 19,172 47.5 Female 9,716 52.6 6,515 52.6 4,930 52.0 21,161 52.5 White 7,917 43.0 6,526 52.6 5,302 55.8 19,745 Native American 1,277 6.9 965 7.8 696 7.3 2,938 Hispanic 7,077 38.4 3,548 28.6 2,559 26.9 African American 844 4.6 357 2.9 302 Asian 346 1.9 245 2.0 98 0.5 116 857 4.7 Both Parents 7,875 Step-Families Percent 2002 Total Number Percent 12,203 100.0 51.6 5,881 49.3 48.4 6,043 50.7 49.0 49.2 6,198 51.8 7.3 6.6 1,237 10.3 13,184 32.7 37.2 3,630 30.3 3.2 1,503 3.7 4.8 292 2.4 221 2.3 812 2.0 0.9 75 0.8 289 0.7 2.2 373 3.1 642 5.2 352 3.7 1,851 4.6 N/A 359 3.0 51.1 5,915 52.8 4,775 54.5 18,565 52.5 N/A 6,852 56.2 2,327 15.1 1,831 16.3 1,344 15.4 5,502 15.5 N/A 1,644 13.5 Single Parent 3,897 25.3 2,671 23.8 1,966 2.4 8,534 24.1 N/A 2,963 24.2 Other 1,323 8.6 792 7.1 669 7.6 2,784 7.9 N/A 744 6.1 English 14,007 75.6 10,374 83.5 8,163 85.7 32,544 80.4 N/A 9,881 82.1 Spanish 4,094 22.1 1,728 13.9 1,132 11.9 6,954 17.2 N/A 1,812 15.0 428 2.3 327 2.6 234 2.5 989 2.4 N/A 347 2.9 Total Sample Gender Race/Ethnicity Pacific Islander Other Family Structure Language Used at Home Another Language Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 7 Figures 5, 6, and 7 Ethnicity: Gender: Breakdown of Students Taking the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey Breakdown of Students Taking the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey Male 47.5% Female 52.5% Native American 7.3% White 49.0% Other 4.6% Hispanic 32.7% Asian or Pacific Islander 2.7% African American 3.7% Family Structure: Breakdown of Students Taking the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey Both Parents 52.5% Other 7.9% Single Parent 24.1% Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Step-Families 15.5% Page 8 Table 4 Total Number and Percentage of Survey Respondents by Grade and County for the 2004 Survey Compared to the Percentage of the State Student Population in Each County Arizona Total Grade 8 Grade 8 # % % Arizona Total Grade 10 Grade 10 # % % Arizona Total Grade 12 Grade 12 # % % Arizona Total All Grades 2004 Total # % % 2002 Total # % Apache 309 1.6 1.6 215 1.7 1.3 165 1.7 1.4 689 1.7 1.4 412 2.6 Cochise 733 3.9 2.3 562 4.5 2.7 451 4.7 2.3 1,746 4.3 2.4 760 4.8 Coconino 200 1.1 2.1 595 4.7 2.6 430 4.5 2.6 1,225 3.0 2.4 1,949 12.4 Gila 215 1.1 1.0 342 2.7 1.0 275 2.9 1.2 832 2.0 1.0 541 3.4 Graham 169 0.9 0.5 212 1.7 1.0 119 1.2 0.9 500 1.2 0.8 560 3.6 98 0.5 0.2 75 0.6 0.1 75 0.8 0.2 248 0.6 0.2 263 1.7 157 0.8 0.3 128 1.0 0.3 88 0.9 0.3 373 0.9 0.3 432 2.7 11,337 60.3 61.0 5,918 47.1 59.0 4,715 49.2 62.0 21,970 53.6 60.6 3,678 23.3 Mohave 567 3.0 2.8 608 4.8 2.6 383 4.0 2.0 1,558 3.8 2.5 570 3.6 Navajo 449 2.4 2.6 512 4.1 4.9 438 4.6 4.5 1,399 3.4 4.0 1,048 6.6 Pima 2,250 12.0 14.8 1,797 14.3 13.7 1,383 14.4 13.1 5,430 13.3 13.9 1,449 9.2 Pinal 574 3.1 3.2 650 5.2 3.6 392 4.1 2.9 1,616 3.9 3.3 1,347 8.5 Santa Cruz 509 2.7 1.1 444 3.5 1.0 375 3.9 0.9 1,328 3.2 1.0 409 2.6 Yavapai 467 2.5 2.8 146 1.2 3.1 133 1.4 2.9 746 1.8 2.9 589 3.7 Yuma 778 4.1 3.8 354 2.8 3.1 168 1.8 3.0 1,300 3.2 3.3 1,771 11.2 Greenlee La Paz Maricopa Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 9 2 Section 2: Risk and Protective Factors for Substance Use and Other Problem Behaviors The History and Importance of Risk and Protective Factors August The Arizona Youth Survey is based upon the Risk and Protective Factor and widespread can be identified and targeted by preventive interventions that Model of Substance Abuse Prevention. In medical research, risk factors also promote related protective factors. For example, if academic failure is have been found for heart disease and other heath problems. Through identified as an elevated risk factor in a community, then mentoring and tutoring media campaigns to inform the general public about the risk factors for interventions can be provided that will improve academic performance and also heart disease, most people are now aware that behaviors such as eating increase opportunities and rewards for classroom participation. An overview high-fat diets, smoking, high cholesterol, being overweight, and lack of of the risk factors and protective factors that have been shown to be related to exercise, place them at risk for heart disease. Just as medical research youth problem behavior and their link to the Arizona Youth Survey will be discovered the risk factors for heart disease, social scientists have provided. defined a set of risk factors that place young people at risk for the Just problem behaviors of substance abuse, delinquency, violence, The risk and protective factors measured by the Arizona Youth as medical teen pregnancy, and school dropout. They have also Survey have been organized into the four important areas of research discovered identified a set of protective factors that help to buffer the the risk factors for heart a young person’s life — community, family, school, and disease, social scientists harmful effects of risk. peer/individual. There are a total of 19 risk factors that are have defined risk factors that measured by the survey. However, some of the risk factors place youth at risk Dr. J. David Hawkins, Dr. Richard F. Catalano, and their are broad enough to require more than one scale for adequate for problem colleagues at the University of Washington have reviewed measurement. As a result, there are 28 separate risk factor scales behaviors. more than 30 years of existing work on risk factors from various and 13 protective factor scales. Appendix B provides a complete fields and have completed extensive work of their own to identify list of the risk and protective factors and the corresponding risk and risk factors for youth problem behaviors. They identified risk factors protective factor scales in the survey. in important areas of daily life: 1) the community, 2) the family, 3) the school, and 4) within individuals themselves and their peer interactions. The remainder of this section of the report is organized according to the four Many of the problem behaviors faced by youth — delinquency, substance domains. For each domain, the definition of each risk factor is presented and abuse, violence, school dropout, and teen pregnancy — share many then risk and protective results gathered from the Arizona Youth Survey are common risk factors. Programs designed to reduce those common risk provided by grade. Risk and protective factor charts are also provided to factors will have the benefit of reducing several problem behaviors. illustrate Arizona risk and protection in a visual format. On the following page is more information about the risk and protective charts. This information The Risk and Protective Factor Model and data from the Arizona Youth provides instruction on how risk and protective factor scores were developed, Survey can be used to help school and community planners assess current and how to read the charts. conditions and prioritize areas of greatest need. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 10 How to Read the Risk and Protective Factor Charts in This Section There are two components of the risk and protective factor charts that are key to understanding the information that the charts contain: 1) the cutpoints for the risk and protective factor scales, and 2) the dashed lines that indicate a more “national” value. Cut-Points Before the percentage of youth at risk on a given scale could be calculated, a scale value or cut-point needed to be determined that would separate the at-risk group from the not-at-risk group. The Arizona Youth Survey was designed to assess adolescent substance use, anti-social behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. Since Risk and Protective Factor Model surveys have been given to more than 200,000 youth nationwide, it was possible to select two groups of youth, one that was more at risk for problem behaviors and another group that was less at risk. A cut-point score was then determined for each risk and protective factor scale that best divided the youth from the two groups into their appropriate group, more at-risk or less at-risk. The criteria for selecting the more at-risk and the less at-risk groups included academic grades (the more at-risk group received “D” and “F” grades, the less at-risk group received “A” and “B” grades), ATOD use (the more at-risk group had more regular use, the less at-risk group had no drug use and use of alcohol or tobacco on only a few occasions), and antisocial behavior (the more atrisk group had two or more serious delinquent acts in the past year, the less at-risk group had no serious delinquent acts). Arizona Youth Survey 2004 The cut-points that were determined by analyzing the results of the more atrisk and less at-risk groups will remain constant and will be used to produce the profiles for future surveys. Since the cut-points for each scale will remain fixed, the percentage of youth above the cut-point on a scale (at-risk) will provide a method for evaluating the progress of prevention programs over time. For example, if the percentage of youth at risk for family conflict in a community prior to implementing a community-wide family/parenting program was 60% and then decreased to 40% one year after the program was implemented, the program would be viewed as helping to reduce family conflict. Dashed Line Levels of risk and protection in your community also can be compared to a more national sample. The dashed line on each risk and protective factor chart represents the percentage of youth at risk or with protection for the seven state sample upon which the cut-points were developed. The seven states included in the norm group were Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. All the states have a mix of urban and rural students. Again, brief definitions of the risk and protective factors are provided in this section. Page 11 Community Risk and Protective Factors When looking at the community domain, it is important to consider more than how members of a community interact with the youth of the community. Youth benefit from living in an area where neighbors and community members show concern for them, offer them support, and give encouragement and praise. However, youth also benefit from living in a community that functions in a socially healthy manner. What is the community like? Are drugs and guns readily available? Is there an active presence of law enforcement officers in the community? Is the community lacking in economic resources? Do community members, businesses, or police turn a blind eye toward drug use and antisocial behaviors, or condone such behaviors? Is there a sense of community disorganization or do members of the community work together toward common goals? All of these community issues, and more, play significant roles in shaping the behaviors of the youth that live within a particular community. By understanding how youth perceive their neighborhood, Arizona communities can get a better sense of how they need to change in order to reduce the risk that youth will participate in problem behaviors. Definitions of all community domain risk factors, as well as scale scores for for the community domain are provided on the next pages. The table below shows the links between the community risk factors and the five problem behaviors. The check marks have been placed in the chart to indicate where at least two well-designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Table 5 Violence School Dropout Teen Pregnancy Delinquency YOUTH AT RISK Substance Abuse PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Community Availability of Drugs ü Availability of Firearms ü ü ü ü ü ü Transitions and Mobility ü ü Low Neighborhood Attachment and Community Disorganization ü ü Extreme Economic and Social Deprivation ü ü Community Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms, and Crime Media Portrayals of Violence Arizona Youth Survey 2004 ü ü Availability of Drugs (Linked to Substance Abuse and Violence) The more available drugs are in a community, the higher the risk that young people will abuse drugs in that community. Perceived availability of drugs is also associated with risk. For example, in schools where students just think drugs are more available, a higher rate of drug use occurs. Availability of Firearms (Linked to Delinquency and Violence) Firearm availability and firearm homicide have increased together since the late 1950s. If a gun is present in the home, it is much more likely to be used against a relative or friend than an intruder or stranger. Also, when a firearm is used in a crime or assault instead of another weapon or no weapon, the outcome is much more likely to be fatal. While a few studies report no association between firearm availability and violence, more studies show a positive relationship. Given the lethality of firearms, the increase in the likelihood of conflict escalating into homicide when guns are present, and the strong association between availability of guns and homicide rates, firearm availability is included as a risk factor. Community Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use, Firearms, and Crime (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Community norms, the attitudes and policies a community holds about drug use and crime, are communicated in a variety of ways: through laws and written policies, through informal social practices, and through the expectations parents and other community members have of young people. When laws and community standards are favorable toward drug use or crime, or even if they are just unclear, youth are at higher risk. ü ü ü ü Page 12 Media Portrayals of Violence (Violence) Low Neighborhood Attachment and Community Disorganization (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) The role of media violence on the behavior of viewers, especially young viewers, has been debated for more than three decades. Research over that time period has shown a clear correlation between media portrayal of violence and the development of aggressive and violent behavior. Exposure to violence in the media appears to have an impact on children in several ways: 1) children learn violent behavior from watching actors model that behavior, 2) they learn violent problem-solving strategies, and 3) media portrayals of violence appear to alter children’s attitudes and sensitivity to violence. Please note that a scale has not been developed for this risk factor, and the Arizona Youth Survey does not gather results for this risk factor. Higher rates of drug problems, juvenile delinquency and violence occur in communities or neighborhoods where people have little attachment to the community, where the rates of vandalism are high, and where there is low surveillance of public places. These conditions are not limited to lowincome neighborhoods; they can also be found in wealthier neighborhoods. The less homogeneous a community (in terms of race, class, religion, and even the mix of industrial to residential neighborhoods), the less connected its residents may feel to the overall community, and the more difficult it is to establish clear community goals and identity. The challenge of creating neighborhood attachment and organization is greater in these neighborhoods. Transitions and Mobility (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and School Dropout) Even normal school transitions predict increases in problem behaviors. When children move from elementary school to middle school or from middle school to high school, significant increases in the rates of drug use, school misbehavior, and delinquency result. Communities with high rates of mobility appear to be linked to an increased risk of drug use and crime problems. The more often people in a community move, the greater the risk of both criminal behavior and drug-related problems in families. While some people find buffers against the negative effects of mobility by making connections in new communities, others are less likely to have the resources to deal with the effects of frequent moves and are more likely to have problems. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Perhaps the most significant issue affecting community attachment is whether residents feel they can make a difference in their own lives. If the key players in the neighborhood, such as merchants, teachers, police, and human services personnel, live outside the neighborhood, residents’ sense of commitment will be less. Lower rates of voter participation and parental involvement in schools also indicate lower attachment to the community. Extreme Economic Deprivation (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Children who live in deteriorating and crime-ridden neighborhoods characterized by extreme poverty are more likely to develop problems with delinquency, violence, teen pregnancy, and school dropout. Children who live in these areas, and have behavior and adjustment problems early in life, are also more likely to have problems with drugs later on. Please note that a scale has not been developed for this risk factor, and the Arizona Youth Survey does not gather results for this risk factor. Page 13 Community Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors Table 6 shows that the highest scaled score was for Transitions and Mobility for 10th graders (57.6% at-risk), followed by Transitions and Mobility for 12th graders (55.7% at-risk). For the Perceived Availability of Drugs scale, 12th graders were at the highest risk. Tenth graders were also at the greatest risk for Community Disorganization and Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use of the three grades. Eighth graders were at the greatest risk for Perceived Availability of Handguns. In looking at Arizona community risk factor scales in relation to the seven-state norm, Figure 8 illustrates that Arizona levels of risk are higher than other states for several scales. Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use and Perceived Availability of Handguns are the only two scales in which all grades are below the seven-state norm. All grade levels have risk factor scores above the seven-state norm for Community Disorganization and Transitions and Mobility. For Low Neighborhood Attachment and Perceived Availability of Drugs, the 10th and 12th grades are the only grades above the seven-state norm. Protective Factors There are two protective factor scales for the community domain — Community Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement and Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. Rates of Rewards for Prosocial Involvement were below the seven-state norm for all grades, with 8th graders having the lowest protection (32.0%) and the 10th graders having the highest protection (37.3%). Rates of Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement were below average, or below the seven-state norm. Rates for Arizona were approximately 14% to 17% lower than the sevenstate norm. With Community Domain risk factors being higher than the seven-state norm in many scales and protective factors being much lower than the seven-state norm for both scales, these results indicate that this is an area where prevention programming could benefit Arizona communities. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Table 6 Community Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 RISK FACTORS 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 Low Neighborhood Attachment 38.1 40.7 39.3 46.7 44.3 51.0 Community Disorganization 43.1 47.2 40.0 54.2 39.5 50.1 Transitions and Mobility 47.4 52.5 45.3 57.6 45.1 55.7 Laws & Norms Favor Drug use 34.9 37.6 35.1 43.1 33.1 37.2 Perceived Availability of Drugs 39.9 40.6 50.5 52.1 60.1 55.0 Perceived Availability of Handguns 37.5 37.0 24.7 27.3 32.7 34.6 PROTECTIVE FACTORS 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 40.7 41.1 43.6 39.2 43.2 38.6 Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 31.9 32.0 42.3 37.3 37.4 35.8 Comparisons to 2002 AYS Survey Data As can be seen in Table 6, while many scores were virtually unchanged, most risk factor scores increased somewhat since the 2002 survey. Five of the six risk factor scales increased for the 8th grade, all six increased for the 10th, and five of six increased for the 12th. Levels of protection slightly decreased for grades 10 and 12 and remained almost constant for the 8th grade for Perceived Availability of Drugs. Appendix E contains risk and protective factor charts for grades 8, 10, and 12. All of these profile charts contain all of the risk and protective factors with comparisons to the 2002 state survey data. Page 14 Figure 8 Risk Factors: Community Domain (2004) Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 Percent of students at risk in the following scales 100.0 90.0 ----------- 7-State Norm 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Low Neighborhood Attachment Figure 9 Community Disorganization Transitions and Mobility Laws & Norms Favor Drug use Perceived Availability of Drugs Perceived Availability of Handguns Protective Factors: Community Domain (2004) Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 Percent of students with protection in the following scales 100.0 90.0 ----------- 7-State Norm 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Page 15 Family Risk and Protective Factors For the family domain, one must consider more than parents’ personal interaction with their children. Youth benefit from being bonded with their family, and from belonging to a family in which their parents offer support, encouragement, and praise. Other important factors that can contribute to youth problem behaviors are whether or not the youth’s parents or siblings have used substances, approve of the use of substances, or have participated in antisocial behaviors. If a youth’s living situation is full of conflict (fights and arguments) and disorganization (lack of family communication or parents’ not knowing the whereabouts or doings of their children), the youth is also at risk for problem behaviors. Definitions of all family domain risk factors, as well as scores for the family domain are provided on the following pages. The table below shows the links between the family risk factors and the five problem behaviors. The check marks have been placed in the chart to indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Substance Abuse Delinquency Teen Pregnancy School Dropout Violence PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Family History of the Problem Behavior ü ü ü ü ü Family Management Problems ü ü ü ü ü Family Conflict ü ü ü ü ü Favorable Parental Attitudes and Involvement In the Problem Behavior ü ü Family Arizona Youth Survey 2004 If children are raised in a family with a history of addiction to alcohol or other drugs, the risk of their having alcohol and other drug problems themselves increases. If children are born or raised in a family with a history of criminal activity, their risk of juvenile delinquency increases. Similarly, children who are raised by a teenage mother are more likely to become teen parents, and children of dropouts are more likely to drop out of school themselves. Family Management Problems (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Poor family management practices include lack of clear expectations for behavior, failure of parents to monitor their children (knowing where they are and who they are with), and excessively severe or inconsistent punishment. Table 7 YOUTH AT RISK Family History of the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) ü Family Conflict (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Persistent, serious conflict between primary care givers or between care givers and children appears to enhance risk for children raised in these families. Conflict between family members appears to be more important than family structure. Whether the family is headed by two biological parents, a single parent, or some other primary care giver, children raised in families high in conflict appear to be at risk for all of the problem behaviors. Page 16 Favorable Parental Attitudes and Involvement In the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Parental attitudes and behavior toward drugs, crime, and violence influence the attitudes and behavior of their children. Parental approval of young people’s moderate drinking, even under parental supervision, increases the risk of the young person using marijuana. Similarly, children of parents who excuse their children for breaking the law are more likely to develop problems with juvenile delinquency. In families where parents display violent behavior toward those outside or inside the family, there is an increase in the risk that a child will become violent. Further, in families where parents involve children in their own drug or alcohol behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or to get the parent a beer, there is an increased likelihood that their children will become substance abusers in adolescence. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 17 Family Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors Table 8 shows that the highest scaled score for the Family Domain was for Family Conflict for 8th graders (52.5% at-risk), followed by Parent Attitudes Favor Antisocial Behavior for 10th graders (47.7% at-risk). Table 8 Family Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 RISK FACTORS 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 Poor Family Management 43.1 46.4 41.5 43.2 46.2 44.8 In looking at Arizona’s Family risk factor scales in relation to the seven-state norm, Figure 10 illustrates that most Arizona levels of risk are similar to the seven-state norm for most grades. Eighth grade rates of Parent Attitudes Favor Drug Use were significantly lower than the seven-state norm. Family Conflict 46.1 52.5 34.3 40.9 31.4 38.3 Family History of Antisocial Behavior 40.5 46.2 37.7 45.8 35.5 42.9 Parent Attitudes Favor Antisocial Behavior 41.7 45.3 44.3 47.7 42.9 44.4 Parent Attitudes Favor Drug Use 25.8 27.7 44.0 41.6 45.2 42.8 PROTECTIVE FACTORS 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 Protective Factors Family Attachment 52.4 50.0 49.4 47.1 61.5 57.2 Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 59.2 59.7 57.8 55.9 56.9 56.8 There are three protective factor scales for the family domain — Family Attachment, Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement, and Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. Most protective factor rates for the state are equal to, or slightly higher than, the seven-state norm for nearly all grades. The lowest rates of protection, and the only rates to fall below the seven-state norm line, were for 8th and 10th grade rates of Family Attachment (50.0% for the 8th grade and 47.1% for the 10th grade). Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 61.0 60.6 56.5 56.9 57.7 56.9 Comparisons to 2002 AYS Survey Data As can be seen in Table 8, levels of risk in the family domain were virtually unchanged for many scales and grades, though most scores did show slight increases since the 2002 survey. In the 8th grade, all five family risk factor scales increased in the past year (increases of 1.9% to 6.4%); in the 10th grade, four of the five scales increased (increases of 1.7% to 8.1%); and in the 12th grade, three scales increased (increases of 1.5% to 7.4%). Family Conflict and Family History of Antisocial Behavior were two scales that showed greater increases in all grades, with Family Conflict showing increases of 6.4% to 6.9% in each grade and Family History of Antisocial Behavior showing increases of 5.7% to 8.1% in each grade. Levels of protection decreased 2.3% to 4.3% for all grades for Family Attachment. The levels of protection for Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement and Family Reward for Prosocial Involvement for 2004 were very similar to the 2002 levels. Appendix E contains risk and protective factor charts for grades 8, 10, and 12. All of these profile charts contain all of the risk and protective factors with comparisons to the 2002 state survey data. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 18 Figure 10 Risk Factors: Family Domain (2004) Grade 10 Grade 8 Grade 12 Percent of students at risk in the following scales 100.0 90.0 ----------- 7-State Norm 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Poor Family Management Figure 11 Family Conflict Family History of Antisocial Behavior Parent Attitudes Favor Antisocial Behavior Parent Attitudes Favor Drugs Use Protective Factors: Family Domain (2004) Percent of students with protection in the following scales Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 100.0 90.0 ----------- 7-State Norm 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Family Attachment Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Family Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Family Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Page 19 School Risk and Protective Factors In the school domain, the early years are important as far as creating or decreasing the level of risk for children. Academic failure in elementary school puts children at risk for substance use, delinquency, teen pregnancy, school drop out, and violence later in life. Further, a child with early and persistent antisocial behavior is at risk for substance use and other problems later in life. These two factors (academic failure and early engagement in antisocial behavior) indicate that prevention programs should begin early in a student’s schooling. Programs that can effectively target the needs of the school population will help to decrease the level of risk, thereby decreasing problem behaviors later in schooling. The Arizona data will be important for schools, in that it will help them target the problem behaviors and student populations that are at the greatest need for services. As with the community and family domains, bonding at the school level also decreases risk and increases protection. When students have healthy relationships with their teachers, when they feel as if they are able to play an active role in their classes and in their school, and when they receive encouragement and support, they are more bonded to their school and their commitment to school is less likely to falter. Academic Failure in Elementary School (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Beginning in the late elementary grades, academic failure increases the risk of drug abuse, delinquency, violence, teen pregnancy, and school dropout. Students fail for many reasons. It appears that the experience of failure, not necessarily the student’s ability, increases the risk of problem behaviors. Lack of Commitment to School (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Lack of commitment to school means the young person has ceased to see the role of student as a viable one. Young people who have lost this commitment to school are at higher risk for all five problem behaviors. Definitions of all school domain risk factors, as well as scores for the school domain are provided on the next pages. The table below shows the links between the school risk factors and the five problem behaviors. The check marks have been placed in the chart to indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. Table 9 Substance Abuse Delinquency Teen Pregnancy School Dropout Violence PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Academic Failure Beginning in Late Elementary School ü ü ü ü ü Lack of Commitment to School ü ü ü ü ü YOUTH AT RISK School Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 20 School Risk Risk and and Protective Protective Factor Factor Scales Scales School Risk Factors There are two risk factor scales for the school domain — Academic Failure and Low Commitment to School. Rates for both risk factors were nearly similar to, or higher than, the seven-state norm for all grades, with rates of Academic Failure being higher than the seven-state norm for 8th and 10th graders, and the rate of 12th grade Low Commitment to School being higher than the seven-state norm. Protective Factors There are also two protective factor scales for the school domain — School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement and School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. Rates of Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement were above the seven-state norm for all grades (8th, 10th, and 12th grade rates were approximately 5% above the seven-state norm). As for Rewards for Prosocial Involvement, the 8th and 12th grade rates were below the sevenstate norm, while 10th grade rates were higher. Table 10 School Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 RISK FACTORS 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 Academic Failure 52.3 49.8 46.5 49.8 43.7 43.8 Low Commitment to School 41.2 39.4 45.4 43.7 44.6 47.9 PROTECTIVE FACTORS 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement 56.2 61.8 58.6 61.7 64.2 61.3 School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 48.9 52.2 60.8 60.8 49.5 43.9 Comparisons to 2002 AYS Survey Data Data presented in Table 10 depicts how levels of risk in the school domain remained virtually unchanged since the 2002 survey. Eighth grade levels of risk decreased slightly for both risk factors, and 10th grade Low Commitment to School also saw a slight decrease. In a similar manner, the two protective factors increased slightly for the 8th grade (increase of 5.6% for Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement and increase of 3.3% for School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement). Twelfth grade rates of both protective factors decreased (decrease of 2.9% for Opportunities For Prosocial Involvement and decrease of 5.6% for School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement). Appendix E contains risk and protective factor charts for grades 8, 10, and 12. These profile charts contain all of the risk and protective factors with comparisons to the 2002 state survey data. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 21 Figure 12 Risk Factors: School Domain (2004) Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 Percent of students at risk in the following scales 100.0 90.0 ----------- 7-State Norm 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Academic Failure Figure 13 Low Commitment to School Protective Factors: School Domain (2004) Percent of students with protection in the following scales Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 100.0 90.0 ----------- 7-State Norm 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Page 22 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factors The final domain of a student’s life — peer/individual — consists of much more than mere peer pressure. While students are at risk for problem behaviors when they have friends who are engaging in unfavorable behaviors or their friends have favorable attitudes toward the behaviors (i.e. it is seen as “cool”), the peer/individual domain also consists of several factors which spring from the individual. For example, students who are depressed, rebellious, or who feel alienated are more likely to use drugs and show antisocial behavior. Other constitutional factors also play a part in whether or not a student is at risk for ATOD use or antisocial behaviors. Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Definitions of all peer/individual domain risk and protective factors, as well as a description of individual characteristics, bonding, and healthy beliefs and clear standards, are presented in this section. Also in this discussion of peer/ individual risk factors, scores for the scales in this domain are provided in the form of tables and charts. The table below shows the links between the peer/ individual risk factors and the five problem behaviors. The check marks have been placed in the chart to indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. This risk factor also includes persistent antisocial behavior in early adolescence, like misbehaving in school, skipping school, and getting into fights with other children. Young people, both girls and boys, who engage in these behaviors during early adolescence are at increased risk for drug abuse, delinquency, teen pregnancy, school dropout, and violence. Table 11 Substance Abuse Delinquency Teen Pregnancy School Dropout Violence PROBLEM BEHAVIORS Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior ü ü ü ü ü Rebelliousness ü ü Friends Who Engage in a Problem Behavior ü ü Gang Involvement ü ü Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior ü ü ü ü Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior ü ü ü ü Depressive Symptoms ü ü Intention to Use ATODs ü Constitutional Factors ü YOUTH AT RISK Individual/Peer Arizona Youth Survey 2004 ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü ü Boys who are aggressive in grades K-3 are at higher risk for substance abuse and delinquency. When a boy’s aggressive behavior in the early grades is combined with isolation or withdrawal, there is an even greater risk of problems in adolescence. This increased risk also applies to aggressive behavior combined with hyperactivity or attention deficit disorder. Alienation, Rebelliousness, and Lack of Bonding to Society (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and School Dropout) Young people who feel they are not part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society are at higher risk of drug abuse, delinquency, and school dropout. Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) Youth who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are much more likely to engage in the same problem behaviors. This is one of the most consistent predictors of youth problem behaviors that the research has identified. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, just hanging out with those who engage in problem behaviors greatly increases their risks. However, young people who experience a low number of risk factors are less likely to associate with those who are involved in problem behaviors. Page 23 Gang Involvement (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, School Dropout, and Violence) Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. The risk factors associated with gang involvement are well known as many gang-related crimes and events are covered by local media. Gang membership has been linked to violence, shootings, destruction of public property, and involvement in other illegal behaviors including distribution of drugs. Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, and School Dropout) During the elementary school years, children usually express anti-drug, anticrime, prosocial attitudes. They have difficulty imagining why people use drugs, commit crimes, and drop out of school. In middle school, as others they know participate in such activities, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. This places them at higher risk. Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, Teen Pregnancy, School Dropout, and Violence) The earlier young people begin using drugs, committing crimes, engaging in violent activity, becoming sexually active, and dropping out of school, the greater the likelihood that they will have problems with these behaviors later on. For example, research shows that young people who initiate drug use before age 15 are at twice the risk of having drug problems as those who wait until after age 19. Depressive Symptoms (Linked to Substance Abuse and Delinquency) Young people who are depressed are overrepresented in the criminal justice system and are more likely to use drugs. Survey research and other studies have shown a link between depression and other youth problem behaviors. Because they are depressed, these individuals have difficulty in identifying and engaging in prosocial activities. They consequently do not gain recognition for demonstrating positive behaviors or develop attachments to their schools or communities. On this Arizona Youth Survey, youth who scored highest on the items measuring depressive symptoms also scored significantly higher on all of the drug use questions (see Table 30 and Figure 35 in the Antisocial Behavior and Additional Results section). Intention to Use ATODs (Linked to Substance Abuse) Many prevention programs focus on reducing the intention of participants to use ATODs later in life. The programs stress education about the harmful effects of drugs, the addictive nature of drugs, refusal skills, etc. The Intention to Use Drugs scale on the AYS asks about student intention to use alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana when they are an adult. Reduction of intention to use ATODs often follows successful prevention interventions. Constitutional Factors (Linked to Substance Abuse, Delinquency, and Violence) Constitutional factors are factors that may have a biological or physiological basis. These factors are often seen in young people with behaviors such as sensation seeking, low harm avoidance, and lack of impulse control. These factors appear to increase the risk of young people abusing drugs, engaging in delinquent behavior, and/or committing violent acts. Some young people who are exposed to multiple risk factors do not become substance abusers, juvenile delinquents, teen parents, or school dropouts. Balancing the risk factors are protective factors, those aspects of people’s Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 24 lives that counter risk factors or provide buffers against them. They protect by either reducing the impact of the risks or by changing the way a person responds to the risks. A key strategy to counter risk factors is to enhance protective factors that promote positive behavior, health, well-being, and personal success. Research indicates that protective factors fall into three basic categories: Individual Characteristics, Bonding, and Healthy Beliefs and Clear Standards. Individual Characteristics Research has identified four individual characteristics as protective factors. These attributes are considered to be inherent in the youngster and are difficult, if not impossible, to change. They consist of: Gender. Given equal exposure to risks, girls are less likely to Bonding Research indicates that one of the most effective ways to reduce children’s risk is to strengthen their bond with positive, prosocial family members, teachers, or other significant adults, and/or prosocial friends. Children who are attached to positive families, friends, schools, and their community, and who are committed to achieving the goals valued by these groups, are less likely to develop problems in adolescence. Children who are bonded to others who hold healthy beliefs are less likely to do things that threaten that bond, such as use drugs, commit crimes, or drop out of school. For example, if children are attached to their parents and want to please them, they will be less likely to risk breaking this connection by doing things of which their parents strongly disapprove. Studies of successful children who live in high-risk neighborhoods or situations indicate that strong bonds with a caregiver can keep children from getting into trouble. Positive bonding makes up for many disadvantages caused by risk factors or environmental characteristics. develop health and behavior problems in adolescence than are boys. A Resilient Temperament. Young people who have the ability to quickly adjust to or recover from misfortune or changes are at reduced risk. A Positive Social Orientation. Young people who are good natured, enjoy social interactions, and elicit positive attention from others are at reduced risk. Intelligence. Bright children are less likely to become delinquent or drop out of school. However, intelligence does not protect against substance abuse. Healthy Beliefs and Clear Standards Bonding is only part of the protective equation. Research indicates that another group of protective factors falls into the category of healthy beliefs and clear standards. The people with whom children are bonded need to have clear, positive standards for behavior. The content of these standards is what protects young people. For example, being opposed to youth alcohol and drug use is a standard that has been shown to protect young people from the damaging effects of substance abuse risk factors. Children whose parents have high expectations for their school success and achievement are less likely to drop out of school. A similar protective effect is found when parents have clear standards against criminal activity and early, unprotected sexual activity. The negative effects of risk factors can be reduced when schools, families, and/or peer groups teach young people healthy beliefs and set clear standards for their behavior. Examples of healthy beliefs include believing it is best for children to be drug and crime free and to do well in school. Examples of clear standards include establishing clear no drug and alcohol family rules, establishing the expectation that a youngster does well in school, and having consistent family rules against problem behaviors. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 25 Peer/Individual Risk and Protective Factor Scales Risk Factors Some of the highest levels of risk for the Peer/Individual Domain are found when looking at the Sensation Seeking scale score — 58.4% of 8th graders, 55.3% of 10th graders, and 54.6% of 12th graders are at risk. The Interaction with Antisocial Peers scale score is also high in all grades, with 58.2% of 8th graders, 56.9% of 10th graders, and 52.6% of 12th graders being at-risk. In comparison to the seven-state norm, Arizona risk factor scores are generally below the norm. Some factors that are higher than the sevenstate norm for most or all grades were the Interaction with Antisocial Peers scale, the Sensation Seeking scale, the Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior scale, and the Rewards for Antisocial Behavior scale. Factors that are lower than the norm are Rebelliousness, Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use, Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use, and Gang Involvement. Protective Factors There are six protective factor scales for the peer/individual domain, four of which are new to the survey this year. The new scales are Religiosity, Interaction with Prosocial Peers, Prosocial Involvement, and Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. The Interaction with Prosocial Peers and Prosocial Involvement scale scores are well below the sevenstate norm for all grades. Eighth grade scale scores for Social Skills and Rewards for Prosocial Involvement, 10th grade scale scores for Belief in Moral Order and Rewards for Prosocial Involvement, and 12th grade scores for Religiosity and Social Skills are above the seven-state norm. Comparisons to 2002 AYS Survey Data Compared to 2002 data, several risk factors made slight decreases. For each grade, scores for the Rebelliousness scale, Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use, and Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior decreased Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Table 12 Peer-Individual Domain Risk and Protective Factor Scores Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 RISK FACTORS 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 Rebelliousness 40.0 37.4 40.9 39.5 38.6 36.0 Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior 33.6 38.1 31.1 39.1 32.2 39.4 Early Initiation of Drug Use 40.3 38.0 39.0 38.1 40.6 39.7 Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior 46.3 46.0 54.5 51.0 53.3 46.8 Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use 37.4 33.5 47.2 39.3 46.4 36.9 Perceived Risk of Drug Use 47.9 48.5 45.3 40.7 47.6 44.4 Interaction with Antisocial Peers 52.1 58.2 48.2 56.9 47.8 52.6 Friends’ Use of Drugs 41.9 44.2 44.8 44.7 41.3 38.8 Sensation Seeking 41.6 58.4 44.6 55.3 46.5 54.6 Rewards for Antisocial Behavior 38.0 49.1 34.6 42.4 40.1 52.8 Depression Scale 48.2 52.5 43.8 50.5 39.7 43.3 Gang Involvement 21.7 25.1 13.6 23.0 10.7 18.9 * 38.6 * 46.9 * 32.1 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 * 46.9 * 45.5 * 72.7 Social Skills 59.5 59.1 53.8 52.2 64.1 63.9 Belief in Moral Order Intention to Use Drugs PROTECTIVE FACTORS Religiosity 50.0 53.6 58.9 62.7 45.4 50.3 Interaction with Prosocial Peers * 46.5 * 49.7 * 47.8 Prosocial Involvement * 39.8 * 43.1 * 40.5 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement * 59.2 * 60.1 * 50.6 * not available, scale not included in 2002 survey slightly. Several scales, however, increased. The greatest increases were seen for the Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior scale, Interaction with Antisocial Peers scale, Sensation Seeking scale, and Rewards for Antisocial Behavior. Appendix E contains risk and protective factor charts for grades 8, 10, and 12. All of these profile charts contain all of the risk and protective factors with comparisons to the 2002 state survey data. Page 26 Figure 14 Risk Factors: Peer/Individual Domain (2004) Percent of students at risk in the following scales Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 100.0 ----------- 7-State Norm 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 g U se oc Fr ia lP ie nd ee s' rs U se of D R Se ru ew ns gs ar at ds io n fo Se rA ek nt in is g oc ia lB eh av D ep io r re ss io n Sc G an al e g In v In ol te ve nt m io en n t to U se D ru gs In t er a ct io n w ith A of R is k d nt is D ru D ru g U se av io r ra bl e ce iv e Fa vo es tti tu d A tti tu d Ea r es A Pe r is o A nt to Fa vo to U se g D ru of n tio In iti a ci al B eh vi o eh a B ia l ly Ea r ra bl e R ly In iti a tio n of A nt is oc eb e lli ou s ne ss r 0.0 Figure 15 Protective Factors: Peer/Individual Domain (2004) Percent of students with protection in the following scales Grade 8 Grade 12 100.0 90.0 ----------- 7-State Norm 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Religiosity Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Grade 10 Social Skills Belief in Moral Order Interaction with Prosocial Peers Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Page 27 3 Section 3: Substance Use Outcomes Age of Initiation The earlier young people begin using drugs, committing crimes, engaging in violent activity, and becoming involved in other behaviors, the greater the likelihood that they will have problems with these behaviors later on. The Arizona Student Survey asks students to report how old they were when, if ever, they first used ATODs. Asking students to report their age of first substance use allows the average age when students generally begin using a substance to be determined. This not only gives prevention planners an age group in which to target interventions, but also gives the State of Arizona a better idea of the seriousness of the problem—the younger the age of initiation, the more serious the problem is. Through future surveys, age of initiation can be tracked and if prevention programs are successful, the age of initiation will increase over time. In Table 13 on this page and Figure 16 on the following page, the average age of first use, or age of initiation, is reported. Students begin using cigarettes at a younger age than other drugs. The average age of first use of cigarettes in 2004 was 12.29 years. The age of first cigarette use decreased an insignificant amount since the 2002 survey. For alcohol use, a distinction can be made between the first experimental use of alcohol (having more than a sip or two of alcohol) and the first regular use of alcohol (drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, or at least once or twice a month). Arizona students, on average, reported having their first drink of alcohol (having more than a sip or two of alcohol) at age 12.76 years in 2004, while the average age of first regular use of alcohol (drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, or at least once or twice a month) was a year and a half later at age 14.21 years. The average age of first alcohol sip or more decreased approximately by one-quarter (0.29) year. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Table 13 Age of Initiation Drug Used Average Age of First Use (Of Students Who Indicated That They Had Used) 2002 2004 First Cigarette Use 12.38 12.29 First Marijuana Use 13.52 13.22 First Alcohol Sip or More 13.05 12.76 First Regular Alcohol Use 14.41 14.21 The survey results also show that those students who have used marijuana, on average, try marijuana at a younger age than students who began regularly using alcohol. In 2004, the average age of initiation for marijuana use was 13.22 years, while students began regularly using alcohol at 14.21 years. Since the 2002 survey, the average age of first marijuana use also decreased over a quarter of a year (from 13.52 years in 2002 to 13.22 years in 2004). Page 28 Figure 16 Average Age of First Substance Use (Of Students Who Indicated That They Had Used) 2004 2002 14.21 First Regular Alcohol Use 14.41 12.76 First Alcohol Sip or More 13.05 13.22 First Marijuana Use 13.52 12.29 First Cigarette Use 11.00 12.38 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 Student age in years Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 29 Lifetime ATOD Use, By Grade 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 g D ru er oi n A ny H Ec st as y Se da tiv es St im ul an ts oc ai ne C al an ts al lu ci no ge ns H In h M ar iju an a To ba cc o Sm ok el es s C ig ar et te s lc oh ol 0.0 Figure 18 Lifetime ATOD Use: 10th Grade Arizona (2004) Compared to National (2003) MTF 2003 Arizona 2004 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 g A ny D ru er oi n H Ec st as y oc ai ne C Sm C Se da tiv es St im ul an ts 0.0 A Table 14 also shows that, overall, rates of lifetime substance use decreased since the 2002 survey. Though total state use of inhalants increased a slight amount, total state use of every other substance decreased anywhere from 0.3% to 7.5%. 60.0 ig ar et ok te el s es s To ba cc o M ar iju an a In ha la nt H s al lu ci no ge ns 2004 Results Compared to 2002 Results Arizona 2004 70.0 A When looking at Table 14 (following page) at the Arizona and MTF survey results, more Arizona survey participants in all grades have had lifetime experience with alcohol, cigarettes, and cocaine than the national sample. Alcohol use for Arizona youth who took the survey was 1.3% to 6.3% greater than the national sample for youth in grades 8, 10 and 12; cigarette use was 0.5% to 5.1% greater in Arizona; and cocaine use was also slightly higher in each grade. However, Arizona youth in all grades used the following substances less than students nationally: smokeless tobacco, inhalants, hallucinogens, and ecstasy. Figure 18 illustrates the differences in lifetime ATOD use by Arizona 10th grade participants and National MTF 10th grade participants. Arizona 2002 80.0 lc oh ol Arizona Results Compared to National Results Lifetime ATOD Use: 2002 and 2004 Arizona State Totals Percent of students who have used at least once in their lifetime Lifetime use is seen as a good measure of youth experimentation with alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. If a student indicates that they have used a substance at least once in their lifetime, the results of this lifetime use are reported in this section. As can be seen in Figure 17, the most commonly used substances are alcohol (63.3% of Arizona survey participants in the 2004 survey have used at least once), cigarettes (42.0% have used), smokeless tobacco (10.6% have used), marijuana (31.3% have used), and inhalants (11.8% have used). Figure 17 Percent of students who have used at least once in their lifetime Arizona Lifetime Usage Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 30 Table 14 Lifetime ATOD Use: 2004 Summary • • • • Lifetime use is seen as a good measure of youth experimentation with alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime by Grade Grade 8 Drug Used Grade 10 Grade 12 AZ MTF AZ MTF AZ MTF AZ MTF AZ MTF AZ MTF AZ AZ 2002 2002 2004 2003 2002 2002 2004 2003 2002 2002 2004 2003 2002 2004 Alcohol 56.9 47.0 51.9 45.6 72.3 66.9 69.3 66.0 80.8 78.4 77.9 76.6 69.2 63.3 Cigarettes 39.6 31.4 33.5 28.4 49.8 47.4 45.3 43.0 61.1 57.2 54.2 53.7 49.3 42.0 6.8 11.2 7.2 11.3 10.2 16.9 11.0 14.6 16.9 18.3 16.7 17.0 10.9 10.6 47.8 45.7 46.1 38.8 31.3 Smokeless Tobacco The most common substances reported used by Arizona youth are alcohol, cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, marijuana, and inhalants. Marijuana 26.6 19.2 20.4 17.5 41.7 38.7 36.6 36.4 50.8 Inhalants More Arizona youth in all grades have had lifetime experience with alcohol, cigarettes and cocaine than the national sample. Sedatives Cigarette use for Arizona youth who took the survey was 0.5% to 5.1% greater than the national sample for youth in grades 8, 10, and 12. • Arizona youth in all grades used smokeless tobacco, inhalants, hallucinogens, and ecstasy less than students who took the national MTF survey. • Overall, rates of lifetime substance use were virtually unchanged since the 2002 survey. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Total 11.9 15.2 13.7 15.8 10.4 13.5 10.9 12.7 10.1 11.7 9.1 11.2 10.9 11.8 Hallucinogens 2.4 4.1 2.5 4.0 8.3 7.8 5.3 6.9 12.6 12.0 7.6 10.6 7.4 4.6 Cocaine 4.5 3.6 3.7 3.6 8.2 6.1 7.8 5.1 12.0 7.8 11.5 7.7 8.0 6.8 * N/C 11.0 N/C * N/C 16.5 N/C * N/C 19.8 N/C * 14.8 Stimulants 2.9 N/C 3.4 N/C 6.8 N/C 6.7 N/C 8.6 N/C 8.2 N/C 5.9 5.5 Steroids 2.2 2.5 N/A 2.5 2.7 3.5 N/A 3.0 2.7 4.0 N/A 3.5 2.5 N/A Ecstasy 5.5 4.3 2.4 3.2 8.2 6.6 4.3 5.4 12.0 10.5 5.9 8.3 8.3 3.8 Heroin Any Drug 1.9 1.6 1.5 1.6 3.2 1.8 2.4 1.5 3.8 1.7 3.0 1.5 2.9 2.1 33.2 N/C 33.2 N/C 44.5 N/C 45.6 N/C 52.8 N/C 52.4 N/C 42.8 41.6 * The 2002 sedative question only asked about quaaludes, barbituates, and tranqualizers and is not comparable to the 2004 question. N/C - Indicates where MTF data is not comparable to data gathered through the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey Page 31 30-Day ATOD Use, By Grade When looking at the percentage of students who indicated that they used ATODs in the past 30 days (Table 15 and Figure 19), an increase by grade can be seen with all substances except inhalants. For example, only 10.7% of 8th graders had smoked cigarettes in the past 30 days, whereas the rate for 12th graders was 24.4%. However, 30-day inhalant usage peaked at grade 8 (5.8%) and declined to 1.4% by grade 12. Arizona Results Compared to National Results Table 15 on the following page shows the percentage of Arizona survey participants and youth nationwide who used ATODs in the 30 days prior to completing the survey. More Arizona youth have used alcohol and any drug in the past 30 days than the national sample. For alcohol use, 5.6% more Arizona 8th graders used, 5.9% more 10th graders used, and 3.6% more 12th graders used. A comparison of state and national results shows that Arizona use rates of smokeless tobacco are lower than the use rates for the nation for grades 8, 10, and 12. While Arizona and MTF use rates in all grades were very similar, it is interesting to note that Arizona 8th graders had higher substance use rates than MTF 8th graders for all substances except smokeless tobacco. Arizona 12th graders had lower use rates for four substances in comparison to MTF 12th graders. Figure 19 ATOD Use For Each Grade Level: 30-Day Use (2004) Alcohol Percent of students who used at least once in the past 30 days Arizona 30-Day Usage Cigarettes Marijuana Inhalants 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 Figure 20 Figure 20 clearly shows the difference in 30-day usage levels for the state and the nation for 10th grade students. 2004 Results Compared to 2002 Results Since 2002, 30-day use rates have decreased in all grades for alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, inhalants, cocaine, ecstasy, heroin, and any drug. The only substance which increased in all grades was stimulants, and those increases were very small. The greatest decreases were seen with alcohol use (decrease in total state use from 46.4% in 2002 to 36.3% in 2004) and marijuana use (decrease from 20.5% in 2002 to 13.8% in 2004). Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 32 Table 15 30-Day ATOD Use: 2004 Summary • For all substances except inhalants an increase by all grade levels can be seen. • More Arizona survey participants in • grades 8, 10, and 12 have used alcohol or any drug in the past 30 days than the national sample. For alcohol use, 5.6% more Arizona 8th graders used, 5.9% more 10th graders used, and 3.6% more 12th graders used than in the MTF survey. • On a positive note, the 2004 Arizona use rates of marijuana are lower than the use rates for the national MTF survey for the 10th and 12th grades. • Since 2002, 30-day use rates have Percentage of Arizona Respondents Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days by Grade Grade 8 Drug Used Grade 10 Grade 12 Total AZ MTF AZ MTF AZ MTF AZ MTF AZ MTF AZ MTF AZ AZ 2002 2002 2004 2003 2002 2002 2004 2003 2002 2002 2004 2003 2002 2004 34.4 19.6 25.3 19.7 47.9 35.4 41.3 35.4 58.9 48.6 51.1 47.5 46.4 36.3 Cigarettes 9.2 10.7 10.7 10.2 18.1 17.7 17.7 16.7 23.2 26.7 24.4 24.4 16.5 16.1 Smokeless Tobacco 4.0 3.3 2.4 4.1 4.7 6.1 3.4 5.3 5.9 6.5 5.4 6.7 4.8 3.4 14.3 8.3 9.7 7.5 22.4 17.8 16.2 17.0 25.4 21.5 18.5 21.2 20.5 13.8 Inhalants 6.5 3.8 5.8 4.1 3.3 2.4 2.9 2.2 2.1 1.5 1.4 1.5 4.1 3.9 Hallucinogens 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.2 3.2 1.6 2.4 1.5 3.1 2.3 2.3 1.8 2.6 2.0 Cocaine 2.6 1.1 1.6 0.9 3.5 1.6 3.0 1.3 4.0 2.3 3.7 2.1 3.3 2.5 Alcohol Marijuana * N/C 5.5 N/C * N/C 8.2 N/C * N/C 9.2 N/C * 7.2 Stimulants 1.0 N/C 1.6 N/C 2.6 N/C 2.8 N/C 2.2 N/C 3.0 N/C 2.0 2.3 Steroids 1.2 1.1 N/A 1.2 1.5 1.8 N/A 1.4 0.9 1.7 N/A 1.7 1.2 N/A Ecstasy 3.6 1.4 0.8 0.7 2.5 1.8 1.1 1.1 3.2 2.4 1.0 1.3 3.1 0.9 Sedatives Heroin Any Drug 1.2 0.5 0.6 0.4 1.4 0.5 0.7 0.3 1.3 0.5 0.7 0.4 1.3 0.7 19.9 10.4 17.9 9.7 25.7 20.8 23.6 19.5 28.6 25.4 25.1 24.1 24.6 21.4 * The 2002 sedative question only asked about quaaludes, barbituates, and tranqualizers and is not comparable to the 2004 question. N/C - Indicates where MTF data is not comparable to data gathered through the Arizona Youth Survey N/A - Indicates a question that was not asked in the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey decreased in all grades for alcohol, smokeless tobacco, marijuana, inhalants, cocaine, ecstasy, heroin, and any drug. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 33 Lifetime ATOD Use by Gender Lifetime Usage Table 16 on the following page shows the percentage of lifetime ATOD use for males and for females. Lifetime use is a measure of the experience that young people have had with the various substances. While being female is generally considered a protective factor for substance use, it can be seen that, of the Arizona students who took the survey, males and females are very similar in their use of most substances and generally have substance use rates that are within one to three percent of each other. In some cases, females actually have use rates that are higher than males. The exceptions are that males in all grades use much more smokeless tobacco, two and a half times the rate of females, more males use marijuana in each grade, and more females use sedatives. Interestingly, 8th grade male and female lifetime substance use rates are very similar, differing only by a small percentage, with females indicating higher lifetime use rates in nine of the twelve substance use categories. In the 10th grade, females have higher use rates in six of twelve categories. By the 12th grade, females had higher use rates in only two of twelve categories. As you can see in Table 16, the differences in use begin to increase more in the higher grades. Such a finding indicates that females may be experimenting with drug use at equal or higher rates as males in the early grades, but as students get older, males take over as the more dominant substance users. In comparing the 2002 results to the 2004 results, total male and female lifetime use rates decreased in 2004 (see Figure 21). Male and female use decreased slightly for alcohol (decreased 5.9% for males and 6.1% decreased for females). Figure 21 Arizona Lifetime ATOD Use by Gender 2004 Percent of students who used at least once in their lifetime 2002 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Male Female Alcohol Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Male Female Cigarettes Male Female Marijuana Page 34 Table 16 Percentage of Males and Females by Grade Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime Grade 8 Drug Used Males 2002 Grade 10 Females 2004 2002 Males 2004 2002 Grade 12 Females 2004 2002 Males 2004 2002 Total Females 2004 2002 Males 2004 2002 Females 2004 2002 2004 Alcohol 55.0 50.7 58.6 52.9 71.0 67.5 73.4 71.1 80.4 77.4 81.4 78.4 68.1 62.2 70.5 64.4 Cigarettes 38.1 33.4 40.4 33.4 48.7 45.2 50.2 45.2 61.1 55.8 61.4 52.6 48.5 42.4 50.0 41.6 8.0 9.5 5.5 5.2 14.5 16.3 5.7 6.3 26.5 26.8 7.8 7.4 15.7 15.7 6.3 6.1 Marijuana 27.4 21.9 25.7 19.0 43.4 37.8 39.9 35.5 54.6 48.7 47.5 43.0 41.0 33.1 37.1 29.7 Inhalants 10.3 11.3 13.4 16.0 12.0 9.7 8.9 11.9 10.8 10.0 9.5 8.2 11.1 10.5 10.7 12.9 Hallucinogens 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.7 8.4 5.5 8.4 5.0 15.0 9.0 10.4 6.2 8.2 4.9 6.8 4.2 Cocaine 4.3 3.2 4.8 4.0 8.0 7.4 8.6 8.1 13.1 13.1 11.0 9.9 8.2 6.9 8.0 6.7 * 8.3 * 13.4 * 13.4 * 19.2 * 19.3 * 20.2 * 12.5 * 16.8 Stimulants 2.4 2.8 3.1 3.9 6.5 5.4 7.0 7.7 9.2 8.2 8.0 8.0 5.8 4.9 5.9 6.1 Steroids 1.9 N/A 2.3 N/A 3.8 N/A 1.7 N/A 4.6 N/A 0.9 N/A 3.4 N/A 1.7 N/A Ecstacy 5.0 2.1 5.9 2.6 7.8 4.3 8.4 4.3 12.8 6.2 11.3 5.4 8.2 3.8 8.4 3.8 Heroin 2.0 1.2 1.9 1.7 3.6 2.6 2.8 2.2 3.6 4.0 4.0 2.1 3.0 2.3 2.8 1.9 32.2 32.2 33.5 33.8 45.7 45.3 43.3 45.8 56.8 54.2 49.2 50.9 44.1 41.6 41.5 41.5 Smokeless Tobacco Sedatives Any Drug * The 2002 sedative question only asked about quaaludes, barbituates, and tranqualizers and is not comparable to the 2004 question. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 35 30-Day ATOD Use by Gender 30-Day Usage Table 17 on the following page shows the percentage of ATOD use in the past 30 days by males and females in the three grades and the total for all males and all females. Again, rates are very similar and vary only by one to three percent. However, marijuana 30-day usage rates for males were 2.9% higher than females (15.3% compared to 12.4%). The 30-day usage rate of smokeless tobacco is significantly higher for males (5.4% for males compared to 1.6% for females). Females in the 8th and 10th grade had higher use rates than males for sedative and stimulant use. As with lifetime substance use, use rates for males and females were very similar with 8th grade females having slightly higher use rates in nine of the twelve substance categories. This indicates that females and males in the early grades are on more equal footing, and that females use substances more than we would generally expect. However, the 30-day use rates by gender show that males use more than females in the high school grades. In the 10th grade, females had higher use rates in five of twelve categories. In the 12th grade, males had again become the higher substance users in all categories. Figure 22 Arizona 30-Day ATOD Use by Gender 2004 Percent of students who used at least once in the past 30 days 2002 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Male Female Alcohol Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Male Female Cigarettes Male Female Marijuana Page 36 Table 17 Percentage of Males and Females by Grade Who Used ATODs During The Past 30 Days Grade 8 Drug Used Males 2002 Alcohol Cigarettes Grade 10 Females 2004 2002 Males 2004 2002 Grade 12 Females 2004 2002 Males 2004 2002 Total Females 2004 2002 Males 2004 2002 Females 2004 2002 2004 30.7 23.7 37.3 26.7 45.2 39.8 50.5 42.7 59.5 53.7 58.6 48.7 44.5 35.8 48.4 36.8 8.7 10.1 9.7 11.2 16.6 17.8 19.6 17.6 22.8 26.7 23.8 22.1 15.7 16.4 17.4 15.8 4.2 2.9 3.8 1.8 6.5 5.4 2.8 1.7 9.2 10.0 2.9 1.3 6.5 5.4 3.2 1.6 14.1 10.1 14.8 9.2 23.0 17.8 21.9 14.7 30.4 21.8 20.9 15.5 22.2 15.3 19.1 12.4 Inhalants 5.0 4.5 7.9 7.0 3.6 2.8 3.2 3.1 2.3 1.9 1.8 0.9 3.7 3.4 4.4 4.4 Hallucinogens 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.6 3.9 2.5 2.6 2.2 4.4 2.8 1.9 1.7 3.2 2.1 2.1 1.8 Cocaine 2.2 1.5 2.8 1.7 3.4 2.8 3.7 3.1 5.3 4.6 2.7 2.9 3.6 2.7 3.1 2.4 * 4.0 * 6.9 * 6.8 * 9.4 * 10.0 * 8.3 * 6.3 * 8.0 Stimulants 0.9 1.3 1.0 1.8 2.7 2.4 2.5 3.1 2.6 3.2 1.9 2.8 2.1 2.1 1.8 2.4 Steroids 1.0 N/A 1.3 N/A 2.2 N/A 0.9 N/A 1.3 N/A 0.5 N/A 1.6 N/A 0.9 N/A Ecstasy 3.1 0.8 4.1 0.9 3.2 1.4 1.9 0.8 4.5 1.4 2.1 0.5 3.5 1.1 2.7 0.7 Heroin 0.8 0.7 1.7 0.6 1.6 1.0 1.3 0.5 1.1 1.1 1.5 0.4 1.2 0.9 1.5 0.5 18.8 16.6 20.9 18.8 26.2 24.2 25.3 23.1 33.6 28.4 24.1 21.9 25.9 21.8 23.4 20.8 Smokeless Tobacco Marijuana Sedatives Any Drug * The 2002 sedative question only asked about quaaludes, barbituates, and tranqualizers and is not comparable to the 2004 question. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 37 Intention to Use ATODs Youth were asked whether they would use cigarettes, alcohol, or marijuana when they became an adult. The response categories were NO!, no, yes, and YES! The survey instructs students to mark “NO!” if they think the statement is definitely not true for them, “no” if they think the statement is mostly not true for them, “yes” if they think the statement is mostly true for them, and “YES!” if they think the statement is definitely true for them. The percentages of students in each grade answering “YES” or “yes” to the questions are listed in Table 18. As can be seen, a majority of the youth do not intend to use cigarettes or marijuana, though a majority (67.6%) of high school seniors intend to use alcohol. Table 18 Percentage of Youth with Intention to Use ATODs Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 Total 9.0 11.1 12.4 10.4 Drink Alcohol 50.5 62.5 67.6 58.3 Smoke Marijuana 10.4 13.1 13.8 12.0 Use Other Drugs 2.3 3.0 3.6 2.7 Question Smoke Cigarettes The intention to use all substances generally increases as youth get older. Intention to use cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana in the 2004 survey peaked in grade 12. As this was the first year that the intention to use questions were asked on the Arizona Youth Survey, no comparison is available. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 38 Figure 23 Percent of students who indicated that they intended to use the following substances when they were adults Intention to Use ATODs (2004) 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Grade Grade Grade Total Grade Grade Grade Total Grade Grade Grade Total Grade Grade Grade Total 8 10 12 8 10 12 8 10 12 8 10 12 Smoke Cigarettes Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Drink Alcohol Smoke Marijuana Use Other Drugs Page 39 Multiple Drug Use The percentage of youth who use various substances individually and in combination with other substances is shown in Table 19. “Any Substance” is defined as using one or more of the nine substances measured by the survey. The percentage of students in grade 12 who used at least one substance in the 30 days prior to completing the survey was 59.2%. The categories of alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco are contained in other tables in this report, but are shown here for reference. For most substances, there is a greater increase in the use rate from grade 8 to grade 10, and a smaller increase from the 10th grade to the 12th grade. These findings indicate that efforts to prevent substance use must start before grade 8 and include booster sessions in grades 8 and 9 to help prevent the increase in drug use as students move into high school. Many of the individuals who use marijuana also use alcohol. For example, the total percentage using marijuana is 13.8% and those using alcohol and marijuana is 11.4%. Thus, only 2.4% of those using marijuana do not also use alcohol. A review of tobacco use and any drug use during the past 30 days shows that over one-half of the youth who use tobacco also use an illegal drug (17.6% tobacco use compared to 9.8% tobacco and any drug use). Reviewing the use of alcohol with other drugs and tobacco with other drugs shows that most of the youth use one other drug besides alcohol and tobacco, which is mostly marijuana. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Table 19 Percentage Using Multiple Drugs in the Past 30 Days Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 Total Any Substance 35.6 50.3 59.2 45.9 Alcohol 25.3 41.3 51.1 36.3 Cigarettes 10.7 17.7 24.4 16.1 Smokeless Tobacco 2.4 3.4 5.4 3.4 Tobacco (cig. or smokeless) 11.9 19.2 26.4 17.6 Marijuana 9.7 16.2 18.5 13.8 Tobacco and Alcohol 7.8 14.8 21.5 13.1 Tobacco and Marijuana 4.8 8.9 11.0 7.5 Alcohol and Marijuana 7.4 13.6 16.4 11.4 Marijuana and Tobacco and Alcohol (all three) 4.0 7.9 10.1 6.6 Alcohol and Any Other Drug 11.3 18.2 21.0 15.7 Alcohol and Any 1 Other Drug 6.6 11.0 12.7 9.4 Alcohol and Any 2 Other Drugs 2.4 3.5 4.4 3.2 Tobacco and Any Other Drug 6.7 11.2 13.9 9.8 Tobacco and Any 1 Other Drug 3.4 6.0 7.7 5.2 Tobacco and Any 2 Other Drugs 1.6 2.4 3.2 2.2 Page 40 Figure 24 Multiple Drug Use: Tobacco Users Who Also Use Other Drugs (2004) Tobacco (Cigarettes or Smokeless Tobacco) Tobacco and Any Other Drug Percent of students who have used the following substances in the past 30 days 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Grade 8 Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Grade 10 Grade 12 Total Page 41 Perceived Harmfulness of ATODs When students perceive that a substance is harmful, they are less likely to use it. The survey asked students, “How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they” smoked cigarettes heavily, tried marijuana, smoked marijuana regularly, or drank alcohol regularly. Response categories were “No Risk,” “Slight Risk,” “Moderate Risk,” or “Great Risk.” For Arizona 8th graders, the greatest perceived risk was for regular marijuana smoking (62.4%), while in the 10th and 12th grades, the greatest perceived harmfulness was for heavy cigarette smoking (65.4% for 10th grade, 68.7% for 12th grade). The category that students viewed as being the least harmful was in trying marijuana once or twice (26.3% for 8th grade, 18.8% for 10th grade, 15.8% for 12th grade). It is interesting to note that perceived harm for regular cigarette and alcohol use increases with age, while perceived harm of smoking marijuana regularly or just once or twice decreases with increased age. however, Arizona rates were significantly lower than MTF rates in all grades — 11.8% less perceived risk in the 8th grade (62.4% for Arizona, 74.2% for MTF), 11.3% less perceived risk in the 10th grade (52.6% for Arizona, 63.9% for MTF), and 8.8% less perceived risk for the 12th grade (46.1% for Arizona, 54.9% for MTF). Such findings indicate that programs focusing on educating students about the harmful effects of regular marijuana use would be very beneficial to Arizona youth. In comparing 2002 and 2004 survey data, the results show that perceived harmfulness of drinking alcoholic beverages every day significantly decreased 9.9% to 10.7% for all grades. However, there were slight increases in perceived harmfulness for 10th and 12th graders for perceived harm in regular cigarette smoking and trying marijuana once or twice. Perceived harmfulness of smoking marijuana regularly, though much higher than MTF rates, has actually increased significantly (3.9% to 7.4%) in all grades and 6.6% overall. Rates of perceived harmfulness of trying marijuana once or twice were similar in all grades for Arizona and for MTF, with differences of only 0.3% to 3.9% in each grade. For perceived harmfulness of smoking marijuana regularly, Table 20 Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive that Using the Five Categories of Substances Places People at “Great Risk” Arizona Grade 8 MTF Grade 8 Arizona Grade 10 MTF Grade 10 Arizona Grade 12 MTF Grade 12 Total 2002 2004 2002 2003 2002 2004 2002 2003 2002 2004 2002 2003 2002 2004 Smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day 59.8 58.8 57.5 57.7 64.6 65.4 64.3 65.7 64.1 68.7 74.2 72.1 62.8 63.2 Try marijuana once or twice 29.7 26.3 28.2 30.2 17.8 18.8 19.9 21.1 15.0 15.8 16.1 16.1 21.1 21.5 Smoke marijuana regularly 58.5 62.4 71.7 74.2 45.2 52.6 60.8 63.9 42.0 46.1 53.0 54.9 48.9 55.5 Drink one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day 39.9 30.0 29.6 29.9 40.9 30.6 31.0 30.9 43.4 32.7 21.0 20.1 41.3 30.8 Question Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 42 Figure 25 Perceived Harmfulness of Using Cigarettes, Alcohol, or Marijuana: Arizona (2004) Compared to National (2003) Percent of students indicating that using the following substances put them at "Great Risk" Arizona National MTF 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 Smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 Try marijuana once or twice Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 Smoke marijuana regularly Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 Drink one or two alcoholic beverages nearly every day Page 43 Perceived Availability of ATODs Availability of ATODs has been linked to substance abuse and violence. On the survey questionnaire, a question asked if the participant wanted to get the substances listed in Table 21, “how easy would it be to get some.” The response choices were, “Very Hard,” “Sort of Hard,” “Sort of Easy,” and “Very Easy.” Table 21 contains the percentage of youth who reported that it was “Sort of Easy” or “Very Easy” to get the substances. When looking at the 2004 results by grade, Arizona 8th graders, 10th graders, and the state total perceived alcohol as the substance that was the most available, and in the 12th grade the substance perceived as being the easiest to get was cigarettes. The group of substances with the lowest perceived availability (or the substance perceived as being the most difficult to get) were cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines. The results reveal that Arizona survey participants do not perceive any type of drug as being as easy to get as do the youth from the national sample. In all categories, and for all grades, there is a 6.0% to 17.6% difference in perceived availability between Arizona results and national results. This difference is illustrated in Figure 26, which looks at the perceived availability of students in grades 8, 10, and 12 in the Arizona and national surveys. In comparing 2002 data to 2004 data, perceived availability of marijuana and other drugs decreased in grades 8 and 12. Twelfth grade perceived availability of all substances decreased slightly. Overall, for the state total, perceived availability of cigarettes decreased 2.3%, perceived availability of marijuana decreased 7.9%, and perceived availability of cocaine, LSD, and amphetamines decreased 3.8%. By grade, perceived availability of marijuana showed the largest decreases, with a decrease of 5.5% in the 8th grade, 2.6% in the 10th grade, and 4.8% in the 12th grade. Despite these positive decreases, 8th grade rates of perceived availability of cigarettes increased 3.4% and perceived availability of alcohol increased 8.0%. The survey results indicate that over half of the 8th grade student population perceives alcohol as very easy to get. Smaller increases of 2.0% (for cigarettes) and 5.2% (for alcohol) were seen for 10th graders for cigarettes and alcohol. Table 21 Percentage of Arizona and Monitoring the Future Respondents Who Perceive the Four Substances as “Sort of Easy” or “Very Easy” to Get Arizona Grade 8 MTF Grade 8 Arizona Grade 10 MTF Grade 10 Arizona Grade 12 MTF Grade 12 Total 2002 2004 2002 2003 2002 2004 2002 2003 2002 2004 2002 2003 2002 2004 Cigarettes 42.1 45.5 64.3 63.1 68.0 70.0 83.3 80.7 89.4 87.6 N/A N/A 65.4 63.1 Alcoholic beverages 43.6 51.6 67.9 67.0 68.2 73.4 84.8 83.4 82.5 80.8 94.7 94.2 64.1 65.4 Marijuana 44.3 38.8 46.6 44.8 68.7 66.1 75.9 73.9 80.3 75.5 87.2 87.1 64.0 56.1 Cocaine, LSD, or Amphetamines 22.1 18.0 N/A N/A 33.0 34.9 N/A N/A 44.6 42.1 N/A N/A 32.8 29.0 Question Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 44 Figure 26 Perceived Availability of Cigarettes, Alcohol, and Marijuana: Arizona (2004) Compared to National (2003) Percent of students indicating that it was "Sort of Easy" or "Very Easy" to get the following substances Arizona National MTF 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Grade 8 Grade 10 Cigarettes Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Grade 12 Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 Alcoholic Beverages Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 Marijuana Page 45 4 Section 4: Antisocial Behaviors and Additional Results Heavy Substance Use and Other Antisocial Behavior by Grade and Gender Overall, binge drinking and being drunk or high at school appear to be the biggest antisocial problems among Arizona youth with 22.7% of students binge drinking at least once in the past two weeks and 17.7% of students being at school while drunk or high at least once in the past year. These behaviors increase with increased grade level. For binge drinking, 8th graders had a rate of 16.0%, 10th graders had a rate of 25.1%, and 12th graders had a rate of 32.5%. For being drunk or high at school, 8th graders had a rate of 13.2%, 10th graders had a rate of 20.8%, and 12th graders had a rate of 22.2%. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Male, Female, and State Total 2004 2002 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 Binge Drinking Regular Cigarette Use Suspended from School Drunk or High at School Sold Illegal Drugs Stolen a Vehicle State Female Male State Male Female State Male Female State Male Female State Male Female State Male Female State 0.0 Male Table 22, which contains rates of heavy substance use and antisocial behavior, shows that antisocial behavior doesn’t always increase by grade level. The rate of students being suspended from school and stealing vehicles peaked in grade 8. All other antisocial behavior categories peaked in grade 12. Arizona Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behaviors: Female Some of the biggest differences between males and females were in being suspended from school (19.1% for males compared to 9.4% for females), selling illegal drugs (10.2% for males compared to 4.7% for females), and being arrested (11.9% for males and 6.1% for females). Figure 27 Percent of students who engaged in the following antisocial behaviors Unlike 30-day and lifetime ATOD substance use, where Arizona males and females had similar use rates, and often females in lower grades had higher rates, the male-female differences in heavy use of alcohol and tobacco and antisocial behavior are more pronounced. Figure 27 and Table 22 show that males engage in these behaviors more than females. The only exceptions were that females in grades 8 and 10 participated in binge drinking and being drunk or high in school more than males. These higher rates correspond with the slightly higher rates of drug and alcohol use by females in the 8th and 10th grades. Been Arrested The behavior that the fewest students participated in was regular cigarette smoking (2.3%), and stealing a vehicle (4.2%). Male and female engagement in antisocial behaviors showed small changes from 2002 to 2004. For the entire survey population, antisocial behavior rates also showed little to no change. Some examples of the small changes can be found in looking at rates of being drunk or high in school, which decreased 1.9% (from 19.6% in 2002 to 17.7% in 2004); and reported rates of stealing a vehicle, which increased 1.2% (from 3.0% in 2002 to 4.2% in 2004). Page 46 Table 22 Percentage of Males, Females, and the State Total who Engaged in Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior Grade 8 Drug Used / Antisocial Behavior Binge drinking (Past two weeks) Grade 10 Males Males Females Females State State Males Males Females Females State State 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 13.0 15.1 14.8 16.8 14.1 16.0 27.0 24.8 25.2 25.4 26.0 25.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.6 1.2 0.8 3.8 3.0 3.0 2.2 3.5 2.6 Suspended from school (Past year) 22.6 23.9 13.5 11.9 18.1 17.7 14.0 16.2 9.0 8.8 11.5 12.3 Drunk or high at school (Past year) 14.6 12.1 16.0 14.1 15.4 13.2 21.8 20.7 19.3 20.9 20.4 20.8 7.3 6.6 4.2 3.5 5.7 5.0 13.7 12.0 6.3 6.1 9.9 8.9 4.4 6.1 2.0 3.5 3.3 4.8 4.9 6.1 2.3 2.9 3.6 4.4 11.4 11.2 6.7 6.3 9.1 8.7 11.1 11.8 5.0 6.7 8.0 9.1 Pack / day cigarettes Sold illegal drugs (Past year) Stolen a vehicle (Past year) Been arrested (Past year) Grade 12 Drug Used / Antisocial Behavior Total Males Males Females Females State State Males Males Females Females State State 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 37.1 37.5 27.8 27.9 32.2 32.5 25.3 23.4 22.4 22.1 23.7 22.7 6.2 6.2 5.9 3.5 6.0 4.8 3.7 2.9 3.2 1.8 3.4 2.3 Suspended from school (Past year) 11.7 13.4 4.8 5.5 8.1 9.3 16.3 19.1 9.4 9.4 12.9 14.1 Drunk or high at school (Past year) 29.7 26.4 18.4 18.3 23.8 22.2 21.6 18.1 17.9 17.1 19.6 17.7 Sold illegal drugs (Past year) 15.5 14.6 4.9 5.4 10.0 9.8 12.0 10.2 5.2 4.7 8.4 7.3 3.0 4.0 1.2 1.2 2.1 2.6 4.2 5.6 1.9 2.8 3.0 4.2 11.9 13.4 4.8 5.0 8.2 9.1 11.4 11.9 5.5 6.1 8.5 8.9 Binge drinking (Past two weeks) Pack / day cigarettes Stolen a vehicle (Past year) Been arrested (Past year) Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 47 Handguns and Weapons The issue of youth carrying handguns is becoming a serious concern of communities, schools, and families. The Arizona Youth Survey has several questions about handguns and violent behavior. Table 23 lists the questions concerning possession of handguns by grade. It is clear that responses to most of the questions show a very low percentage of students who carry handguns or take them to school. However, with such subject matter, even low percentages should be taken seriously by schools and communities. For example, 1.5% of the students surveyed reported having taken a handgun to school in the past 12 months. In regard to carrying a handgun in general, 6.1% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in the past 12 months, and 7.4% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in their lifetime. On a more positive note, however, only 6.8% of students think that they would be seen as cool if they carried a handgun. Most students (73.9%) also perceived that it would be difficult to get a handgun if they wanted one. of believing it was easy to get a gun, that their parent’s wouldn’t know if they carried a handgun, and that the police wouldn’t catch them if they carried a handgun. The 2004 rates for questions regarding handguns and other weapons were quite similar to those of the 2002 survey. However, the rate of students who perceived that the police wouldn’t catch them if they carried a handgun showed positive decreases since the 2002 survey, with the rate in the 8th grade decreasing 6.0%, in 10th grade decreasing 3.8%, in the 12th grade decreasing 6.9%, and the state total decreasing 7.2%. Table 23 Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Handguns 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 Carried a Handgun - Lifetime 7.7 7.6 5.8 7.2 6.3 7.2 6.6 7.4 The Arizona Youth Survey also asks several questions about the use of weapons (guns, knives, or clubs). For example, 5.7% of survey participants reported attacking someone with a weapon at least once in the past year, and 2.9% reported using a weapon or force to steal in the past year. Carried a Handgun in the Past 12 Months 6.7 6.5 5.0 5.9 4.9 5.5 5.6 6.1 Taken a Handgun to School in Past 12 Months 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.5 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.5 Attack Someone With a Weapon in the Past 12 Months N/A 6.6 N/A 5.5 N/A 4.1 N/A 5.7 When looking at the results by grade, it’s interesting to note that 8th graders reported the highest rates of carrying a handgun in their lifetime, carrying a handgun in the past year, attacking someone with a weapon in the past year, using a weapon or force to steal in the past year, believing it was not wrong at all to take a handgun to school, and believing they had a good chance of being seen as cool if they carried a handgun. Twelfth graders reported the highest rate Used Weapon or Force to Steal in the Past 12 Months N/A 3.5 N/A 2.7 N/A 2.0 N/A 2.9 Very Easy or Sort of Easy to Get a Handgun 21.0 20.8 24.8 27.2 32.6 34.6 25.8 26.1 Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Not At All Wrong to Take a Handgun to School 1.9 1.5 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 Very or Pretty Good Chance You Would Be Seen As Cool if You Carried a Handgun 5.8 8.8 2.9 5.8 2.1 4.5 3.7 6.8 Parents Wouldn’t Know if You Carried a Handgun (no or NO!) 22.3 20.4 29.4 26.4 37.6 32.6 30.0 25.3 Police Wouldn’t Catch Kid Carrying a Handgun (no or NO!) 46.9 40.9 57.0 53.2 66.7 59.8 56.4 49.2 Page 48 Figure 28 Students' Use of Handguns and Perceptions About Them 2002 2004 60.0 50.0 Percent of students 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Carried a Handgun Lifetime Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Very Easy or Taken a Carried a Handgun to Handgun in the Sort of Easy to School in Past Past 12 Months Get a Handgun 12 Months Not At All Very or Pretty Parents Police Wouldn't Wrong to Take Good Chance Wouldn't Know Catch Kid a Handgun to You Would Be if You Carried a Carrying a School Seen As Cool if Handgun Handgun You Carried a Handgun Page 49 Violence and Gangs The Arizona Youth Survey also asked several questions about youths’ violent behaviors, attitudes towards violence, and their possible participation in gangs. Table 24 and Figure 29 show the questions that relate to violence. A review of the responses reveals that 19.8% of the youth in Arizona have attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them at some time in their life, and 16.3% have attacked someone in the past 12 months. However, only a small percentage (4.5%) believe that it isn’t at all wrong to attack someone to seriously hurt them. Though these results show that violent students are the minority, there’s no denying that there are many youth in Arizona who believe that violence is an acceptable way to resolve problems and are willing to hurt another person. current gang members feel about their present membership. As can be seen in Table 24, a large majority of Arizona youth (91.1%) have never belonged to a gang, while 4.7% of the youth surveyed reported that they had been members in the past; 2.6% reported they belong now; 1.3% reported that they would like to join a gang; and 0.4% reported that they are in a gang, but would like to get out. In comparison to the 2002 survey results, the 2004 results appear to be relatively unchanged. (Note: the “Have Ever Belonged to a Gang” bars in Figure 29 reflect the percent of students in 2002 and 2004 who indicated “Yes, in the past,” “Yes, belong now,” or “Yes, but would like to get out” to the question “Have you ever belonged in a gang?”) When looking at the results by grade, it appears that 8th and 10th graders have the most problems with violent behavior and attitudes. More 8th graders had attacked someone in the past year (17.8%), and believed it was not at all wrong to pick a fight (10.3%). Tenth graders had the highest rates of attacking someone to hurt them in their lifetime (20.6%), and of believing it was okay to beat someone up if they started the fight (57.3%). As 8th graders also showed the highest rates of some behaviors related to handguns, it seems that middle school aged children should be the target group for antisocial behavior prevention programs. Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Violence and Gangs For the total survey population, the percent of students reporting having attacked someone in their lifetime increased 5.9% since the 2002 survey (from 13.9% in 2002 to 19.8% in 2004), the rate of reporting they had attacked someone in the past year increased 5.7% (from 10.6% in 2002 to 16.3% in 2004), and the percent of students who believed it was okay to beat someone up showed a positive decrease of 4.6% (from 59.7% in 2002 to 55.1% in 2004). In covering the full spectrum of antisocial behaviors, the Arizona Youth Survey asks several questions on gang involvement. One of the most telling questions asks students not only if they have ever been in a gang or are currently in a gang, but also about how Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Table 24 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade Total 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 Attacked Someone to Seriously Hurt Them in Their Lifetime 13.8 19.7 14.2 20.6 14.1 19.1 13.9 19.8 Attacked Someone to Seriously Hurt Them in Past 12 Months 11.6 17.8 10.8 16.5 9.1 13.3 10.6 16.3 Not At All Wrong to Attack Someone to Seriously Hurt Them 4.5 4.7 4.1 4.7 3.3 3.8 4.1 4.5 It is okay to beat someone up if they start the fight (response of “YES” or “yes”) 61.4 54.2 59.5 57.3 57.7 54.0 59.7 55.1 Not At All Wrong to Pick a Fight 10.8 10.3 9.1 8.5 6.6 6.1 9.0 8.8 VIOLENCE GANGS (Percentage of Youth Who Responded to the Question, “Have you ever belonged in a gang?”) 88.6 88.6 93.5 92.0 95.0 94.5 92.2 91.1 No, but would like to 2.6 1.7 1.5 1.0 0.8 0.9 1.7 1.3 Yes, in the past 5.4 6.0 2.5 4.2 2.8 2.8 3.6 4.7 Yes, belong now 3.0 3.3 2.1 2.5 1.2 1.5 2.1 2.6 Yes, but would like to get out 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.4 No Page 50 Figure 29 Student Violent Activity/Perceptions and Gang Involvement 2002 2004 60.0 Percent of students 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Attacked Someone to Seriously Hurt Them in Their Lifetime Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Attacked Someone to Seriously Hurt Them in Past 12 Months Not At All Wrong to Attack Someone to Seriously Hurt Them Not At All Wrong to Pick a Have Ever Belonged to a Fight Gang Page 51 Safety and School Issues The Arizona Youth Survey also asked students questions regarding their safety on school property. Students were asked to indicate the number of days in the past month that they carried a weapon to school and the number of days that they didn’t go to school because they felt unsafe at school or on their way to school. Additionally, students were asked how many times in the past year they were threatened by someone or injured with a weapon on school property and how many times they had a physical fight at school. Results for these questions are found on the following page in Table 25 and Figure 30. Overall, a large majority of students feel safe at school, haven’t been in a fight at school in the past year, haven’t been injured or threatened at school in the past year, and haven’t taken a weapon to school in the past month. However, just as with illicit drug use, even small percentages for these safety issues can be serious. For example, of the 8th graders surveyed, 6.3% have taken a weapon to school at least once in the past month. Of the 10th grade survey population, 5.6% of students have taken a weapon to school, and of the 12th grade sample, 5.2% of students have taken a weapon to school. All safety issues (being in a fight at school, not feeling safe at school, not going to school because they felt unsafe, carrying a weapon to school, and being threatened or injured with a weapon at school) show a decrease with increased grade level. While over one in ten 8th graders (11.3%) reported that they did not go to school because they feel unsafe at least one day in the past month, the rate for 10th and 12th graders was less extreme, with 7.8% of 10th graders and 5.6% of 12th graders indicating they had skipped school because they felt unsafe. Even more Arizona youth indicated that they had been threatened or injured by someone at school. Of 8th graders, 16.1% indicated that they had been threatened by someone or injured with a weapon at school. This percentage decreases with increased grade level, with 13.5% of 10th graders and 10.1% of 12th graders reporting that it had happened to them. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 The safety issue with the highest rating among 8th graders is fighting on school property. Students in the 8th grade are the most likely to be in a physical fight at school, with 27.6% indicating they had been in a fight at least once in the last year. This rate decreases with increased grade level, with 17.1% of 10th graders and 9.9% of 12th graders indicating they had fought at school. In looking at the 2004 results in comparison to the 2002 results, increases in safety issues can be seen for fighting at school in the past year (increase of 6.2%, from 14.0% in 2002 to 20.2% in 2004), students reporting they didn’t feel safe at school (increase of 7.8%, from 14.6% in 2002 to 22.4% in 2004), students who didn’t go to school because of safety issues (increase of 5.3%, from 3.5% in 2002 to 8.8% in 2004), and students who reported being threatened or injured with a weapon at school (increase of 5.5%, from 8.4% in 2002 to 13.9% in 2004). The percent of students reporting that they carried a weapon to school in the past month remained virtually unchanged for all grades, though there was a 1.6% decrease in grade 12. Table 25 Total Percentage of Youth Who Responded to Questions About Safety and Schools 8th Grade 10th Grade 12th Grade 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 In a Fight at School at Least Once in the Past 12 Months 21.5 27.6 12.4 17.1 6.5 9.9 14.0 20.2 I Do Not Feel Safe At My School (response of “NO” or “no” to the statement “I feel safe at my school”) 21.6 25.6 13.3 22.2 7.3 16.3 14.6 22.4 Did Not Go to School at Least One Day in the Past Month Because Felt Unsafe At School or On the Way to School 5.3 11.3 2.3 7.8 2.6 5.6 3.5 8.8 Carried a Weapon to School at Least Once in the Past 30 Days 5.4 6.3 5.8 5.6 6.8 5.2 5.9 5.8 10.0 16.1 9.0 13.5 5.6 10.1 8.4 13.9 2002 Been Threatened or Injured With a Weapon on School Property in the Past 12 Months 2004 Total 2004 Page 52 Figure 30 Student Responses to School Safety Questions 2002 2004 60.0 Percent of students 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 In a Fight at School at Least I Do Not Feel Safe At My Did Not Go to School at Carried a Weapon to School Been Threatened or Injured Once in the Past 12 Months School (response of "NO" or Least One Day in the Past at Least Once in the Past 30 With a Weapon on School "no" to the statement "I feel Month Because Felt Unsafe Days Property in the Past 12 safe at my school") At School or On the Way to Months School Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 53 Academic Performance and Substance Use Table 26 and Figure 31 show a clear relationship between substance use and academic performance. Of the students who report getting better grades, fewer have tried ATODs and fewer are currently using ATODs than those who report poorer grades. Failing (F) students are 19.9% more likely to have used alcohol in the past 30 days, 20.7% more likely to have used cigarettes in the past 30 days, five times more likely to have indicated use of marijuana in the past 30 days, and three times more likely to have used any drug in the past 30 days than “A” students. Obviously, the students getting A’s are more invested in the education process and more bonded to school. The challenge of prevention programs is to develop methods of keeping all students interested in learning and feeling attached to school. A survey of 1,000 youth on probation in the state of Utah found that even though the probationers received poor grades and were often suspended from school, they still believed that education was important. Thus, many youth with lower grades have not given up on school and the education process, but they are not able to succeed in a traditional school setting. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Table 26 Percentage Using ATODs by Academic Performance (2004) Academic Grades Drugs Used Mostly A’s Mostly B’s Mostly C’s Mostly D’s Mostly F’s Alcohol Lifetime 52.5 65.6 71.6 73.7 72.4 Alcohol 30 Days 27.1 37.3 44.2 45.3 47.8 Marijuana Lifetime 17.9 32.2 42.0 49.3 56.8 Marijuana 30 Days 6.6 13.3 19.8 25.9 34.0 Cigarettes Lifetime 26.0 43.8 54.6 61.6 63.8 Cigarettes 30 Days 8.1 15.8 22.9 29.6 36.8 Any Drug Lifetime 27.2 43.0 52.6 59.0 66.6 Any Drug 30 Days 12.1 21.1 29.0 36.3 42.9 Page 54 Figure 31 Arizona ATOD Use and Academic Performance (2004) Mostly A's Mostly B's Mostly C's Mostly D's Mostly F's Percent of students reporting substance use by their self-reported grades 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Alcohol 30 Days Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Marijuana 30 Days Cigarettes 30 Days Any Drug 30 Days Page 55 Parents’ Education and Youth Substance Use Research has shown that one of the best indicators of socioeconomic level is the parents’ education. While the father’s education is shown in Table 27, analysis using the mother’s education shows similar results. Like academic grades, there is a direct relationship between parent education and drug use, with lower levels of parent education corresponding with higher levels of youth drug use. In Arizona, youth whose fathers did not graduate from high school have a 6.4% higher 30-day use rate of cigarettes, 9.0% higher alcohol 30-day use rates, 6.9% higher marijuana 30-day use rates, and 9.3% higher any drug 30-day use rates than youth whose fathers were college graduates. Trends for all education levels can be seen on the following page in Figure 32. Thus, higher socioeconomic levels appear to be related to less substance use among all categories of drugs. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Table 27 Percentage Using ATODs by Father’s Education (2004) Father’s Education Drugs Used Not Graduated High School Graduated High School Some College College Graduate Graduate School Alcohol Lifetime 73.2 69.0 67.4 58.3 56.8 Alcohol 30 Days 42.4 40.2 39.8 33.4 34.2 Marijuana Lifetime 41.8 36.2 32.9 26.4 24.2 Marijuana 30 Days 18.6 15.7 13.6 11.7 10.8 Cigarettes Lifetime 54.1 47.5 42.2 34.0 31.5 Cigarettes 30 Days 20.1 18.1 16.2 13.7 13.6 Any Drug Lifetime 52.1 46.9 43.4 35.8 34.5 Any Drug 30 Days 27.4 24.0 21.0 18.1 17.8 Page 56 Figure 32 Arizona ATOD Use and Fathers' Education (2004) Not Graduated High School Graduated High School College Graduate Graduate School Some College Percent of students reporting substance use by their fathers' education level 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Alcohol 30 Days Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Marijuana 30 Days Cigarettes 30 Days Any Drug 30 Days Page 57 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability When parents have favorable attitudes toward drugs, they influence the attitudes and behavior of their children. For example, parental approval of young people’s moderate drinking, even under parental supervision, increases the risk of the young person using marijuana. Further, in families where parents involve children in their own drug or alcohol behavior, for example, asking the child to light the parent’s cigarette or to get the parent a beer, there is an increased likelihood that their children will become drug abusers in adolescence. Table 28 and Figure 33 illustrate how even a small amount of perceived parental acceptability can lead to substance use. In the Arizona Youth Survey, students were asked how wrong their parents felt it was to use different ATODs. The table to the right displays the percentage of students who have used marijuana in their lifetime and in the past 30 days in relation to their responses about their parents’ acceptance of marijuana use. Table 28 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability of Use (2004 ) Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Lifetime Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 Days Very Wrong 25.8 9.5 Wrong 62.5 32.3 A Little Bit Wrong 79.3 53.5 Not Wrong At All 66.7 47.5 How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to smoke marijuana? As can be seen, relatively few students (25.8% lifetime, 9.5% 30-day) use marijuana when their parents think it is “Very Wrong” to use it. In contrast, when a student believes that their parents agree with use somewhat (i.e. the parent only believes that it is “Wrong” not “Very Wrong”) use increased substantially to 62.5% for lifetime use and 32.3% for 30-day use. These results make a strong argument for the importance of parents having strong and clear standards and rules when it comes to ATOD use. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 58 Figure 33 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability (2004): How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to smoke marijuana? Very Wrong Wrong A Little Bit Wrong Not Wrong At All 100.0 90.0 Percent of students 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Lifetime Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 Days Page 59 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability During the elementary school years, children usually express anti-drug, anti-crime, and prosocial attitudes. They have difficulty imagining why people use drugs, commit crimes, and drop out of school. In middle school, as others they know participate in such activities, their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. This places students at higher risk. The results provided in the following table and figure illustrate the relation between peer acceptability and individual drug use. As with perceived parental acceptability, the slightest perceived peer acceptability seriously increases the chance that a student will use ATODs. In this section, lifetime and 30-day marijuana use results are looked at in relation to what students thought were their chances of being seen as cool if they used marijuana. Table 29 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability of Use (2004) Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Lifetime Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 Days No or very little chance 16.4 4.8 Little chance 41.0 16.1 Some chance 50.8 23.2 Pretty good chance 53.0 28.7 Very good chance 63.1 42.4 What are your chances you would be seen as cool if you smoked marijuana? When students thought there was “No or very little chance” that they would be seen as cool if they used marijuana, only 16.4% had tried marijuana in their lifetime and only 4.8% had used it in the last month. However, when students thought that there was even a “Little chance” that they would be seen as cool, marijuana use rates were over two times higher for lifetime use (41.0%) and nearly four times higher for past-month use (16.1%). Students who thought that there was a “Very good chance” they would be seen as cool, were over eight times more likely to use marijuana than students who perceived that marijuana use was not cool. These results better illustrate how peer acceptability puts youth at risk for ATOD use, and suggests that a good way to decrease use is to get students to decrease acceptability of drugs. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Page 60 Figure 34 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability (2004): What are your chances you would be seen as cool if you smoked marijuana? No or very little chance Little chance Some chance Pretty good chance Very good chance 100.0 90.0 Percent of students 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Lifetime Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Has Used Marijuana At Least Once in Past 30 Days Page 61 Depressive Symptoms and Substance Use The substance use rate of youth who reported depressive symptoms is much greater than those who have a much more positive outlook on life. The four depressive symptoms that were asked on the survey questionnaire were: 1) Sometimes I think that life is not worth it, 2) At times I think I am no good at all, 3) All in all, I am inclined to think that I am a failure, and 4) In the past year, have you felt depressed or sad MOST days, even if you felt OK sometimes? The questions were scored on a scale of 1 to 4 (NO!, no, yes, YES!). The ATOD use rates of the middle depressive symptoms group, which was comprised of most students, were closer to the non-depressed than the depressed group. For the substances, the 30-day use rates for this group were anywhere from 3.6% to 7.9% higher than that of the non-depressed rate, and 12.4% to 24.6% lower than the depressed group. Thus, individuals with a positive outlook on life tend to use fewer substances than their peers. As depressive symptoms increase, drug use also increases. Table 30 The survey respondents were divided into three groups. The first group was the depressed group who scored at least a mean of 3.75 on the depressive symptoms. This meant that those individuals marked “YES!” to all four items or marked “yes” to one item and “YES!” to three. The second group was the non-depressed group who marked “NO!” to all four of the items, and the third group was a middle group who comprised the remaining respondents. The Arizona survey results show that 5.6% of students were in the depressed group, 82.1% in the middle group, and 12.3% in the not depressed group. The results of the substance use among the three groups is shown in Table 30. Percentage Using ATODs and Level of Depressive Symptoms (2004) The results in Table 30 and Figure 35 show a strong link between students who report depressive symptoms and ATOD use. When compared to the non-depressed group, the depressed youth have a 30-day alcohol use rate that is 23.8% higher than the non-depressed group and are over three times as likely to use cigarettes in the 30 days prior to the survey, over two times as likely to use marijuana in the past 30 days, and over three times as likely to have used any drug in the past 30 days. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Level of Depressive Symptoms Not Depressed Middle Depressed Percent of Youth in Each Depressive Symptoms Level 12.3 82.1 5.6 Alcohol Lifetime 50.1 64.3 81.7 Alcohol 30 Days 28.6 36.5 52.4 Marijuana Lifetime 23.3 31.5 46.9 Marijuana 30 Days 9.9 13.5 25.9 Cigarettes Lifetime 28.0 42.8 63.2 Cigarettes 30 Days 10.2 16.0 31.7 Any Drug Lifetime 28.3 41.8 66.3 Any Drug 30 Days 13.1 20.8 45.4 Page 62 Figure 35 Arizona ATOD Use by Level of Depressive Symptoms (2004) Not Depressed Middle Depressed 60.0 Percent of students 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Alcohol 30 Days Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Marijuana 30 Days Cigarettes 30 Days Any Drug 30 Days Page 63 5 Section 5: Findings The Arizona Youth Survey, conducted in January through April 2004, gathered a plethora of information that can be used by the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and the State of Arizona. Due to time and resource constraints, the data presented in this report merely skim the surface of the data gathered by the survey; however, the results are highly beneficial in helping Arizona to identify needs of Arizona youth and plan prevention and delinquency programs that fit the needs of Arizona youth. Overall, the results show that Arizona students’ use of Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs (ATODs) is at levels that are similar to, or higher than, current national trends; several rates of delinquency and antisocial behavior showed small, but significant increases; and that Arizona youth have higher levels of risk and lower levels of protection than students on a national level. In the 2004 administration of the AYS survey in Arizona, 266 schools participated, and the survey questionnaire was completed by a total of 49,755 students. Of these, there were 45,119 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students who participated in the survey administration. The 2004 Arizona Youth Survey State Report contains analysis of 40,960 valid student surveys. Findings for each of the report sections are summarized below: Risk Factor Profiles In looking at Arizona community risk factor scales in relation to the seven-state norm, Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use and Perceived Availability of Handguns are the only two scales in which all grades are below the seven-state norm. All grade levels have risk factor scores above the seven-state norm for Community Disorganization and Transitions and Mobility. For Low Neighborhood Attachment and Perceived Availability of Drugs, the 10th and 12th grades are the only grades above the seven-state norm. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 In looking at Arizona’s Family risk factor scales in relation to the seven-state norm, the results illustrate that most Arizona levels of risk are similar to the seven-state norm for most grades. Eighth grade rates of Parent Attitudes Favor Drug Use were significantly lower than the seven-state norm. Rates for both school domain risk factors were nearly similar to, or higher than, the seven-state norm for all grades, with rates of Academic Failure being higher than the seven-state norm for 8th and 10th graders, and the rate of 12th grade Low Commitment to School being higher than the seven-state norm. In comparison to the seven-state norm, Arizona peer/individual risk factor scores are generally below the norm. Some factors that are higher than the seven-state norm for most or all grades were the Interaction with Antisocial Peers scale, the Depression Scale, the Sensation Seeking scale, the Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior scale, and the Rewards for Antisocial Behavior scale. Factors that are lower than the norm are Rebelliousness, Intention to Use Drugs, Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use, Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use, Perceived Risk of Drug Use, and Gang Involvement. Protective Factor Profiles In comparison to the seven-state norm for community domain protective factors, rates of Rewards for Prosocial Involvement were below the seven-state norm for all grades, with 8th graders having the lowest protection (32.0%) and the 10th graders having the highest protection (37.3%). Rates of Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement were below average, or below the seven-state norm. Rates for Arizona were approximately 14% to 17% lower than the seven-state norm. Page 64 Most family domain protective factor rates for the state are equal to, or slightly higher than, the seven-state norm for nearly all grades. The lowest rates of protection, and the only rates to fall below the seven-state norm line, were for 8th and 10th grade rates of Family Attachment (50.0% for the 8th grade and 47.1% for the 10th grade). For the school domain, rates of Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement were above the seven-state norm for all grades (8th, 10th, and 12th grade rates were approximately 5% above the seven-state norm). As for Rewards for Prosocial Involvement, the 8th and 12th grade rates were below the seven-state norm, while 10th grade rates were higher. For the peer/individual domain, the Interaction with Prosocial Peers and Prosocial Involvement scale scores are well below the seven-state norm for all grades. Eighth grade scale scores for Social Skills and Rewards for Prosocial Involvement, 10th grade scale scores for Belief in Moral Order and Rewards for Prosocial Involvement, and 12th grade scores for Religiosity and Social Skills are above the seven-state norm. Age of Initiation Arizona students begin using cigarettes at a younger age than other drugs. The average age of first use of cigarettes in 2004 was 12.29 years. The age of first cigarette use decreased an insignificant amount since the 2002 survey. Arizona students, on average, reported having their first drink of alcohol (having more than a sip or two of alcohol) at age 12.76 years in 2004, while the average age of first regular use of alcohol (drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, or at least once or twice a month) was a year and a half later at age 14.21 years. The average age of initiation for marijuana in 2004 was 13.22 years. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Substance Use for Arizona For 2004 lifetime substance use, the most commonly used substances are alcohol (63.3% of Arizona survey participants have used at least once), cigarettes (42.0% have used), smokeless tobacco (10.6% have used), marijuana (31.3% have used), and inhalants (11.8% have used). When looking at the percentage of students who indicated that they used ATODs in the past 30 days, an increase by grade can be seen with all substances except inhalants. Overall, rates of lifetime substance use were decreased since the 2002 survey. Since 2002, 30-day use rates have decreased somewhat in all grades for alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, inhalants, cocaine, ecstasy, heroin, and any drug. The only substance which increased in all grades was stimulants, and those increases were very small. Arizona Results Compared to National Results More Arizona survey participants in all grades have had lifetime experience with alcohol, cigarettes, and cocaine than the national sample. Arizona youth in all grades used the following substances less than students nationally: smokeless tobacco, inhalants, hallucinogens, and ecstasy. Arizona youth have higher 30-day use rates of alcohol and any drug than the national sample. A comparison of state and national results shows that Arizona use rates of smokeless tobacco are lower than the use rates for the nation for grades 8, 10, and 12. In most instances, rates of 30-day substance use also changed very little since the 2002 survey. Substance Use by Gender While being female is generally considered a protective factor for substance use, it can be seen that, of the Arizona students who took the survey, males and females are very similar in their use of most substances and generally have substance use rates that are within one to three percent of each other. In some cases, females actually have use rates that are higher than males. The exceptions Page 65 are that, for lifetime use, males in all grades use much more smokeless tobacco, two and a half times the rate of females, more males use marijuana in each grade, and more females use sedatives. For 30-day use, the marijuana use rate for males was 2.9% higher than females. The 30-day usage rate of smokeless tobacco is significantly higher for males. As with lifetime use, females at every grade level had higher use rates than males for sedative and stimulant use. Perceived Availability of Drugs: Arizona Compared to National Sample A majority of the youth do not intend to use cigarettes or marijuana, though a majority (67.6%) of high school seniors intend to use alcohol. The intention to use all substances generally increases as youth get older. Intention to use cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana in 2004 peaked in grade 12. When looking at the 2004 results by grade, Arizona 8th graders, 10th graders, and the total state perceived alcohol as the substance that was the most available, and in the 12th grade the substance perceived as being the easiest to get was cigarettes. The substances with the lowest perceived availability (or the substances perceived as being the most difficult to get) were cocaine, LSD, and amphetamines. In all categories, and for all grades, there is a 6.0% to 17.6% difference in perceived availability between Arizona results and national results. Overall, for the state total, perceived availability of cigarettes decreased 2.3%, perceived availability of marijuana decreased 7.9%, and perceived availability of cocaine, LSD, and amphetamines decreased 3.8%. Multiple Drug Use Heavy Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior by Grade and Gender Many of the individuals who use marijuana also use alcohol. For example, the total percentage using marijuana is 13.8% and those using alcohol and marijuana is 11.4%. Thus, only 2.4% of those using marijuana do not also use alcohol. A review of tobacco use and any drug use during the past 30 days shows that over one-half of the youth who use tobacco also use an illegal drug (17.6% tobacco use compared to 9.8% tobacco and any drug use). Unlike 30-day and lifetime ATOD substance use, where Arizona males and females had similar use rates, and often females in lower grades had higher rates, the male-female differences in heavy use of alcohol and tobacco and antisocial behavior are more pronounced. The only exceptions were that females in grades 8 and 10 participated in binge drinking and being drunk or high in school more than males. Intention to Use ATODs Perceived Harmfulness of Drugs: Arizona Compared to National Sample For Arizona 8th graders, the greatest perceived risk was for regular marijuana smoking (62.4%), while in the 10th and 12th grades, the greatest perceived harmfulness was for heavy cigarette smoking (65.4% for 10th grade, 68.7% for 12th grade). The category that students viewed as being the least harmful was in trying marijuana once or twice. In comparing Arizona results to MTF results, Arizona rates of perceived harmfulness of smoking marijuana regularly were significantly lower than MTF rates in all grades. Such findings indicate that programs focusing on educating students about the harmful effects of regular marijuana use would be very beneficial to Arizona youth. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Overall, binge drinking and being drunk or high at school appear to be the biggest antisocial problems among Arizona youth with 22.7% of students binge drinking at least once in the past two weeks and 17.7% of students being at school while drunk or high at least once in the past year. The behavior that the fewest students participated in was regular cigarette smoking (2.3%), and stealing a vehicle (4.2%). Handguns and Violence It is clear from the survey results reported here that responses to most of the questions regarding handguns and violence show a low percentage of students who carry handguns or take them to school. However, with such subject matter, even low percentages should be taken seriously by schools and communities. For example, 1.5% of the students surveyed reported having taken a handgun Page 66 to school in the past 12 months. In regard to carrying a handgun in general, 6.1% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in the past 12 months, and 7.4% of students surveyed reported having carried a handgun in their lifetime. A review of the responses regarding violence reveals that 19.8% of the youth in Arizona have attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them at some time in their life, and 16.3% have attacked someone in the past 12 months. For the total survey population, the percent of students reporting they had attacked someone in the past year increased 5.7% (from 10.6% in 2002 to 16.3% in 2004). A large majority of Arizona Youth (91.1%) have never belonged to a gang, while 4.7% of the youth surveyed reported that they had been members in the past; 2.6% reported they belong now; 1.3% reported that they would like to join a gang; and 0.4% reported that they are in a gang, but would like to get out. Students’ Academic Performance and Substance Use There is a clear relationship between substance use and school performance. Of the students who reported getting better grades, fewer have tried ATODs and fewer are currently using ATODs than those who report poorer grades. For example, failing (“F”) students are approximately five times more likely to have indicated use of marijuana in the past 30 days than succeeding (“A”) students. Parent’s Education and Youth Substance Use Like academic grades, there is a direct relationship between parent education and drug use, with lower levels of parent education corresponding with higher levels of youth drug use. In Arizona, youth whose fathers did not graduate from high school have 30-day cigarette use rates that are 6.4% higher than youth whose fathers were college graduates. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Parental Acceptability Favorable parental attitudes toward drugs influence the attitudes and behavior of their children. Even a small amount of perceived parental acceptability can lead to substance use. For example, relatively few students (9.5%) reported using marijuana in the past 30 days when their parents thought it is “Very Wrong” to use it. In contrast, when a student believes that their parents agree with use somewhat (i.e. the parent only believes that it is “Wrong,” as opposed to “Very Wrong”) use increased substantially to 32.3% for 30-day use. Marijuana Use in Relation to Perceived Peer Acceptability As with perceived parental acceptability, the slightest perceived peer acceptability seriously increases the chance that a student will use ATODs. For example, when students thought there was “No or very little chance” that they would be seen as cool if they used marijuana, only 4.8% had used marijuana in the past month. However, when students even thought that there was a “Little chance” that they would be seen as cool, marijuana use rates were over three times higher for past-month use (16.1%). Depressive Symptoms and Substance Use There is a strong link between students who report depressive symptoms and ATOD use. When compared to the non-depressed group, the depressed youth are nearly three times as likely to use cigarettes in the 30 days prior to the survey, over two times as likely to use marijuana in the past 30 days, and over three times as likely to have used any drug in the past 30 days. These results indicate that when a youth receives a diagnosis of depression, they should also be assessed for substance abuse. Page 67 Based upon the aforementioned findings, the following conclusions and recommendations are presented for future prevention strategies: Further, an alarming 17.7% of students indicated that they had been drunk or high while in school at least once in the past year. Such findings suggest that work needs to be done in Arizona regarding heavy alcohol use and in increasing resolve to curb substance use in and around schools. 1. While lifetime and past-month rates of alcohol showed strong decreases since the 2002 survey, alcohol use rates continue to be higher than the national average for grades 8, 10, and 12. These higher rates indicate that decreasing alcohol use continues to be a high priority for Arizona. 5. School safety remains a growing issue, as rates of lifetime and pastyear attacks increased in all grades and perceived acceptability of beating someone also increased. Decreasing acceptability of violence could be a key to decreasing violence rates. Recommendations 2. Students with a reported grade average of “F” are 19.9% more likely to have indicated use of alcohol in the past 30 days than “A” students. Failing students are also 20.7% more likely to have used cigarettes and five times more likely to have used marijuana than “A” students. This finding suggests that administrators (or managers), when planning for prevention programs, would benefit from placing an emphasis on students who are having trouble with academics. Academic failure is highly predictive for engagement in high-risk behaviors including drug usage. 3. The greatest increase in 30-day use of most substances occurs from middle school (8th grade) to high school (10th grade). These findings suggest that prevention efforts need to be focused on the younger student population. 4. Heavy substance use continues to be a significant issue among Arizona youth with 22.7% of Arizona students indicating they had consumed more than five alcoholic beverages in a row at least once in the past two weeks. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 6. The two lowest protective factor scores were Community Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement and Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. These scores indicate that the community does not encourage prosocial involvement as much as the family and school domains do. Further, these scores also indicate areas where protection in Arizona is lower than protection on the seven-state norm level. These could be areas to target for prevention efforts/programs and to encourage communities toward more reinforcement and rewards for prosocial involvement. In general, the results from the Arizona Youth Survey show that Arizona student use of ATODs is at levels that are similar to, or higher than, current national trends; that rates of delinquency and antisocial behavior could be improved and that Arizona youth have higher levels of risk and lower levels of protection than students on a national level. Page 68 Summary As noted previously, the analysis of the data obtained from the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey is quite extensive and therefore the results are not intended to be exhaustive. Rather, it is believed that the data and highlights contained within this report will provide insights for future decisions pertaining to the well-being of Arizona youth. Using risk and protective data as a focal point for drug prevention programs has proven effective in reducing drug use in communities. For this reason, it is essential to empower community members, school officials and policy makers with risk and protective factor data. Specifically, the purpose of the Arizona Youth Survey is to provide policy and decision makers with better information to aid in the development of prevention and intervention strategies throughout the state. The Arizona Youth Survey is based on the national Communities That Care model and the research of J. David Hawkins, Ph.D. and Richard F. Catalano, Ph.D. The model has strong support from numerous federal agencies including the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), the National Youth Gang Center, and the Center for Substance Abuse and Prevention (CSAP). Given the scarce resources available to schools and service providers today, the information contained within this report provides Arizona with a considerable advantage at all levels of government in securing additional funding. The 2004 administration of the Arizona Youth Survey resulted in a significant increase in the participation of voluntary and selected sample schools over the 2002 administration. With 266 schools participating in the 2004 administration, 45,119 surveys were completed by students in grades 8, 10, and 12 resulting in more than triple the 2002 sample. As a result of this success, outstanding strides have been made in developing a data infrastructure that provides valuable information regarding youth at the state and local level. It is the goal of the 2006 Arizona Youth Survey to increase participation (both in schools and in number of students), find and stabilize funding for the survey, and build and strengthen partnerships. Arizona Youth Survey 2004 The ability to accurately understand the underlying factors — behaviors, attitudes, conditions or events — that increase and decrease the risk for criminal activities will provide a basis on which to bring about positive change. Risk factors are powerful tools for identifying and locating populations and individuals with a high potential for substance abuse, delinquency, school drop-out, and/or violence, and they provide valuable targets for programs aimed at preventing or reducing these problem behaviors. Protective factors are also important tools for enhancing the availability of positive interactions and bonding with the community, family, school, and peer groups. Overall, results from the survey show that Arizona students use alcohol, tobacco and other drugs (ATOD) at levels that are similar to, or higher than, current national rates. Several indicators of delinquency and antisocial behavior showed small, but significant increases when compared to the 2002 Arizona Youth Survey results. Since 2002, 30-day use rates have decreased somewhat in all grades for alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, inhalants, cocaine, ecstasy, heroin, and any drug. The only substance which increased in all grades was stimulants, and those increases were very small. While lifetime and past month rates of alcohol showed strong decreases since the 2002 survey, alcohol use rates continue to be higher than the national average for grades 8, 10, and 12. These higher rates indicate that decreasing alcohol use should continue to be a high priority for Arizona. The survey found that parental attitudes regarding drug use can heavily influence the attitudes and behavior of children. Perceived parental acceptability of drug use can result in higher substance use. For example, relatively few students (9.5%) reported using marijuana in the past 30 days when their parents thought it is “Very Wrong” to use it. When a student believes that their parents agree with use somewhat (i.e. the parent only believes that it is “Wrong” not “Very Wrong”) use increased substantially to 32.3% for 30-day use. Rates of use continue to increase as the perceived parental acceptability increases. It is important that a strong message is sent to parents regarding their role and ability to influence substance abuse among youth. Page 69 School safety is an emerging issue, as rates of attacking with the intent to harm in the past year and in a student’s lifetime increased in all grades and perceived acceptability of physically hurting someone also increased. Among 8th grade students, 16.1% reported that they did not go to school at least one day in the previous month because they felt unsafe, an increase from 5.4% in 2002. In looking at the 2004 results in comparison to the 2002 results, increases in safety issues can be seen in all four school safety indicators. Certainly, it is important to set a high priority on maintaining a safe learning environment in Arizona. The increase in these factors is concerning and would indicate that additional research should be conducted in this area. The Arizona Youth Survey fills a critical role within a statewide substance abuse, violence, and juvenile delinquency strategy to provide information on the well-being of youth, families, and communities. In the next two years, the Arizona Youth Survey 2004 Arizona Criminal Justice Commission will continue to place an emphasis on building partnerships and working to disseminate survey data to community leaders and decision makers. Although this report provides a statewide perspective, additional reports have been made available at the county, city, and school levels. The data made available through the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey provide local decision makers with information for developing strategies in directing scarce funding toward needed programs to serve the youth and families in their community. Data-driven programs are more likely to target needed areas and, therefore, are more likely to result in the successful maximization of limited resources. Critical to this effort is the continued development of a state data infrastructure that provides information on the well-being of our youth and the communities we live in. Page 70 � Appendix A: 2004 Arizona Youth Survey ��� �� ARIZONA YOUTH SURVEY ��� �� 1. Thank you for agreeing to participate in this survey. The purpose of this survey is to learn how students in our schools feel about their community, family, peers, and school. The survey also asks about health behaviors. 2. The survey is completely voluntary and anonymous. DO NOT put your name on the questionnaire. 3. This is not a test, so there are no right or wrong answers. We would like you to work quickly so you can finish. 4. All of the questions should be answered by completely filling in one of the answer spaces. If you do not find an answer that fits exactly, use the one that comes closest. If any question does not apply to you, or you are not sure what it means, just leave it blank. You can skip any question that you do not wish to answer. District District Site Student’s Zip Code � � � � � � � � � � � 6. What is the highest level of schooling completed by your mother? or less Completed grade school Completed college ������������ school after college Some high school Graduate or professional ������������ Completed high school Don’t know ������������ Some college Does not apply ������������ 7. What is the highest level of schooling completed by your father? or less Completed grade school Completed college ������������ ��� �� ��� �� school after college Some high school Graduate or professional ������������ � � � � � � � � ��� �� Completed high school Don’t know ������������ Some college Does not apply ������������ � ��� �� Example: Chocolate is the best ice cream flavor. 5. For questions that have the following answers: NO! no yes YES! Mark (the BIG) YES! if you think the statement is DEFINITELY TRUE for you. Mark (the little) yes if you think the statement is MOSTLY TRUE for you. Mark (the little) no if you think the statement is MOSTLY NOT TRUE for you. Mark (the BIG) NO! if you think the statement is DEFINITELY NOT TRUE for you. NO! no YES! �yes ���������� In the example above, the student marked “yes” because he or she thinks the statement is mostly true. 6. Please mark only one answer for each question by completely filling in the oval with a #2 pencil. Type APPERSON PRINT MANAGEMENT SERVICES � � �� � � � � � � 0 0 0 0 �������������������������������������� 1 1 1 1 ��������������������������������������� �������������������������������������� 2 2 2 2 ��������������������������������������� �������������������������������������� 3 3 3 3 ��������������������������������������� �������������������������������������� 4 4 4 4 ��������������������������������������� �������������������������������������� 5 5 5 5 ��������������������������������������� �������������������������������������� 6 6 6 6 ��������������������������������������� �������������������������������������� 7 7 7 7 ��������������������������������������� �������������������������������������� 8 8 8 8 ��������������������������������������� �������������������������������������� 9 9 9 9 ��������������������������������������� �������������������������������������� County Please fill in the following questions with the help of your teacher/survey assistant. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1. Are you: MALE FEMALE ���������� 2. How old are you? 10 or younger 12 14 16 18 ������������������ 11 13 15 17 19 or older ��������������� 3. What grade are you in? 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th �������������������� ) 4. Please choose the ONE answer that BEST describes what you consider yourself to be. ��White, not of Hispanic origin ��Black, or African American ��American Indian/Native American, Eskimo, or Aleut ��Asian ��Pacific Islander ��Other (Please Specify 5. What is the language you use most often at home? English Spanish Another language ������������ 99372PCN1203 (ReflexRead) ������������������������ PLEASE DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA Produced by the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission and Bach Harrison, L.L.C. Salt Lake City, Utah Phone: (801) 359-2064 ACCU-SCAN TM � � �� ��� �� ��� �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� ��� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� ��� ��� �� no yes YES! The next section asks about your experiences at school. NO! ����� �������� ����� ������� 10. My teacher(s) notices when I am doing a good job and lets me know about it. ����� �������� 8. In my school, students have lots of chances to help decide things like class activities and rules. 