april 2010 adult report Suggested Citation: White, Michael D. (2010). Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network Annual Adult Report 2009. Phoenix, AZ: Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, Arizona State University. Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network Adult Report by Michael D. White, Ph.D. April 2010 Acknowledgements The AARIN Project staff thanks Peter Ozanne and Amy Rex for their establishment of the AARIN project and for all of their hard work and assistance on the project. We also thank Maricopa County Manager David Smith and the Board of Supervisors for their continued support for AARIN. Additionally, we would like to thank Sheriff Arpaio of the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office, Chief Conrad of the Glendale Police Department, Chief Gascón of the Mesa Police Department, Chief Carol Boone of the Maricopa County Juvenile Probation, and all of the officers who helped conduct the study. This project was funded by Maricopa County. Opinions contained herein are those of the author and do not represent the position of either Maricopa County or Arizona State University. AARIN Project Staff Charles M. Katz, Principal Investigator Watts Family Director Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University Marie L. Griffin, Co-Principal Investigator Associate Professor School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Arizona State University Michael D. White, Co-Principal Investigator Associate Professor School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Arizona State University David E. Choate, Co-Principal Investigator Program Operations Manager Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University Casey Malinoski, Data Collection Supervisor AARIN Project Manager Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University Shirin Marvastian GIS Analyst Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University Jody Arganbright Business Operations Mangaer Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University In an effort to reduce our impact on the environment, we have chosen to distribute this report as a digital file. © 2010 by the Arizona Board of Regents for and on behalf of Arizona State University and its Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety. Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety 500 N. 3rd Street, NHI-1, Suite 200 • Phoenix, AZ 85004 (602) 496-1470 • Web site: http://cvpcs.asu.edu This document may be copied and transmitted freely. No deletions, additions, or alterations of contents are permitted without the expressed written consent of the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety. Layout and design by Wendy Parker, College of Public Programs Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety Center for Applied Behavioral Health Policy 5 AARIN Adult Report April 2010 contents Executive Summary 7 Chapter 1: Design, Data and Sampling 19 Chapter 2: Patterns of Drug Use 23 Chapter 3: Drug Abuse and Treatment Experience 39 Chapter 4: Firearms and Violent Crimes 45 Chapter 5: Gangs 51 Chapter 6: Victimization Among Arrestees 59 Chapter 7: Mental Illness and Drug Abuse 63 Chapter 8: Citizenship Status and Drug Abuse 69 Arizona Families F.I.R.S.T. Program Annual Evaluation Report, November 2007 AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 7 Executive Summary Introduction The Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN) is a drug abuse monitoring system that provides on-going descriptive information about drug use, crime, victimization, and other characteristics of interest among individuals arrested in Maricopa County, Arizona. In five facilities throughout the county, professionally trained interviewers conduct voluntary confidential interviews with recently booked arrestees. Questions focus on a range of topics including demographics, patterns of drug use (lifetime and recent), criminal activity, gang affiliation, victimization, mental health, citizenship, and treatment experiences. Each interviewee also provides a urine specimen that is tested for the presence of alcohol and/or drugs. AARIN serves as a near-real-time information source on the extent and nature of drug abuse and related activity in Maricopa County. This information helps to inform policy and practice among police, courts, and correctional agencies to increase public safety and address the needs of individuals who find themselves in the criminal justice system. