Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey 2007 Report Prepared by the Evaluation, Research and Development Unit The University of Arizona Funded by the Arizona Department of Health Services June 2008 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit The University of Arizona PO Box 210462 Tucson, AZ 85721-0462 Phone: (520) 318-7259 Fax: (520) 318-7252 www.evalrdu.org Thanks & Appreciation to The students who participated in the survey and The teachers and principals who facilitated their participation Suggested citation Malter, F.; Olderbaek, S.; Walsh, M. (2008). Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey – Report 2007. Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona, Tucson Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................ 1 Prevalence of Any Tobacco Use............................................................................................. 1 Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking............................................................................................ 1 Exposure to Secondhand Smoke............................................................................................. 1 Cessation ................................................................................................................................. 2 Access to Cigarettes................................................................................................................ 2 Smoking and the Social Environment (including Media Influence) ...................................... 2 2. Introduction............................................................................................................................. 3 3. Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 4 3.1. Instrument ....................................................................................................................... 4 3.2. Sampling Methodology................................................................................................... 4 3.3. Response Rates ............................................................................................................... 4 3.4. Weighting and Analysis.................................................................................................. 5 3.5. Sample Demographics .................................................................................................... 5 3.6. Recalculation of YTS 2000, 2003, and 2005.................................................................. 7 3.7. Missing Data ................................................................................................................... 7 3.8. Survey Limitations.......................................................................................................... 7 4. Results and Trends.................................................................................................................. 9 4.1. Prevalence of Tobacco Use............................................................................................. 9 Ever Tobacco Use ................................................................................................................... 9 Current Tobacco Use ............................................................................................................ 10 Comparing Arizona Rates with National Rates .................................................................... 11 Tobacco Use by Grade.......................................................................................................... 13 Tobacco Use by Gender........................................................................................................ 13 Tobacco Use by Ethnicity..................................................................................................... 15 4.2. Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking.................................................................................. 17 Cigarette Smoking by Middle and High School ................................................................... 17 Cigarette Smoking by Gender............................................................................................... 18 Cigarette Smoking by Ethnicity............................................................................................ 19 Cigarette Smoking by Grade................................................................................................. 21 4.3. Prevalence of Alternative Forms of Tobacco ............................................................... 22 Hookah.................................................................................................................................. 22 Kretek.................................................................................................................................... 22 Pipe ....................................................................................................................................... 23 4.4. Exposure to Secondhand Smoke................................................................................... 23 Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Rooms and Cars ............................................................... 24 Rules about Smoking in the Home ....................................................................................... 27 4.5. Cessation ....................................................................................................................... 28 4.6. Access to Cigarettes...................................................................................................... 30 4.7. Media Influence ............................................................................................................ 35 4.8. Smoking and the social environment............................................................................ 36 5. Conclusions........................................................................................................................... 38 Appendix A................................................................................................................................... 40 Availability of Arizona YTS items across survey years....................................................... 40 Appendix B ................................................................................................................................... 41 Arizona 2007 YTS Survey Questionnaire and basic response rates (CDC outcome indicators are included in parenthesis) .................................................................................................. 41 List of Tables Table 1. YTS 2007 School and Student Response Rates.......................................................... 4 Table 2. Gender Distribution .................................................................................................... 5 Table 3. Age Distribution.......................................................................................................... 5 Table 4. Grade Distribution ...................................................................................................... 6 Table 5. Ethnicity Distribution.................................................................................................. 6 Table 6. Trends in Ever Kretek Use by Middle and High School .......................................... 22 Table 7. Trends in Current Pipe Use by Middle and High School ......................................... 23 Table 8. Percent of Ever Cigarette Smokers Who Have Tried a Nicotine Patch or Gum to Help Them Quit Smoking............................................................................................................. 30 Table 9. Classes discouraging tobacco used and perceived effectiveness.............................. 37 Table 10. Interaction with health care providers....................................................................... 37 List of Figures Figure 1. Ever Tobacco Use by Middle and High School.......................................................... 9 Figure 2. Trends in Ever Tobacco Use Among Middle School and High School Students .... 10 Figure 3. Current Tobacco Use by Middle and High School................................................... 10 Figure 4. Trends in Current Tobacco Use Among Middle School and High School Students 11 Figure 5. Students Current Tobacco Use: Comparing Arizona to National Rates Among Middle School 12 Figure 6. Students Current Tobacco Use: Comparing Arizona to National Rates Among High School 12 Figure 7. Ever and Current Tobacco Use by Grade ................................................................. 13 Figure 8. Ever Tobacco Use by Gender Among Middle School Students............................... 13 Figure 9. Ever Tobacco Use by Gender Among High School Students .................................. 14 Figure 10. Current Tobacco Use by Gender Among Middle School Students ...................... 14 Figure 11. Current Tobacco Use by Gender Among High School Students.......................... 15 Figure 12. Trends in Ever Tobacco use by Ethnicity and by Middle and High School......... 16 Figure 13. Current Tobacco Use by Ethnicity and by Middle and High School ................... 16 Figure 14. School Trends in Ever, Current and Frequent Cigarette Smoking by Middle and High 17 Figure 15. Trends in Ever Cigarette Smoking by Gender and by Middle and High School.. 18 Figure 16. Trends in Current Cigarette Smoking by Gender and by Middle and High School 18 Figure 17. Trends in Frequent Cigarette Smoking by Gender and by Middle and High School 19 Figure 18. Trends in Ever Cigarette Smoking by Ethnicity and by Middle and High School19 Figure 19. Current Cigarette Smoking by Ethnicity and by Middle and High School .......... 20 Figure 20. Frequent Cigarette Smoking by Ethnicity and by Middle and High School ........ 20 Figure 21. Ever, Current and Frequent Cigarette Smoking by Grade.................................... 21 Figure 22. Ever Hookah Use by Grade .................................................................................. 22 Figure 23. Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars by Middle and High School 24 Figure 24. Trends in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars, Comparing Middle School Students Across Years.......................................................................................... 24 Figure 25. Trends in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars, Comparing High School Students Across Years ...................................................................................................... 25 Figure 26. Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars, Comparing Those Who Live with a Smoker and Those Who do Not......................................................................................... 25 Figure 27. Trends in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars Among Those Who Live with a Smoker .............................................................................................................. 26 Figure 28. Trends in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars Among Those Not Living with a Smoker.................................................................................................................... 26 Figure 29. Rules About Smoking in the Home ...................................................................... 27 Figure 30. Rules About Smoking in the Home by Presence of a Smoker ............................. 27 Figure 31. Percent of Current Smokers Wanting to Quit Smoking Cigarettes ...................... 28 Figure 32. Percent of Current Smokers Who Think They Could Quit Smoking Cigarettes.. 28 Figure 33. Percent of Smokers Who Reported a Quit Attempt During the Past 12 Months.. 29 Figure 34. Percent of Student Knowing Where to Get Help to Quit Smoking ...................... 29 Figure 35. Tobacco Percent of Ever Tobacco Users Who Participated in a Program to Help Them Quit 30 Figure 36. How Current Smokers Under 18 Reported Getting Cigarettes............................. 31 Figure 37. Store Types Where Current Smokers Under 18 Who Bought Cigarettes from a Store During the Past 30 Days Reported Buying Them ............................................................... 32 Figure 38. Trends in Store Types Where Current Smokers Under 18 Who Bought Cigarettes Reported Buying During the Past 30 Days, Comparing Middle School Students Across Years . 33 Figure 39. Trends in Store Types Where Current Smokers Under 18 Who Bought Cigarettes Reported Buying During the Past 30 Days, Comparing High School Students Across Years.... 33 Figure 40. Trends in Proof of Age Request and Sale Refusal to Current Smokers Under 18 Who Bought Cigarettes From a Store During the Past 30 Days, Comparing Middle School Students Across Years .................................................................................................................. 34 Figure 41. Trends in Proof of Age Request and Sale Refusal to Current Smokers Under 18 Who Bought Cigarettes From a Store During the Past 30 Days, Comparing High School Students Across Years .................................................................................................................. 34 Figure 42. Trends in Media Exposure .................................................................................... 35 Figure 43. Percent of Students Whose Parents Have Discussed the Dangers of Using Tobacco Often or Very Often ....................................................................................................... 