11. There are lots of chances for students in my school to get involved in sports, clubs, and other school activities outside of class. ����� �������� ����� �������� 12. There are lots of chances for students in my school to talk with a teacher one-on-one. 9. Teachers ask me to work on special classroom projects. 13. I feel safe at my school. ����� �������� ����� �������� ����� �������� 14. The school lets my parents know when I have done something well. 15. My teachers praise me when I work hard in school. ����� �������� ����� ����� ������ ����� ������ ����� ������ Almost always Often Sometimes Seldom Never ����� ������� 16. Are your school grades better than the grades of most students in your class? 17. I have lots of chances to be part of class discussions or activities. 18. Now thinking back over the past year year in school, how often did you: a. enjoy being in school? b. hate being in school? c. try to do your best work in school? 19. How often do you feel that the school work you are assigned is meaningful and important? 20. Putting them all together, what were your grades like last year? Mostly F’s Mostly B’s �������� Mostly D’s Mostly A’s �������� �Mostly C’s 21. How important do you think the things you are learning in school are going to be for your later life ��� �� The next questions ask about your feelings and experiences in other parts of your life. Number of friends ����� 0 1 2 3 4 a. participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? 24. Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: b. smoked cigarettes? ����� ����� d. made a commitment to stay drug-free? ����� c. tried beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) when their parents didn’t know about it? e. used marijuana? f. tried to do well in school? ����� ����� ������ ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� ����� g. used LSD, cocaine, amphetamines, or other illegal drugs? h. been suspended from school? i. liked school? j. carried a handgun? k. sold illegal drugs? l. regularly attended religious services? m. stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? n. been arrested? o. dropped out of school? p. been members of a gang? Very good chance Pretty good chance Some chance Little chance No or very little chance 25. What are the chances you would be seen as cool if you: a. smoked cigarettes? b. worked hard at school? � ��� �� ��� �� ����� ����� ����� ������ ����� ������ d. defended someone who was being verbally abused at school? c. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? e. smoked marijuana? ������ ������ ����� ������ ����� f. regularly volunteered to do community service? g. carried a handgun? �� ��� Very important Slightly important �������� Quite important Not at all important �������� �Fairly important 22. How interesting are most of your courses to you? Very interesting and stimulating �Quite interesting Slightly dull �������� Fairly interesting Very dull �������� 23. During the LAST FOUR WEEKS how many whole days of school have you missed because you skipped or ‘cut’? None 1 2 3 4-5 6-10 11 or more �������������������� 2 � � �� �� ��� � � � � � � � � � � � �� 26. How old were you when you first: a. smoked marijuana? �� ��� 10 or younger Never 11 12 13 15 17 or older 16 14 ���������� ��� �� a. done what feels good no matter what. b. done something dangerous because someone dared you to do it. � � � � � � � � � ������ � ����� �������� ����� � �������� ����� 40+ times 30 to 39 times 20 to 29 times 10 to 19 times 6 to 9 times 3 to 5 times 1 to 2 times Never c. done crazy things even if they are a little dangerous? a. been suspended from school? b. carried a handgun? c. sold illegal drugs? ������� �������� ������� �������� ������� �������� �������� ������� � d. stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? ������� �������� m. stolen or tried to steal something worth less than $50? � � �� � � � ��� �� c. had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin)? ���������� Never I’ve done it, but not in the past year Less than once a month About once a month 2 or 3 times a month Once a week or more 28. How many times have you done the following things? d. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? ���������� ��������� ���������� e. used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? ���������� b. smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? f. got suspended from school? ���������� 29. How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: g. got arrested? h. carried a handgun? ���������� ���������� ���������� i. attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? j. belonged to a gang? e. participated in clubs, organizations or activities at school? ������� �������� � f. been arrested? � h. attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? 27. How wrong do you think it is for someone your age to: ������� �������� �������� ������� ��� ���� g. done extra work on your own for school? a. take a handgun to school? i. attacked someone with a weapon? Not Wrong at All A Little Bit Wrong Wrong Very Wrong b. steal anything worth more than $5? j. been drunk or high at school? � � � � � ��� ����� � � c. pick a fight with someone? ������� �������� � k. volunteered to do community service? n. stolen or tried to steal something worth more than $50? ������� �������� � � � l. taken a handgun to school? o. gone into or tried to go into a building to steal something? ������� �������� ��� ����� ����� ��� d. attack someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? ��� ����� p. used a weapon or force to get money or other material items from someone? ������� �������� ������� �������� ������� �������� ������� �������� �������� ������� e. stay away from school all day when their parents think they are at school? ��� ����� ��� ����� g. smoke cigarettes? f. drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) regularly? h. smoke marijuana? ��� �� ��� �� 3 ��� ����� ����� ��� i. use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drug? � � �� ��� �� � � � � � � � � � �� ��� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ��� �� ��� �� 30. You’re looking at CD’s in a music store with a friend. You look up and see her slip a CD under her coat. She smiles and says “Which one do you want? Go ahead, take it while nobody’s around.” There is nobody in sight, no employees and no other customers. What would you do now? �Ignore her �Grab a CD and leave the store �Tell her to put the CD back �Act like it is a joke, and ask her to put the CD back 31. You are visiting another part of town, and you don’t know any of the people your age there. You are walking down the street, and some teenager you don’t know is walking toward you. He is about your size, and as he is about to pass you, he deliberately bumps into you and you almost lose your balance. What would you say or do? �Push the person back �Say “Excuse me” and keep on walking �Say “Watch where you are going” and keep on walking �Swear at the person and walk away ��� �� 36. During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? 0 times 6-7 times ��������� 1 time 8-9 times ��������� 2-3 times 10-11 times ��������� 4-5 times 12 or more times �������� 37. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school? 0 days 4-5 days ��������� 1day 6 or more days ��������� �2-3 days 38. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? 0 days 4-5 days �������� 1day 6 or more days �������� �2-3 days yes YES! ������� ����� no 39. I think sometimes it’s okay to cheat at school. NO! 40. It is important to think before you act. 32. You are at a party at someone’s house, and one of your friends offers you a drink containing alcohol. What would you say or do? �Drink it Tell your friend, “No thanks, I don’t drink” and suggest that �you and your friend go and do something else 41. Sometimes I think that life is not worth it. 45. It is all right to beat up people if they start the fight. 44. In the past year, have you felt depressed or sad MOST days, even if you felt okay sometimes? �������� ����� �������� ����� yes YES! � ��� �� ��� �� ��� �� ����� ������� ����� ������� ����� ������� ����� ������� no ������� ����� 47. Sometimes we don’t know what we will do as adults, but we may have an idea. Please answer how true these statements may be for you. WHEN I AM AN ADULT I WILL: a. smoke cigarettes b. drink beer, wine, or liquor c. smoke marijuana d. use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drug NO! 46. I think it is okay to take something without asking if you can get away with it. 43. All in all, I am inclined to think that I am a failure. 42. At times I think I am no good at all. �Just say, “No thanks” and walk away 0 times 6-7 times ��������� 1 time 8-9 times ��������� 2-3 times 10-11 times ��������� 4-5 times 12 or more times ��������� 35. During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? Never 1-2 Times a Month �������� Rarely About Once a Week or More ��������� 34. How often do you attend religious services or activities? �Not say anything and start watching TV �Get into an argument with her �Leave the house anyway Explain what you are going to do with your friends, tell �her when you will get home, and ask if you can go out 33. It’s 8:00 on a weeknight and you are about to go over to a friend’s home when your mother asks you where you are going. You say “Oh, just going to go hang out with some friends.” She says, “No, you’ll just get into trouble if you go out. Stay home tonight.” What would you do now? Make up a good excuse, tell your friend you had something �else to do, and leave �������� ����� �������� ����� �������� ����� �������� ����� 4 � � �� �� ��� � � � � � � � �� � �� ��� ��� �� OCCASIONS 48. had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink in your lifetime – more than just a few sips? �������������� �������������� �������������� �������������� �������������� �������������� �������������� �������������� ������������� � � � 6-9 10-19 20-39 40+ 49. had beer, wine or hard liquor to drink during the past 30 days? �������������� � 3-5 57. sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high during the past 30 days? �������������� �������������� �������������� � 1-2 58. used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in your lifetime? �������������� � 0 61. used stimulants (“amphetamines”, “meth”, “crystal”, “crank”) without a doctor telling you to take them, during the past 30 days? �������������� � On how many occasions (if any) have you: 62. used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as valium or xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them, in your lifetime? �������������� � � � � � � � Never Regularly in the past �������� ��� �� 65. used heroin or other opiates during the past 30 days? 66. used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy) in your lifetime? Once or Twice Regularly now ��������� �Once in a while but not regularly 71. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you use chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip? ��� �� ��� �� 0 days 10 to 19 days ��������� 1 or 2 days 20 to 29 days ��������� 3 to 5 days All 30 days ��������� �6 to 9 days ��� �� � � 72. Have you ever smoked cigarettes? Never Regularly in the past ��������� Once or Twice Regularly now ��������� � � � �� �Once in a while but not regularly � � � � � � � � � � � 70. Have you ever used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, or chewing tobacco)? 60. used stimulants (“amphetamines”, “meth”, “crystal”, “crank”) without a doctor telling you to take them, in your lifetime? 59. used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) during the past 30 days? 56. sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high in your lifetime? 55. used cocaine or crack during the past 30 days? 54. used cocaine or crack in your lifetime? 53. used LSD or other psychedelics during the past 30 days? 52. used LSD or other psychedelics in your lifetime? 51. used marijuana during the past 30 days? 50. used marijuana in your lifetime? 63. used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as valium or xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them, during the past 30 days? � � 5 � � � � � 64. used heroin or other opiates in your lifetime? �������������� �������������� �������������� �������������� 67. used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy) during the past 30 days? ��� ���� Great Risk Moderate Risk Slight Risk No Risk a. smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day? 68. How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they: b. try marijuana once or twice? ���� ���� ���� c. smoke marijuana regularly? d. take one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, liquor) nearly every day? 69. Has anyone in your family ever had a severe alcohol or drug problem? �No �Yes � � �� ��� �� ��� �� � � � � � � � � � � � �� ��� ��� �� 73. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes? 0 days 10 to 19 days �������� 1 or 2 days 20 to 29 days �������� 3 to 5 days All 30 days ��������� �6 to 9 days 74. During the past 30 days, on the days you smoked, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? �I did not smoke cigarettes during the past 30 days �Less than 1 cigarette per day �1 cigarette per day �2 to 5 cigarettes per day �6 to 10 cigarettes per day �11 to 20 cigarettes per day �More than 20 cigarettes per day 75. Think back over the last two weeks. How many times have you had five or more alcoholic drinks in a row? None 3-5 times �������� Once 6-9 times �������� Twice 10 or more times �������� 76. I do the opposite of what people tell me, just to get them mad. Very False Somewhat True �������� Somewhat False Very True �������� 77. I like to see how much I can get away with. Very False Somewhat True �������� Somewhat False Very True �������� 78. I ignore rules that get in my way. Very False Somewhat True �������� Somewhat False Very True �������� ��� �� ������� ����� 6 84. If you wanted to get some beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin), how easy would it be for you to get some? 83. If you wanted to get some cigarettes, how easy would it be for you to get some? ���� ����� ��� ���� ��� ���� ��� �� 85. If you wanted to get a drug like cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines, how easy would it be for you to get some? ���� ����� very easy sort of easy sort of hard very hard 86. If you wanted to get a handgun, how easy would it be for you to get one? ���� ����� 3-4 5+ 87. If you wanted to get some marijuana, how easy would it be for you to get some? 2 Number of Adults 1 ��������� 0 a. used marijuana, crack, cocaine, or other drugs? 88. About how many adults (over 21 ) have you known personally who in the past year have: b. sold or dealt drugs? ���������� ���������� ��������� ���������� ��������� c. done other things that could get them in trouble with the police, like stealing, selling stolen goods, mugging or assaulting others, etc.? d. gotten drunk or high? 89. Are you currently on probation, or assigned a probation officer with Juvenile Court? No Yes ����� 90. Have you ever belonged to a gang? No Yes, belong now ���������� No, but would like to Yes, but would like to get out ���������� �Yes, in the past 91. If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the one major reason you joined? Protection/safety Make money ���������� Friendship Other ���������� Parent(s) are in a gang I have never belonged to a gang ���������� �Sibling(s) are in a gang ��� �� 92. If you have ever belonged to a gang, did the gang have a name? No Yes I have never belonged to a gang ��������� � � �� �� ��� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � These questions ask about the neighborhood and community where you live. 79. If a kid smoked marijuana in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? ������� ����� yes YES! 80. If a kid smoked cigarettes in your neighborhood, would he or she be caught by the police? ������� ����� no � 81. If a kid drank some beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? �������� ����� NO! � � 82. If a kid carried a handgun in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? � � � � � � �� ��� �� 93. How wrong would most adults (over 21) in your neighborhood think it is for kids your age: a. to use marijuana? b. to drink alcohol? c. to smoke cigarettes? Not Wrong at All A Little Bit Wrong Wrong Very Wrong ��� ���� ��� ���� ����� � ��� 7 ��� �� 105. Have you changed schools (including changing from elementary to middle and middle to high school) in the past year? No Yes ����� no yes YES! ������� ����� ������� ����� ������� ����� ������� ����� NO! 106. How many times have you changed schools since kindergarten (including changing from elementary to middle and middle to high school)? Never 5 or 6 times �������� 1 or 2 times 7 or more times �������� �3 or 4 times 107. How much does each of the following statements describe your neighborhood? a. crime and/or drug selling b. fights c. lots of empty or abandoned buildings d. lots of graffiti The next few questions ask about your family. When answering these questions please think about the people you consider to be your family, for example, parents, stepparents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, etc. 108. My parents notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. Never or Almost Never Often ����������� Sometimes All the Time ����������� 109. How often do your parents tell you they’re proud of you for something you’ve done? � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ��� �� ��� �� � ���� � ���� ���� ���� ���� � � � � � � � � � ��� ���� � Not Wrong at All A Little Bit Wrong Wrong Very Wrong Never or Almost Never Often ������������ Sometimes All the Time ������������ 110. How wrong do your parents feel it would be for YOU to: a. drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) regularly? b. smoke cigarettes? c. smoke marijuana? d. steal something worth more than $5? e. draw graffiti, write things, or draw pictures on buildings or other property (without the owner’s permission)? f. pick a fight with someone? � � �� ��� �� ������� ����� yes YES! 94. If I had to move, I would miss the neighborhood I now live in. �������� ����� no 95. My neighbors notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. NO! 96. I like my neighborhood. �������� ����� �������� ����� �������� ����� 97. There are lots of adults in my neighborhood I could talk to about something important. 98. I’d like to get out of my neighborhood. �������� ����� �������� ����� 100. There are people in my neighborhood who encourage me to do my best. ������� ����� 99. There are people in my neighborhood who are proud of me when I do something well. 101. I feel safe in my neighborhood. 102. How many times have you changed homes since kindergarten? Never 5 or 6 times �������� 1 or 2 times 7 or more times ��������� �3 or 4 times 103. Have you changed homes in the past year (the last 12 months)? No Yes ����� 104. Which of the following activities for people your age are available in your community? a.�������������� sports teams No Yes b.��������������� scouting No Yes c.��������������� boys and girls clubs No Yes d.��������������� 4-H clubs No Yes e.��������������� service clubs No Yes � � �� ��� �� � �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� �� ��� �� 111. Have any of your brothers or sisters ever: ��� �� NO! no yes YES! 129. My parents give me lots of chances to do fun things with them. 128. Do you feel very close to your father? ��� �������� ����� ������� ����� �������� ����� a. drunk beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin)? 130. My parents ask if I’ve gotten my homework done. �������� ����� I don’t have any brothers or sisters Yes No b. smoked marijuana? 131. People in my family have serious arguments. �������� ����� d. taken a handgun to school? c. smoked cigarettes? 132. Would your parents know if you did not come home on time? yes YES! ��� ��� ��� ���� ��� e. been suspended or expelled from school? no ������� ����� NO! �� ��� Mother Grandfather ��������� Stepmother Uncle ���������� Foster Mother Other Adults ���������� Grandmother Brother(s) ���������� Aunt Stepbrother(s) ���������� Father Sister(s) ���������� Stepfather Stepsister(s) ���������� Foster Father Other Children ���������� 135. How many brothers and sisters, including stepbrothers and stepsisters, do you have that are younger than you? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 or more ������������� 136. How many brothers and sisters, including stepbrothers and stepsisters, do you have that are older than you? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 or more �������������� 137. To your knowledge, can someone (juvenile or adult) who carries a concealed but unloaded gun in the street be convicted of a weapons offense? No Yes ����� 138. To your knowledge, can someone (juvenile or adult) who has ever been convicted of a felony legally carry a gun? No Yes ������ 139. To your knowledge, are there federal penalties for carrying a gun? No Yes ������ 140. Have you ever heard of Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN)? No Yes ������ 141. How did you hear about Project Safe Neighborhoods? T.V. Billboard Have not heard of PSN ������������ Radio Other ������ �� ��� �� ��� 142. How honest were you in filling out this survey? � I was very honest � I was honest pretty much of the time � I was honest some of the time � I was honest once in a while � I was not honest at all � � �� �� ��� ����� ������� ����� �������� ����� �������� ����� �������� ����� �������� ����� �������� ����� �������� ����� ������� 134. Think of where you live most of the time. Which of the following people live there with you? (Choose all that apply.) 133. It is important to be honest with your parents, even if they become upset or you get punished. ��112. The rules in my family are clear. People in my family often insult ��113. or yell at each other. �� �� When I am not at home, one of ��114. my parents knows where I am �� and who I am with. �� �� We argue about the same things ��115. in my family over and over. �� If you drank some beer, wine, ��116. or liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents? �� My family has clear rules about ��117. alcohol and drug use. �� My family has clear rules about ��118. cigarettes and tobacco use. If you carried a handgun without ��119. your parents’ permission, would ������ �������� ������ �������� Do you feel very close to ��121. your mother? ������ �������� you be caught by your parents? �� If you skipped school would you ��120. be caught by your parents? Do you share your thoughts and ��122. feelings with your mother? �� ������ �������� 8 ������ �������� ������ �������� ������ �������� ������ �������� My parents ask me what I think ��123. before most family decisions affecting me are made. �� Do you share your thoughts and ��124. feelings with your father? �� Do you enjoy spending time ��125. with your mother? Do you enjoy spending time ��126. with your father? �� �� If I had a personal problem, I could ��127. ask my mom or dad for help. �� �� � � �� Appendix B: Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Community Domain Protective Factors Community Domain Risk Factors Protective Factor Associated Scales Community Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Community Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Risk Factor Associated Scales Low Neighborhood Attachment and Community Disorganization Low Neighborhood Attachment Community Disorganization Transitions & Mobility Transitions & Mobility Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use, Firearms, and Crime Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use Availability of Drugs and Firearms Perceived Availability of Drugs Perceived Availability of Handguns Media Portrayals of Violence Extreme Economic Deprivation Family Domain Protective Factors No Scale No Scale Protective Factor Associated Scales Family Attachment Family Attachment Family Opportunities for Positive Involvement Family Opportunities for Positive Involvement Family Rewards for Positive Involvement Family Rewards for Positive Involvement Appendix B (Cont.): Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Family Domain Risk Factors School Domain Protective Factors School Domain Risk Factors Risk Factor Associated Scales Family Management Problems Poor Family Management Family Conflict Family Conflict Family Involvement in the Problem Behavior Family History of Antisocial Behavior Favorable Parental Attitudes Towards The Problem Behavior Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior Parental Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Protective Factor Associated Scales School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement School Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement School Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Risk Factor Associated Scales Academic Failure Beginning in Late Elementary School Academic Failure Lack of Commitment to School Low School Commitment Appendix B (Cont.): Risk and Protective Factors and Their Associated Scales Individual-Peer Protective Factors Individual-Peer Risk Factors Protective Factor Associated Scales Religiosity Religiosity Social Skills Social Skills Belief in the Moral Order Belief in the Moral Order Prosocial Involvement Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Interaction with Prosocial Peers Interaction with Prosocial Peers Risk Factor Associated Scales Rebelliousness Rebelliousness Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior Early Initiation of Drug use Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior Friends Who Engage in the Problem Behavior Interaction with Antisocial Peers Friends’ Use of Drugs Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Favorable Attitudes Towards the Problem Behavior Attitudes Favorable Towards Antisocial Behavior Attitudes Favorable Towards Drug Use Perceived Risks of Drug Use Intention to Use Early Initiative of the Problem Behavior Early Initiative of Drug Use Early Initiative of Antisocial Behavior Gang Involvement Gang Involvement Constitutional Factors Sensation Seeking Depressive Symptoms Appendix C: AYS Survey Results, Frequency and Percentage for Each Response Category Question 1. Are you: Response Male Female 2. How old are you? 12 What grade are you in? Please choose the ONE answer that BEST describes what you consider yourself to be. 52.5 What is the highest level of schooling completed by your mother? % Grade school or less 1,740 4.4 Some high school 4,428 11.1 Completed high school 8,267 20.7 Some college 6,680 16.7 7,955 19.4 Completed college 8,231 20.6 14 10,031 24.5 3,261 8.2 15 6,305 15.4 Graduate or professional school after college 16 6,624 16.2 Don’t know 7,000 17.5 17 4,785 11.7 Does not apply 378 0.9 18 4,766 11.6 441 1.1 Grade school or less 1,563 3.9 Some high school 3,448 8.6 7,588 19.0 7. What is the highest level of schooling completed by your father? 8th 18,812 45.9 Completed high school 10th 12,558 30.7 Some college 4,985 12.5 23.4 Completed college 7,932 19.9 Graduate or professional school after college 4,409 11.1 Don’t know 9,182 23.0 779 2.0 White, not of Hispanic Origin 9,590 19,745 49.0 Black or African American 1,503 3.7 American Indian/Native American, Eskimo, or Aleut 2,938 7.3 Asian Pacific Islander Other (Please Specify____) What is the language you use most often at home? 6. # 13 Spanish/Hispanic/Latino 5. 21,161 47.5 Response 0.1 12th 4. 19,172 Question % 53 19 or older 3. # 8. 13,184 32.7 812 2.0 289 0.7 1,851 4.6 English 32,544 80.4 Spanish 6,954 17.2 989 2.4 Another Language Does not apply In my school, students have lost of chances to help decide things like class activities and rules. NO! 6,676 16.5 no 14,755 36.4 yes 16,486 40.6 2,669 6.6 YES! 9. Teachers ask me to work on special classroom projects. NO! 5,464 13.5 no 17,198 42.5 yes 15,060 37.2 2,769 6.8 YES! Question 10. My teacher(s) notices when I am doing a good job and lets me know about it. Response # NO! 3,132 7.7 no 9,292 23.0 yes 20,630 7,419 YES! Question % 17. 11. There are lots of chances for students in my school to get involved in sports, clubs, and other school activities outside of class. 12. There are lots of chances for students in my school to talk with a teacher one-on-one. I feel safe at my school. 1,639 4.1 6,749 16.7 51.0 yes 24,040 59.4 18.3 YES! 8,050 19.9 1,646 4.0 no 3,017 7.4 yes 16,184 39.8 YES! 19,825 48.7 The school lets my parents know when I have done something well. My teacher(s) praise me when I work hard in school. Are your school grades better than the grades of most students in your class? Never 2,893 7.2 Seldom 5,095 12.6 Sometimes 16,542 40.9 Often 10,651 26.3 Almost Always 5,271 13.0 1,904 4.7 7,355 18.1 Never 3,045 7.6 yes 21,435 52.8 Seldom 9,669 24.0 9,924 24.4 Sometimes NO! 3,060 7.6 no 5,984 14.8 yes 22,741 56.2 8,659 21.4 b. hate being in school? c. try to do your best work in school? 15,646 38.8 Often 7,838 19.4 Almost Always 4,107 10.2 464 1.2 Never Seldom 1,601 4.0 Sometimes 7,654 19.0 NO! 10,045 24.9 Often 14,042 34.9 no 17,243 42.8 Almost Always 16,495 41.0 yes 10,164 25.2 2,840 7.0 NO! 19. How often do you feel that the school work you are assigned is meaningful and important? Never 3,105 7.7 Seldom 8,209 20.5 14,219 35.5 Sometimes 5,915 14.7 no 15,833 39.3 Often 9,769 24.4 yes 15,346 38.1 Almost Always 4,786 11.9 YES! 3,190 7.9 Mostly F’s 773 1.9 NO! 3,896 9.6 Mostly D’s 2,136 5.3 no 12,818 31.7 Mostly C’s 9,491 23.7 yes 17,371 43.0 Mostly B’s 15,001 37.4 6,314 15.6 Mostly A’s 12,671 31.6 20. 16. enjoy being in school? no YES! 15. a. Now, thinking back over the past year in school, how often did you... NO! YES! 14. % no NO! YES! 13. # NO! 18. I have lots of chances to be part of class discussions or activities. Response YES! Putting them all together, what were your grades like last year? Question 21. 22. 23. 24. a. b. How important do you think the things you are learning in school are going to be for your later life? How interesting are most of your courses to you? During the LAST FOUR WEEKS how many whole days of school have you missed because you skipped or “cut” Response # % Very important 10,182 25.1 Quite important 10,806 26.6 Fairly important 11,912 29.3 Slightly important 6,360 Not at all important Very interesting and stimulating Question # % 0 Friends 12,690 32.0 1 Friend 5,271 13.3 2 Friends 5,130 12.9 15.7 3 Friends 4,290 10.8 1,347 3.3 4 Friends 12,253 30.9 3,032 7.5 0 Friends 12,059 30.6 Quite interesting 10,195 25.2 1 Friend 6,701 17.0 Fairly interesting 15,736 38.9 2 Friends 4,853 12.3 Slightly Dull 8,293 20.5 3 Friends 4,023 10.2 Very Dull 3,199 7.9 4 Friends 11,785 29.9 26,393 65.4 0 Friends 19,889 50.4 1 4,731 11.7 1 Friend 5,480 13.9 2 3,008 7.5 2 Friends 4,264 10.8 3 2,429 6.0 3 Friends 3,217 8.1 4 to 5 4 Friends 6,639 16.8 0 Friends 1,820 4.6 1 Friend 2,959 7.5 2 Friends 6,158 15.6 3 Friends 8,242 20.9 4 Friends 20,308 51.4 0 Friends 29,575 74.8 1 Friend 4,326 10.9 2 Friends 2,378 6.0 3 Friends 1,231 3.1 4 Friends 2,007 5.1 0 Friends 22,670 57.2 1 Friend 7,437 18.8 2 Friends 4,423 11.2 3 Friends 2,064 5.2 4 Friends 3,045 7.7 none 2,234 5.5 6 to 10 854 2.1 11 or more 685 1.7 c. tried beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) regularly? d. made the commitment to stay drugfree? e. used marijuana? f. tried to do well in school? Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to).In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? smoked cigarettes? 0 Friends 6,870 17.3 1 Friend 6,191 15.6 2 Friends 8,335 20.9 3 Friends 6,286 15.8 4 Friends 12,131 30.5 0 Friends 21,030 53.0 1 Friend 6,595 16.6 2 Friends 4,599 11.6 3 Friends 2,740 6.9 4 Friends 4,723 11.9 g. h. used LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drugs? been suspended from school? Response Question i. liked school? j. carried a handgun? Response # % 0 Friends 11,448 29.0 1 Friend 6,140 15.6 sold illegal drugs? o. dropped out of school? Response # % 0 Friends 33,367 84.7 1 Friend 3,777 9.6 2 Friends 8,777 22.2 2 Friends 1,199 3.0 3 Friends 6,229 15.8 3 Friends 434 1.1 4 Friends 6,889 17.4 4 Friends 595 1.5 0 Friends 35,072 89.0 0 Friends 32,402 82.4 2,794 7.1 p. been members of a gang? 2,131 5.4 1 Friend 2 Friends 945 2.4 2 Friends 1,455 3.7 3 Friends 424 1.1 3 Friends 744 1.9 4 Friends 819 2.1 4 Friends 1,935 4.9 0 Friends 30,865 78.6 25. 1 Friend 4,051 10.3 a. 25,022 63.2 2 Friends 2,072 5.3 Little Chance 7,874 19.9 4,259 10.8 1,463 3.7 967 2.4 No or Very Little Chance 6,473 16.3 21.1 Little Chance 7,500 18.9 1 Friend k. Question What are the chances you would be seen as cool if you: smoked cigarettes? No or Very Little Chance 3 Friends 903 2.3 Some Chance 4 Friends 1,369 3.5 Pretty Good Chance Very Good Chance l. regularly attended religious services? m. n. stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? been arrested? 0 Friends 12,378 31.6 1 Friend 9,010 23.0 b. worked hard in school? 2 Friends 8,263 3 Friends 4,496 11.5 Some Chance 10,435 26.4 4 Friends 5,053 12.9 Pretty Good Chance 8,096 20.4 Very Good Chance 7,090 17.9 0 Friends 34,530 87.4 1 Friend 2,717 6.9 16,782 42.5 2 Friends 1,101 2.8 Little Chance 7,357 18.6 3 Friends 452 1.1 Some Chance 7,219 18.3 4 Friends 713 1.8 Pretty Good Chance 5,102 12.9 Very Good Chance 3,016 7.6 No or Very Little Chance 6,079 15.4 Little Chance 6,189 15.6 10,361 26.2 0 Friends 28,161 71.4 1 Friend 5,801 14.7 2 Friends 2,816 7.1 c. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? d. defended someone who was being verbally abused at school? No or Very Little Chance 3 Friends 1,113 2.8 Some Chance 4 Friends 1,563 4.0 Pretty Good Chance 9,285 23.4 Very Good Chance 7,688 19.4 Question e. used marijuana? f. g. 26. a. regularly volunteered to do community service? carried a handgun? Response No or Very Little Chance # 21,574 b. smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? % Never have 55.2 16.2 5,166 12.8 13.2 11 2,392 5.9 3,197 8.1 12 2,762 6.8 2,975 7.6 13 2,791 6.9 14 1,877 4.7 6,375 5,180 Pretty Good Chance Very Good Chance 14,669 37.3 15 1,556 3.9 Little Chance 9,510 24.2 16 888 2.2 Some Chance 8,053 20.5 17 or Older 650 1.6 Pretty Good Chance 4,133 10.5 Very Good Chance 3,000 7.6 Never have No or Very Little Chance c. had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) 13,279 32.8 10 or younger 5,841 14.4 30,670 77.9 11 2,610 6.5 Little Chance 3,862 9.8 12 3,683 9.1 Some Chance 2,139 5.4 13 4,999 12.4 Pretty Good Chance 1,114 2.8 14 3,898 9.6 Very Good Chance 1,577 4.0 15 3,402 8.4 16 1,717 4.2 17 or Older 1,029 2.5 Never have 27,681 68.3 599 1.5 How old were you when you first: smoked marijuana? # 22,278 Some Chance 54.9 Response 10 or younger Little Chance No or Very Little Chance Question % Never have 27,227 67.2 10 or younger 1,349 3.3 11 1,190 2.9 12 2,050 5.1 11 593 1.5 13 2,928 7.2 12 1,098 2.7 14 2,234 5.5 13 2,163 5.3 15 1,928 4.8 14 2,118 5.2 16 1,052 2.6 15 2,793 6.9 548 1.4 16 1,974 4.9 17 or Older 1,505 3.7 17 or Older d. began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? 