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 8 The AARIN Sample Arrestees were included in this report if they completed the survey instrument and provided a valid urine specimen for testing. During 2009, 2,102 arrestees participated in the AARIN study. •• Just over three-quarters (77%) of the sample was male. •• Just under half (46%) were white. Approximately one-third (32%) were Hispanic, 15% were Black, and 6% were Native American. •• Participants’ average age was 32.2 years, with approximately 33% falling in the 36-and-older category. •• The arrestee sample was fairly well-educated – 30% reported achieving some form of post-high school education. Still, approximately 37% of arrestees had no high school diploma or GED. •• One-third (33%) of the sample was working full time during the month before arrest, with an additional 23% indicating part-time work. Patterns of Drug Use Drug use was captured through both self-report and urinalysis results. The survey captured drug use over time – lifetime use and use within the past 12 months, the past 30 days, and the last 3 days prior to arrest. Regardless of the measure, drug and alcohol use was common among the arrestee sample. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 9 Lifetime Use •• Nearly all arrestees (97%) reported using alcohol in their lifetime; 83% reported marijuana use and half reported powder cocaine use. •• Forty-one percent reported methamphetamine use during their lifetime; nearly one-third (29%) reported use of crack cocaine. The least common drug of choice was opiates – just 16% reported any opiate use during their lifetime. More Recent Use: Past Month and Past 3 Days •• In the month and days preceding arrest, the most commonly used drugs included alcohol, marijuana, and methamphetamines. In the past month, 69% used alcohol, 43% used marijuana, and 19% used methamphetamines. •• In the past 3 days, nearly half (47%) had used alcohol, more than one-quarter (29%) reported marijuana use, and 13% reported using methamphetamines. Confirmed Drug Use: Urinalysis (UA) Results •• With the exception of alcohol, UA results mostly matched self-reported drug use patterns. Marijuana and methamphetamines were the primary drugs of choice: 39% tested positive for marijuana, and nearly onequarter (24%) tested positive for methamphetamines. The low confirmed use of alcohol (12%) is likely due to the shorter period of reliability for UA results (good for only 12-24 hours). •• Opiate use was infrequent (8%), but 13% of the sample tested positive for cocaine (powder and crack). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 10 Relationships between Drug Use, Sex, Race and Offender Type Across drug use measures, there were notable differences between males and females. •• Methamphetamine use was more common among females than males. For example, 32% of women tested positive for methamphetamines, compared with 22% of men. •• Alcohol and marijuana use were more common among men than women. Among men, 42% tested positive for marijuana, compared with 31% of women. There were also notable differences across race/ethnicity. •• Native Americans were, by far, more likely than other arrestees to test positive for alcohol. One-third of Native Americans tested positive, three times the rate for other race/ethnic categories of arrestees. •• Among Black arrestees, marijuana and cocaine were the primary drugs of choice. Almost half (48%) tested positive for marijuana and 22% tested positive for cocaine. •• Methamphetamines use was highest among whites (32%) and Hispanics (22%). Hispanics also had the second highest rate (14%) of positive tests for cocaine. We also found notable differences among race/gender combinations. •• White and Hispanic females were, by far, the heaviest users of methamphetamine (39% and 32%, respectively, tested positive). •• Positive tests for cocaine were highest among Black males (23%) and females (18%) and Hispanic males (15%). •• Marijuana use was highest among Black males (47%), white males (42%), and Native American males (43%). Alcohol use was highest among Native American males (34%) and females (32%). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 11 Arrestees were classified based on the type of charge for which they were arrested. Drug use also varied by offender type. •• Alcohol use was consistent across offender type. Sixteen percent of violent offenders and 15% of drug offenders tested positive for alcohol, compared with 12% of property offenders. •• Methamphetamine use was least common among violent offenders and most common among property offenders: 19% of violent offenders tested positive, compared with 29% of property offenders. •• The highest rates of marijuana use were found among drug offenders. Nearly half (48%) tested positive for marijuana. Cocaine use was consistent across offender type, ranging from 13% for violent offenders to 16% for drug offenders. Substance Abuse Dependence and Treatment Arrestees were asked to assess their dependence on illicit drugs and alcohol and to describe their substance abuse treatment experiences, past and present. •• Substantial percentages of arrestees indicated that they were dependent on drugs. Dependency was most common for methamphetamines (25% of males and 30% of females) and opiates (25% of males and 31% of females). The rates of dependence for opiates are striking, given its low prevalence. •• Few arrestees were in substance abuse treatment at the time of their arrest (generally less than 5%). •• However, prior experiences in