36 Figure 44. Percent of Students Who Reported None of Their Closest Friends Smoke ......... 36 Definitions of frequently used terms Tobacco Use • • Ever Users: Students who reported ever trying a tobacco product (i.e. cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, cigars or cigarillos, or bidis) in their lifetime. Current Users: Students who reported use of a tobacco product (i.e. cigarettes, smokeless tobacco, cigars or cigarillos, or bidis) at least once in the 30 days prior to participating in the survey. Cigarette Smoking • • • • Ever Smoker: Students who reported ever smoking a cigarette, even one or two puffs, in their lifetime. Current Smoker: Students who reported smoking a cigarette at least once in the 30 days prior to participating in the survey. Frequent Smoker: Students who reported smoking cigarettes on 20 or more days out of the past 30 days prior to participating in the survey. Never Smoker: Students who reported they have never tried smoking, even one or two puffs, during their lifetime. Tobacco Products • • • • • • • Bidi: A cigarette made by rolling tobacco by hand in a dried leaf from the tendu tree (a member of the ebony family). Most bidis are made in India and come in different flavors 1. Cigarette: A narrow, short roll of finely cut, cured tobacco for smoking, usually wrapped in thin white paper 2. Cigar: A cure cylindrical roll of tobacco leaves for smoking2. Cigarillo: A small, thin cigar2. Kretek: A cigarette made of Indonesian tobacco and cloves 3. Pipe: A tube with a small bowl at one end; used for smoking tobacco 4. Hookah (also called ‘Shisha’ or ‘Narghile’): A water pipe originating from eastern Mediterranean cultures; used for smoking flavored and sweetened, mostly moist tobacco 5 1 M.D. Anderson Cancer Center – General Cancer Info: Glossary of Terms A-B. Retrieved May 9, 2008, from http://www.mdanderson.org/patients_public/about_cancer/display.cfm?id=3354011c-72df-11d4aebd00508bdcce3a&method=displayfull 2 Tobacco-Free QC Glossary of Terms. Retrieved May 9, 2008, from http://www.tobaccofreeqc.org/youth/glossary.php 3 Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1), Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc., Retrieved May 9, 2008, from 2006. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/kretek 4 Wordnet. Retrieved May 9, 2008, from http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=tobacco%20pipe • Smokeless Tobacco: Tobacco that is not smoked but used in another form such as chewing tobacco, snus or snuff 6. 5 Smith-Simone, S. et al. 2008. Waterpipe tobacco smoking: Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behavior in two U.S. samples. Nicotine and Tobacco Research. Vol. 10 (2), 393-398 6 MedicinNet.com Cancer Causes Glossary of Terms. Retrieved May 9, 2008, from http://www.medicinenet.com/cancer_causes/glossary.htm Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 1. Executive Summary Prevalence of Any Tobacco Use • Reports of ever tobacco use have decreased in both middle (from 2000) and high school (from 2003). 7 • Reports of current tobacco use have decreased among middle school students, but have increased slightly among high school students. • Reports of ever use of any tobacco are decreasing among every ethnic grouped examined, in both middle and high school. • Reports of current use of any tobacco have steadily increased among Hispanic/Latino high school students. • American Indian/Alaskan Native students show the highest reported ever and current tobacco use rates in middle and high school. However, reported ever and current rates continued to drop for American Indian students. • Reports of ever hookah use have at least doubled for each grade since 2005, and have more than tripled for some grade levels suggesting that hookah use is becoming more popular. Reported ever use steadily increased with grade level. Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking • Reports of ever cigarette smoking decreased for both middle and high school students, for both genders. • Reports of ever cigarette smoking in middle and high school showed a decreasing trend in each ethnic group. • Historically, female students had lower reported use rates than male students for all categories of tobacco. In 2007, for the first time, this trend was reversed for current cigarette smoking: female smoking prevalence exceeded male rates by two percent points (8% vs. 6%, respectively). Exposure to Secondhand Smoke • Self-reported exposure to secondhand smoke either in a room, or in a car, continued to decrease among both middle and high school students. 7 The terms “decrease” and “increase” are used – unless explicitly mentioned otherwise - to refer to changes that occurred in reference to the first year of available data, i.e. 2000 for middle school results and 2003 for high school results. Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 1 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 • About three quarters of middle and high school students reported living in homes where smoking was not allowed anywhere in the home. Cessation • The percent of current smokers in middle school who expressed a desire to quit has been decreasing since 2000. • The majority of current smokers in middle and high school (e.g. 84% for middle school and 85% for high school) reported they could quit smoking if they wanted • The rate of current smokers in middle school who reported having made a quit attempt has decreased steadily. • The rate of current smokers who reported knowing where to get help for quitting smoking steadily declined for both middle and high school. • There was a substantial increase in the rate of current smokers who reported using a nicotine patch or gum to help them quit smoking among both middle and high school students. • Only 17 percent of students who are current smokers reported that they were asked if they smoked by health care professionals. Access to Cigarettes • Only one out of four current smokers under the age of 18 reported that they were asked to show proof of age when attempting to buy cigarettes. Smoking and the Social Environment (including Media Influence) • Only eight percent of all students reported that their parents or guardians had discussed the dangers of tobacco use with them. • Sixty percent of all surveyed students reported that none of their closest friends smoke. Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 2 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 2. Introduction The 2007 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey (YTS) was completed in the spring of 2007 and is the fourth in a series of biannual school-based tobacco-focused surveys first implemented in the spring of 2000. The survey is designed to help monitor trends in tobacco use among public school students in grades 6 through 12 and to compare changes in rates over time. The survey also collects data on topics including: tobacco use; tobacco-related knowledge, attitudes and beliefs; access to tobacco products; exposure to environmental tobacco smoke; initiation and cessation; influence of family, friends and the media; and social, school and community interventions. Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 3 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 3. Methodology 3.1. Instrument The Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey uses a core set of questions developed by the Office on Smoking and Health (OSH) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to assist states with their tobacco control efforts. For the high school sample, YTS was administered simultaneously with the Youth Risk Behavior Survey in the spring of 2007 as part of a collaborative effort between the Arizona Department of Education (ADE) and the Arizona Department of Health Services (ADHS). The 2007 Arizona YTS contains 98 multiple-choice questions, 61 of which are core questions from the CDC’s Youth Tobacco Survey. The questions cover prevalence, sources of tobacco products, attitudes and beliefs, second-hand smoke, media exposure, social influences. Results from the Arizona YTS can therefore be compared with results from other states and the National Youth Tobacco Survey conducted by the CDC. (See Appendix B for questionnaire and response rates for each item.) 3.2. Sampling Methodology The CDC and a subcontractor, ORC Macro, devised the sampling methods for the 2007 Arizona YTS. Separate middle school and high school samples were selected from all public and charter schools in Arizona. The objective of the samples was to obtain 95% confidence limits of approximately ± 5% around key variables. There were four separate samples: (1) district high school; (2) district middle school; (3) charter high school and (4) charter middle school. All schools with more than three students in grades 6-8 were included in the middle-school sampling frame. All schools with more than three students in grades 9-12 were included in the high-school sampling frame. A two-stage cluster sample design was used to produce a representative sample of middle school students in grades 6-8 and high school students in grades 9-12. All students within the selected class were asked to participate. 3.3. Response Rates Table 1. YTS 2007 School and Student Response Rates YTS 2007 Student and School Response Rates Schools Students Selected Participated Percent District Middle 39 37 95% 2609 2283 88% 83% Charter Middle 34 27 79% 1411 1197 85% 67% District High 40 38 95% 2021 1825 90% 86% Charter High 43 42 98% 1561 1192 76% 75% 156 144 92% 7602 6497 85% 78% Total Selected Participated Percent Overall Response Rate Data Source: ORC Macro, AZ YTS 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 4 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 3.4. Weighting and Analysis A weighting system was devised based on (a) the probabilities of selecting the school and selecting the classroom, (b) a non-response adjustment factor for school size, (c) a class adjustment factor, calculated by school, (d) a student-level non-response adjustment, calculated by class, and (e) a post-stratification adjustment factor, calculated by gender, grade and race. The weighting system was designed to allow for statewide inferences concerning tobacco use risk behaviors for all public and charter school students in grades 6-8 and grades 9-12. The analyses presented in this report were calculated using SPSS version 14.0 and the sampling weights. In compliance with the survey methodology, all percent findings reported in this document are based on weighted data, and all frequency counts (e.g. sample sizes) are based on unweighted data. 3.5. Sample Demographics Table 2. Gender Distribution Number of Participants Weighted Percent Male 3228 49% Female 3224 51% Not Identified 45 1% Total 6497 101%* Data Source: AZ YTS 2007 * Column sums to over 100% due to rounding Table 3. Age Distribution Number of Participants Weighted Percent 11 years or younger 446 5% 12 years 1167 15% 13 years 1162 16% 14 years 944 14% 15 years 862 15% 16 years 832 15% 17 years 647 13% 18 years or older 423 8% Not Identified 14 <1% Total 6497 101%* Data Source: AZ YTS 2007 * Column sums to over 100% due to rounding Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 5 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 Table 4. Grade Distribution Number of Participants Weighted Percent 6th Grade 1216 15% 7th Grade 1194 15% 8th Grade 1037 15% 9th Grade 822 15% 10th Grade 905 14% 11th Grade 613 13% 12th Grade 642 13% Not Identified 68 1% Total 6497 101%* Data Source: AZ YTS 2007 * Column sums to over 100% due to rounding Table 5. Ethnicity Distribution Number of Participants Weighted Percent White 2787 50% Hispanic or Latino 2459 33% Black or African American** 468 6% American Indian or Alaskan Native** 346 5% Asian*** 159 3% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander*** 91 1% Total 6497 101%* Data Source: AZ YTS 2007 * Column sums to over 100% due to rounding ** Due to relatively small sample sizes of these groups, findings for 2007 and trends over time have to interpreted with caution. *** Due to small sample sizes of these groups, findings would be of very low reliability and therefore no results will be presented in this report. Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 6 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 3.6. Recalculation of YTS 2000, 2003, and 2005 Because this report makes comparisons over time, findings on ever and current tobacco use for 2000, 2003 and 2005 were recalculated to include only those tobacco products asked about in 2007. • • Ever tobacco use: cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos, smokeless tobacco, bidis. Current tobacco use: cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos, smokeless tobacco, bidis. As a result, the 2000, 2003 and 2005 ever and current tobacco use rates presented in this report are less than or equal to those reported earlier in the 2000, 2003 and 2005 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Reports. The ever and current tobacco use rates presented in this report represent the standard way of measuring tobacco use. In Arizona, however, pipe and hookah use are on the rise. This means that the ever and current tobacco use rates presented here are underestimates. For example, respondents who have used a hookah, but no other form of tobacco, will not be counted as the ever or current users. 