10 or younger Question e. used methamphetamine? # % Never have 38,197 94.4 148 0.4 10 or younger 10 or younger f. g. got suspended from school? got arrested? Question Response h. carried a handgun? Response Never have # % 37,164 92.6 749 1.9 348 0.9 11 98 0.2 11 12 150 0.4 12 416 1.0 13 382 0.9 13 501 1.2 14 362 0.9 14 334 0.8 15 486 1.2 15 270 0.7 16 342 0.8 16 198 0.5 17 or Older 302 0.7 17 or Older 166 0.4 Never have 30,213 74.7 Never have 32,361 80.2 10 or younger 2,377 5.9 2,038 5.0 11 1,347 3.3 11 916 2.3 12 1,737 4.3 12 1,158 2.9 13 2,050 5.1 13 1,425 3.5 1,051 2.6 i. attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? 10 or younger 14 1,251 3.1 14 15 755 1.9 15 721 1.8 16 436 1.1 16 419 1.0 17 or Older 270 0.7 17 or Older 279 0.7 Never have 35,476 87.9 Never have 37,863 93.7 10 or younger 427 1.1 10 or younger 433 1.1 11 429 1.1 11 315 0.8 j. belonged to a gang? 12 661 1.6 12 431 1.1 13 1,033 2.6 13 612 1.5 14 743 1.8 14 366 0.9 15 708 1.8 15 209 0.5 16 454 1.1 16 103 0.3 17 or Older 408 1.0 70 0.2 34,907 85.9 4,188 10.3 A Little Bit Wrong 998 2.5 Not Wrong at All 526 1.3 17 or Older 27. a. How wrong do you think it is for someone you age to: take a handgun to school? Very Wrong Wrong Question b. steal anything worth more than $5? c. pick a fight with someone? Response # % Very Wrong 17,128 42.3 Wrong attack someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? i. use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drug? g. h. smoke cigarettes? smoke marijuana? 34,044 84.3 Wrong 3,745 9.3 A Little Bit Wrong 1,455 3.6 Not Wrong at All 1,140 2.8 Very Wrong 37.2 16.4 Not Wrong at All 1,657 4.1 Very Wrong 11,435 28.4 28. Wrong 14,228 35.3 a. Once a week or more 11,854 29.8 A Little Bit Wrong 11,122 27.6 2 or 3 times a month 6,553 16.5 8.8 About once a month 4,242 10.7 Less than once a month 4,206 10.6 I’ve done it, but not in the past year 4,408 11.1 Never 8,466 21.3 Once a week or more 2,744 6.8 2 or 3 times a month 2,730 6.8 3,083 7.7 3,532 Very Wrong 23,648 58.7 Wrong 10,351 25.7 A Little Bit Wrong 4,488 11.1 Not Wrong at All 1,819 4.5 Very Wrong Wrong Not Wrong at All drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) regularly? % 6,631 A Little Bit Wrong f. # 15,078 b. e. stay away from school all day when their parents think they are at school? Response A Little Bit Wrong Not Wrong at All d. Question 15,959 39.4 32.0 8,644 21.3 Less than once a month 4,661 11.6 I’ve done it, but not in the past year 8,972 22.3 18,085 44.9 Once a week or more 5,729 14.2 2 or 3 times a month 4,643 11.5 About once a month 4,432 11.0 Less than once a month 5,785 14.3 I’ve done it, but not in the past year 9,169 22.7 10,567 26.2 16,616 41.0 Wrong 9,519 23.5 A Little Bit Wrong 9,119 22.5 Not Wrong at All 5,248 13.0 20,919 51.8 Wrong 9,543 23.6 A Little Bit Wrong 5,841 14.5 Not Wrong at All 4,086 10.1 24,048 59.6 Wrong 7,332 18.2 A Little Bit Wrong 4,910 12.2 Not Wrong at All 4,046 10.0 Very Wrong Done something dangerous because someone dared you to do it. 12,969 7.2 Very Wrong Done what feels good no matter what. About once a month 2,925 Very Wrong How many times have you done the following things? Never c. Done crazy things even if they are a little dangerous. Never Question 29. a. Response # How many times in the past year (12 months) have you... been suspended from school? Question % e. participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? 9,994 24.7 10.9 3 to 5 Times 5,763 14.2 3 to 5 Times 754 1.9 6 to 9 Times 3,011 7.4 6 to 9 Times 237 0.6 10 to 19 Times 2,334 5.8 10 to 19 Times 144 0.4 20 to 29 Times 1,624 4.0 34 0.1 30 to 39 Times 947 2.3 40+ Times 6,102 15.1 Never 16 0.0 106 0.3 36,812 91.1 38,039 93.9 1 or 2 Times 2,685 6.6 504 1.2 been arrested? Never 1 or 2 Times 1,068 2.6 3 to 5 Times 3 to 5 Times 408 1.0 6 to 9 Times 174 0.4 6 to 9 Times 265 0.7 10 to 19 Times 81 0.2 10 to 19 Times 182 0.5 20 to 29 Times 31 0.1 20 to 29 Times 112 0.3 30 to 39 Times 17 0.0 30 to 39 Times 44 0.1 40+ Times 99 0.2 395 1.0 Never 10,934 27.1 1 or 2 Times 10,209 25.3 40+ Times g. Never done extra work on your own for school? 37,344 92.7 1 or 2 Times 1,200 3.0 3 to 5 Times 6,433 16.0 3 to 5 Times 484 1.2 6 to 9 Times 4,191 10.4 6 to 9 Times 302 0.8 10 to 19 Times 3,331 8.3 10 to 19 Times 229 0.6 20 to 29 Times 1,894 4.7 171 0.4 30 to 39 Times 827 2.1 40+ Times 2,496 6.2 20 to 29 Times 30 to 39 Times 81 0.2 495 1.2 38,763 95.8 1 or 2 Times 1,041 3 to 5 Times 6 to 9 Times 40+ Times h. stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? 26.5 85.9 f. d. 10,750 1 or 2 Times 4,433 40+ Times c. sold illegal drugs? % 34,935 30 to 39 Times carried a handgun? Never # 1 or 2 Times Never 20 to 29 Times b. Response Never attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? Never 33,860 83.7 1 or 2 Times 4,155 10.3 2.6 3 to 5 Times 1,116 2.8 235 0.6 6 to 9 Times 526 1.3 128 0.3 10 to 19 Times 324 0.8 124 0.3 69 0.2 301 0.7 10 to 19 Times 84 0.2 20 to 29 Times 20 to 29 Times 37 0.1 30 to 39 Times 30 to 39 Times 24 0.1 40+ Times 145 0.4 40+ Times Question i. attacked someone with a weapon? Response Never k. been drunk or high at school volunteered to do community service? 38,138 94.3 1,426 3.5 3 to 5 Times 363 6 to 9 Times 166 10 to 19 Times m. stolen or tried to steal something worth less than $50? Response Never # % 30,512 75.6 1 or 2 Times 5,321 13.2 0.9 3 to 5 Times 1,900 4.7 0.4 6 to 9 Times 1,033 2.6 104 0.3 10 to 19 Times 620 1.5 20 to 29 Times 64 0.2 20 to 29 Times 300 0.7 30 to 39 Times 35 0.1 30 to 39 Times 137 0.3 145 0.4 40+ Times 518 1.3 33,225 82.3 36,271 89.8 1 or 2 Times 3,197 7.9 1 or 2 Times 2,136 5.3 3 to 5 Times 1,280 3.2 3 to 5 Times 740 1.8 6 to 9 Times 700 1.7 6 to 9 Times 425 1.1 10 to 19 Times 575 1.4 10 to 19 Times 273 0.7 20 to 29 Times 302 0.7 20 to 29 Times 144 0.4 30 to 39 Times 152 0.4 30 to 39 Times 40+ Times 919 2.3 40+ Times Never Never 21,738 53.9 1 or 2 Times 7,422 18.4 3 to 5 Times 3,772 6 to 9 Times 2,434 10 to 19 Times n. o. stolen or tried to steal something worth more than $50? gone into or tried to go into a building to steal something? Never Never 90 0.2 330 0.8 35,275 87.3 1 or 2 Times 2,952 7.3 9.4 3 to 5 Times 876 2.2 6.0 6 to 9 Times 463 1.1 1,851 4.6 10 to 19 Times 318 0.8 20 to 29 Times 1,013 2.5 20 to 29 Times 155 0.4 30 to 39 Times 511 1.3 30 to 39 Times 75 0.2 1,590 3.9 40+ Times 312 0.8 39,570 98.5 39,242 97.1 1 or 2 Times 241 0.6 1 or 2 Times 589 1.5 3 to 5 Times 88 0.2 3 to 5 Times 202 0.5 6 to 9 Times 55 0.1 6 to 9 Times 117 0.3 10 to 19 Times 50 0.1 10 to 19 Times 74 0.2 20 to 29 Times 37 0.1 20 to 29 Times 34 0.1 9 0.0 30 to 39 Times 21 0.1 116 0.3 40+ Times 137 0.3 40+ Times l. taken a handgun to school? Question % 1 or 2 Times 40+ Times j. # Never 30 to 39 Times 40+ Times p. used a weapon or force to get money or other material items from someone? Never Question 30. 31. 32. 33. You’re looking at CD’s in a music store with a friend. You look up and see her slip and CD under her coat. She smile and says “Which one do you want? Go ahead, take it while nobody’s around.”There is nobody in sight, no employees and no other customers. What would you do now? You are visiting another part of town, and you don’t know any of the people your age there. You are walking down the street, and some teenager you don’t know is walking toward you. He is about your size, and as he is about to pass you, he deliberately bumps into you and you almost lose your balance. What would you say or do? You are at a party at someone’s house, and one of your friends offers you a drink containing alcohol. What would you say or do? It’s 8:00 on a week night and you are about to go over to a friend’s home when your mother asks you where you are going. You say “Oh, just going to go hang out with some friends.”She says, “No, you’ll just get into trouble if you go out. Stay home tonight.”What would you do now? Response # Ignore her 9,013 22.3 Grab a CD and leave the store 5,843 14.4 Tell her to put the CD back 12,905 31.9 Act like it’s a joke, and ask her to put the CD back 12,706 31.4 Push the person back 14.7 Say “Excuse me” and keep on walking 16,139 40.2 Say “Watch where you are going” and keep on walking 11,458 Drink it Tell your friend, “No thanks, I don’t drink” and suggest that you and your friend go and do something else. How often do you attend religious services or activities? Response # % Never 9,814 24.5 Rarely 12,036 30.0 1-2 times a month During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? 28.5 5,742 14.3 About once a week or more 12,509 31.2 0 times 34,850 86.1 1 time 2,915 7.2 2-3 times 1,467 3.6 4-5 times 415 1.0 6-7 times 186 0.5 8-9 times 110 0.3 63 0.2 456 1.1 0 times 32,268 79.8 1 time 4,395 10.9 2-3 times 2,433 6.0 4-5 times 637 1.6 6-7 times 188 0.5 8-9 times 138 0.3 10-11 times 6,668 12 or more times 16.6 36. 16,337 40.5 9,455 23.4 Just say, “No, thanks” and walk away 11,571 Make up a good excuse, tell your friend you had something else to do, and leave 2,999 Leave the house anyway 3,171 7.9 28,068 69.7 Not say anything and start watching TV 4,993 12.4 Get into an argument with her 4,019 10.0 Explain what you are going to do with your friends, tell her when you will get home, and ask if you can go out 34. 35. 5,884 Swear at the person and walk away Question % During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? 28.7 10-11 times 76 0.2 316 0.8 0 days 36,763 91.2 1 day 1,876 4.7 2-3 days 967 2.4 4-5 days 273 0.7 6 or more days 453 1.1 12 or more times 7.4 37. 38. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school? During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? 0 days 37,905 94.2 1 day 881 2.2 2-3 days 503 1.3 4-5 days 182 0.5 6 or more days 776 1.9 Question 39. I think sometimes it’s okay to cheat at school. Response NO! It is important to think before you act 8,908 22.1 14,431 35.8 yes 13,981 34.7 2,940 7.3 788 2.0 no 1,934 4.8 yes 17,884 44.5 NO! YES! 41. 42. Sometimes I think that life is not worth it. At times I think I am no good at all. 44. All in all, I am inclined to think that I am a failure. In the past year have you felt depressed or sad MOST days, even if you felt OK sometimes. 14,741 37.7 no 10,634 27.2 yes 9,581 24.5 YES! 4,120 10.5 NO! 10,082 25.5 no 12,063 30.5 yes 12,831 32.4 4,619 11.7 NO! 16,132 40.6 no 14,758 37.2 yes 6,295 15.9 YES! 2,518 6.3 NO! 9,617 24.1 no 11,119 27.8 yes 11,784 29.5 7,455 18.7 YES! 45. It is all right to beat up people if they start the fight. 46. 47. a. I think it is okay to take something without asking if you can get away with it. NO! 8,515 21.3 no 9,454 23.6 yes 12,003 30.0 YES! 10,049 25.1 Response # % NO! 17,931 45.0 no 15,989 40.1 yes 4,435 11.1 YES! 1,526 3.8 Sometimes we don’t know what we will do as adults, but we may have an idea. Please answer how true these statements may be for you. WHEN I AM AN ADULT I WILL: I will smoke cigarettes. 48.7 NO! YES! 43. 19,582 Question % no YES! 40. # NO! 27,134 67.8 no 8,693 21.7 yes 3,195 8.0 975 2.4 9,897 24.8 no 6,767 17.0 yes 16,269 40.8 YES! 6,963 17.5 NO! 27,428 68.9 no 7,597 19.1 yes 3,202 8.0 YES! 1,593 4.0 NO! 34,400 86.2 no 4,405 11.0 yes 721 1.8 YES! 379 1.0 14,781 36.7 1-2 Occasions 6,775 16.8 3-5 Occasions 4,321 10.7 6-9 Occasions 3,216 8.0 10-19 Occasions 3,394 8.4 20-39 Occasions 2,667 6.6 40+ Occasions 5,172 12.8 YES! b. I will drink beer, wine, or liquor. c. I will smoke marijuana. d. 48. use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drug. On how many occasions (if any) have you had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink in your lifetime - more than just a few sips? NO! 0 Occasions Question 49. 50. 51. 52. On how many occasions (if any) have you had beer, wine or hard liquor during the past 30 days? On how many occasions (if any) have you used marijuana in your lifetime? On how many occasions (if any) have you used marijuana during the past 30 days? On how many occasions (if any) have you used LSD or other psychedelics in your lifetime? Response 0 Occasions # % 53. On how many occasions (if any) have you used LSD or other psychedelics during the past 30 days? Response 0 Occasions # % 39,113 98.0 1-2 Occasions 455 1.1 3-5 Occasions 161 0.4 6-9 Occasions 94 0.2 3.0 10-19 Occasions 39 0.1 444 1.1 20-39 Occasions 20 0.1 598 1.5 40+ Occasions 22 0.1 25,628 63.7 1-2 Occasions 7,079 17.6 3-5 Occasions 3,381 8.4 6-9 Occasions 1,891 4.7 10-19 Occasions 1,195 20-39 Occasions 40+ Occasions 0 Occasions Question 27,491 68.7 1-2 Occasions 3,452 8.6 3-5 Occasions 1,957 4.9 6-9 Occasions 1,319 3.3 54. On how many occasions (if any) have you used cocaine or crack in your lifetime? 0 Occasions 37,194 93.2 1-2 Occasions 1,284 3.2 3-5 Occasions 472 1.2 6-9 Occasions 281 0.7 260 0.7 10-19 Occasions 1,437 3.6 10-19 Occasions 20-39 Occasions 1,183 3.0 20-39 Occasions 163 0.4 40+ Occasions 3,179 7.9 40+ Occasions 252 0.6 0 Occasions 34,470 86.2 1-2 Occasions 2,164 5.4 3-5 Occasions 967 2.4 6-9 Occasions 668 1.7 10-19 Occasions 560 1.4 20-39 Occasions 387 1.0 40+ Occasions 750 1.9 38,117 95.5 0 Occasions 55. 56. On how many occasions (if any) have you used cocaine or crack during the past 30 days? On how many occasions (if any) have you sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high in your lifetime? 0 Occasions 38,761 97.5 1-2 Occasions 541 1.4 3-5 Occasions 218 0.5 6-9 Occasions 110 0.3 10-19 Occasions 85 0.2 20-39 Occasions 19 0.0 40+ Occasions 30 0.1 0 Occasions 35,230 88.2 1-2 Occasions 2,679 6.7 3-5 Occasions 917 2.3 6-9 Occasions 426 1.1 1-2 Occasions 851 2.1 3-5 Occasions 343 0.9 6-9 Occasions 209 0.5 10-19 Occasions 178 0.4 10-19 Occasions 310 0.8 20-39 Occasions 95 0.2 20-39 Occasions 150 0.4 141 0.4 40+ Occasions 216 0.5 40+ Occasions Question 57. 58. 59. 60. On how many occasions (if any) have you sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high during the past 30 days? On how many occasions (if any) have you used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in your lifetime? On how many occasions (if any) have you used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in the past 30 days? On how many occasions (if any) have you used stimulants (amphetamines, meth, crystal, crank) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? Response 0 Occasions On how many occasions (if any) have you used stimulants (amphetamines, meth, crystal, crank) without a doctor telling you to take them in the past 30 days? % 38,380 96.1 1-2 Occasions 1,051 2.6 3-5 Occasions 260 0.7 6-9 Occasions 128 0.3 10-19 Occasions 60 20-39 Occasions 40+ Occasions 0 Occasions 0 Occasions 0 Occasions 1-2 Occasions 0 Occasions % 85.2 6.1 3-5 Occasions 1,187 3.0 6-9 Occasions 764 1.9 0.2 10-19 Occasions 611 1.5 22 0.1 20-39 Occasions 356 0.9 35 0.1 40+ Occasions 562 1.4 39,683 100.0 39,660 37,594 94.5 938 2.4 235 0.6 10-19 Occasions 213 0.5 20-39 Occasions 128 0.3 319 38,831 97.7 488 1.2 3-5 Occasions 185 0.5 0.2 10-19 Occasions 64 0.2 20-39 Occasions 30 0.1 42 64. On how many occasions (if any) have you used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them in the past 30 days? On how many occasions (if any) have you used heroin in your lifetime? 0.8 1-2 Occasions 96 63. 100.0 6-9 Occasions 40+ Occasions On how many occasions (if any) have you used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? # 2,409 0.9 6-9 Occasions 62. Response 33,935 369 0 Occasions Question 1-2 Occasions 3-5 Occasions 40+ Occasions 61. # 0.1 65. On how many occasions (if any) have you used heroin in the past 30 days? 0 Occasions 36,874 92.8 1-2 Occasions 1,696 4.3 3-5 Occasions 592 1.5 6-9 Occasions 290 0.7 10-19 Occasions 152 0.4 20-39 Occasions 59 0.1 40+ Occasions 76 0.2 0 Occasions 38,780 97.9 1-2 Occasions 439 1.1 3-5 Occasions 155 0.4 6-9 Occasions 76 0.2 10-19 Occasions 64 0.2 20-39 Occasions 32 0.1 40+ Occasions 74 0.2 39,222 99.3 1-2 Occasions 151 0.4 3-5 Occasions 42 0.1 6-9 Occasions 27 0.1 10-19 Occasions 15 0.0 20-39 Occasions 10 0.0 40+ Occasions 25 0.1 0 Occasions Question 66. 67. On how many occasions (if any) have you used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy) in your lifetime? On how many occasions (if any) have you used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy) in the past 30 days? Response 0 Occasions 1-2 Occasions # % 37,993 96.2 915 2.3 3-5 Occasions 250 0.6 6-9 Occasions 148 0.4 10-19 Occasions 71 0.2 20-39 Occasions 46 0.1 40+ Occasions 68 0.2 39,078 99.1 241 0.6 0 Occasions 1-2 Occasions Question d. 69. 70. 5,057 12.8 Slight risk 9,954 25.3 Moderate risk 12,255 31.1 Great risk 12,150 30.8 Has anyone in your family ever had a severe alcohol or drug problem? No 19,019 52.9 Yes 16,945 47.1 Have you ever used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? Never 35,600 89.4 2,775 7.0 Once in a while but not regularly 791 2.0 Once or Twice 0.1 6-9 Occasions 38 0.1 10-19 Occasions 15 0.0 Regularly in the past 389 1.0 8 0.0 Regularly now 284 0.7 20 0.1 71. How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they: Smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day? No risk 46 40+ Occasions a. % 3-5 Occasions 20-39 Occasions 68. # Take one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, liquor) nearly every day. Response No risk Slight risk Moderate risk Great risk 2,111 5.3 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you use chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip? 0 days 38,426 96.6 1 or 2 days 669 1.7 3 to 5 days 205 0.5 6 to 9 days 113 0.3 3,298 8.3 9,198 23.2 10 to 19 days 116 0.3 25,059 63.2 20 to 29 days 94 0.2 167 0.4 All 30 days b. Try marijuana once or twice? No risk Slight risk c. Smoke marijuana regularly? 9,753 24.7 12,681 32.1 72. Have you ever smoked cigarettes? Never 22,960 58.0 8,651 21.9 Moderate risk 8,554 21.7 Once or Twice Great risk 8,485 21.5 Once in a while but not regularly 4,109 10.4 No risk 3,043 7.8 Regularly in the past 1,976 5.0 Slight risk 5,114 13.2 Regularly now 1,898 4.8 9,103 23.5 21,540 55.5 33,142 83.9 1 or 2 days 2,506 6.3 3 to 5 days 1,043 2.6 6 to 9 days 551 1.4 10 to 19 days 619 1.6 20 to 29 days 528 1.3 1,128 2.9 Moderate risk Great risk 73. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes? 0 days All 30 days Question 74. 75. 76. During the past 30 days, on the days you smoked, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? Think back over the last two weeks. How many times have you had five or more alcoholic drinks in a row? I do the opposite of what people tell me, just to get them mad. Response Not at all 78. 79. I like to see how much I can get away with. I ignore the rules that get in my way. If a kid smoked marijuana in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? % 32,814 83.9 Less than 1 cigarette per day 1,988 5.1 1 cigarette per day 1,315 3.4 2 to 5 cigarettes per day 2,091 5.3 6 to 10 cigarettes per day 566 1.4 11 to 20 cigarettes per day 233 0.6 More than 20 cigarettes per day 113 0.3 None 30,387 77.3 Once 3,454 8.8 Twice 2,203 5.6 3-5 times 1,983 5.0 6-9 times 625 1.6 10 or more times 678 1.7 Very False 15,440 39.5 Somewhat False 11,309 28.9 Somewhat True 10,574 27.1 1,757 4.5 Very True 77. # Very False 15,946 40.9 Somewhat False 10,423 26.8 Somewhat True 9,932 25.5 Very True 2,642 6.8 Very False 16,252 42.0 Somewhat False 11,503 29.7 Somewhat True 8,830 22.8 Very True 2,123 5.5 NO! 9,649 25.2 no 17,108 44.6 yes 8,017 20.9 YES! 3,581 9.3 Question 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. If a kid smoked cigarettes in your neighborhood, would he or she be caught by the police? If a kid drank some beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) in your neighborhood, would he or she be caught by the police? If a kid carried a handgun in your neighborhood would he or she be caught by the police? If you wanted to get some cigarettes, how easy would it be for you to get some? If you wanted to get some beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin), how easy would it be for you to get some? If you wanted to get a drug like cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines, how easy would it be for you to get some? If you wanted to get a handgun, how easy would it be for you to get one? Response # % NO! 13,746 36.0 no 17,581 46.0 yes 5,028 13.2 YES! 1,862 4.9 NO! 11,827 31.0 no 17,733 46.5 yes 6,272 16.5 YES! 2,271 6.0 NO! 6,717 17.6 no 12,032 31.6 yes 11,314 29.7 YES! 8,041 21.1 Very hard 8,776 23.0 Sort of hard 5,302 13.9 Sort of easy 7,683 20.1 Very easy 16,443 43.0 Very hard 7,691 20.2 Sort of hard 5,469 14.4 Sort of easy 9,772 25.7 Very easy 15,111 39.7 Very hard 19,323 51.0 Sort of hard 7,537 19.9 Sort of easy 5,582 14.7 Very easy 5,415 14.3 Very hard 20,233 53.5 Sort of hard 7,711 20.4 Sort of easy 4,545 12.0 Very easy 5,327 14.1 Question 87. If you wanted to get some marijuana, how easy would it be for you to get some? Question Response # % Very hard 12,335 32.5 4,338 11.4 No, but would like to 6,481 17.1 14,805 39.0 Sort of hard Sort of easy Very easy 90. Have you ever belonged to a gang? Response # % 34,635 91.1 487 1.3 Yes, in the past 1,773 4.7 Yes, belong now 1,004 2.6 135 0.4 Protection/Safety 1,638 4.5 Friendship No Yes, but would like to get out 88. a. About how many adults have you know personally who in the past year have: used marijuana, crack cocaine, or other 0 adults drugs? 1 adult 18,700 48.9 6,326 16.5 2 adults 4,575 12.0 3-4 adults 3,638 9.5 91. If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the one major reason you joined? 1,543 4.2 Parent(s) in a gang 111 0.3 Sibling(s) in a gang 230 0.6 5+ adults 4,993 13.1 0 adults 24,307 64.0 Other 1 adult 5,176 13.6 Never belonged to a gang 2 adults 3,258 8.6 3-4 adults 2,168 5.7 5+ adults 3,048 8.0 Make money b. sold or dealt drugs? 92. If you have ever belonged to a gang, did that gang have a name? No Yes I have never belonged c. done other things that could get them in trouble with the police like stealing, selling stolen goods, mugging or assaulting others, etc? d. 89, done other things that could get them in trouble with the police like stealing, selling stolen goods, mugging or assaulting others, etc? Are you currently on probation, or assigned a probation officer with Juvenile Court 0 adults 23,147 61.1 1 adult 5,651 14.9 93. a. 2 adults 3,301 8.7 3-4 adults 2,310 6.1 5+ adults 3,482 9.2 528 1.4 1,069 2.9 31,658 86.1 2,692 7.2 3,035 8.1 31,608 84.7 How wrong would most adults in your neighborhood think it was for kids your age: to use marijuana. Very wrong 25,381 67.0 Wrong 7,646 20.2 A Little Wrong 3,599 9.5 Not wrong at all 1,278 3.4 Very wrong 17,848 47.2 0 adults 10,524 27.7 1 adult 6,562 17.3 2 adults 4,652 12.2 Wrong 10,213 27.0 3-4 adults 4,454 11.7 A Little Wrong 7,145 18.9 Not wrong at all 2,607 6.9 5+ adults 11,810 31.1 No 36,508 95.9 Yes 1,575 4.1 b. to drink alcohol. c. to smoke cigarettes. Very wrong 19,128 50.7 Wrong 9,772 25.9 A Little Wrong 5,973 15.8 Not wrong at all 2,866 7.6 Question 94. 95. If I had to move, I would miss the neighborhood I now live in. My neighbors notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. Response # % NO! 5,963 15.8 no 7,963 21.1 Question 102. I like my neighborhood. There are lots of adults in my neighborhood I could talk to about something important 99. I’d like to get out of my neighborhood. There are people in my neighborhood who are proud of me when I do something well. 101. There are people in my neighborhood who encourage me to do my best. I feel safe in my neighborhood. 21.6 12,326 32.9 8,379 22.3 12,847 34.0 11,004 29.1 5 or 6 times 4,160 11.1 7 or more times 4,526 12.1 No 28,242 75.9 Yes 8,971 24.1 NO! 17,636 46.8 no 12,308 32.7 yes 5,599 14.9 YES! 2,112 5.6 103. NO! 5,279 14.1 no 6,118 16.3 yes 17,065 45.5 9,082 24.2 NO! 13,650 36.6 no 11,624 31.2 yes 8,014 21.5 YES! 3,968 10.7 a. b. Have you changed homes in the past year (the last 12 months)? Which of the following activities for people your age are available in your community? sports teams. No 7,210 19.5 Yes 29,721 80.5 No 17,447 48.6 Yes 18,457 51.4 No 13,673 37.9 Yes 22,432 62.1 No 21,793 62.6 Yes 13,004 37.4 No 16,748 47.4 Yes 18,594 52.6 Have you changed schools in the past year (including changing from elementary to middle and middle to high school)? No 26,847 72.2 Yes 10,315 27.8 How many times have you changed schools since kindergarten? Never 5,209 14.1 scouting. c. boys and girls clubs. 4-H clubs. NO! 11,156 29.8 no 14,267 38.1 yes 6,973 18.6 YES! 5,043 13.5 NO! 12,768 34.2 no 11,671 31.2 yes 9,762 26.1 YES! 3,176 8.5 NO! 12,462 33.3 1 or 2 times 11,398 30.9 no 10,681 28.6 3 or 4 times 11,490 31.1 yes 10,146 27.1 5 or 6 times 5,328 14.4 YES! 4,094 11.0 7 or more times 3,505 9.5 NO! 3,440 9.2 no 4,891 13.1 yes 17,161 45.9 YES! 11,882 31.8 e. service clubs. 105. 106. 100. 8,120 1 or 2 times YES! d. 98. % yes YES! 97. Never # 3 or 4 times 104. 96. How many times have you changed homes since kindergarten? Response Question 107. a. Response # % b. Response smoke cigarettes? Very wrong fights. 28,302 78.1 51.0 Wrong 5,006 13.8 no 10,578 28.8 A Little Wrong 1,888 5.2 yes 5,351 14.6 Not wrong at all 1,045 2.9 YES! 2,083 5.7 30,916 86.0 NO! 17,074 46.7 Wrong 2,901 8.1 no 11,626 31.8 A Little Wrong 1,265 3.5 yes 5,935 16.2 Not wrong at all 849 2.4 YES! 1,916 5.2 d. c. lots of empty or abandoned buildings. lots of graffiti. My parents notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. Very wrong 29,597 82.2 22,760 62.3 Wrong 4,633 12.9 no 11,058 30.3 A Little Wrong 1,108 3.1 yes 1,951 5.3 Not wrong at all 649 1.8 782 2.1 30,691 85.2 Wrong 3,601 10.0 A Little Wrong 1,003 2.8 740 2.1 20,872 57.7 NO! 22,275 61.0 no 9,970 27.3 yes 2,793 7.6 YES! 1,506 4.1 e. draw graffiti, or write things, or draw pictures on buildings or other property(without the owner’s permission)? Never or almost never Some times Very wrong Not wrong at all f. 108. steal anything worth more than $5? Very wrong NO! YES! d. % 18,710 c. smoke marijuana? b. # NO! How much do each of the following statements describe your neighborhood: crime and/or drug selling. Question pick a fight with someone? Very wrong 3,129 8.5 Wrong 8,968 24.8 10,031 27.3 A Little Wrong 4,878 13.5 Not wrong at all 1,428 4.0 No 14,898 41.7 Yes 19,246 53.8 1,606 4.5 No 22,283 62.3 Yes 11,947 33.4 1,563 4.4 No 20,377 57.4 Yes 13,524 38.1 1,576 4.4 Often 10,614 28.9 All the time 12,976 35.3 111. Have any of your brothers or sisters ever: 109. How often do your parents tell you they’re proud of you for something you’ve done? Never or almost never 3,821 10.4 Some times 9,799 26.7 Often 11,123 30.4 All the time 11,904 32.5 a. drunk beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin)? No brothers/sisters b. smoked marijuana? 110. How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to: a. drink beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) regularly? Very wrong 23,700 65.7 Wrong 6,643 18.4 A Little Wrong 4,387 12.2 Not wrong at all 1,320 3.7 No brothers/sisters c. smoked cigarettes? No brothers/sisters d. Question Response taken a handgun to school? No 32,968 93.0 Yes 937 2.6 1,563 4.4 No brothers/sisters e. been suspended or expelled from school? 112. The rules in my family are clear 113. People in my family often insult or yell at each other. 114. When I am not at home, one of my parents knows where I am and who I am with. 115. We argue about the same things in my family over and over. 23,034 64.8 Yes 10,966 30.8 No brothers/sisters 1,564 4.4 NO! 1,386 3.9 no 4,576 12.7 yes 16,190 45.0 YES! 13,789 38.4 NO! 7,206 20.2 no 14,105 39.6 yes 9,995 28.1 YES! 4,294 12.1 NO! 1,457 4.1 no 4,027 11.3 yes 15,739 44.1 YES! 14,479 40.6 NO! 5,949 16.8 no 13,063 36.9 yes 11,449 32.3 4,976 14.0 117. My family has clear rules about alcohol and drug use. NO! Question % No YES! 116. If you drank some beer or wine or liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents? # 6,110 17.3 no 12,320 34.9 yes 8,270 23.4 YES! 8,633 24.4 NO! 1,688 4.8 no 4,587 13.0 yes 11,190 31.7 YES! 17,878 50.6 118. My family has clear rules about tobacco use. 119. If you carried a handgun without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents? 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. If you skipped school would you be caught by your parents? Do you feel very close to your mother? Do you share your thoughts and feeling with your mother? My parents ask me what I think before most family decisions affecting me are made. Do you share your thoughts and feeling with your father? Response # % NO! 1,917 5.5 no 4,545 13.0 yes 10,273 29.3 YES! 18,283 52.2 NO! 3,256 9.3 no 5,598 16.0 yes 8,273 23.7 YES! 17,838 51.0 NO! 3,506 10.0 no 7,473 21.3 yes 10,533 30.1 YES! 13,514 38.6 NO! 2,799 8.1 no 4,240 12.2 yes 10,843 31.2 YES! 16,886 48.6 NO! 4,338 12.5 no 8,270 23.8 yes 11,417 32.8 YES! 10,762 30.9 NO! 4,638 13.4 no 8,619 24.9 yes 13,445 38.8 YES! 7,923 22.9 NO! 8,239 23.9 no 9,556 27.8 yes 10,034 29.2 6,575 19.1 YES! 125. 126. 127. Question Response Do you enjoy spending time with your mother? NO! Do you enjoy spending time with your father? If I had a personal problem, I could ask my mom or dad for help. # 2,136 % 6.2 132. Question Response Would your parents know if you did not come home on time? NO! 129. 130. 131. Do you feel very close to your father? My parents give me lots of chances to do fun things with them. My parents ask if I’ve gotten my homework done. People in my family have serious arguments. % 2,038 5.9 no 3,364 9.8 no 5,133 14.9 yes 14,394 41.8 yes 13,812 40.2 YES! 14,577 42.3 YES! 13,363 38.9 NO! 4,818 14.1 NO! 1,948 5.7 no 4,551 13.3 yes 13,785 40.2 YES! 14,046 40.9 Mother 30,398 85.8 133. It is important to be honest with your parents, even if they become upset or you get punished. no 4,039 11.8 yes 13,315 38.9 YES! 12,050 35.2 NO! 3,679 10.6 no 4,757 13.8 yes 11,948 34.6 YES! 14,182 41.0 NO! 6,255 18.2 Father no 6,246 18.1 Stepfather yes 10,849 31.5 Foster Father YES! 11,088 32.2 NO! 2,856 8.3 134. Think of where you live most of the time. Which of the following people live there with you? Stepmother 1,611 4.6 Foster Mother 185 0.5 Grandmother 3,373 9.5 Aunt 128. # 2,031 5.7 21,309 60.2 4,486 12.7 165 0.5 Grandfather 1,893 5.4 Uncle lives 2,101 5.9 Other adults 1,476 4.2 17,582 49.6 no 7,445 21.6 Brother(s) yes 14,255 41.4 Stepbrother(s) YES! 9,856 28.6 Sister(s) NO! 2,806 8.1 no 5,320 15.4 yes 13,500 39.1 YES! 12,879 37.3 NO! 8,194 24.0 no 14,687 yes YES! 1,452 4.1 16,267 45.9 Stepsister(s) 1,387 3.9 Other children 2,834 8.0 0 9,933 29.0 1 10,163 29.6 2 6,711 19.6 3 3,473 10.1 43.0 4 1,765 5.1 7,259 21.2 5 963 2.8 4,031 11.8 6 or more 1,300 3.8 135. How many brothers and sisters, including stepbrothers and stepsisters, do you have that are younger than you? 136. Question Response How many brothers and sisters, including stepbrothers and stepsisters, do you have that are older than you? 0 11,175 32.6 1 9,264 27.0 2 6,168 18.0 3 3,414 10.0 4 1,841 5.4 5 964 2.8 1,469 4.3 6 or more 137. 138. # % 139. 140. 141. Question Response To your knowledge, are there federal penalties for carrying a gun? No 8,801 26.5 Yes 24,412 73.5 Have you ever heard of Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN)? No 26,870 80.3 Yes 6,608 19.7 How did you hear about Project Safe Neighborhoods? T.V. 2,630 7.9 517 1.6 855 2.6 No 10,014 29.9 Billboard Yes 23,501 70.1 Other To your knowledge, can someone (juvenile or adult) who has ever been convicted of a felony legally carry a gun? No Yes 9,570 71.3 28.7 142. How honest were you in filling out this survey? % Radio To your knowledge, can someone (juvenile or adult) who carries a concealed but unloaded gun in the street be convicted of a weapons offense? 23,749 # 3,853 11.6 Have not heard of PSN 25,242 76.3 Very honest 26,218 76.5 Pretty honest 6,564 19.2 Honest some times 1,109 3.2 375 1.1 Honest occasionally Appendix D: Item Dictionary for the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey SCALES AND QUESTIONS DEMOGRAPHICS What is your Zip Code? Are you: How old are you? Item Dictionary for the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey What grade are you in? Please choose the ONE answer that BEST describes what you consider yourself to be. RESPONSE CATEGORIES With Heading Female Male 10 or younger, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or older 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 White, not of Hispanic origin; Black, or African American; American Indian/Native American, Eskimo, or Aleut; Asian; Pacific Islander; Other AYS # Zip Code 1 2 3 4 What is the language you use most often at home? English, Spanish, Another language 5 What is the highest level of schooling completed by your mother? See questionnaire for complete list of school completion categories 6 What is the highest level of schooling completed by your father? See questionnaire for complete list of school completion categories 7 Think of where you live most of the time. Which of the following people live there with you? How many brothers and sisters, including stepbrothers and stepsisters, do you have that are older than you? See questionnaire for complete list of family members 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 more How many brothers and sisters, including stepbrothers and stepsisters, do you have that are younger than you? same as above 135 NO!, no, yes, YES! same as above same as above 98 96 94 COMMUNITY: Low neighborhood Attachment I’d like to get out of my neighborhood. I like my neighborhood. If I had to move, I would miss the neighborhood I now live in. 134 a-p 136 COMMUNITY: Community Disorganization How much do each of the following statements describe your neighborhood: crime and/or drug selling. NO!, no, yes, YES! fights. same as above lots of empty or abandoned buildings. same as above lots of graffiti. same as above I feel safe in my neighborhood. same as above COMMUNITY: Transitions and Mobility Have you changed homes in the past year (the last 12 months)? No, Yes 107a 107b 107c 107d 101 How many times have you changed homes since kindergarten? Never, 1or 2 times, 3 or 4 times, 5 or 6 times, 7 or more times No, Yes 102 Never, 1or 2 times, 3 or 4 times, 5 or 6 times, 7 or more times 106 Have you changed schools in the past year (including changing from elementary to middle and middle to high school)? How many times have you changed schools since kindergarten? COMMUNITY: Laws and Norms Favorable to Drug Use How wrong would most adults in your neighborhood think it was for kids your age: to use marijuana. Very Wrong, Wrong, A little bit wrong, Not wrong at all to drink alcohol. same as above to smoke cigarettes. same as above If a kid drank some beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, vodka, NO!, no, yes, YES! whiskey, or gin) in your neighborhood, would he or she be caught by the police? 