treatment were much more common, depending on the type of drug. For example, 23% of males and 28% of females had been in treatment for opiate dependence. Prior treatment was also common for methamphetamines (15% of males and 25% of females) and crack cocaine (11% of males and 13% of females). •• There was a strong relationship between assessments of drug dependence and need for treatment, and urinalysis results. That is, regardless of drug type, those who tested positive were much more likely than those who tested negative to report dependence and AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 12 need for treatment. For example, among men and women who tested positive for methamphetamines, 41% and 40% indicated dependence on the drug, compared with just 13% and 18% of men and women who tested negative for methamphetamines. Among men and women who tested positive for opiates, 63% and 70% indicated dependence on the drug (compared with dependence rates of 9% and 15% among those testing negative for opiates). Firearms Possession/Ownership Most arrestees had not possessed firearms, either in their lifetimes or more recently. •• Fewer than one-third had possessed a handgun/pistol or rifle/shotgun in their lifetime. Lifetime possession of semi- and fully automatic firearms was less common (18% and 8%). •• More recent possession of firearms was not common, dipping to 10% or below, regardless of firearm type. Seven percent or fewer possessed a gun (any type) in the month prior to arrest. •• The majority of arrestees who possessed firearms reported that they had obtained the gun either through legitimate purchase or illegitimate purchase. For example, 44% of handgun possessors had acquired the firearm through legitimate purchase, while 28% had acquired it through illegitimate purchase (e.g., on the street). The second most common form of acquisition was receiving the firearm as a gift – ranging from 9% to 22%, depending on gun type. •• There was a strong positive relationship between firearms possession and victimization: those who possessed firearms were more likely to have been victimized. Victimization rates ranged 23% to 40%, depending on victimization measure and gun type. The highest rates were among the few arrestees who possessed fully automatic and semi-automatic weapons: 23% to 26% had been threatened with a gun and 36% to 40% had been physically assaulted. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 13 Gang Involvement •• Results indicate that most arrestees were not gang-involved: 84% reported no gang affiliation, past or present. •• Four percent reported being current gang members; 5% stated that they were gang associates. An additional 7% reported being former gang members. •• Gang members (current) differed in a number of important ways from non-gang members. Gang members were: »» Younger (mean age of 26 years) »» Less likely to be female (14% female) »» More likely to be minority (37% Hispanic; 30% Black) »» Less educated (58% no high school diploma or GED) »» More likely to obtain income from illegal sources (31%) »» More likely to be U.S. citizens (99%) •• Gang members were much more likely than non-gang members to have prior criminal histories, to possess firearms, and to experience victimization. »» 64% of gang members had been arrested in the last year; 59% had been incarcerated. »» Forty percent had possessed a handgun in the past year; 30% had possessed a rifle/shotgun; 21% had possessed a semi-automatic, and 19% had possessed a fully automatic firearm. »» Nearly 40% of gang members had been threatened with a gun in the last year; 38% had been physically assaulted. •• Gang members had elevated rates of drug use compared with non-gang members: 65% tested positive for marijuana; 21% tested positive for cocaine; and 28% tested positive for methamphetamines. Interestingly, current gang members posted the lowest positive test rate for opiates (1%). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 14 Victimization Victimization was a common experience among the 2009 AARIN arrestee sample, suggesting an overlap among criminal activity and victimization. •• In the past year, 15% had been threatened with a gun; 21% had been assaulted/attacked; 12% had been robbed; and 8% had been shot at. •• In the month prior to their arrest: 5% had been threatened with a gun; 11% assaulted/ attacked; 7% threatened with a weapon (other than a gun); and 5% robbed. •• There was a strong relationship between victimization and drug use: those who had been victimized had elevated rates of drug use. Depending on the type of victimization, arrestees who had been victims showed higher rates of positive UA results for alcohol (13% for those who were robbed), methamphetamines (41% for those who had been shot), marijuana (58% for those who had been shot at), and cocaine (26% for those who had been shot). Mental Illness and Drug Use Results show a strong connection between mental illness and drug use in the arrestee sample. •• More than one-quarter of the arrestee sample (27%) had been diagnosed with a mental illness during their lifetime. One-quarter had been treated and/or medicated for a mental illness. Ten percent had been hospitalized for mental illness at some point in their lives. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 15 •• Arrestees with histories of mental illness differed in important ways from other arrestees. They were: »» More likely to be female (33%) »» More likely to be white (59%) »» More likely to be U.S. citizens (98%) »» Less likely to have worked full or part time (21% and 17%), and were more likely to have obtained income from illegal sources (13%) »» More likely to be homeless (11%) •• Although arrestees with histories of mental illness did not differ from other arrestees with regard to their current charge; they were much more likely to have prior criminal histories: 53% had been arrested in the last year and 50% had been incarcerated. •• Arrestees with histories of mental illness had elevated rates of drug use, especially marijuana, methamphetamines, and opiates. »» 44% of those diagnosed with a mental illness tested positive for marijuana »» 28% of those treated for a mental illness tested positive for methamphetamines »» 13% of those who had been medicated for a mental illness tested positive for opiates. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 16 Illegal Immigration among the Arrestee Population Most arrestees were U.S. citizens (87%). There was a sizeable minority of the arrestee sample that was in the country illegally, and those illegal aliens differed in important ways from U.S. citizens and legal aliens. •• Illegal aliens were almost entirely male (91%) and they were much more likely to be Hispanic (87%). •• Illegal aliens were less educated than other arrestees (67% had no high school diploma or GED), but they were much more likely to be employed (45% working full-time; 36% working part-time), and they were less likely to be homeless (1%). •• Illegal aliens were less likely to have prior criminal histories (16% arrested; 10% incarcerated), and they were less likely to possess firearms (less than 5%). They were also much less likely than U.S. citizens and legal aliens to have been victimized (less than 10% across all victimization measures). •• Nearly across the board, illegal aliens showed less drug use than U.S. citizens and legal aliens. Just 18% of illegal aliens tested positive for marijuana, and 7% tested positive for methamphetamines. Cocaine was the only exception: illegal aliens tested positive for cocaine at greater rates than U.S. citizens (17% for illegal aliens; 13% for US citizens). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 17 Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN) The Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN) is a drug abuse monitoring system that provides on-going descriptive information about drug use, crime, victimization, and other characteristics of interest among individuals arrested in Maricopa County, Arizona. Funded by the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors in 2007, AARIN is modeled after the national-level Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program (ADAM). In five facilities throughout the county, professionally trained interviewers conduct voluntary confidential interviews with recently booked arrestees. Questions focus on a range of topics including demographics, patterns of drug use (lifetime and recent), criminal activity, gang affiliation, victimization, mental health, citizenship, and treatment experiences. Each interviewee also provides a urine specimen that is tested for the presence of alcohol and/or drugs. Overall, AARIN serves as a near-real time information source on the extent and nature of drug abuse and related activity in Maricopa County, Arizona. This information helps to inform policy and practice among police, courts, and correctional agencies to increase public safety and address the needs of individuals who find themselves in the criminal justice system. The annual report is divided into eight chapters, with each addressing a different substantive topic. •• Chapter 1 describes the research design, sampling frame, survey instrument, and urinalysis procedures, and it provides a descriptive overview of the 2008 AARIN sample; •• Chapter 2 describes drug use among arrestees based on urinalysis test results and self-report information. It focuses on alcohol use and four illicit drugs: marijuana, cocaine, opiates, and methamphetamine. Urinalysis test results for these substances are presented separately for males and females, racial/ethnic groups, and offender types (e.g., violent, drug, property, and other). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 18 •• Chapter 3 contains information on drug dependency, prior substance abuse treatment, and current need for treatment. Urinalysis test results for alcohol and each of the four illicit drugs are used to examine the relationship between drug use (confirmed) and substance abuse treatment history and treatment need. •• Chapter 4 presents the extent of firearm possession (e.g., handguns, rifles or shotguns, semi-automatic weapons, and fully automatic weapons) among the arrestee sample. It also examines the relationship between firearm possession, drug use, and victimization. •• Chapter 5 examines differences between gang members and nongang members in the arrestee population. In particular, it presents information on differences between gang and non-gang members with respect to socio-demographic factors, legal information, drug use, and similar issues. •• Chapter 6 describes rates of violent victimization among the arrestee population. Specifically, it examines the prevalence of being the victim of a gun crime, a non-gun crime, and robbery. Furthermore, this chapter examines the relationship between violent victimization and drug use. •• Chapter 7 focuses on co-occurring disorders, examining the relationship between mental illness and drug use. •• Chapter 8 presents the percentage of illegal and legal aliens among the arrestee population and identifies how these arrestees differ from U.S. citizens in drug use, socio-demographic information, involvement in violent crime, and victimization. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 19 Chapter 1: Design, Data, and Sampling for the AARIN Project Sampling and Data Collection In order to ensure representative results for the entire population of arrestees in Maricopa County, the AARIN project employs a systematic sampling protocol that includes the collection of data at multiple facilities, with target quotas at each facility. Data are collected quarterly at all facilities. Interviews are conducted during a continuous week-long period at the Glendale and Mesa Police Departments and a continuous 2-week period at the 4th Avenue jail (because of the larger number of arrestees). During the data collection periods, arrestees are randomly selected and interviewed within an 8-hour period each day, based on their booking times. Consistent with the ADAM sampling strategy, a stock (i.e., arrested during non-data collection hours) and flow (i.e., arrested during data collection hours) process is employed to ensure a representative sample of arrestees. Arrestees who have been in custody longer than 48 hours are ineligible for participation in AARIN; the limiting factor is the period during which urine analysis results for alcohol are reliable. Exhibit 1: Sample of Arrestees by Facility Exhibit 1. Sample of Arrestees by Facility Sex Female % 23.5 Total % 100.0 1,352 415 1,767 Mesa 80.2 146 19.8 36 100.0 182 Glendale 72.5 111 27.5 42 100.0 153 Total 1,609 493 2,102 AARIN Facility 4TH Avenue Male % 76.5 Exhibit 1 shows the distribution of AARIN interviewees across the three adult facilities – 4th Avenue County Jail, Mesa Police Department, and Glendale Police Department. During 2009, the AARIN study included 2,102 arrestees, with the vast majority of interviews (1,767, or 84%) occurring at the 4th Avenue location. At all three locations, the majority of arrestees were male, ranging from 73% at Glendale PD to 80% at Mesa PD. Overall, 493 females (23% of all participants) were interviewed for the study. (AARIN is also conducted at two juvenile facilities; results from juvenile interviews are presented in a separate report). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 20 Survey Instrument The AARIN survey instrument is modeled after ADAM and Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) instruments and developed with input from Maricopa County officials. The instrument is broken into a variety of sections that include demographics and background information (sex, race/ethnicity, age, citizenship, educational level, methods of income); current and past drug use (ever, and past 12 months, 30 days, and 3 days); drug dependency and treatment; criminal history (ever, past 12 months); gang involvement; firearms possession and methods of acquisition; victimization (past 12 months, past 30 days); and mental health issues (ever, and past 12 months and 30 days). Urinalysis Testing Once an interview is completed, the arrestee submits a urine sample. Urine specimens are tested for alcohol and four illicit drugs: cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and opiates. The urinalysis (UA) test uses the enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT), which has shown a high degree of accuracy with very few false-positive results (Reardon, 1993). As a reliability check, all specimens testing positive with EMIT methods are re-tested using Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrum Detection (GC/MS). The EMIT technique with GC/MS confirmation procedures are well-established and offer highly reliable results for the illicit drugs under study here for up to 72 hours after use. For alcohol, however, the procedures offer highly reliable results only for up to 12 to 24 hours after use; unfortunately, adoption of more sensitive alcohol screening