3.7. Missing Data For all analyses in this report, including rates for 2000, 2003, and 2005, participants who had missing data were excluded from analyses. Ever and current tobacco use were computed by integrating responses to several items. (For details, see “Definition of frequently used terms.”) If a respondent replied "Yes" to any applicable question, and had missing data on some of the other items, the person was coded an ever or current tobacco user. However, if a respondent replied "No" to some of the applicable questions and did not respond to some others, the case was coded as ‘missing’ and excluded from further analysis. Only participants who responded that they had not used any tobacco product were coded as never user or not current user, respectively. Due to the coding of missing data, some of the rates in this report may be slightly different from those presented in previous YTS reports where missing data was handled in different ways. 3.8. Survey Limitations There are important limitations to school-based surveillance methodology. First, the prevalence rates presented here are based on self-reported behaviors and may be subject to social desirability. Even in a confidential survey, students may be disinclined to describe themselves in completely truthful ways. In addition, not all Arizona youth are represented by the findings from the survey. Rather, YTS data are representative of the district and charter school student population. The following groups are not included in the survey and may be at a high risk for tobacco use, possibly causing the rates in this report to be underestimates of overall Arizona youth smoking rates: • Young people who drop out of school (approximately 6.4% of Arizona high school students in the 2005- 2006 school year 8) have higher rates of tobacco use than adolescents who are in school. 8 Dropout Rate Report: 2006 (http://www.azed.gov/researchpolicy/DropoutInfo/20052006/DropoutReport2006v2.pdf on February 18, 2008 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 7 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 • • Young people in juvenile correctional facilities, special schools (vocational education, blind, deaf), or private schools. Students who frequently miss school may be under-represented. In addition, the YTS survey does not provide data on family background characteristics, such as parental income, education levels or smoking status, and other contextual variables that may be linked with tobacco use. Finally, all findings presented here were derived from self-report only. Self-report does not necessarily correspond with actual behavior. Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 8 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 4. Results and Trends 4.1. Prevalence of Tobacco Use This section of the report presents prevalence rates for students who reported using any type of tobacco product, as well as breakdowns for individual products. Some students used more than one type of tobacco product, which is why ‘Any Tobacco’ prevalence is not the sum of the prevalence rates for specific tobacco products. Ever Tobacco Use [→ Figure 1] Over one third of middle school students and over half of high school students indicated ever trying some form of tobacco, at least once in their lives. Cigarettes were the most popular tobacco product ever tried (Figure1). Figure 1. Ever Tobacco Use by Middle and High School Ever Tobacco Use by Middle and High School 100 Middle School High School Percent 59 51 50 35 34 25 18 9 15 8 5 0 Any Tobacco Cigarette Cigar/Cigarillo Smokeless Bidis Data source: AZ YTS 2007 [→ Figure 2] Middle school students’ ever use of tobacco products has decreased since 2000. Among high school students, ever cigarette use and bidi use has declined since 2003 while ever use of cigar/cigarillo and smokeless tobacco was roughly the same as in 2003 9. The trends for both middle and high school students are similar. 9 Rates for 2005 may differ from general trends over time due to slightly different wording of survey items in 2005. Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 9 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 Figure 2. Trends in Ever Tobacco Use Among Middle School and High School Students School High School Middle School Data Source: AZ YTS 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007 Current Tobacco Use [→ Figure 3] Fewer than 1 in 5 middle school students and 1 in 3 high school students reported current use of any tobacco product. Cigarettes were the most popular tobacco products used, closely followed by cigars/cigarillos. Figure 3. Current Tobacco Use by Middle and High School Current Tobacco Use by Middle and High School Percent 100 Middle School High School 50 29 13 19 7 15 5 3 6 7 5 0 Any Tobacco Cigarette Cigar/Cigarillo Smokeless Bidis Data source: AZ YTS 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 10 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 [→ Figure 4] Since 2000, current use of any tobacco product has declined among middle school students, presumably because of the decline in cigarette use. Cigars, smokeless tobacco and bidis showed little change for middle school students. Prevalence rates among high school students, however, show a different trend. Overall, current use of any tobacco among high school students has increased since 2003, due to an increase in use of non-cigarette tobacco products such as smokeless tobacco, bidis, and cigar/cigarillos. Figure 4. Trends in Current Tobacco Use Among Middle School and High School Students School High School Percent Middle School Data Source: AZ YTS 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007 Comparing Arizona Rates with National Rates The national any tobacco category is composed of the same variables used in the definition of any tobacco for this report (e.g. cigarettes, cigar/cigarillo, smokeless, and bidis) with the addition of one more tobacco product, kreteks. Unfortunately, the YTS did not ask about current kretek use in Arizona, so this tobacco product was left out of the any tobacco category. As such, any tobacco use rates in Arizona may have been slightly higher if current kretek use had been included. [→ Figure 5] For middle school students overall, the national rates show steeper declines than do Arizona’s rates. Use of smokeless tobacco in Arizona has generally been lower than national rates, but the national rate has declined, while Arizona’s rate has held steady, so that in 2006 the national rate was the same as Arizona’s 2007 rate (3%). Use of cigars/cigarillos appeared to lose popularity on the national level while no change could be observed for Arizona middle school youth. Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 11 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 Figure 5. Students Current Tobacco Use: Comparing Arizona to National Rates Among Middle School Any Tobacco Cigarettes Cigar/Cigarillos Smokeless Bidis 25 Percent 14 13 12 12 11 10 8 9 8 6 5 7 6 5 4 3 2 0 5 4 5 2 3 3 1 2 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Data Source: AZ YTS 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007; NYTS 2004, 2006 [→ Figure 6] Arizona is showing an increase in prevalence rates among high school students for the categories of any tobacco and cigars/cigarillos, while nationally the prevalence appears to be decreasing. For smokeless tobacco, Arizona’s trends are similar to the national trends. For cigarettes, Arizona’s prevalence rates remain steady, while nationally they appear to be decreasing. In 2007, bidi use was higher in Arizona than it was nationally, with no clear trend in Arizona. Figure 6. Students Current Tobacco Use: Comparing Arizona to National Rates Among High School Data Source: AZ YTS 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007; NYTS 2004, 2006 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 12 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 Tobacco Use by Grade [→ Figure 7] Ever and current tobacco use show a steady increase with grade level. By 12th grade, about three out of four students have at least tried tobacco once. Figure 7. Ever and Current Tobacco Use by Grade Ever and Current Tobacco Use by Grade Ever Tobacco Use 100 Current Tobacco Use Percent 56 49 45 50 32 25 9 11 6th 7th 71 63 18 21 8th 9th 28 31 10th 11th 36 0 12th Data source: AZ YTS 2007 Tobacco Use by Gender [→ Figure 8] Overall, ever tobacco use is consistently higher among males than females. These differences by gender become more pronounced in high school. Among middle school students, males consistently show a higher prevalence rate than females across all products since 2000. Trends over time are similar for males and females for all categories, and generally show a downward trend. Figure 8. Ever Tobacco Use by Gender Among Middle School Students Any Toba cco Ciga rette Ciga r/Ciga rillos Sm okeless Bidis Percent 100 51 50 48 46 33 37 40 39 35 37 27 31 31 26 31 26 23 25 19 23 20 13 17 2000 2003 2005 2007 2000 2003 2005 2007 2000 2003 12 15 6 0 16 2005 2007 6 10 11 8 10 7 2 7 9 6 1 6 5 2000 2003 2005 2007 2000 2003 2005 2007 Data Source: AZ YTS 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 13 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 [→ Figure 9] High school male students consistently report a higher prevalence rate than females across products. Figure 9. Ever Tobacco Use by Gender Among High School Students Data Source: AZ YTS 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007 [→ Figure 10] Overall, current tobacco use is higher among middle school males than females across all tobacco products, except for cigarette use. In 2007, for the first time, girls reported a higher prevalence rate than boys, though this appears to be driven by a steep decline in boys’ use rather than an increase in girls’. Figure 10. Current Tobacco Use by Gender Among Middle School Students Any Tobacco Cigarette Cigar/Cigarillos Smokeless Bidis Percent 50 18 15 15 16 13 10 13 12 12 11 9 9 11 8 6 0 2000 2003 2005 2007 2000 2003 8 9 2005 2007 4 2000 6 5 2003 7 3 2005 5 5 2007 5 3 3 1 2000 2003 3 1 2005 5 4 3 2007 5 2000 5 4 2003 5 1 1 4 2005 2007 Data Source: AZ YTS 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 14 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 [→ Figure 11] Parallel to what has been found for ever use of tobacco, the gender differences in current tobacco use are larger in high school than in middle school. The trends in current tobacco use among high school students from 2003 to 2007, however, are similar for males and females. For males, cigarette and cigar/cigarillo use are about equally high, while for females cigarettes continue to be the most commonly used product. Figure 11. Current Tobacco Use by Gender Among High School Students Data Source: AZ YTS 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007 Tobacco Use by Ethnicity [→ Figure 12] American Indian/Alaskan Native students reported the highest rates of ever tobacco use in both middle and high school. In 2007, White students reported the lowest rates in both middle and high school. Ever tobacco use rates show the same decreasing trend for all ethnicities, for both middle and high school. Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 15 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 Figure 12. Trends in Ever Tobacco Use by Ethnicity and by Middle and High School Am erica n India n/Ala ska n Na tive 100 Bla ck/Africa n Am erica n Hispa nic/La tino 88 School 76 80 High School 61 59 68 59 50 Middle School 69 68 Percent White 64 59 51 47 55 55 50 45 46 55 50 44 35 38 33 38 37 30 24 0 2000 2003 2005 2007 2000 2003 2005 2007 2000 2003 2005 2007 2000 2003 2005 2007 Data Source: AZ YTS 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007 [→ Figure 13] American Indian/Alaskan Native students also reported the highest current tobacco use rates in both middle school and high school. In high school, Hispanic/Latino and White students showed an increase in prevalence rates. In middle school, Hispanic/Latino and White students appear to have decreasing prevalence rates. American Indian/Alaskan Native and Black/African American students show a decrease for both middle and high school when compared to 2000. Figure 13. Current Tobacco Use by Ethnicity and by Middle and High School School High School Middle School Data Source: AZ YTS 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 16 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 4.2. Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking This section of the report provides information on cigarette smoking only. Cigarette Smoking by Middle and High School [→ Figure 14] Ever cigarette smoking rates decreased for both middle and high school students since 2003, as did current smoking rates for middle school students. However, frequent and current smoking rates among high school students remained roughly stable. Figure 14. Trends in Ever, Current and Frequent Cigarette Smoking by Middle and High School Ever, Current and Frequent Cigarette Smoking by Middle or High School 2003 2005 2007 Percent 100 56 50 33 28 52 51 25 9 8 19 7 2 2 20 19 6 1 6 7 0 Ever Current Frequent Ever Middle School Current Frequent High School Data Source: AZ YTS 2003, 2005, 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 17 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 Cigarette Smoking by Gender [→ Figure 15] Ever cigarette smoking for both males and females has been steadily decreasing in both middle and high school. Figure 15. Trends in Ever Cigarette Smoking by Gender and by Middle and High School Trends in Ever Cigarette Smoking by Gender and by Middle and High School 2000 Percent 100 2003 2005 2007 54 50 37 31 39 26 35 30 23 52 50 58 53 53 26 0 Female Male Female Middle School Male High School Data Source: AZ YTS 2003, 2005, 2007 [→ Figure 16] Current cigarette smoking rates for both male and female high school students have remained fairly stable since 2003. In 2007, for the first time, at least the same rate of female students in middle school reported smoking cigarettes than did male students. Among male middle school students, there has been a decreasing trend in current cigarette smoking since 2000. Figure 16. Trends in Current Cigarette Smoking by Gender and by Middle and High School Trends in Current Cigarette Smoking by Gender and by Middle and High School 2000 Percent 50 2003 2005 2007 18 11 9 7 8 12 9 9 19 18 20 21 19 6 0 Female Male Female Middle School Male High School Data Source: AZ YTS 2003, 2005, 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 18 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 [→ Figure 17] Frequent cigarette use has remained steady among male and female students in middle and high school. Figure 17. Trends in Frequent Cigarette Smoking by Gender and by Middle and High School Trends in Frequent Cigarette Smoking by Gender and by Middle and High School 2000 2003 Percent 25 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 2005 2007 5 5 6 8 7 9 2 0 Female Male Female Middle School Male High School Data Source: AZ YTS 2003, 2005, 2007 Cigarette Smoking by Ethnicity [→ Figure 18] Hispanic/Latino and White students showed a decreasing trend in ever cigarette smoking for both middle and high school. The steepest decline appears to be occurring for Hispanic/Latino students in middle school. When compared to the baseline survey year, rates for all ethnicities in both middle and high school have declined. Figure 18. Trends in Ever Cigarette Smoking by Ethnicity and by Middle and High School School High School Middle School Data Source: AZ YTS 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 19 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 [→ Figure 19] Middle school students showed a decreasing trend for current cigarette smoking across all ethnicities, except for White students among whom the trend remained steady. Current cigarette smoking rates in high school remained roughly stable for most ethnic groups, except for Black/African American students, for whom rates appear to be decreasing somewhat since 2003. Figure 19. Current Cigarette Smoking by Ethnicity and by Middle and High School School High School Middle School Data Source: AZ YTS 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007 [→ Figure 20] Rates of frequent cigarette smoking are low and roughly stable for middle school students. In high school, there has been a slight increase in frequent smoking among Hispanic/Latino students, and a slight decrease amongst Black/African American students. Figure 20. Frequent Cigarette Smoking by Ethnicity and by Middle and High School School High School Middle School Data Source: AZ YTS 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 20 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 Cigarette Smoking by Grade [→ Figure 21] Ever, current, and frequent cigarette smoking increase steadily with grade. Figure 21. Ever, Current and Frequent Cigarette Smoking by Grade Ever, Current and Frequent Cigarette Smoking by Grade Ever Percent 100 50 Current Frequent 41 11 13 16 2 4 6 8th 9th 10th 23 14 3 0 6 1 6th 2 7th 47 36 57 63 24 23 9 12 11th 12th Data source: AZ YTS 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 21 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 4.3. Prevalence of Alternative Forms of Tobacco The following section presents results and trends for alternative forms of tobacco not yet discussed in this report: hookah, kreteks, and pipe. Hookah [→ Figure 22] Ever hookah use in 2007 was 7 percent for middle school students and 22 percent for high school. Ever hookah use steadily increased across grades. Reports of ever hookah use nearly doubled from 2005 when the prevalence rate was 2 percent for middle school students and 13 percent for high school students, though some of this increase may be attributable to a slight change in how the question was asked. Figure 22. Ever Hookah Use by Grade Ever Hookah Use by Grade 50 2005 2007 Percent 30 28 20 11 4 0 20 17 6 1 6th 13 2 7th 4 8th 11 8 9th 10th 11th 12th Data source: AZ YTS 2007, 2005 Kretek Trends in ever kretek use have remained relatively stable for both middle and high school students. Table 6. Trends in Ever Kretek Use by Middle and High School 2000 2003 2005 2007 Middle school 5% 4% 1% 4% High school n.a. 8% 2% 8% Data Source: AZ YTS 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 22 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 Pipe Trends in current pipe use have remained relatively stable for middle school students. High school students seemed to be reporting a slightly increased rate of pipe use. Table 7. Trends in Current Pipe Use by Middle and High School 2000 2003 2005 2007 Middle school 4% 5% 3% 4% High school n.a. 5% 6% 7% Data Source: AZ YTS 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007 4.4. Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Secondhand smoke contains cancer-causing chemicals and contributes to numerous diseases in both adults and children 10. The impact of secondhand smoke on young people’s health is heightened due to their ongoing physiological development. Young people are particularly vulnerable to exposure to secondhand smoke at home and in cars, where concentrations of toxic chemicals from tobacco smoke can reach excessively high levels. 10 U.S.Department of Health and Human Services (2006). The health consequences of involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke: a report of the Surgeon General U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promotion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health. Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 23 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Rooms and Cars [→ Figure 23] Overall, more high school students reported being exposed to secondhand smoke than did middle school students. Figure 23. Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars by Middle and High School Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars by Middle or High School Middle School 100 High School Percent 54 50 43 32 25 36 31 19 17 0 At least one day during the At least three days during At least one day during the At least three days during past 7 days the past 7 days past 7 days the past 7 days In a Room In a Car Data Source: AZ YTS 2007 [→ Figure 24] Exposure to secondhand smoke reported by middle school students has declined in every category from the baseline year. Figure 24. Trends in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars, Comparing Middle School Students Across Years Trends in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars, Comparing Middle School Students Across Years Percent 100 50 2003 49 45 43 29 2005 2007 35 24 25 32 31 21 17 17 0 At least one day during At least three days during At least one day during At least three days during the past 7 days the past 7 days the past 7 days the past 7 days In a Room In a Car Data Source: AZ YTS 2003, 2005, 2007 (MS Only) Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 24 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 [→ Figure 25] Exposure to secondhand smoke reported by high school students has declined across all categories since 2003. Figure 25. Trends in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars, Comparing High School Students Across Years Trends in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars, Comparing Middle School Students Across Years Percent 100 50 49 45 2003 2005 24 25 43 29 2007 35 32 31 21 17 17 0 At least one day during the past 7 days At least three days during the past 7 days At least one day during the past 7 days In a Room At least three days during the past 7 days In a Car Data Source: AZ YTS 2003, 2005, 2007 (MS Only) [→ Figure 26] Students who live with a smoker reported drastically higher exposure to secondhand smoke, two to seven times higher, than those who do not live with a smoker. Figure 26. Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars, Comparing Those Who Live with a Smoker and Those Who do Not Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars, Comparing Those Who Live with a Smoker and Those Who do Not Lives With a Smoker 100 Does Not Live With a Smoker 71 60 Percent 52 50 37 35 17 14 5 0 At least one day during the past 7 days At least three days during the past 7 days At least one day during the past 7 days In a Room At least three days during the past 7 days In a Car Data Source: AZ YTS 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 25 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 [→ Figure 27, 28] Overall, secondhand smoke exposure, both for students living with a smoker and students not living with a smoker, has declined since 2003. Figure 27. Trends in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars Among Those Who Live with a Smoker Trends in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars Among Those Who Live with a Smoker 2003 100 77 74 71 58 Percent 2005 54 2007 64 64 52 60 42 50 42 37 0 At least one day during the past 7 days At least three days during the past 7 days At least one day during the past 7 days In a Room At least three days during the past 7 days In a Car Data Source: AZ YTS 2003, 2005, 2007 Figure 28. Trends in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars Among Those Not Living with a Smoker Trends in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke in Rooms and Cars Among Those NOT Living with a Smoker 2003 2005 2007 Percent 100 50 43 35 35 17 12 14 20 18 17 8 6 5 0 At least one day during the past 7 days At least three days during the past 7 days At least one day during the past 7 days In a Room At least three days during the past 7 days In a Car Data Source: AZ YTS 2003, 2005, 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 26 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 Rules about Smoking in the Home [→ Figure 29] In 2007, the majority of middle and high school students reported living in homes where smoking was not allowed anywhere in the home. Figure 29. Rules About Smoking in the Home Rules About Smoking in the Home Middle School 100 Percent 78 High School 81 50 15 11 9 7 0 Smoking is Not Allowed Anywhere Smoking is Allowed in Some Places or at Some Times Smoking is Allowed Anywhere Data source: AZ YTS 2007 [→ Figure 30] Students who live with a smoker were more likely to report that smoking was allowed in some places, at some times, or anywhere in their homes compared with students who do not live with a smoker. Figure 30. Rules About Smoking in the Home by Presence of a Smoker Rules About Smoking in the Home by Presence of Smoker Percent 100 Does Not Live with a Smoker 92 Does Live with a Smoker 59 50 23 6 18 2 0 Smoking is Not Allowed Anywhere Smoking is Allowed in Some Places or at Some Times Smoking is Allowed Anywhere Data source: AZ YTS 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 27 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 4.5. Cessation [→ Figure 31] In 2007, roughly half of all current cigarette smokers in high school expressed a desire to quit. In middle school however, there seems to be a declining trend in the reported desire to quit smoking cigarettes among current smokers. Figure 31. Percent of Current Smokers Wanting to Quit Smoking Cigarettes Percent of Current Smokers Wanting to Quit Smoking Cigarettes Percent 100 2000 58 50 50 2003 2005 2007 52 48 53 53 40 0 Middle School High School Data source: AZ YTS 2007, 2005, 2003, 2000 (MS only) [→ Figure 32] The large majority of current smokers reported that they believed they could quit smoking cigarettes if they wanted to. Figure 32. Percent of Current Smokers Who Think They Could Quit Smoking Cigarettes Percent of Current Smokers Who Think They Could Quit Smoking Cigarettes 100 2000 2005 2007 84 83 74 Percent 2003 79 71 85 85 50 0 Middle School High School Data source: AZ YTS 2007, 2005, 2003, 2000 (MS only) Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 28 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 [→ Figure 33] Students were also asked whether they have made a quit attempt on the past 12 months. Among middle school smokers, the rate of students reporting a quit attempt has declined steadily. In 2007, about half of all high school smokers reported a quit attempt during the past 12 months. This rate has increased since 2003. Figure 33. Percent of Smokers Who Reported a Quit Attempt During the Past 12 Months Percent of Current Smokers Who Reported a Quit Attempt During the Past 12 Months 100 Percent 2000 57 52 50 45 2003 2005 2007 45 43 45 50 0 Middle School High School Data source: AZ YTS 2007, 2005, 2003, 2000 (MS only) [→ Figure 34] A declining rate of middle and high school smokers reported knowing where to get help to quit smoking. In 2007 for the first time, less than half of current smokers in high school reported knowing where to get help for quitting smoking. Figure 34. Percent of Student Knowing Where to Get Help to Quit Smoking Percent of Current Smokers Who Know Where to Get Help to Quit Smoking 100 Percent 2000 55 50 48 47 2003 2005 2007 53 51 43 47 0 Middle School High School Data source: AZ YTS 2007, 2005, 2003, 2000 (MS only) Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 29 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 [→ Figure 35] Similarly, in 2007 fewer middle school students reported participating in a program to help them quit when compared to 2000 and 2003, but no changes occurred between 2005 and 2007. For high school students, a steady trend was found with roughly one in ten students reporting participation in a quit program. Figure 35. Tobacco Percent of Ever Tobacco Users Who Participated in a Program to Help Them Quit Percent of Ever Tobacco Users Who Participated in a Program to Help Them Quit Tobacco 50 Percent 2000 19 2003 2005 2007 19 14 15 11 11 10 0 Middle School High School Data source: AZ YTS 2007, 2005, 2003, 2000 (MS only) The rate of ever smokers who have tried a nicotine patch or gum has increased substantially, for both middle school as well as high school. Both rates more than doubled from 2005. Table 8. Percent of Ever Cigarette Smokers Who Have Tried a Nicotine Patch or Gum to Help Them Quit Smoking 2005 2007 Middle school 7% 15% High school 5% 13% Data Source: AZ YTS 2007 4.6. Access to Cigarettes Students under 18 often acquired tobacco products through social networks such as borrowing or bumming cigarettes from friends. However, middle and high school students show different patterns of sources they reported for acquiring cigarettes. Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 30 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 [→ Figure 36] Among middle school students, the most commonly reported method of getting cigarettes was “some other way”. Students were not asked to provide further detail on this “other” category. High school students reported that their most common method of getting cigarettes was to give someone else money to buy the cigarettes for them. Figure 36. How Current Smokers Under 18 Reported Getting Cigarettes How Current Smokers Under 18 Reported Getting Cigarettes 100 I got them some other way. I gave someone else money to buy them for me. I took them from a store or family member. Percent I borrowed or bummed them from someone else. A person 18 years old or older gave them to me. 50 I bought them in a store such as a convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station. 32 30 23 22 17 16 9 13 4 4 21 9 0 Middle School High School Data Source: AYS YTS 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 31 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 [→ Figure 37] Both high school and middle school students reported gas stations as a typical store location for purchasing cigarettes. Tobacco or smoke shops and convenience stores were also often used. Figure 37. Store Types Where Current Smokers Under 18 Who Bought Cigarettes from a Store During the Past 30 Days Reported Buying Them Store Types Where Current Smokers Under 18 Who Bought Cigarettes from a Store During the Past 30 Days Reported Buying Them 100 Other Gas station Tobacco or Smoke Shop Percent Convenience store 53 Grocery store 50 Internet 37 Drugstore 22 20 11 15 7 4 2 3 14 6 4 2 0 Middle School High School Data Source: AYS YTS 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 32 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 [→ Figure 38] After an unspecified “other” location, gas stations continue to be the most common type of store where middle school students reported buying cigarettes. Figure 38. Trends in Store Types Where Current Smokers Under 18 Who Bought Cigarettes Reported Buying During the Past 30 Days, Comparing Middle School Students Across Years Trends in Store Types Where Current Smokers Under 18 Who Bought Cigarettes Reported Buying During the Past 30 Days, Comparing Middle School Students Across Years Percent 100 2000 2003 2005 2007 60 58 50 20 21 29 53 36 20 9 10 8 7 5 3 4 4 5 7 8 3 Grocery Store Drugstore 16 11 1 2 2 0 Gas Station Convenience Store Tobacco or Smoke Shop Internet Other Data source: AZ YTS 2007, 2005, 2003 (MS Only) [→ Figure 39] Gas stations are the most often mentioned outlet for buying cigarettes among high school students, with little change over time. Convenience stores continue to be a common location where high school students reported buying cigarettes, but these outlets appeared to lose popularity since 2003. Internet sales remain fairly low, but have increased to the point that a higher proportion of students reported this method than buying from drugstores. Figure 39. Trends in Store Types Where Current Smokers Under 18 Who Bought Cigarettes Reported Buying During the Past 30 Days, Comparing High School Students Across Years Trends in Store Types Where Current Smokers Under 18 Who Bought Cigarettes Reported Buying During the Past 30 Days, Comparing High School Students Across Years 100 Percent 2003 50 2005 2007 38 40 37 23 29 18 14 5 6 6 3 5 13 15 2 1 17 22 4 0 Gas Station Convenience Grocery Store Store Drugstore Tobacco or Smoke Shop Internet Other Data source: AZ YTS 2007, 2005, 2003 (HS Only) Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 33 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 [→ Figure 40] The proportion of middle school students who were asked to show proof of age has increased overall but has fallen below the peak in 2005. Reports of sale refusals peaked in 2003, but appear roughly steady in the general trend. Figure 40. Trends in Proof of Age Request and Sale Refusal to Current Smokers Under 18 Who Bought Cigarettes From a Store During the Past 30 Days, Comparing Middle School Students Across Years Proof of Age Request and Sale Refusal to Current Smokers Under 18 Who Bought Cigarettes From a Store During the Past 30 Days, Comparing Middle School Students Across Years 100 Percent 2000 2003 2005 2007 50 38 30 23 20 13 27 24 26 0 Yes, I was asked to show proof of age Yes, someone refused to sell me cigarettes because of my age Data Source: AZ YTS 2000, 2003, 2005, 2007 (MS Only) [→ Figure 41] For high school smokers under the age of 18 years, reports of requests for proof of age dropped from 2003 to 2007, while sale refusals have remained roughly stable. Figure 41. Trends in Proof of Age Request and Sale Refusal to Current Smokers Under 18 Who Bought Cigarettes From a Store During the Past 30 Days, Comparing High School Students Across Years Proof of Age Request and Sale Refusal to Current Smokers Under 18 Who Bought Cigarettes from a Store during the Past 30 Days, Comparing High School Students Across Years Percent 100 50 2003 43 38 32 2005 2007 35 35 33 0 Yes, I was asked to show proof of age Yes, someone refused to sell me cigarettes because of my age Data Source: AZ YTS 2003, 2005, 2007 (HS Only) Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 34 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 4.7. Media Influence [→ Figure 42] Students consistently reported high rates of seeing an actor on television or in the movies smoke a cigarette. Roughly, four out of five students reported seeing an actor smoking cigarettes. Rates of seeing a tobacco ad on the internet have slightly increased with about one out of three students reporting exposure to tobacco ads on the internet. Seeing athletes smoking cigarettes was reported by a slightly lower rate of students in 2007 than previous years. Figure 42. Trends in Media Exposure Trends in Media Exposure 2003 2005 2007 100 Percent 81 77 77 50 31 31 35 24 24 21 0 Saw an Actor Smoke Cigarettes Saw a Tobacco Add on the Internet Saw an Athlete Smoke Cigarettes Data source: AZ YTS 2007, 2005, 2003 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 35 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 4.8. Smoking and the social environment [→ Figure 43] Only eight percent of all students reported that their parents or guardians had discussed the dangers of tobacco use with them. Older students were less likely to report that their parents had discussed the dangers of tobacco use with them. Figure 43. or Very Often Percent of Students Whose Parents Have Discussed the Dangers of Using Tobacco Often Percent of Students Whose Parents Have Discussed the Dangers of Using Tobacco Often or Very Often Percent 50 28 24 24 25 17 15 15 14 years old 15 years old 16 years old 15 12 0 11 years old or younger 12 years old 13 years old 17 years old 18 years old or older Data source: AZ YTS 2007 [→ Figure 44] Among all respondents to YTS 2007, 60 percent reported that none of their closest friends smoked. A breakdown by age reveals that students become more likely to have some smoking friends as they progress through the grades. Figure 44. Percent of Students Who Reported None of Their Closest Friends Smoke Percent of Students Who Reported None of Their Closest Friends Smoke 100 80 75 Percent 60 56 57 9th 10th 50 46 46 11th 12th 0 6th 7th 8th Data source: AZ YTS 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 36 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 When asked if a lot of kids smoke at their school, 37 percent of middle school students and 77 percent of high school students reported “definitely yes” or “probably yes”. Among middle school students, 27 percent answered “definitely yes” or “probably yes” when asked if kids ever smoke on school property or at school games (70 percent of high school students). When asked about anti-tobacco content in any school class, 43 percent of all YTS 2007 respondents confirmed that they were taught about the dangers of tobacco (57% of middle school students and 31% of high school students). Twenty-four percent of students had missing data or were not sure about anti-tobacco content in the classroom. About 16 percent of all students had participated in a school event, club or group that discouraged tobacco use. When asked about participation in a community event that discouraged tobacco use, 9 percent of students reported having participated. However, this rate is slightly lower than in 2005, where 12 percent of all students said that they had participated in a community event that discouraged tobacco use. Table 9. Classes discouraging tobacco used and perceived effectiveness Middle school High school Had taken a class discouraging tobacco use during the last school year 31% 17% Practiced ways of saying no to tobacco in any of their classes (of those who had taken a class) 64% 37% Reported that the class had helped them to not use or quit tobacco (of those who had taken a class) 80% 68% Data Source: AZ YTS 2007 Students who reported that had visited a health professional were also asked if a dentist, doctor, nurse or other health care professional asked them if they smoked and if they were advised by those professionals not to smoke. Overall, 27 percent of students reported that a doctor or other healthcare professional had asked them if they smoke and seven percent said a dentist had asked. Table 10 shows breakdowns by smoking status. While almost one out of two current cigarette smokers reported being asked by a doctor or healthcare professional, only one out of five reported being asked by a dentist if they smoke. About one third of current smokers were advised to not smoke. Table 10. Interaction with health care providers Current cigarette smoker Not currently smoking cigarettes A doctor, nurse or other health care professional asked if smoked during the past 12 month 43% 24% A dentist asked if smoked during the past 12 month 19% 5% A doctor, dentist, nurse or other health care professional advised not to smoke 32% 22% Data Source: AZ YTS 2007 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 37 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 5. Conclusions Cigarette smoking is continuing to decrease among Arizona students. Reported rates of cigarette use are at their lowest levels since the Youth Tobacco Survey surveillance began, particularly among middle school youth, where the rate of ever using cigarettes is about half that of the baseline year. For the first time, a higher proportion of middle-school girls report the current use of cigarettes than do boys. The difference is driven not by an increase in female smoking, but by a sharp decline amongst boys. Rates of cigarette smoking remain high among American Indian/Alaska Native youth, despite decreasing trends. It would be helpful to know the degree to which these high rates are driven by commercial tobacco use versus being influenced by reporting of traditional or ceremonial tobacco use. The current survey does not allow those uses to be differentiated. Along with a decrease in reported smoking come continuing, though slight, decreases in reported exposure to secondhand smoke. Youth who live with smokers, however, continue to report more than three times the frequent exposure (three or more times a week) in a room, and seven times the frequent exposure in a car. Though the decrease in cigarette use and exposure to second hand smoke are encouraging, there is indication that the use of alternative tobacco products is rising, particularly among high school students. In fact, there has been an overall increase in current use of tobacco products amongst Hispanic/Latino high school students. This increase is counter to the national trend that shows the use of tobacco products decreasing. Smokeless, bidi and hookah use among high school students have risen to their highest levels since the survey began in 2003, with hookah use showing stark increases from 2005. Also, as cigarette smoking decreases, we are seeing a decrease in the proportion of middle school smokers who report a desire to quit, and a lower rate of middle school smokers actually making a quit attempt. In addition, fewer than half of current smokers in both middle and high school reported knowing where to get help to quit smoking. This is in contrast with an increasing rate of middle school smokers thinking they could quit if they wanted to. The smoker population in middle school may be changing towards a “hardening target” as was suggest by Chassin et al. (2007) 11. “Hardening target” refers to an increase in the difficulty of reaching and treating the target audience (i.e. youth tobacco users), partly because of compounding psychosocial issues among those who use tobacco (such as substance use issues, socioeconomic disadvantage etc.). Access to tobacco products through retail outlets continues to be relatively easy for students who attempt to purchase them. Only a third of under-age youth who attempted to purchase cigarettes reported that they were refused the sale because of their age; even fewer, one in four, report being asked to show proof of age. Relatively low rates of current cigarette smokers reported being asked by doctors, other health care professionals or dentists if they smoked. Of those who reported having been asked, only a third said they were advised to quit. Visits to health care professionals represent opportunities to Laurie Chassin, Clark Presson, Antonio Morgan-Lopez, Steven J. Sherman, 'Deviance proneness' and adolescent smoking 1980 versus 2001: Has there been a 'hardening' of adolescent smoking?, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, Volume 28, Issue 3, , May-June 2007, Pages 264-276. 