103 105 93a 93b 93c 81 If a kid smoked marijuana in your neighborhood would he or she NO!, no, yes, YES! be caught by the police? If a kid carried a handgun in your neighborhood would he or she NO!, no, yes, YES! be caught by the police? COMMUNITY: Perceived Availability of Drugs If you wanted to get some beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, Very hard, Sort of hard, Sort of easy, Very easy vodka, whiskey, or gin), how easy would it be for you to get some? 79 If you wanted to get some cigarettes, how easy would it be for you same as above to get some? 83 82 84 If you wanted to get some marijuana, how easy would it be for you same as above to get some? If you wanted to get a drug like cocaine, LSD, or amphetamines, same as above how easy would it be for you to get some? COMMUNITY: Perceived Availability of Handguns If you wanted to get a handgun, how easy would it be for you to same as above get one? COMMUNITY: Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement There are lots of adults in my neighborhood I could talk to about NO!, no, yes, YES! something important Which of the following activities for people your age are available in your community? sports teams. No, Yes scouting. same as above boys and girls clubs. same as above 4-H clubs. same as above service clubs. same as above COMMUNITY: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement My neighbors notice when I am doing a good job and let me know NO!, no, yes, YES! about it. There are people in my neighborhood who encourage me to do same as above my best. There are people in my neighborhood who are proud of me when I same as above do something well. FAMILY: Poor Family Management My parents ask if I’ve gotten my homework done. NO!, no, yes, YES! Would your parents know if you did not come home on time? same as above 87 85 86 97 104a 104b 104c 104d 104e 95 100 99 130 132 When I am not at home, one of my parents knows where I am and same as above who I am with. The rules in my family are clear same as above My family has clear rules about alcohol and drug use. same as above 114 If you drank some beer or wine or liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents? 116 same as above 112 117 If you skipped school would you be caught by your parents? same as above 120 If you carried a handgun without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents? FAMILY: Family Conflict People in my family often insult or yell at each other. same as above 119 NO!, no, yes, YES! 113 People in my family have serious arguments. We argue about the same things in my family over and over. same as above same as above 131 115 No, Yes 69 FAMILY: Family History of Antisocial Behavior Has anyone in your family ever had a severe alcohol or drug problem? Have any of your brothers or sisters ever: drunk beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin)? smoked marijuana? smoked cigarettes? taken a handgun to school? been suspended or expelled from school? No, Yes, I don’t have any brothers or sisters 111a same as above same as above same as above same as above 111b 111c 111d 111e used marijuana, crack cocaine, or other drugs? None, 1 adult, 2 adults, 3 or 4 adults, 5 or more adults sold or dealt drugs? same as above done other things that could get them in trouble with the police like same as above stealing, selling stolen goods, mugging or assaulting others, etc? 88a gotten drunk or high? FAMILY: Parental Attitudes Favorable Toward Drug Use How wrong do your parents feel it would be for you to: drink beer, wine, or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) regularly? smoke cigarettes? smoke marijuana? same as above 88d Very wrong, Wrong, A little bit wrong, Not wrong at all same as above same as above 110a 88b 88c 110b 110c FAMILY: Parental Attitudes Favorable to Antisocial Behavior steal anything worth more than $5? Very wrong, Wrong, A little bit wrong, Not wrong at all same as above 110d pick a fight with someone? FAMILY: Attachment Do you feel very close to your mother? Do you share your thoughts and feeling with your mother? same as above 110f NO!, no, yes, YES! same as above 121 122 Do you feel very close to your father? Do you share your thoughts and feeling with your father? same as above same as above 128 124 FAMILY: Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement My parents give me lots of chances to do fun things with them. NO!, no, yes, YES! 129 same as above 123 same as above 127 Never or almost never, Sometimes, Often, All the time same as above 108 NO!, no, yes, YES! same as above 125 126 Mostly F’s, Mostly D’s, Mostly C’s, Mostly B’s, Mostly A’s NO!, no, yes, YES! 20 Almost Always, Often, Sometimes, Seldom, Never 19 draw graffiti, or write things, or draw pictures on buildings or other property(without the owner’s permission)? My parents ask me what I think before most family decisions affecting me are made. If I had a personal problem, I could ask my mom or dad for help. FAMILY: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement My parents notice when I am doing a good job and let me know about it. How often do your parents tell you they’re proud of you for something you’ve done? Do you enjoy spending time with your mother? Do you enjoy spending time with your father? SCHOOL: Academic Failure Putting them all together, what were your grades like last year? Are your school grades better than the grades of most students in your class? SCHOOL: Little Commitment to School How often do you feel that the school work you are assigned is meaningful and important? 110e 109 16 How interesting are most of your courses to you? Very Interesting & Stimulating, Quite Interesting, Fairly Interesting, Slightly Dull, Very Dull 22 How important do you think the things you are learning in school are going to be for your later life? Very Important, Quite Important, Fairly Important, Slightly Important, Not at all Important 21 Now, thinking back over the past year in school, how often did you... enjoy being in school? Never, Seldom, Sometimes, Often, Almost Always hate being in school? try to do your best work in school? During the LAST FOUR WEEKS how many whole days of school have you missed because you skipped or “cut” SCHOOL: Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement In my school, students have lost of chances to help decide things like class activities and rules. There are lots of chances for students in my school to talk with a teacher one-on-one. Teachers ask me to work on special classroom projects. same as above same as above None, 1, 2, 3, 4-5, 6-10, 11 or more 18a 18b 18c 23 NO!, no, yes, YES! 8 same as above 12 same as above 9 There are lots of chances for students in my school to get involved same as above in sports, clubs, and other school activities outside of class. 11 I have lots of chances to be part of class discussions or activities. same as above 17 NO!, no, yes, YES! 10 same as above 14 same as above same as above 13 15 Very False, Somewhat False, Somewhat True, Very True same as above same as above 76 SCHOOL: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement My teacher(s) notices when I am doing a good job and lets me know about it. The school lets my parents know when I have done something well. I feel safe at my school. My teacher(s) praise me when I work hard in school. PEER-INDIVIDUAL: Rebelliousness I do the opposite of what people tell me, just to get them mad. I ignore the rules that get in my way. I like to see how much I can get away with. 78 77 PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Early Initiation of Drug Use How old were you when you first: smoked marijuana? smoked a cigarette, even just a puff? had more than a sip or two of beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey, or gin) began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior got suspended from school? got arrested? carried a handgun? Never, 10 or younger, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or older same as above same as above 26a same as above 26d same as above same as above same as above 26f 26g 26h PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Favorable Attitudes Toward Antisocial Behavior How wrong do you think it is for someone your age to... take a handgun to school? Very Wrong, Wrong, A Little Bit Wrong, Not Wrong at All steal anything worth more than $5? same as above pick a fight with someone? same as above attack someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? same as above stay away from school all day when their parents think they are at school? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Favorable Attitudes Toward Drug Use How wrong do you think it is for someone you age to: drink beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) regularly? smoke cigarettes? smoke marijuana? use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drug? 26b 26c 27a 27b 27c 27d same as above 27e Very Wrong, Wrong, A Little Bit Wrong, Not Wrong at All same as above same as above same as above 27f 27g 27h 27i PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Intentions to Use (new scale for 2000) Sometimes we don’t know what we will do as adults, but we may have an idea. Please answer how true these statements may be for I will smoke cigarettes. NO!, no, yes, YES! 47a I will drink beer, wine, or liquor. same as above I will smoke marijuana. same as above PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Perceived Risks of Drug Use How much do you think people risk harming themselves (physically or in other ways) if they: Smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day? No Risk, Slight Risk, Moderate Risk, Great Risk 47b 47c 68a Try marijuana once or twice? same as above 68b Smoke marijuana regularly? same as above 68c Take one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage (beer, wine, same as above 68d liquor) nearly every day. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Interaction with Antisocial Peers Think of you four best friends (the friends you feel closest to).In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: been suspended from school? None, 1, 2, 3, 4 24h carried a handgun? same as above 24j sold illegal drugs? same as above 24k stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorsame as above 24m cycle? been arrested? same as above 24n dropped out of school? same as above 24o PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Friends’ Use of Drugs Think of you four best friends (the friends you feel closest to).In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: smoked cigarettes? tried beer, wine or hard liquor (for example, vodka, whiskey or gin) regularly? used marijuana? used LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drugs? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Sensation Seeking How many times have you done the following things? Done what feels good no matter what. Done something dangerous because someone dared you to do it. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 same as above 24b 24c same as above same as above 24e 24g Never , I’ve done it but not in the past year, Less than once a month, About once a month, 2 or 3 times a month, Once a week or more 29a same as above 29b Done crazy things even if they are a little dangerous. same as above 29c No or Very Little Chance, Little Chance, Some Chance, Pretty Good Chance, Very Good Chance 25a began drinking alcoholic beverages regularly, that is, at least once or twice a month? used marijuana? carried a handgun? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Gang Involvement Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have been members of a gang? Have you ever belonged to a gang? same as above 25c same as above same as above 25e 25g 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 24p No; No, but would like to; Yes, in the past; Yes, belong now; Yes, but would like to get out 90 If you have ever belonged to a gang, did that gang have a name? No, Yes, I have never belonged to a gang 92 How old were you when you first belonged to a gang? Never, 10 or younger,11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 or older 26j NO!, no, yes, YES! same as above same as above same as above 41 42 43 44 Never, Rarely, 1-2 Times a Month, About Once a Week or More 34 PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Rewards for Antisocial Involvement What are the chances you would be seen as cool if you: smoked cigarettes? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Depressive Symptoms Sometimes I think that life is not worth it. At times I think I am no good at all. All in all, I am inclined to think that I am a failure. In the past year have you felt depressed or sad MOST days, even if you felt OK sometimes. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Religiosity How often do you attend religious services or activities? PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Social Skills You’re looking at CD’s in a music store with a friend. You look Ignore her, Grab a CD and leave the store, Tell her up and see her slip and CD under her coat. She smile and says to put the CD back, Act like it’s a joke and ask her “Which one do you want? Go ahead, take it while nobody’s to put the CD back around.”There is nobody in sight, no employees and no other customers. What would you do now? 30 It’s 8:00 on a week night and you are about to go over to a friend’s home when your mother asks you where you are going. You say “Oh, just going to go hang out with some friends.”She says, “No, you’ll just get into trouble if you go out. Stay home tonight.”What would you do now? Leave the house anyway, Explain what you are going to do with your friends, tell her when you’d get home, and ask if you can go out, Not say anything and start watching TV, Get into an argument with her 33 You are visiting another part of town, and you don’t know any of the people your age there. You are walking down the street, and some teenager you don’t know is walking toward you. He is about your size, and as he is about to pass you, he deliberately bumps into you and you almost lose your balance. What would you say or do? Push the person back, Say “Excuse me” and keep on walking, Say “Watch where you’re going” and keep on walking, Swear at the person and walk away 31 You are at a party at someone’s house, and one of your friends offers you a drink containing alcohol. What would you say or do? Drink it; Tell your friend “No thanks, I don’t drink” and suggest that you and your friend go and do something else; Just say “No, thanks” and walk away; Make up a good excuse, tell your friend you had something else to do, and leave 32 NO!, no, yes, YES! 46 same as above same as above same as above 39 45 133 Never 1 or 2 times, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40+ Same as above Same as above 29e PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Belief in Moral Order I think it is okay to take something without asking if you can get away with it. I think sometimes it’s okay to cheat at school. It is all right to beat up people if they start the fight. It is important to be honest with your parents, even if they become upset or you get punished. PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Prosocial Involvement How many times in the past year (12 months) have you... participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? done extra work on your own for school? volunteered to do community service? 29g 29k PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Rewards for Prosocial Involvement What are the chances you would be seen as cool if you: worked hard in school? defended someone who was being verbally abused at school? Very good change, Pretty good chance, Some chance, Little chance, No or very little chance 25b Same as above 25d regularly volunteered to do community service? Same as above 25f PEER-INDIVIDUALS: Interaction with Prosocial Peers Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to).In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have: participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 24a made the commitment to stay drug-free? tried to do well in school? liked school? regularly attended religious services? DRUG USE OUTCOMES Have you ever used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping tobacco, chewing tobacco)? Same as above Same as above Same as above Same as above 24d 24f 24i 24l Never; Once or twice; Once in a while but not regularly; Regularly in the past; Regularly now 70 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you use chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip? 0 days, 1 or 2 days, 3 to 5 days, 6 to 9 days, 10 to 19 days, 20 to 29 days, All 30 days 71 Have you ever smoked cigarettes? Never; Once or twice; Once in a while but not regularly; Regularly in the past; Regularly now 72 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes? 0 days, 1 or 2 days, 3 to 5 days, 6 to 9 days, 10 to 19 days, 20 to 29 days, All 30 days 73 On how many occasions (if any) have you had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to drink in your lifetime - more than just a few sips? On how many occasions (if any) have you had beer, wine or hard liquor during the past 30 days? Think back over the last two weeks. How many times have you had five or more alcoholic drinks in a row? 0 occasions, 1-2, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-39, 40 or more 48 same as above 49 None, Once, Twice, 3-5 times, 6-9 times, 10 or more times 75 On how many occasions (if any) have you used marijuana in your lifetime? On how many occasions (if any) have you used marijuana during the past 30 days? On how many occasions (if any) have you used LSD or other psychedelics in your lifetime? On how many occasions (if any) have you used LSD or other psychedelics during the past 30 days? same as above 50 same as above 51 0 occasions, 1-2, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-39, 40+ bove 52 same as above 53 On how many occasions (if any) have you used cocaine or crack in your lifetime? On how many occasions (if any) have you used cocaine or crack during the past 30 days? On how many occasions (if any) have you sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high in your lifetime? same as above 54 0 occasions, 1-2, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-39, 40 or more same as above 55 On how many occasions (if any) have you sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get high during the past 30 days? same as above 57 On how many occasions (if any) have you used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in your lifetime? On how many occasions (if any) have you used phenoxydine (pox, px, breeze) in the past 30 days? same as above 58 same as above 59 On how many occasions (if any) have you used stimulants (amphetamines, meth, crystal, crank) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? same as above 60 On how many occasions (if any) have you used stimulants (amphetamines, meth, crystal, crank) without a doctor telling you to take them in the past 30 days? same as above 61 On how many occasions (if any) have you used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them in your lifetime? 0 occasions, 1-2, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-39, 40+ 62 56 On how many occasions (if any) have you used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a doctor telling you to take them in the past 30 days? same as above 63 On how many occasions (if any) have you used heroin in your lifetime? On how many occasions (if any) have you used heroin in the past 30 days? On how many occasions (if any) have you used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy) in your lifetime? On how many occasions (if any) have you used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy) in the past 30 days? OUTCOME: Antisocial Behavior How many times in the past year (12 months) have you... been suspended from school? same as above 64 same as above 65 same as above 66 same as above 67 Never, 1 or 2 times, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40+ same as above same as above same as above 29a same as above same as above 29f 29h same as above same as above 29j 29l I was very honest; I was honest pretty much of the time; I was honest some of the time; I was honest once in a while; I was not honest at all 142 NO!, no, yes, YES! No, Yes 40 28 carried a handgun? sold illegal drugs? stolen or tried to steal a motor vehicle such as a car or motorcycle? been arrested? attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them? been or high at school taken a handgun to school? FINAL QUESTION How honest were you in filling out this survey? ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS It is important to think before you act. At school during the past 12 months, did you receive help from the resource teacher, speech therapist or other special education teacher? 29b 29c 29d How old were you when you first used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)? How many times in the past year (12 months) have you: attacked someone with a weapon? same as above 26e 29i stolen or tried to steal something worth less than $50? Never 1 or 2 times, 3-5, 6-9, 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40+ same as above 29m stolen or tried to steal something worth more than $50? same as above 29n gone into or tried to go into a building to steal something? same as above 29o used a weapon or force to get money or other material items from someone? During the past 12 months, how many times has someone threatened or injured you with a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight on school property? same as above 29p 0 times, 1 time, 2-3 times, 4-5 times, 6-7 times, 8-9 times, 10-11 times, 12 or more times 35 0 times, 1 time, 2-3 times, 4-5 times, 6-7 times, 8-9 times, 10-11 times, 12 or more times 36 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on the way to or from school? 0 days, 1 day, 2-3 days, 4-5 days, 6 or more days 37 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? 0 days, 1 day, 2-3 days, 4-5 days, 6 or more days 38 During the past 30 days, on the days you smoked, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? I did not smoke cigarettes during the past 30 days, Less than 1 cigarette per day, 1 cigarette per day, 2 to 5 cigarettes per day, 6 to 10 cigarettes per day, 11 to 20 cigarettes per day, More than 20 cigarettes per day 74 If a kid smoked cigarettes in your neighborhood, would he or she be caught by the police? NO!, no, yes, YES! 80 If you have ever belonged to a gang, what was the one major reason you joined? Protection/safety, Friendship, Parent(s) are in a gang, Sibling(s) are in a gang, Make money, Other, I have never belonged to a gang 91 Sometimes we don’t know what we will do as adults, but we may have an idea. Please answer how true these statements may be for you. WHEN I AM AN ADULT I WILL: use LSD, cocaine, amphetamines or another illegal drug. NO!, no, yes, YES! 47d Are you currently on probation, or assigned a probation officer with Juvenile Court To your knowledge, can someone (juvenile or adult) who carries a concealed but unloaded gun in the street be convicted of a weapons offense? To your knowledge, can someone (juvenile or adult) who has ever been convicted of a felony legally carry a gun? No, Yes 89 No, Yes 137 same as above 138 To your knowledge, are there federal penalties for carrying a gun? same as above 139 Have you ever heard of Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN)? same as above 140 How did you hear about Project Safe Neighborhoods? TV, Billboard, Radio, Other, Have not heard of PSN 141 Appendix E: Description of Profile Reports and Arizona State Profile Risk and Protective Factor Scales and Profiles Interpreting Risk and Protective Factor Profile Reports Many of the questions on the survey have been combined into risk and protective factor scales. This allows the information contained in items that measure the same type of information to be summarized as a scale score. All of the scales are scored so that the higher the score the greater the risk for risk factors and the greater the protection for protective factors. In 2000, a profile report was developed by Bach Harrison L.L.C. to help disseminate the results of the survey to a wider range of readers. The profile reports for the Arizona survey contain results from the 2002 and 2004 administrations. The purpose of the report is to provide information to prevention planners that will allow them to begin planning prevention services for their areas. The profile reports contain information specific to a geographic area or population group and are designed to assist in prevention planning at the school, county, region, and state levels. This Appendix contains an example of a complete profile report (grades 8, 10, and 12) and charts for Arizona males compared to females. Briefly, the report contains a description of the Risk and Protective Factor Framework; a section on how to use the information provided in the report; substance use and antisocial behavior charts for grades 8, 10, and 12; risk and protective factor charts for the four grades; school safety charts for the three grades; risk and protective factor definitions; and numeric tables that contain all of the data displayed in the charts. A benefit of using the risk and protective factor model in dealing with adolescent social problems is that it provides a method of measuring levels of risk and protection. Once the areas of highest risk and the areas of lowest protection are identified, they can be addressed by programs designed to reduce levels of risk and increase levels of protection. The decreases in risk and increases in protection will ultimately results in a reduction of the rate of youth problem behaviors. After the prevention programs have been implemented, the risk and protective factor levels can again be measured to determine the effectiveness of the intervention. The questions on the survey have been divided into 28 risk factor scales and 13 protective factor scales. A new risk factor scale that measures intention to use ATODs was added in 2000 to the prevention needs assessment survey. In 2004, three protective factors were added to the peer/individual domain — Interaction with Prosocial Peers, Prosocial Involvement, and Rewards for Prosocial Involvement. An item dictionary that lists the risk and protective factor scales and the questions they contain has been prepared and included in Appendix D for reference. In order to make the results of the 2004 Survey more useable, risk and protective profiles have been developed that show the percentage of youth at risk and the percentage of youth with protection on each scale. The profiles allow a comparison between the percentage of youth at risk for the entire state of Arizona and specific areas of the state. Also, each report presents data from the 2002 and 2004 surveys, allowing the state, schools, counties and regions to identify changing rates over time. Profiles have been prepared for counties, regions, school districts, and individual schools. An advantage of having the data available from the profile report is that the ATOD use, antisocial behavior, and the percentage of youth at risk and with protection provide a base line that can be used to compare the results from future surveys. A community can determine whether it is becoming more or less at risk in an area by comparing the survey results from one survey administration to the next. Through future student survey administrations; schools, communities, and regional and state agencies that deliver prevention services can effectively evaluate their prevention efforts and determine if those efforts are having the desired effect of reducing risk and increasing protection in youth. These changes in risk and protection will, hopefully, result in the reduction of the level of youth problem behaviors in the community. For more information on the Arizona Youth Survey, how to conduct a student survey in your community, the risk and protective factor model of prevention, resource allocation, prevention’s best practices, and program evaluation, contact the Arizona Criminal Justice Commission at (602) 364-1157. Appendix E: Description of Profile Reports, Sample Profile Report, and Selected Charts for All Arizona Youth, and Males Compared to Females 2004 Arizona Youth Survey Arizona State REPORT PROVIDED BY: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission 2004 Arizona Youth Survey Shining Light on Arizona Youth THIS REPORT IS PROVIDED BY THE Arizona Criminal Justice Commission IN PARTNERSHIP WITH: Administrative Office of the Courts Arizona Department of Education Arizona Department of Health Services Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections Arizona Juvenile Justice Commission Governor’s Division for Substance Abuse Policy Governor’s Office for Children, Youth, and Families 2 2004 Arizona Youth Survey Summary for Arizona State This report summarizes some of the findings from the 2004 Arizona Youth Survey administered to 8th, 10th and 12th grade students during the spring of 2004. The results for your school are presented along with overall results for the State. The survey was designed to assess school safety, adolescent substance use, anti-social behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. All schools in Arizona are invited to participate in the survey, and recruitment efforts were successful in obtaining participation by schools in all of the 15 counties. Students representing large and small schools and different ethnic and cultural groups participated in the survey. Careful planning and uniform administration of the survey have resulted in survey data that are valid and representative of the students in grades 8, 10, and 12 in Arizona. Table 1. Characteristics of Participants County 2004 2002 Introduction CONTENTS: Introduction: � Demographics � Risk & Protective Framework Tools for Assessment and Planning How to Read the Charts Data Charts: � Substance Use & Antisocial Behavior � Risk & Protective Factor Profiles School Safety � Risk and Protective Factor Definitions Data Tables State 2004 Contacts for Prevention 2002 12203 40.8 12558 30.9 9590 28.3 18812 100 40960 47.5 52.5 30.7 23.4 45.9 100 Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 3451 49.3 19172 50.7 21161 3.7 49.0 Total Students Grade 8 4984 3768 1503 Ethnicity Male Female Gender 10 12 5881 6043 2.4 51.8 19745 7.3 292 2938 6198 10.3 White 1237 African American Native American Hispanic 3630 30.3 13184 32.7 812 2.0 258* 2.2* 289 0.7 * 2002 categories Asian and Pacific Islander were combined as 'Asian or Pacific Islander' Asian Pacific Islander 3 Table 1 contains the characteristics of the students who completed the survey from your school and the State. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention Many states and local agencies have adopted the Risk and Protective Factor Model to guide their prevention efforts. The Risk and Protective Factor Model of Prevention is based on the simple premise that to prevent a problem from happening, we need to identify the factors that increase the risk of that problem developing and then find ways to reduce the risks. Just as medical researchers have found risk factors for heart disease such as diets high in fat, lack of exercise, and smoking; a team of researchers at the University of Washington have defined a set of risk factors for youth problem behaviors. Risk factors are characteristics of school, community, and family environments, as well as characteristics of students and their peer groups that are known to predict increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school dropout, teen pregnancy, and violent behavior among youth. Dr. J. David Hawkins, Dr. Richard F. Catalano, and their colleagues at the University of Washington, Social Development Research Group have investigated the relationship between risk and protective factors and youth problem behavior. For example, they have found that children who live in families with high levels of conflict are more likely to become involved in problem behaviors such as delinquency and drug use than children who live in families with low levels of family conflict. YOUTH AT RISK Community Availability of Drugs and Firearms Community Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use Transitions and Mobility Low Neighborhood Attachment and Community Disorganization Extreme Economic and Social Deprivation Family Family History of High Risk Behavior Family Management Problems Family Conflict Parental Attitudes and Involvement School Early and Persistent Antisocial Behavior Academic Failure in Elementary School Lack of Commitment to School Individual/Peer Alienation and Rebelliousness Friends Who Engage in a Problem Behavior Favorable Attitudes Toward the Problem Behavior Early Initiation of the Problem Behavior � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � School Drop-Out � Teen Pregnancy PROBLEM BEHAVIORS � � � � � � � � � � � � � Delinquency � � � � � � � � � � � Violence 2004 Prevention Needs Assessment Risk and Protective Factors Protective factors exert a positive influence or buffer against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem behaviors. Research on risk and protective factors has important implications for prevention efforts. The premise of this approach is that in order to promote positive youth development and prevent problem behaviors, it is necessary to address those factors that predict the problem. By measuring risk and protective factors in a population, specific risk factors that are elevated and widespread can be identified and targeted by preventive interventions that also promote related protective factors. For example, if academic failure is identified as an elevated risk factor in a community, then mentoring and tutoring interventions can be provided that will improve academic performance, and also increase opportunities and rewards for classroom participation. Risk- and protective-focused drug abuse prevention is based on the work of J. David Hawkins, Ph.D., Richard F. Catalano, Ph.D.; and a team of researchers at the University of Washington in Seattle. Beginning in the early 1980’s the group researched adolescent problem behaviors and identified risk factors for adolescent drug abuse and delinquency. Not surprisingly, they found that a relationship exists between adolescent drug abuse, delinquency, school dropout, teen pregnancy, and violence and were able to identify risk factors for these problems. The chart at the right shows the links between the 16 risk factors and the five problem behaviors. The check marks have been placed in the chart to indicate where at least two well designed, published research studies have shown a link between the risk factor and the problem behavior. 