procedures would have been cost-prohibitive. The AARIN Sample Arrestees were included in the analysis presented here only if they had both completed the survey instrument and provided a valid urine specimen for testing. Arrestees who did not finish surveys or who completed the survey without submitting a urine specimen (or vice versa) were excluded from the analysis. Exhibit 2 presents demographic and background information for the 2,102 arrestees who participated in the 2009 AARIN study. Just over three-quarters (76.5%) of the individuals in the sample were male, and just under half (46.4%) were white. Approximately one-third (31.9%) were Hispanic; 14.8% were Black and 6.2% were Native American. Participants’ average age was 32.2 years, and about onethird fell in the 36-and-older category. Most arrestees were U.S. citizens or legal AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 21 Exhibit 2: Characteristics of the Arrestee Population Exhibit 2. Characteristics of the Arrestee Population Sex Male Female Age category 15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36 & older Mean Sex Male Female Total % % % 76.5 23.5 14.6 23.4 17.2 11.4 33.4 32.3 14.2 22.1 19.3 12.4 32 31.7 14.5 23.1 17.7 11.6 33.1 32.2 Race/ethnicity* White Black Hispanic Native American Other 45.2 15.5 33.3 5.5 0.6 50.5 12.8 27.6 8.3 0.8 46.4 14.8 31.9 6.2 0.6 Citizenship Status* Illegal alien Legal Alien US Citizen 12.8 2.2 85 4.1 1.2 94.7 10.7 2 87.3 Highest educational attainment* Less than HS degree HS Degree or GED POST High school education 36.7 34.7 28.6 39.6 26.4 34 37.3 32.8 29.9 Main source of income (past 30 days) * Working full time Working part time Other legal sources Illegal sources No income 35.8 25 23.4 8.9 7 22.1 16 48.2 7 6.7 32.6 22.8 29.2 8.5 6.9 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. aliens (87.3% and 2%, respectively); 10.7% were illegal aliens. Interestingly, the arrestee sample was fairly well-educated – 29.9% had achieved some form of posthigh school education. Still, approximately 37% of arrestees had no high school diploma or GED. Similarly, one-third had worked full time during the month before arrest (32.6%), with an additional 22.8% indicating part-time work. Exhibit 2 also shows sample characteristics by sex, highlighting some noteworthy differences. With respect to race/ethnicity, a slightly higher percentage of female arrestees (50.5%) were white, compared with only 45.2% of male arrestees. A smaller percentage of females than males were Hispanic (27.6% vs. 33.3%, respectively). Nearly all (94.7%) female arrestees were U.S. citizens, compared with about 85% of male arrestees. Female arrestees were more likely to have achieved post-high school education (34% vs. 28.6% for males), but females were less likely to have been employed full time prior to arrest (22.1% vs. 35.8% for males). Male and female arrestees differed little in age. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 22 Female arrestees were much more likely to report having biological children (73.6% vs. 58.8% for males), and less likely to report prior-year arrests (37.3% vs. 43.5% for males) and prior-year incarceration (32.5% vs. 37.5% for males). (See Exhibit 2) Exhibit 2 (con’t): Characteristics of the Arrestee Population Exhibit 2 (cont). Characteristics of the Arrestee Population Type of residence (past 30 days) Private apartment/condo/hotel House or mobile home Public housing Emergency or short-term shelter Jail or prison Half-way or honors facility Drug or alcohol treatment facility No fixed residence or on the street Other Sex Male Female Total % % % 37.2 52.6 0.2 0.6 0.6 1.4 0.1 7.1 0.2 40.8 52.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 4.9 0.6 38.1 52.5 0.2 0.5 0.5 1.2 0.1 6.6 0.3 41.2 58.8 26.4 73.6 37.7 62.3 20.3 25.7 20.5 33.5 16.5 21.4 24 38.1 19.4 24.7 21.3 34.6 Prior arrest (past 12 months)* No Yes 56.5 43.5 62.7 37.3 57.9 42.1 Prior incarceration (past 12 months) No Yes 62.5 37.5 67.5 32.5 63.7 36.3 Any biological children* No Yes Most serious offense at arrest* Violent Drug Property Other * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 23 Chapter 2: Patterns of Drug Use Exhibit 3: Lifetime Drug Use by Sex Exhibit 3: Lifetime Drug Use by Sex (N = 2,105) 100 96.6 96.3 90 82.8 83.0 80 Percent 70 60 51.8 48.9 50 46.0 38.5 40 28.2 30.2 30 16.9 20 13.8 10 0 Alcohol Marijuana Meth* * p<.05 Crack Cocaine Powder Cocaine* Male Opiates Female Exhibit 4: Past 30 Day Drug Use by Sex Exhibit 4: Past 30 Day Drug Use by Sex (N =2,105) 100 90 80 Percent 70 70.0 64.9 60 50 43.9 40 38.7 30 17.8 20 23.5 10 5.0 9.0 8.6 4.1 5.2 4.5 0 Alcohol* Marijuana* Meth* * p<.05 Crack Cocaine* Powder Cocaine* Male Opiates One of the most important features of the AARIN project is that it captures drug use in multiple ways, both through self-reporting in interviews (lifetime use and past 12 months, 30 days, and 3 days use) and through urinalysis (UA). This chapter focuses on patterns of drug use – alcohol, marijuana, methamphetamine, cocaine (crack and