11 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 38 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 intervene with young tobacco users. Ideally, health care providers would routinely ask young people about their tobacco use and advise and assist users to quit. It is important to note that the rates reported here do not represent the youth smoking rates of all Arizona youth. Because the YTS is administered in schools, youth not attending school are systematically excluded from the rates. In 2007, 6.4% of Arizona high school students dropped out during the 2005-2006 school year 12. According to the academic literature on at-risk youth 13, those who drop out of school are much more likely to engage in high-risk behavior such as using tobacco compared with those who remain in school. Therefore, it can be assumed that the tobacco use rates for all Arizona youth are somewhat higher than the in-school rates reported in this document. 12 Dropout Rate Report: 2006 (http://www.azed.gov/researchpolicy/DropoutInfo/20052006/DropoutReport2006v2.pdf) on February 18, 2008 13 Pirie, P. L., Murray, D. M., & Luepker, R. V. (1988). Smoking prevalence in a cohort of adolescents, including absentees, dropouts, and transfers. American Journal of Public Health, 78, 176. Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 39 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 Appendix A Availability of Arizona YTS items across survey years Ever Current Frequent Ever Cigarettes Current Frequent Ever Chewing Tobacco Current Frequent Pipe 2007 X X X X X X O X X 2005 X X X X X Responses differ X X O 2003 X X X X X X O X X 2000 X X X X X X O X X Bidis (listed separately) Bidis and Kreteks (listed together) Kreteks (listed separately) 2007 X X X X O O X O O 2005 X X O X X O X X Responses differ 2003 X X X X O O X O O 2000 X X X X O O X O O Cigars (listed separately) Cigars, Cigarillos or little cigars (listed together) Cigarillos (listed separately) 2007 O O O O O O X X X 2005 X X O X X O X X Responses differ 2003 O O O O O O X X X 2000 O O O O O O X X X Hookah Key: 2007 X O O 2005 X X O 2003 O O O 2000 O O O X= Question required is available O= Question required is NOT available Responses differ = The question required is available, however the response options differ when compared to the other years Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 40 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 Appendix B Arizona 2007 YTS Survey Questionnaire and basic response rates (CDC outcome indicators are included in parenthesis) 1. How old are you? a. 11 years old or younger b. 12 years old c. 13 years old d. 14 years old e. 15 years old f. 16 years old g. 17 years old h. 18 years old or older Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 28400 5.4 446 77737 14.7 1167 82693 15.6 1162 74816 14.1 944 77873 14.7 862 79375 15.0 832 66336 12.5 647 40563 7.7 423 991 0.2 14 2. What is your gender? a. Female b. Male Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 256922 48.6 3228 268772 50.8 3224 3091 0.6 45 3. What grade are you in? Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N a. b. c. d. e. f. 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 77309 14.6 1216 77892 14.7 1194 78493 14.8 1037 80241 15.2 822 76370 14.4 905 67645 12.8 613 66109 12.5 642 4726 0.9 68 g. 12th h. Ungraded or other grade Missing Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 41 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 4. How do you describe yourself? (You can CHOOSE ONE ANSWER, or MORE THAN ONE)* a. American Indian or Alaskan Native b. Asian c. Black or African American d. Hispanic or Latino e. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander f. White Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 51616 9.8 710 26066 4.9 340 40079 7.6 617 195376 36.9 2712 13016 2.5 170 285856 54.1 3060 *Note: Due to the multiple-choice character of this item, percentages may add up to more than 100 percent. 5. Which one of these groups BEST describes you? (CHOOSE ONLY ONE ANSWER) a. American Indian or Alaska Native b. Asian c. Black or African American d. Hispanic or Latino e. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander f. White Missing 6. During the last 4 weeks, about how much money did you have each week to spend any way you want to? a. None b. Less than $1 c. $1 to $5 d. $6 to $10 e. $11 to $20 f. $21 to $50 g. More than $50 Missing 7. At home, what language do you speak most often? a. English b. Spanish c. Both English and Spanish, about the same amount d. Other Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 27005 5.1 346 13378 2.5 159 28824 5.5 468 175433 33.2 2459 6830 1.3 91 262126 49.6 2787 15189 2.9 187 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 49872 9.4 665 5903 1.1 87 37453 7.1 512 46274 8.8 614 99649 18.8 1209 104604 19.8 1266 174410 33.0 2006 10620 2.0 138 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 373498 70.6 4366 57374 10.9 799 67862 12.8 995 21759 4.1 233 8292 1.6 104 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 42 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 THE NEXT GROUP OF QUESTIONS ASKS ABOUT TOBACCO USE. Cigarette Smoking 8. Have you ever tried cigarette smoking, even one or two puffs? (1.13.2, 1.10.5) a. Yes b. No Missing 9. How old were you when you smoked a whole cigarette for the first time? (1.13.1) a. I have never smoked a whole cigarette b. 8 years old or younger c. 9 or 10 years old d. 11 or 12 years old e. 13 or 14 years old f. 15 or 16 years old g. 17 years old or older Missing 10. About how many cigarettes have you smoked in your entire life? (1.14.1, 1.14.2) a. None b. 1 or more puffs but never a whole cigarette c. 1 cigarette d. 2 to 5 cigarettes e. 6 to 15 cigarettes (about 1/2 a pack total) f. 16 to 25 cigarettes (about 1 pack total) g. 26 to 99 cigarettes (more than 1 pack, but less than 5 packs) h. 100 or more cigarettes (5 or more packs) Missing 11. Have you ever smoked cigarettes daily, that is, at least one cigarette every day for 30 days? a. Yes b. No Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 196725 37.2 2452 303325 57.4 3666 28735 5.4 379 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 364221 68.9 4407 15750 3.0 236 16952 3.2 224 27675 5.2 390 41612 7.9 517 31886 6.0 318 7434 1.4 74 23255 4.4 331 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 341110 64.5 4120 49098 9.3 642 12648 2.4 157 33208 6.3 395 19998 3.8 241 12961 2.5 161 16371 3.1 200 34510 6.5 453 8881 1.7 128 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 45948 8.7 610 473239 89.5 5745 9599 1.8 142 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 43 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 12. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes? (1.14.1) a. 0 days b. 1 or 2 days c. 3 to 5 days d. 6 to 9 days e. 10 to 19 days f. 20 to 29 days g. All 30 days Missing 13. During the past 30 days, on the days you smoked, how many cigarettes did you smoke per day? (1.14, 2.8.2) a. I did not smoke cigarettes during the past 30 days b. Less than 1 cigarette per day c. 1 cigarette per day d. 2 to 5 cigarettes per day e. 6 to 10 cigarettes per day f. 11 to 20 cigarettes per day g. More than 20 cigarettes per day Missing 14. During the past 30 days, what brand of cigarettes did you usually smoke? (CHOOSE ONLY ONE ANSWER) (1.14.2) a. I did not smoke cigarettes during the past 30 days b. I do not have a usual brand c. Camel d. Marlboro e. Newport f. Virginia Slims g. GPC, Basic, or Doral h. Some other brand Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 435072 82.3 5253 18661 3.5 228 10232 1.9 125 6874 1.3 90 7518 1.4 98 7563 1.4 99 16292 3.1 226 26572 5.0 378 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 432280 81.7 5230 17185 3.2 225 11274 2.1 143 23128 4.4 285 8958 1.7 112 3388 0.6 58 3579 0.7 48 28992 5.5 396 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 435964 82.4 5277 10589 2.0 127 11016 2.1 146 38712 7.3 500 6067 1.1 95 1341 0.3 17 1382 0.3 22 11015 2.1 144 12698 2.4 169 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 44 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 15. During the past 30 days, how did you usually get your own cigarettes? (CHOOSE ONLY ONE ANSWER) (1.11.4, 1.11.5) a. I did not smoke cigarettes during the past 30 days b. I bought them in a store such as a convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station c. I gave someone else money to buy them for me d. I borrowed (or bummed) them from someone else e. A person 18 years old or older gave them to me f. I took them from a store or family member g. I got them some other way Missing 16. During the past 30 days, where did you buy the last pack of cigarettes you bought? (CHOOSE ONLY ONE ANSWER) (1.11.2, 1.11.5) a. I did not buy a pack of cigarettes during the past 30 days b. A gas station c. A convenience store d. A grocery store e. A drugstore f. I bought them over the Internet g. A tobacco or smoke shop h. Other Missing 17. When you bought or tried to buy cigarettes in a store during the past 30 days, were you ever asked to show proof of age? a. I did not try to buy cigarettes in a store during the past 30 days b. Yes, I was asked to show proof of age c. No, I was not asked to show proof of age Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 437679 82.8 5303 19518 3.7 237 18067 3.4 229 15292 2.9 193 6776 1.3 101 5911 1.1 80 13617 2.6 190 11925 2.3 164 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 463005 87.6 5620 22553 4.3 278 6703 1.3 99 3525 0.7 49 2182 0.4 38 1985 0.4 23 7338 1.4 87 13915 2.6 204 7578 1.4 99 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 476189 90.1 5787 18309 3.5 249 23428 4.4 307 10859 2.1 154 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 45 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 18. During the past 30 days, did anyone ever refuse to sell you cigarettes because of your age? (1.11.3) a. I did not try to buy cigarettes in a store during the past 30 days b. Yes, someone refused to sell me cigarettes because of my age c. No, no one refused to sell me cigarettes because of my age Missing 19. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes on school property? (1.7.10, 2.6.5) a. 0 days b. 1 or 2 days c. 3 to 5 days d. 6 to 9 days e. 10 to 19 days f. 20 to 29 days g. All 30 days Missing 20. When was the last time you smoked a cigarette, even one or two puffs? (3.13.1, 3.13.2) a. I have never smoked even one or two puffs b. Earlier today c. Not today but sometime during the past 7 days d. Not during the past 7 days but sometime during the past 30 days e. Not during the past 30 days but sometime during the past 6 months f. Not during the past 6 months but sometime during the past year g. 1 to 4 years ago h. 5 or more years ago Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 468813 88.7 5694 11989 2.3 182 32046 6.1 418 15936 3.0 203 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 496545 93.9 6033 7666 1.4 111 4026 0.8 63 3008 0.6 47 2260 0.4 35 1494 0.3 24 4708 0.9 66 9078 1.7 118 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 336851 63.7 4089 22802 4.3 322 25979 4.9 312 11844 2.2 154 37097 7.0 444 19584 3.7 236 34836 6.6 430 17770 3.4 221 22021 4.2 289 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 46 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 21. How long can you go without smoking before you feel like you need a cigarette? a. I have never smoked cigarettes b. I have not smoked cigarettes during the past 30 days c. Less than an hour d. 1 to 3 hours e. More than 3 hours but less than a day f. A whole day g. Several days h. A week or more Missing 22. When do you usually smoke cigarettes? (YOU CAN CHOOSE ONE ANSWER OR MORE THAN ONE)* a. I have never smoked cigarettes b. I have not smoked cigarettes during the past 30 days c. When I am with friends who smoke d. When I am with friends who don’t smoke e. When I am by myself f. When I am feeling stressed out g. When there are no grownups around h. When I am bored Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 356487 67.4 4317 73824 14.0 894 6519 1.2 91 8237 1.6 109 6171 1.2 101 5126 1.0 68 10847 2.1 139 49165 9.3 616 12408 2.3 162 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 362787 68.6 4384 69272 13.1 852 56231 10.6 706 11126 2.1 161 24194 4.6 325 36692 6.9 509 15632 3.0 211 20377 3.9 295 *Note: Due to the multiple-choice character of this item, percentages may add up to more than 100 percent. 