4 Substance Abuse Tools for Assessment and Planning � � � � � � � � Unacceptable Rate Unacceptable Rate Unacceptable Rate Unacceptable Rate #1 #2 #3 #4 Substance use and antisocial behavior data – raise awareness about the problems and promote dialogue Risk and protective factor data – identify exactly where the community needs to take action Promising approaches – talk with resources listed on the last page of this report for ideas about programs that have proven effective in addressing the risk factors that are high in your community, and improving the protective factors that are low Use these data for planning. Look across the charts – which items stand out as either much higher or much lower than the other? Compare your data with statewide, and national data – differences of 5% between local and other data are probably significant. Determine the standards and values held within your community – For example: Is it acceptable in your community for 40% of high school students to drink alcohol regularly even when the statewide percentage is 50%? How to decide if a rate is “unacceptable.” Which behaviors are your students exhibiting the most? At which grades do you see unacceptable behavior levels? Review the charts and data tables presented in this report. Using the table below, note your findings as you discuss the following questions. � Which 3-5 risk factors appear to be higher than you would want? � Which 3-5 protective factors appear to be lower than you would want? � Which levels of 30-day drug use are increasing and/or unacceptably high? � Which substances are your students using the most? � At which grades do you see unacceptable usage levels? � Which levels of antisocial behaviors are increasing and/or unacceptably high? What are the numbers telling you? School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data Why the Arizona Youth Survey? Data from the Arizona Youth Survey can be used to help school and community planners assess current conditions and prioritize areas of greatest need. Each risk and protective factor can be linked to specific types of interventions that have been shown to be effective in either reducing risk(s) or enhancing protection(s). The steps outlined here will help your school and community make key decisions regarding allocation of resources, how and when to address specific needs, and which strategies are most effective and known to produce results. MEASURE Risk Factors Protective Factors Substance Use Antisocial Behaviors 5 Tools for Assessment and Planning An isolated prevention program does not provide the complete solution to reducing youth problem behaviors. A comprehensive prevention strategy addresses ATOD use, antisocial behavior, and risk and protective factors. Participation in the bi-annual administration of the survey provides trend data necessary for determining the effectiveness of the implemented intervention(s) and also provides data for determining any new efforts that are needed. How do I know whether or not the intervention was effective? School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data Strategies chosen should address more than a single risk and protective factor. Strategies should be age appropriate and employed prior to the onset of the problem behavior. Strategies should be selected based on the risk factors that are high in your community and the protective factors that are low. How do I decide which intervention(s) to employ? � � � � No single prevention program offers the complete solution. � � � � � Brief definitions of the risk and protective factors can be found following the profile charts. Actual percentages of the information shown on the charts are provided in the data tables at the end of this profile report. Bars will be complemented by a small dot. This dot shows the comparison to all Arizona students sampled, and provides additional information for your school and community in determining the relative importance of each risk and protective factor. Additional explanations of cut-points, dots, and the 7-state norm line are located on the following page. Scanning across these charts, you can easily determine which factors are more (or least) prevalent, thus identifying which of the factors are most important for your school or community to address. The bars represent the percentage of students in your school who reported elevated risk or protection, substance use, or antisocial behaviors. There are two bars presented for each factor, one showing the results from the 2002 Arizona Youth Survey and another showing the results from this 2004 survey. Student responses for risk and protective factors, substance use, antisocial behavior and other questions are displayed by grade on the following pages. How to Read the Charts Brief Overview � 6 Again, brief definitions of the risk and protective factors are provided following the profile charts. For more information about risk and protective factors, please refer to the resources listed on the last page of this report under Contacts for Prevention. Levels of risk and protection in your community also can be compared to a more national sample. The dashed line on each risk and protective factor chart represents the percentage of youth at risk or with protection for the seven state sample upon which the cut-points were developed. The seven states included in the norm group were Colorado, Illinois, Kansas, Maine, Oregon, Utah, and Washington. All the states have a mix of urban and rural students. Dashed Line The dots on the charts represent the percentage of all of the youth surveyed from Arizona who reported ‘elevated risk’ or ‘elevated protection’. The comparison to the state-wide sample provides additional information for your community in determining the relative importance of each risk or protective factor level. Scanning across the charts, you can easily determine which factors are most (or least) prevalent for your community. This is the first step in identifying the levels of risk and protection that are operating in your community and which factors your community may choose to address. Dots Since the cut-points for each scale will remain fixed, the percentage of youth above the cut-point on a scale (at-risk) will provide a method for evaluating the progress of prevention programs over time. For example, if the percentage of youth at risk for family conflict in a community prior to implementing a community-wide family/parenting program was 60% and then decreased to 45% one year after the program was implemented, the program would be viewed as helping to reduce family conflict. How to Read the Charts: Cut-Points, Dots, and Dashed Lines There are three components of the risk and protective factor charts that are key to understanding the information that the charts contain: 1) the cutpoints for the risk and protective factor scales, 2) the dots that indicate the state values, and 3) the dashed lines that indicate a more “national” value. Cut-Points Before the percentage of youth at risk on a given scale could be calculated, a scale value or cut-point needed to be determined that would separate the atrisk group from the not-at-risk group. The Prevention Needs Assessment (PNA) survey was designed to assess adolescent substance use, antisocial behavior and the risk and protective factors that predict these adolescent problem behaviors. The Arizona Youth Survey, and other surveys designed for other states and areas, follow the PNA format and have the same goal of gathering information on the prevention needs of students, schools, communities, and states. Since PNA surveys have been given to over 200,000 youth nationwide, it was possible to select two groups of youth, one that was more at risk for problem behaviors and another group that was less at risk. A cut-point score was then determined for each risk and protective factor scale that best divided the youth from the two groups into their appropriate group, more at-risk or less at-risk. The criteria for selecting the more atrisk and the less at-risk groups included academic grades (the more at-risk group received “D” and “F” grades, the less at-risk group received “A” and “B” grades), ATOD use (the more at-risk group had more regular use, the less at-risk group had no drug use and use of alcohol or tobacco on only a few occasions), and antisocial behavior (the more at-risk group had two or more serious delinquent acts in the past year, the less at-risk group had no serious delinquent acts). The cut-points that were determined by analyzing the results of the more at-risk and less at-risk groups will remain constant and will be used to produce the profiles for future surveys. 7 Percentage of Youth with Protective Factor Percentage of Youth at Risk 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Poor Family Management Family Conflict Parent Attitudes Favor Drug Use School Academic Failure Low Commitment to School Rebelliousness Early Initiation of ASB Early Initiation of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to ASB Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Interaction with Antisocial Peers Friend's Use of Drugs Sensation Seeking Intention to Use Drugs State 2002 Gang Involvement State 2004 Rewards for ASB Depressive Symptoms Peer / Individual Perceived Risk of Drug Use Elevated Risk and Protection Parent Attitudes Favorable to ASB ARIZONA STUDENT RISK FACTORS 2004 Student Survey, Grade 8 Family Family History of Antisocial Behavior Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Community Laws & Norms Favor Drug Use 7 State Norm. Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Peer / Individual Prosocial Involvement School Interaction with Prosocial Peers ARIZONA STUDENT PROTECTIVE FACTORS 2004 Student Survey, Grade 8 Belief in the Moral Order Family Social Skills State 2002 Religiosity State 2004 8 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Transitions & Mobility Perceived Availability of Handguns 7 State Norm. Opportunity for Prosocial Involvement Community Disorganization Perceived Availability of Drugs Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 20 Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunity for Prosocial Involvement 10 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Low Neighborhood Attachment Opportunity for Prosocial Involvement Percentage of Youth with Protective Factor Percentage of Youth at Risk 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Poor Family Management Family Conflict Parent Attitudes Favor Drug Use School Academic Failure Low Commitment to School Rebelliousness Early Initiation of ASB Early Initiation of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to ASB Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Interaction with Antisocial Peers Friend's Use of Drugs Sensation Seeking Intention to Use Drugs State 2002 Gang Involvement State 2004 Rewards for ASB Depressive Symptoms Peer / Individual Perceived Risk of Drug Use Elevated Risk and Protection Parent Attitudes Favorable to ASB ARIZONA STUDENT RISK FACTORS 2004 Student Survey, Grade 10 Family Family History of Antisocial Behavior Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Community Laws & Norms Favor Drug Use 7 State Norm. Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Peer / Individual Prosocial Involvement School Interaction with Prosocial Peers ARIZONA STUDENT PROTECTIVE FACTORS 2004 Student Survey, Grade 10 Belief in the Moral Order Family Social Skills State 2002 Religiosity State 2004 9 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Transitions & Mobility Perceived Availability of Handguns 7 State Norm. Opportunity for Prosocial Involvement Community Disorganization Perceived Availability of Drugs Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 20 Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunity for Prosocial Involvement 10 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Low Neighborhood Attachment Opportunity for Prosocial Involvement Percentage of Youth with Protective Factor Percentage of Youth at Risk 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Poor Family Management Family Conflict Parent Attitudes Favor Drug Use School Academic Failure Low Commitment to School Rebelliousness Early Initiation of ASB Early Initiation of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to ASB Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Interaction with Antisocial Peers Friend's Use of Drugs Sensation Seeking Intention to Use Drugs State 2002 Gang Involvement State 2004 Rewards for ASB Depressive Symptoms Peer / Individual Perceived Risk of Drug Use Elevated Risk and Protection Parent Attitudes Favorable to ASB ARIZONA STUDENT RISK FACTORS 2004 Student Survey, Grade 12 Family Family History of Antisocial Behavior Risk and Protective Factor Profiles Community Laws & Norms Favor Drug Use 7 State Norm. Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Peer / Individual Prosocial Involvement School Interaction with Prosocial Peers ARIZONA STUDENT PROTECTIVE FACTORS 2004 Student Survey, Grade 12 Belief in the Moral Order Family Social Skills State 2002 Religiosity State 2004 10 Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Transitions & Mobility Perceived Availability of Handguns 7 State Norm. Opportunity for Prosocial Involvement Community Disorganization Perceived Availability of Drugs Family Attachment Rewards for Prosocial Involvement 20 Community Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Opportunity for Prosocial Involvement 10 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Low Neighborhood Attachment Opportunity for Prosocial Involvement Percentages (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Alcohol Cigarettes Chewing Tobacco Inhalants Hallucinogens Cocaine Stimulants Heroin Ecstasy Alcohol Cigarettes Chewing Tobacco Marijuana 30-Day Use 11 Inhalants Hallucinogens Cocaine Stimulants Heroin * Sedatives Ecstasy Heavy Use Binge Drinking 1/2 Pack of Cigarettes/Day Suspended from School Sold Illegal Drugs Carried a Handgun Handgun to School State 2002 Been Arrested Attacked to Harm State 2004 Stolen a Vehicle Antisocial Behavior Drunk or High at School ATOD Use and Antisocial Behavior * Sedatives ARIZONA STUDENT ATOD USE AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2004 Student Survey, Grade 8 Lifetime Use Marijuana Percentages (%) Percentages (%) Heroin * Sedatives Ecstasy 1/2 Pack of Cigarettes/Day Suspended from School Marijuana Inhalants Hallucinogens Cocaine Stimulants Heroin * Sedatives Ecstasy Binge Drinking 1/2 Pack of Cigarettes/Day Suspended from School Drunk or High at School Sold Illegal Drugs Stolen a Vehicle Been Arrested Attacked to Harm Carried a Handgun Handgun to School State 2002 Carried a Handgun Handgun to School Chewing Tobacco State 2004 Attacked to Harm State 2002 Been Arrested State 2004 Stolen a Vehicle Alcohol Cigarettes Antisocial Behavior Sold Illegal Drugs Antisocial Behavior Drunk or High at School Ecstasy Heavy Use Heavy Use Binge Drinking Heroin * Sedatives ATOD Use and Antisocial Behavior Cocaine Stimulants Cocaine Stimulants 30-Day Use Hallucinogens Hallucinogens ARIZONA STUDENT ATOD USE AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2004 Student Survey, Grade 10 30-Day Use 12 Inhalants Lifetime Use Marijuana 100 Chewing Tobacco 90 Cigarettes 80 Alcohol 70 Ecstasy 60 Heroin * Sedatives 50 Cocaine Stimulants Inhalants ARIZONA STUDENT ATOD USE AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2004 Student Survey, Grade 12 Hallucinogens 40 Marijuana Inhalants 30 Chewing Tobacco Marijuana 20 Chewing Tobacco Lifetime Use Alcohol Cigarettes 10 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Alcohol Cigarettes Percentage (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Unsafe at School School Safety Profile ARIZONA STUDENT SAFE SCHOOL FACTORS Threatened or Injured 2004 Student Survey, Grade 8 Carried a Weapon 13 State 2002 State 2004 In a Physical Fight Percentage (%) Percentage (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Unsafe at School Unsafe at School School Safety Profile ARIZONA STUDENT SAFE SCHOOL FACTORS Threatened or Injured 2004 Student Survey, Grade 10 Carried a Weapon ARIZONA STUDENT SAFE SCHOOL FACTORS Threatened or Injured 2004 Student Survey, Grade 12 Carried a Weapon 14 State 2002 State 2004 In a Physical Fight State 2002 State 2004 In a Physical Fight Table 2. Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions Laws and Norms Favorable Toward Drug Use Low Neighborhood Attachment Community Disorganization Community and Personal Transitions & Mobility The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the use of these substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a higher risk of crime and substance use by adolescents. Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the legal drinking age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been followed by decreases in consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have shown that shifts in normative attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence of use. A low level of bonding to the neighborhood is related to higher levels of juvenile crime and drug selling. Research has shown that neighborhoods with high population density, lack of natural surveillance of public places, physical deterioration, and high rates of adult crime also have higher rates of juvenile crime and drug selling. Neighborhoods with high rates of residential mobility have been shown to have higher rates of juvenile crime and drug selling, while children who experience frequent residential moves and stressful life transitions have been shown to have higher risk for school failure, delinquency, and drug use. Community Domain Risk Factors Perceived Availability of Drugs and Handguns Opportunities for Positive Involvement Rewards for positive participation in activities helps children bond to the community, thus lowering their risk for substance use. When opportunities are available in a community for positive participation, children are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors. Community Domain Protective Factors Rewards for Positive Involvement Family History of Antisocial Behavior Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the conflict, appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use. When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or ATOD use), the children are more likely to engage in these behaviors. Family Domain Risk Factors Family Conflict Parental Attitudes Favorable In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use, Toward Antisocial Behavior & children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for example, asking the child to Drugs light the parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the refrigerator. Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in substance use and other problem behaviors. Poor Family Management Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places them at higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, parents’ failure to provide clear expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that they will engage in drug abuse whether or not there are family drug problems Family Attachment Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. Family Domain Protective Factors Opportunities for Positive Involvement When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things done well by their child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviors. School Domain Risk Factors Rewards for Positive Involvement Academic Failure Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both drug abuse and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever reasons, increases the risk of problem behaviors. 15 Low Commitment to School When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important activities at school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors. Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, stimulants, and sedatives or non-medically prescribed tranquilizers is significantly lower among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking school, spending time on homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also negatively related to drug use. Table 2. Risk and Protective Factor Scale Definitions (Continued) Opportunities for Positive Involvement When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less likely to be involved in substance use and other problem behaviors Peer-Individual Risk Factors School Domain Protective Factors Rewards for Positive Involvement Early Initiation of Antisocial Behavior and Drug Use Early onset of drug use predicts misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the greater the involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use prior to the age of 15 is a consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug use has been shown to predict lower drug involvement and a greater probability of discontinuation of use. During the elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes Attitudes Favorable Toward Antisocial Behavior and Drug and have difficulty imagining why people use drugs or engage in antisocial behaviors. However, in middle school, as more youth are exposed to others who use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior, Use their attitudes often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior are more likely to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use. Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging further in antisocial behavior and substance use. Friends' Use of Drugs Rewards for Antisocial Behavior Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at higher risk of abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for independence and normlessness have all been linked with drug use. Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much more likely to engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come from well-managed families and do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends who use drugs greatly increases the risk of that problem developing. Rebelliousness Young people who seek out opportunities for dangerous, risky behavior in general are at higher risk for participating in drug use and other problem behaviors. Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug use. Sensation Seeking Many prevention programs focus on reducing the intention of participants to use ATODs later in life. Reduction of intention to use ATODs often follows successful prevention interventions. Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for engaging in antisocial behavior themselves. Intention to Use ATODs Young people who are depressed are overrepresented in the criminal justice system and are more likely to use drugs. Survey research and other studies have shown a link between depression and other youth problem behaviors. Interaction with Antisocial Peers Depressive Symptoms Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use. Perceived Risk of Drug Use Gang Involvement Prosocial Norms Prosocial Involvement Belief in the Moral Order Social Skills Religiosity Young people who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are more protected from engaging in antisocial behavior and substance use. Young people who view working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in problem behavior. Participation in positive school and community activities helps provide protection for youth. Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs. Young people who are socially competent and engage in positive interpersonal relations with their peers are less likely to use drugs and engage in other problem behaviors. Young people who regularly attend religious services are less likely to engage in problem behaviors. Peer-Individual Protective Factors Involvement with Prosocial Peers 16 Grade 10 Grade 12 Grade 8 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 County State County State County State County State County State County State 3451 18812 4984 12558 3768 9590 Table 3. Number of Students Who Completed the Survey Year Number of Youth Grade 10 Grade 12 Grade 8 County State County State County State County State County State County State 56.9 51.9 72.3 69.3 80.8 77.9 39.6 33.5 49.8 45.3 61.1 54.2 6.8 7.2 10.2 11.0 16.9 16.7 26.6 20.4 41.6 36.6 50.8 45.7 11.9 13.7 10.4 10.9 10.1 9.1 2.4 2.5 8.3 5.3 12.6 7.6 4.5 3.7 8.2 7.8 12.0 11.5 2.9 3.4 6.8 6.7 8.6 8.2 1.9 1.5 3.2 2.4 3.8 3.0 * 11.0 * 16.5 * 19.8 5.5 2.4 8.2 4.3 12.0 5.9 33.2 33.2 44.5 45.6 52.8 52.4 Table 4. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime Drug Used Alcohol Cigarettes Chewing Tobacco Marijuana Inhalants Hallucinogens Cocaine Stimulants Heroin * Sedatives Ecstasy Any Drug Table 5. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days Grade 10 Grade 12 Grade 8 County State County State County State County State County State County State 34.4 25.3 47.9 41.3 58.9 51.1 9.1 10.7 18.1 17.7 23.2 24.4 4.0 2.4 4.7 3.4 5.9 5.4 14.3 9.7 22.4 16.2 25.4 18.5 6.5 5.8 3.4 2.9 2.0 1.4 1.5 1.6 3.2 2.4 3.1 2.3 2.6 1.6 3.5 3.0 4.0 3.7 1.0 1.6 2.6 2.8 2.2 3.0 1.2 0.6 1.4 0.7 1.3 0.7 * 5.5 * 8.2 * 9.2 3.6 0.8 2.5 1.1 3.2 1.0 19.9 17.9 25.7 23.6 28.6 25.1 Table 6. Percentage of Students With Heavy Use of Alcohol and Cigarettes Drug Used Alcohol Cigarettes Chewing Tobacco Marijuana Inhalants Hallucinogens Cocaine Stimulants Heroin * Sedatives Ecstasy Any Drug Grade 12 Grade 10 Grade 8 County State County State County State County State County State County State 14.1 16.0 26.0 25.1 32.2 32.5 1.2 0.8 3.5 2.6 6.0 4.8 Table 7. Percentage of Students With Antisocial Behavior in the Past Year Drug Used Binge Drinking 1/2 Pack of Cigarettes/Day Grade 12 Grade 10 Grade 8 Behavior County State County State County State County State County State County State Suspended from School 18.1 17.7 11.6 12.3 8.1 9.3 Drunk or High at School 15.4 13.2 20.5 20.8 23.8 22.2 Sold Illegal Drugs 5.7 5.0 9.9 8.9 10.0 9.8 Stolen a Vehicle 3.3 4.8 3.6 4.4 2.1 2.6 Been Arrested 9.1 8.7 8.0 9.1 8.2 9.1 Attacked to Harm 11.6 17.8 10.8 16.5 9.1 13.3 Carried a Handgun 6.7 6.5 5.0 5.9 4.9 5.5 Handgun to School 1.4 1.5 1.3 1.5 1.0 1.3 * The 2002 sedative question only asked about quaaludes, barbituates, and tranqualizers and is not comparable to the 2004 question. 17 52.3 41.2 43.1 46.1 40.5 41.7 25.8 38.1 43.1 47.4 34.9 39.9 37.5 37.4 38.1 38.0 46.0 33.5 48.5 58.2 44.2 58.4 49.1 52.5 25.1 38.6 49.8 39.4 46.4 52.5 46.2 45.3 27.7 40.7 47.2 52.5 37.6 40.6 37.0 40.9 31.1 39.0 54.5 47.2 45.3 48.2 44.8 44.6 34.6 43.8 13.6 * 46.5 45.4 41.5 34.3 37.7 44.3 44.0 39.3 40.0 45.3 35.1 50.5 24.7 39.5 39.1 38.1 51.0 39.3 40.7 56.9 44.7 55.3 42.4 50.5 23.0 46.9 49.8 43.7 43.2 40.9 45.8 47.7 41.6 46.7 54.2 57.6 43.1 52.1 27.3 38.6 32.2 40.6 53.3 46.4 47.6 47.8 41.3 46.5 40.1 39.7 10.7 * 43.7 44.6 46.2 31.4 35.5 42.9 45.2 44.3 39.5 45.1 33.1 60.1 32.7 36.0 39.4 39.7 46.8 36.9 44.4 52.6 38.8 54.6 52.8 43.3 18.9 32.1 43.8 47.9 44.8 38.3 42.9 44.4 42.8 51.0 50.1 55.7 37.2 55.0 34.6 Grade 10 Grade 12 Grade 8 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 County State County State County State County State County State County State Table 8. Percentage of Students Reporting Risk Risk Factor Year 40.0 33.6 40.3 46.3 37.4 47.9 52.1 41.9 41.6 38.0 48.2 21.7 * 52.4 59.2 61.0 40.7 31.9 50.0 59.7 60.6 41.1 32.0 49.4 57.8 56.5 43.6 42.3 61.7 60.8 47.1 55.9 56.9 39.2 37.3 64.2 49.5 61.5 56.9 57.7 43.2 37.4 61.3 43.9 57.2 56.8 56.9 38.6 35.8 72.7 63.9 50.3 47.8 40.5 50.6 58.6 60.8 * 64.1 45.4 * * * 61.8 52.2 45.5 52.2 62.7 49.7 43.1 60.1 56.2 48.9 Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 County State County State County State County State County State County State Table 9. Percentage of Students Reporting Protection Community Domain Low Neighborhood Attachment Community Disorganization Transitions & Mobility Laws & Norms Favor Drug Use Perceived Availability of Drugs Perceived Availability of Handguns Family Domain Poor Family Management Family Conflict Family History of Antisocial Behavior Parent Attitudes Favorable to ASB Parent Attitudes Favor Drug Use School Domain Academic Failure Low Commitment to School Peer-Individual Domain Rebelliousness Early Initiation of ASB Early Initiation of Drug Use Attitudes Favorable to ASB Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use Perceived Risk of Drug Use Interaction with Antisocial Peers Friend's Use of Drugs Sensation Seeking Rewards for ASB Depressive Symptoms Gang Involvement Intention to Use Drugs Protective Factor Community Domain Opportunity for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Family Domain Family Attachment Opportunity for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement School Domain Opportunity for Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement Peer-Individual Domain Religiosity Social Skills Belief in the Moral Order Interaction with Prosocial Peers Prosocial Involvement Rewards for Prosocial Involvement * 46.9 * 59.5 59.1 53.8 50.0 53.6 58.9 * 46.5 * * 39.8 * * 59.2 * * not available, scale not included in 2002 survey 18 Table 10. Percentage of Students in the State and Your School Reporting Safety and School Issues 94.63 1.82 1.34 0.51 1.70 88.75 6.11 3.13 0.71 1.31 93.73 2.89 1.47 0.46 1.45 91.00 3.98 3.35 0.67 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.69 97.71 1.09 0.74 0.09 0.37 94.20 0.99 1.17 0.39 3.24 82.91 9.53 4.99 1.14 0.34 0.26 0.18 0.66 86.53 6.78 3.49 1.03 0.50 0.30 0.21 1.17 92.21 4.02 1.95 0.65 1.16 94.37 1.82 1.24 0.48 2.09 93.54 3.56 1.82 0.34 0.28 0.14 0.03 0.29 94.42 2.59 1.44 0.52 0.12 0.16 0.05 0.69 97.42 1.19 0.47 0.18 0.74 93.24 1.22 0.82 0.60 4.12 90.12 5.76 2.59 0.60 0.19 0.25 0.13 0.36 89.94 4.86 3.01 0.73 0.39 0.21 0.11 0.75 94.44 2.64 1.56 0.64 0.72 94.80 1.31 0.84 0.41 2.64 Grade 8 Grade 10 Grade 12 2002 2004 2002 2004 2002 2004 County State County State County State County State County State County State 0 days 1 day 2-3 days 4-5 days 6 or more days 94.66 3.22 1.16 0.25 0.71 83.91 8.69 4.03 1.18 0.47 0.29 0.15 1.30 87.63 7.27 3.62 0.52 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.60 Response Year 0 days 1 day 2-3 days 4-5 days 6 or more days 89.96 5.41 2.75 0.74 0.25 0.12 0.00 0.79 72.36 14.38 8.46 2.36 0.69 0.44 0.23 1.08 Safety During the past 30 days, on how many days did you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? During the past 12 months, how many times has 0 times someone threatened or injured you with a weapon 1 time such as a gun, knife, or club on school property? 2-3 times 4-5 times 6-7 times 8-9 times 10-11 times 12 or more times 78.52 12.65 5.86 1.23 0.57 0.05 0.13 0.98 During the past 30 days, on how many days did you not go to school because you felt you would be unsafe at school or on your way to or from school? During the past 12 months, how many times were times 0 you in a physical fight on school property? 1 time 2-3 times 4-5 times 6-7 times 8-9 times 10-11 times 12 or more times 19 Regional Prevention Contacts This Report was Prepared for the State of Arizona by Bach Harrison, L.L.C. R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D. 801-359-2064 www.bach-harrison.com Western Regional Center for the Application of Prevention Technologies (CAPT) www.westcapt.org Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) www.samhsa.gov Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities U.S. Department of Education www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and Families 602-542-4043 http://www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) www.samsha.gov/centers/csap/csap.html Arizona Prevention Resource Center 800-432-2772 www.azprevention.org Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety Violence Prevention Academy Todd Armstrong, Ph.D., Director 602-543-6630 Arizona Department of Health Services Division of Behavioral Health Services Lisa Shumaker 602-364-4630 www.hs.state.az.us/bhs/ops Arizona Department of Education Student Services Division 602-542-8700 www.ade.az.gov Contacts For Prevention Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Pima and Santa Cruz Counties Bill Burnett Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA) 520-318-6907 Yuma and La Paz Counties Francis Garcia The EXCEL Group 520-341-9199 Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo and Yavapai Counties Petrice Post Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority (NARBHA) 520-214-2177 Gila and Pinal Counties Heidi Haeder-Heild Pinal Gila Behavioral Health Association (PGBHA) 480-982-1317 Maricopa County Gabriella Guerra ValueOptions 602-685-3861 Gila River Health Care Corporation (GRHCC) Tom Cummins 520-562-3321 Pasqua Yaqui Tribe Behavioral Health Theresa Ybarrez 520-879-6085 Navajo Nation Char James 928-729-4470 Other State and National Contacts: Arizona Criminal Justice Commission Kristen Roof /Steve Ballance 602-364-1394/602-364-1157 www.acjc.state.az.us 20 Appendix F: Lifetime and 30-Day ATOD use for Participating Counties Lifetime ATOD Use by County (2004) Alcohol Cigarettes Smokeless Tobacco Marijuana Inhalants Hallucinogens Cocaine Stimulants Sedatives Ecstasy Heroin Any Drug Apache 59.3 67.9 36.6 55.4 10.8 6.7 12.8 9.4 11.4 5.5 3.1 60.0 Cochise 69.7 46.5 12.1 30.7 14.5 4.1 8.6 5.9 15.8 4.9 2.1 43.4 Coconino 68.1 54.8 18.6 44.7 11.5 6.9 8.4 8.2 19.1 6.2 3.0 53.0 Gila 70.7 49.9 21.1 41.3 9.8 5.4 7.9 5.8 13.6 3.3 2.1 48.5 Graham 62.7 45.7 14.3 36.7 16.0 3.3 8.7 7.1 16.6 2.9 3.5 49.3 Greenlee 73.0 62.0 29.9 35.1 17.2 4.9 7.0 10.2 18.0 2.4 1.2 47.3 La Paz 65.1 44.8 12.0 30.9 14.1 5.5 5.9 7.0 11.2 3.6 1.4 38.0 Maricopa 60.7 37.2 8.4 28.1 11.1 4.2 5.7 4.7 14.5 3.4 2.0 38.3 Mohave 71.7 44.7 9.9 37.2 12.8 5.0 6.7 6.1 17.7 3.8 1.3 46.8 Navajo 61.1 57.6 21.6 44.5 12.7 7.1 11.6 10.4 12.8 5.1 2.3 53.0 Pima 65.4 40.7 7.7 33.2 11.8 4.2 6.9 4.7 15.9 4.1 2.3 43.8 Pinal 67.9 50.0 12.0 40.8 15.9 6.4 10.2 9.0 15.1 4.8 3.1 49.6 Santa Cruz 74.3 54.5 11.7 25.0 11.8 3.8 8.9 4.5 13.8 3.9 1.4 38.0 Yavapai 64.9 47.4 15.0 30.2 14.5 4.4 6.6 7.5 15.8 3.2 2.2 41.1 Yuma 57.3 38.8 8.8 18.4 9.9 3.6 4.8 4.9 11.3 2.6 1.5 32.3 * The 2002 sedative question only asked about quaaludes, barbituates, and tranqualizers and is not comparable to the 2004 question. 30-day ATOD Use by County (2004) Alcohol Cigarettes Smokeless Tobacco Marijuana Inhalants Hallucinogens Cocaine Stimulants Sedatives Ecstasy Heroin Any Drug Apache 31.8 30.2 14.4 24.6 2.8 4.2 3.7 3.9 5.6 2.1 0.6 30.4 Cochise 40.1 17.0 3.5 11.7 5.2 1.8 4.0 2.8 7.3 1.4 0.7 21.3 Coconino 41.6 25.1 5.5 20.2 2.1 2.5 3.0 2.9 9.5 0.8 0.8 27.9 Gila 43.2 19.4 8.8 16.5 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.3 7.2 1.4 0.9 23.6 Graham 36.8 17.1 4.6 15.5 4.7 1.9 3.1 3.3 9.3 0.6 1.0 28.1 Greenlee 39.5 27.8 12.7 13.3 5.7 2.1 2.5 3.7 7.3 0.8 0.0 23.0 La Paz 36.3 13.4 3.4 12.2 3.6 2.8 1.9 3.9 5.3 1.4 0.3 18.1 Maricopa 35.0 14.2 2.7 12.6 3.7 1.7 2.1 1.8 7.0 0.8 0.7 19.8 Mohave 42.3 18.2 2.0 15.0 3.7 1.8 1.7 2.4 9.9 0.5 0.7 23.1 Navajo 32.1 23.6 6.8 20.5 3.1 3.1 3.8 4.1 5.1 1.0 0.4 26.9 Pima 36.4 13.4 2.4 14.7 4.4 1.7 2.7 2.1 7.5 1.0 0.6 22.9 Pinal 39.1 19.6 3.7 18.9 4.6 4.0 3.4 4.5 7.9 1.4 1.0 25.7 Santa Cruz 43.9 25.8 4.3 9.7 4.2 2.2 4.8 2.2 7.6 1.3 0.7 19.4 Yavapai 35.3 17.1 3.8 10.7 5.3 1.5 1.8 2.5 7.3 0.6 0.7 20.3 Yuma 30.1 13.7 3.2 8.4 3.9 1.7 2.0 1.9 5.2 0.8 0.7 16.5 * The 2002 sedative question only asked about quaaludes, barbituates, and tranqualizers and is not comparable to the 2004 question.