23. Have you ever smoked in front of your parents? a. I have never smoked cigarettes b. Yes c. No Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 340239 64.3 4102 33767 6.4 469 141756 26.8 1747 13023 2.5 179 24. Do you consider yourself a smoker? a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 34820 6.6 457 25333 4.8 332 50872 9.6 673 403853 76.4 4839 13908 2.6 196 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 47 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 25. Do you want to stop smoking cigarettes? (3.8.3) a. I do not smoke now b. Yes c. No Missing 26. During the past 12 months, did any doctor, nurse, or other health professional ask you if you smoke? (3.9.2) a. I haven’t visited a doctor’s office in the past 12 months b. Yes c. No d. Don’t know / not sure Missing 27. During the past 12 months, did any dentist ask you if you smoke? (3.9.2) a. I haven’t visited a dentist’s office in the past 12 month b. Yes c. No d. Don’t know/ not sure Missing 28. During the past 12 months, did any doctor, dentist, nurse, or other health professional advise you not to smoke? (3.9.3) a. I haven’t visited a doctor’s or dentist’s office in the past 12 months b. Yes c. No d. Don’t know / not sure Missing 29. During the past 12 months, have you had an episode of asthma or an asthma attack? a. Yes b. No Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 430272 81.4 5179 35425 6.7 477 33813 6.4 434 29276 5.5 407 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 104017 19.7 1392 92597 17.5 1067 256491 48.5 3053 63047 11.9 803 12632 2.4 182 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 107320 20.3 1417 26025 4.9 337 344792 65.2 4079 35874 6.8 458 14774 2.8 206 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 81419 15.4 1101 88774 16.8 1120 289907 54.8 3396 54858 10.4 682 13827 2.6 198 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 68648 13.0 818 423926 80.2 5218 36212 6.8 461 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 48 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 30. During the past 12 months, did you ever try to quit smoking cigarettes? a. I did not smoke during the past 12 months b. Yes c. No Missing 31. How many times during the past 12 months have you stopped smoking for one day or longer because you were trying to quit smoking? (3.11.2, 3.13.2) a. I have not smoked in the past 12 months b. I have not tried to quit c. 1 time d. 2 times e. 3 to 5 times f. 6 to 9 times g. 10 or more times Missing 32. When you last tried to quit, how long did you stay off cigarettes? (3.13.1) a. I have never smoked cigarettes b. I have never tried to quit c. Less than a day d. 1 to 7 days e. More than 7 days but less than 30 days f. 30 days or more but less than 6 months g. 6 months or more but less than a year h. 1 year or more Missing 33. Do you know of any place where you can get help to quit smoking? a. I have not smoked cigarettes during the past 30 days b. Yes c. No Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 394634 74.6 4777 52952 10.0 672 60046 11.4 748 21153 4.0 300 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 409666 77.5 4982 42737 8.1 528 18838 3.6 220 9218 1.7 121 9222 1.7 121 4149 0.8 66 13649 2.6 166 21305 4.0 293 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 371793 70.3 4493 48615 9.2 573 8212 1.6 109 11523 2.2 157 10336 2.0 136 15418 2.9 198 13829 2.6 180 26625 5.0 355 22434 4.2 296 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 385525 72.9 4660 47959 9.1 615 69985 13.2 891 25315 4.8 331 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 49 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 34. Have you ever tried the patch or nicotine gum to help you quit smoking? a. I have never smoked cigarettes b. Yes c. No Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 360254 68.1 4348 26426 5.0 341 125004 23.6 1570 17101 3.2 238 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 62167 11.8 724 440343 83.3 5407 26275 5.0 366 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 459866 87.0 5669 12320 2.3 138 7579 1.4 100 7119 1.3 96 11397 2.2 132 12687 2.4 124 4234 0.8 44 13585 2.6 194 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 486261 92.0 5975 10458 2.0 119 3404 0.6 43 2743 0.5 35 3232 0.6 34 1301 0.2 14 4046 0.8 45 17340 3.3 232 Smokeless Tobacco: Chewing Tobacco, Snuff, or Dip 35. Have you ever used chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip, such as Redman, Levi Garrett, Beechnut, Skoal, Skoal Bandits, or Copenhagen? a. Yes b. No Missing 36. How old were you when you used chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip for the first time? a. I have never used chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip b. 8 years old or younger c. 9 or 10 years old d. 11 or 12 years old e. 13 or 14 years old f. 15 or 16 years old g. 17 years old or older Missing 37. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you use chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip? a. 0 days b. 1 or 2 days c. 3 to 5 days d. 6 to 9 days e. 10 to 19 days f. 20 to 29 days g. All 30 days Missing Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 50 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 38. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you use chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip on school property? (1.7.10) a. 0 days b. 1 or 2 days c. 3 to 5 days d. 6 to 9 days e. 10 to 19 days f. 20 to 29 days g. All 30 days Missing 39. During the past 30 days, how did you usually get your own chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip? (CHOOSE ONLY ONE ANSWER) a. I did not use chewing tobacco, snuff, or dip during the past 30 days b. I bought them in a store such as a convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station c. I gave someone else money to buy them for me d. I borrowed (or bummed) them from someone else e. A person 18 years old or older gave them to me f. I took them from a store or family member g. I got them some other way Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 494592 93.5 6048 6269 1.2 86 3589 0.7 49 3359 0.6 48 1796 0.3 24 1927 0.4 20 4110 0.8 42 13144 2.5 180 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 474694 89.8 5803 9845 1.9 113 7065 1.3 76 6053 1.1 73 3382 0.6 46 1824 0.3 23 3556 0.7 49 22366 4.2 314 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 135956 25.7 1665 367576 69.5 4474 25253 4.8 358 Cigars 40. Have you ever tried smoking cigars, cigarillos, or little cigars, even one or two puffs? a. Yes b. No Missing Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 51 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 41. How old were you when you smoked a cigar, cigarillo, or little cigar for the first time? a. I have never smoked a cigar, cigarillo or little cigar b. 8 years old or younger c. 9 or 10 years old d. 11 or 12 years old e. 13 or 14 years old f. 15 or 16 years old g. 17 years old or older Missing 42. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigars, cigarillos, or little cigars? a. 0 days b. 1 or 2 days c. 3 to 5 days d. 6 to 9 days e. 10 to 19 days f. 20 to 29 days g. All 30 days Missing 43. During the past 30 days, how did you usually get your own cigars, cigarillos, or little cigars? (CHOOSE ONLY ONE ANSWER) a. I did not smoke cigars, cigarillos, or little cigars during the past 30 days b. I bought them in a store such as a convenience store, supermarket, discount store, or gas station c. I gave someone else money to buy them for me d. I borrowed (or bummed) them from someone else e. A person 18 years old or older gave them to me f. I took them from a store or family member g. I got them some other way Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 384695 72.8 4692 16808 3.2 240 13523 2.6 187 22739 4.3 298 36169 6.8 452 31996 6.1 335 9336 1.8 105 13518 2.6 188 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 450787 85.2 5465 25915 4.9 332 10100 1.9 136 6312 1.2 85 3879 0.7 49 2262 0.4 34 3719 0.7 50 25811 4.9 346 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 446252 84.4 5412 15135 2.9 207 13520 2.6 173 12819 2.4 149 7210 1.4 91 4569 0.9 52 11608 2.2 161 17674 3.3 252 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 52 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 Pipe 44. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke tobacco in a pipe? a. 0 days b. 1 or 2 days c. 3 to 5 days d. 6 to 9 days e. 10 to 19 days f. 20 to 29 days g. All 30 days Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 482286 91.2 5875 10553 2.0 136 6957 1.3 90 5145 1.0 61 2958 0.6 42 764 0.1 17 3978 0.8 50 16144 3.1 226 Bidis and Kreteks THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE ABOUT BIDIS (OR “BEEDIES”) AND KRETEKS (ALSO CALLED “CLOVE CIGARETTES”). BIDIS ARE SMALL BROWN CIGARETTES FROM INDIA CONSISTING OF TOBACCO WRAPPED IN A LEAF TIED WITH A THREAD. KRETEKS ARE CIGARETTES CONTAINING TOBACCO AND CLOVE EXTRACT. 45. Have you ever tried smoking any of the following: a. Bidis b. Kreteks c. I have tried both bidis and kreteks d. I have never smoked bidis or kreteks Missing 46. During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke bidis? a. 0 days b. 1 or 2 days c. 3 to 5 days d. 6 to 9 days e. 10 to 19 days f. 20 to 29 days g. All 30 days Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 18049 3.4 247 15792 3.0 164 15934 3.0 211 451686 85.4 5498 27324 5.2 377 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 481704 91.1 5856 10650 2.0 134 5371 1.0 75 8103 1.5 120 1713 0.3 21 801 0.2 14 3246 0.6 35 17197 3.3 242 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 53 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 47. Have you ever tried smoking hookah, even one or two puffs? a. Yes b. No Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 76917 14.5 855 423949 80.2 5255 27919 5.3 387 THE NEXT QUESTIONS ASK ABOUT YOUR THOUGHTS ABOUT TOBACCO. 48. Do you think that you will try a cigarette soon? (1.10.5) a. I have already tried smoking cigarettes b. Yes c. No Missing 49. Do you think you will smoke a cigarette at anytime during the next year? (1.10.5) a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing 50. Do you think you will be smoking cigarettes 5 years from now? a. I definitely will b. I probably will c. I probably will not d. I definitely will not Missing 51. If one of your best friends offered you a cigarette, would you smoke it? (1.10.5) a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 113799 21.5 1377 39560 7.5 518 350052 66.2 4252 25374 4.8 350 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 47719 9.0 624 52288 9.9 637 78372 14.8 940 331249 62.6 4029 19156 3.6 267 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 17773 3.4 245 50134 9.5 660 102819 19.4 1280 337445 63.8 4022 20613 3.9 290 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 41604 7.9 546 54678 10.3 679 81346 15.4 982 326561 61.8 3954 24595 4.7 336 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 54 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 52. In the past 12 months, how often have your parents or guardians discussed the dangers of tobacco use with you? (1.10.3) a. Never b. Rarely c. Sometimes d. Often e. Very often Missing 53. Can people get addicted to using tobacco? a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing 54. Do you think young people who smoke cigarettes have more friends? (1.10.2) a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing 55. Do you think smoking cigarettes makes young people look cool or fit in? (1.10.1) a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing 56. Do you think smoking cigarettes makes kids your age look more grown up? a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 185060 35.0 2244 108009 20.4 1252 123132 23.3 1518 56691 10.7 725 36088 6.8 484 19806 3.7 274 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 361409 68.3 4265 103293 19.5 1354 17407 3.3 245 25035 4.7 339 21641 4.1 294 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 27729 5.2 380 75950 14.4 1048 233307 44.1 2788 160592 30.4 1877 31207 5.9 404 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 25478 4.8 339 44476 8.4 551 83205 15.7 1026 349846 66.2 4225 25780 4.9 356 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 34738 6.6 442 64558 12.2 795 73355 13.9 925 328995 62.2 3967 27139 5.1 368 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 55 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 57. Do you think smoking cigarettes helps people reduce stress? a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing 58. Do you think smoking cigarettes helps people keep their weight down? a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing 59. Do you think young people risk harming themselves if they smoke from 1 - 5 cigarettes per day? a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing 60. Do you think it is safe to smoke for only a year or two, as long as you quit after that? a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing 61. Do you think smoking low tar and low-nicotine cigarettes is less harmful to your health than smoking regular cigarettes? a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 67490 12.8 823 157455 29.8 1836 101313 19.2 1285 173056 32.7 2139 29471 5.6 414 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 43181 8.2 547 98736 18.7 1141 157766 29.8 1962 199539 37.7 2442 29564 5.6 405 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 343990 65.1 4023 89763 17.0 1160 21920 4.1 316 44152 8.3 593 28960 5.5 405 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 26102 4.9 330 46241 8.7 588 118350 22.4 1444 307766 58.2 3711 30325 5.7 424 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 53738 10.2 666 100376 19.0 1215 144337 27.3 1746 195641 37.0 2378 34693 6.6 492 56 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 62. Do you think you would be able to quit smoking cigarettes now if you wanted to? a. I have never smoked cigarettes b. I have not smoked cigarettes during the past 30 days c. Yes d. No Missing 63. Have you ever participated in a program to help you quit using tobacco? a. I have never used tobacco b. Yes c. No Missing 64. During this school year, were you taught in any of your classes about the dangers of tobacco use? (1.7.9) a. Yes b. No c. Not sure Missing 65. During this school year, did you practice ways to say NO to tobacco in any of your classes (for example by role-playing)? (1.7.9) a. Yes b. No c. Not sure Missing 66. During this school year, have you asked someone, such as a friend or family member, to give up smoking? a. Yes b. No Missing 67. During this school year, have you taken a class that discouraged tobacco use? a. Yes b. No Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 331545 62.7 3973 72858 13.8 888 72374 13.7 906 21400 4.0 301 30609 5.8 429 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 323566 61.2 3905 20346 3.8 271 147642 27.9 1804 37232 7.0 517 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 211314 40.0 2598 191992 36.3 2249 91801 17.4 1172 33678 6.4 478 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 121479 23.0 1558 303190 57.3 3513 69978 13.2 922 34137 6.5 504 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 247046 46.7 2967 240474 45.5 2942 41265 7.8 588 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 112025 21.2 1374 377081 71.3 4548 39679 7.5 575 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 57 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 68. During this school year, have you participated in a school event, club or group that discouraged tobacco use? a. Yes b. No Missing 69. Did the classes or courses you took about tobacco help you to not use tobacco or to quit using tobacco? a. Yes b. No Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 80065 15.1 936 407307 77.0 4961 41413 7.8 600 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 176835 33.4 2135 282808 53.5 3382 69143 13.1 980 THE NEXT QUESTIONS ASK ABOUT EVENTS YOU MAY HAVE ATTENDED OR WHAT YOU HAVE SEEN ON TV, AT THE MOVIES, OR ON THE INTERNET. 70. During the past 12 months, have you participated in any community activities to discourage people your age from using cigarettes, chewing tobacco, snuff, dip, or cigars? (1.7.8) a. Yes b. No c. I did not know about any activities Missing 71. During the past 30 days, have you seen or heard commercials on TV, the Internet, or on the radio about the dangers of cigarette smoking? (1.6.1) a. Not in the past 30 days b. 1-3 times in the past 30 days c. 1-3 times per week d. Daily or almost daily e. More than once a day Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 48859 9.2 618 256898 48.6 3110 182952 34.6 2178 40076 7.6 591 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 136196 25.8 1773 104072 19.7 1171 84812 16.0 968 99478 18.8 1167 67914 12.8 877 36313 6.9 541 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 58 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 72. When you watch TV or go to movies, how often do you see actors using tobacco? a. I don’t watch TV or go to movies b. Most of the time c. Some of the time d. Hardly ever e. Never Missing 73. When you watch TV, how often do you see athletes using tobacco? a. I don’t watch TV b. Most of the time c. Some of the time d. Hardly ever e. Never Missing 74. When you are using the Internet, how often do you see ads for tobacco products? a. I don’t use the Internet b. Most of the time c. Some of the time d. Hardly ever e. Never Missing 75. Have the commercials changed the way you feel about using tobacco? a. I did not see or hear any commercials b. Definitely yes c. Probably yes d. Probably not e. Definitely not Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 25300 4.8 301 151417 28.6 1882 224215 42.4 2597 69824 13.2 880 18497 3.5 253 39532 7.5 584 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 32533 6.2 374 31847 6.0 425 72161 13.6 905 184333 34.9 2122 172787 32.7 2152 35123 6.6 519 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 40730 7.7 553 56588 10.7 713 114586 21.7 1361 155513 29.4 1768 124135 23.5 1560 37231 7.0 542 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 82577 15.6 1079 101565 19.2 1278 91830 17.4 1053 88943 16.8 984 116629 22.1 1407 47240 8.9 696 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 59 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 SOME TOBACCO COMPANIES MAKE ITEMS LIKE SPORTS GEAR, T-SHIRTS, LIGHTERS, HATS, JACKETS, AND SUNGLASSES THAT PEOPLE CAN BUY OR RECEIVE FREE. 76. During the past 12 months, did you buy or receive anything that has a tobacco company name or picture on it? a. Yes b. No Missing 77. Would you ever use or wear something that has a tobacco company name or picture on it such as a lighter, t-shirt, hat, or sunglasses? (1.6.3) a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 72634 13.7 878 400629 75.8 4842 55522 10.5 777 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 33524 6.3 439 88078 16.7 1039 135145 25.6 1601 228861 43.3 2786 43177 8.2 632 THE NEXT QUESTIONS ASK ABOUT YOUR EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO USE. 78. During the past 7 days, on how many days were you in the same room with someone who was smoking cigarettes? (2.7.5) a. 0 days b. 1 day c. 2 days d. 3 days e. 4 days f. 5 days g. 6 days h. All 7 days Missing 79. Which of these best describes the rules about smoking inside the house where you live? Smoking is… (2.4.4) a. Never allowed inside my home b. Allowed only at some times or in some places c. Always allowed inside my home Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 245253 46.4 2980 60910 11.5 721 38638 7.3 446 29069 5.5 358 14503 2.7 175 14886 2.8 170 6804 1.3 79 72686 13.7 914 46037 8.7 654 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 379769 71.8 4485 60650 11.5 777 38264 7.2 514 50101 9.5 721 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 60 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 80. What do you think people should do about smoking in their vehicles? People should … a. Never allow smoking in their vehicles b. Allow smoking at some times in their vehicles c. Always allow smoking in their vehicles Missing 81. During the past 7 days, on how many days did you ride in a car with someone who was smoking cigarettes? (2.7.3, 2.7.5) a. 0 days b. 1 day c. 2 days d. 3 days e. 4 days f. 5 days g. 6 days h. All 7 days Missing 82. What do you think employers should do about smoking in indoor areas in places where people work? Employers should... (2.3.7) a. Never allow smoking in places where people work b. Allow smoking only at some times or in some places c. Always allow smoking in places where people work Missing 83. Which of these best describes smoking where you work? Smoking is… (2.4.3) a. I do not have a job b. Never allowed where I work c. Allowed but only at some times or in some places d. Always allowed where I work Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 361416 68.3 4296 84501 16.0 1049 32446 6.1 425 50422 9.5 727 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 320733 60.7 3758 44540 8.4 545 32270 6.1 402 18529 3.5 249 10786 2.0 140 9499 1.8 110 5617 1.1 65 42445 8.0 568 44368 8.4 660 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 388545 73.5 4632 75305 14.2 905 14769 2.8 218 50166 9.5 742 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 346475 65.5 4327 69596 13.2 753 46392 8.8 516 19514 3.7 215 46808 8.9 686 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 61 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 84. On how many of the past 7 days did you breathe the smoke from someone who was smoking in the place where you work? (2.7.1) a. I do not have a job b. I have a job but did not work in the past 7 days. c. 0 days d. 1 to 3 days e. 4 to 6 days f. All 7 days Missing 85. Now think about indoor public places such as malls, movie theaters, clubs or restaurants. Which of these best describes what you think about smoking in indoor public places? Smoking should… (2.3.7) a. Never be allowed in indoor public places b. Be allowed in indoor public places but only at some times or in some areas c. Always be allowed in indoor public places Missing 86. Do you think the smoke from other people’s cigarettes is harmful to you? (2.3.5) a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing 87. Does anyone who lives with you now smoke cigarettes? (YOU CAN CHOOSE ONE ANSWER OR MORE THAN ONE) a. No one who lives with me now smokes cigarettes b. A parent (or guardian) c. A brother or sister d. Another adult who lives with us e. Another young person who leaves with us Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 335904 63.5 4196 26671 5.0 316 65199 12.3 681 28452 5.4 316 8860 1.7 97 14644 2.8 178 49056 9.3 713 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 377127 71.3 4497 86150 16.3 1036 12648 2.4 194 52860 10.0 770 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 344137 65.1 4021 85718 16.2 1073 23875 4.5 331 25627 4.8 346 49428 9.3 726 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 297870 56.3 3438 132328 25.0 1634 43309 8.2 554 27728 5.2 385 7460 1.4 112 *Note: Due to the multiple-choice character of this item, percentages may add up to more than 100 percent. Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 62 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 88. How many of your four closest friends smoke cigarettes? a. None b. One c. Two d. Three e. Four f. Not sure Missing 89. How many of the adults you know well smoke cigarettes? a. A lot b. Some c. Not many d. None or almost none Missing 90. Do lots of kids who go to your school smoke cigarettes? a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing 91. Do kids at your school ever smoke on school property or at school games? a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing 92. Does other people’s cigarette smoke bother you? a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 289267 54.7 3483 69029 13.1 796 43687 8.3 507 20400 3.9 243 22985 4.3 307 34885 6.6 447 48532 9.2 714 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 103685 19.6 1302 146861 27.8 1757 110942 21.0 1348 115804 21.9 1327 51492 9.7 763 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 112901 21.4 1247 169963 32.1 1864 132429 25.0 1673 57046 10.8 896 56446 10.7 817 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 108867 20.6 1156 134664 25.5 1415 124532 23.6 1514 107707 20.4 1626 53014 10.0 786 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 293058 55.4 3469 67023 12.7 801 61237 11.6 730 55775 10.5 721 51692 9.8 776 Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 63 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 THE NEXT QUESTIONS ASK ABOUT YOUR SCHOOL PLANS 93. Do you plan to finish high school? a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 427920 24475 10036 11720 80.9 5024 4.6 357 1.9 143 2.2 171 54634 10.3 802 94. Do you plan to go to college? a. Definitely yes b. Probably yes c. Probably not d. Definitely not Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 366944 74270 22564 69.4 4217 14.0 1009 4.3 313 14936 2.8 206 50071 9.5 752 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 325851 61.6 3717 51558 9.8 649 21989 4.2 283 9869 1.9 139 11312 2.1 146 57665 10.9 808 50541 9.6 755 Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 89087 290498 16.8 1108 54.9 3345 91874 17.4 1189 57326 10.8 855 THE LAST QUESTIONS ASK ABOUT YOUR DENTAL HEALTH 95. How long has it been since you last visited a dentist or a dental clinic (including an orthodontist)? a. Within the last year (12 months ago or less) b. Within the past 2 years (more than 1 year but less than 2 years ago) c. Within the past 5 years (more than 2 years ago but less than 5 years ago) d. 5 or more years ago e. Never f. Don’t know/ not sure Missing 96. Do you believe that you have dental cavities or “holes” in any of your teeth now? a. Yes b. No c. Don’t know/not sure Missing Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 64 Arizona Youth Tobacco Survey Report 2007 97. Do you have any sealants (plastic coatings to prevent cavities) on your back teeth (molars)? a. Yes b. No c. Don’t know/not sure Missing Weighted N Weighted % Unweighted N 162666 30.8 1823 231456 43.8 2823 78467 14.8 1008 56196 10.6 843 Weighted % Unweighted N 74.2 4645 10.3 671 3.4 258 3.1 201 1.7 100 98. Did you have a toothache during the past 6 months that was bad enough to do any of the following things? Weighted N (YOU CAN CHOOSE ONE ANSWER or MORE THAN ONE) a. I did not have a bad toothache during the past 6 months 392376 b. Bad enough to change what you ate or drank 54647 c. Bad enough to keep you from sleeping 18227 d. Bad enough to make you go to the dentist 16566 e. Bad enough to make you miss school 8851 *Note: Due to the multiple-choice character of this item, percentages may add up to more than 100 percent. Evaluation, Research and Development Unit, The University of Arizona 65