powder), and opiates – among the arrestee sample across both data collection measures, as well as usage by sex, offender type, and race/ethnicity. Exhibits 3 and 4 show self-reported lifetime and recent (30 days) drug use, and Exhibit 5 shows positive urinalysis results by sex and by type of drug. In Exhibits 3 and 4, using self-report data, we were able to differentiate results for crack and powder cocaine. In Exhibit 5, UA test results show a single cocaine measure because testing did not distinguish between the two drug forms. Female These findings are discussed by drug type and are summarized in Exhibit 6. Exhibit 5: Positive UA Results by Sex Exhibit 5: Positive UA Results by Sex (N = 2,105) 100 90 80 Percent 70 60 50 41.9 40 20 10 31.5 30.5 30 21.7 13.2 14.0 9.1 10.9 7.8 9.1 0 Alcohol* * p<.05 Marijuana* Meth* Male Cocaine Opiates Female AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 24 Alcohol Nearly all arrestees self-reported alcohol use during their lifetimes (96.6% for males, 96.3% for females). Alcohol use within 30 days prior to arrest was also commonly reported, although with more variation by sex (70% for males, 64.9% for females). Although nearly half of all arrestees (46.9%) reported alcohol use in the 3 days prior to arrest, just 13.2% of males and 9.1% of females tested positive for alcohol at the time of arrest. The average age of first use of alcohol for the sample was 14.5 years. Marijuana Marijuana was the most frequently used illegal drug among the sample, based on arrestee self-reporting. More than three-quarters of arrestees indicated marijuana use during their lifetimes (82.8% of males, 83% of females), and 68% reported use within the month prior to arrest (44% of males, 39% of females). Nearly 40% of all arrestees tested positive for marijuana at the time of arrest; positive tests were more common for male arrestees (41.9%) than for their female counterparts (30.5%). The average age of first marijuana use was 14.1 years. Methamphetamine Forty-one percent of the arrestees in the sample self-reported methamphetamine use during their lifetimes. Use was more commonly reported by female arrestees (48.9% vs. 38.5% for males); 30.4% of females reported use within the last year compared with 22.1% of males, and 23.5% of females reported use within the last 30 days compared with 17.8% of males. Nearly one-third of female arrestees (31.5%) tested positive for methamphetamines, compared with one-fifth (21.7%) of male arrestees. The average age of first methamphetamine use was 20.5 years. Crack and Powder Cocaine Half of all arrestees (50.5%) indicated at least some powder cocaine use during their lifetimes, while only about one-quarter (28.7%) indicated any crack use. Interestingly, for the 3 days prior to arrest, few arrestees reported using crack cocaine (4.3%) or powder cocaine (3.9%), although immediately after arrest, 14% of men and 10.9% of women tested positive for cocaine (undifferentiated by form). The average age of first use was 22.5 years for crack cocaine and 18.8 years for powder cocaine. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 25 On the lifetime measure, use of powder cocaine was more common than crack cocaine both for males and females. On the 30-day measure, powder cocaine use was more common among males (9%) and crack cocaine was more common among females (8.6%). Overall, some form of cocaine had been used by 4% to 9% of the sample in the month prior to arrest. Opiates Opiate use was infrequently reported among the arrestee sample. Approximately 16% of all arrestees indicated any use, with 5% indicating use in the previous 30 days. For the 3 days prior to arrest, 3.5% of all arrestees reported use, although 8.1% of them (7.8% of men, 9.1% of women) tested positive for the drug soon after arrest. The average age of first opiate use was 21.7 years. Urinalysis Results by Offender Type To explore drug use patterns across offender types, based on the charges that had resulted in the most recent arrest, each arrestee in the 2009 AARIN study sample was classified as a violent, property, drug, or “other” offender. Of 2,102 arrestees, 19.4% were classified as violent offenders, 21.3% as property offenders, 24.7% as drug offenders, and 34.6% as other offenders. Exhibits 7 through 9 show positive UA results by drug type and sex for three offender types – violent, property, and drug. (UA test results show a single cocaine measure because testing did not distinguish between the two drug forms.) These findings are discussed by offender type and are summarized in Exhibit 10. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 26 Exhibit 6: Drug Use forMale Male and Female Arrestees Exhibit 6. Drug UseResults Results for and Female Arrestees Alcohol Lifetime Past 12 month Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Age of first use (mean)* Marijuana Lifetime Past 12 month Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Age of first use (mean)* Methamphetamine Lifetime* Past 12 month* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Age of first use (mean) Crack Cocaine Lifetime Past 12 month* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA Age of first use (mean) Powder Cocaine Lifetime* Past 12 month* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA Age of first use (mean) Opiates Lifetime Past 12 month Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Age of first use (mean) Male % Sex Female % Total % 96.6 79.1 70 48.2 13.2 14.1 96.3 75.1 64.9 42.6 9.1 15.5 96.6 78.1 68.8 46.9 12.3 14.5 82.8 50.5 43.9 31 41.9 13.9 83 47.9 38.7 23.1 30.5 14.7 82.9 49.9 42.7 29.1 39.3 14.1 38.5 22.1 17.8 11.1 21.7 20.5 48.9 30.4 23.5 17 31.5 20.7 41 24 19.2 12.5 24 20.5 28.2 8 5 3.5 14 22.4 30.2 11.4 8.6 6.7 10.9 22.8 28.7 8.8 5.9 4.3 13.3 22.5 51.8 14.5 9 4.5 14 18.7 46 7.9 4.1 1.8 10.9 19 50.5 13 7.8 3.9 13.3 18.8 16.9 7 5.2 3.6 7.8 21.7 13.8 6.1 4.5 3.2 9.1 21.7 16.2 6.8 5 3.5 8.1 21.7 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 27 Violent Offenders and UA Results About 16% of all violent offenders tested positive for alcohol. Violent offenders most commonly tested positive for marijuana (35.2%), although this was far more common among male offenders (38.2% vs. 23.5% for females). Methamphetamine and cocaine use was substantially higher among male violent offenders (20.2% vs. 13.6% for females for methamphetamines; 15.8% vs. 3.7% for females for cocaine). Positive test results for opiate use were infrequent (less than 10%) for both male and female violent offenders. 7: Violent Offender Positive UAUA ResultsResults by Sex (N = 403) Exhibit 7: ViolentExhibit Offender Positive by Sex Property Offenders and UA Results 45 38.2 40 35 30 23.5 Percent 25 20 15 20.2 17.3 15.8 15.8 13.6 10 5.3 3.7 5 7.4 0 Alcohol Marijuana* Meth * p<.05 Male Cocaine* Opiates Female Exhibit 8: Property Offender Positive UA Results by Sex Exhibit 8: Property Offender Positive UA Results by Sex (N =443) 40 36.8 35.9 35 28.2 30 26.1 Percent 25 20 15 10 16.3 13.8 12.0 12.0 9.4 6.8 5 0 Alcohol* * p<.05 Marijuana Meth * Male Cocaine Property offenders most commonly tested positive for marijuana (34.5%) and methamphetamines (28.7%), with notable variations by sex. In particular, marijuana was the drug most commonly detected among male property offenders (36.8% vs. 28.2% for females), while methamphetamines were the drug most commonly detected among female property offenders (35.9% vs. 26.1% for males). Male property offenders tested positive more frequently than females for alcohol (13.8% vs. 6.8% for females) and for cocaine (16.3% vs. 9.4% for females). Testing positive for opiate use was consistent for male and female property offenders (12%). Opiates Female AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 28 Drug Offenders and UA Results Drug offenders most commonly tested positive for marijuana (48.1%), methamphetamines (22.1%), and, to a lesser extent, cocaine (15.7%). Positive test results for marijuana occurred significantly more often for male drug offenders (51.2%) than for females (35.6%). Among female drug offenders, positive test results for methamphetamine were much more common (36.5%) than among males (18.4%). About 15-16% of all arrestees classified as drug offenders tested positive for cocaine and alcohol. Testing positive for opiate use was infrequent in this group (less than 10%). Exhibit 9: Drug Offender Positive UA Results by Sex Exhibit 9: Drug Offender Positive UA Results by Sex (N =516) 60 Exhibits 11 and 12 show selfreported drug use among male arrestees in the 12 months before arrest, by offender type. The following discussion is organized by drug type. 40 Percent Self-Reported Drug Use Among Male Offenders 51.2 50 36.5 35.6 30 20 18.4 15.8 16.0 10.6 10 14.4 7.5 8.7 0 Alcohol Marijuana * * p<.05 Meth* Male Cocaine Female Alcohol Among male arrestees, reported alcohol use was prevalent across all types of offenders in the 2009 sample, although most common among drug offenders (82%). More than three-quarters of violent, property, and other male offenders also admitted use. Marijuana More than half of all male drug and property offenders (55.3% and 54.4%, respectively) reported marijuana use in the 12 months before arrest. Reported marijuana use during that period was slightly less common among male violent (44.9%) and other (47.8%) offenders. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Opiates Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 29 Opiates Exhibit 10: Positive UA Results by Sex and Type of Offender Exhibit 10. Positive UA Results by Sex and Type of Offender Male % Violent Offenders Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine Cocaine* Opiates Sex Female % Total % 17.3 23.5 13.6 3.7 7.4 16.1 35.2 18.9 13.4 5.7 15.8 38.2 20.2 15.8 5.3 Drug Offenders Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates 15.8 51.2 18.4 16 7.5 10.6 35.6 36.5 14.4 8.7 14.7 48.1 22.1 15.7 7.8 Property Offenders Alcohol* Marijuana Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates 13.8 36.8 26.1 16.3 12 6.8 28.2 35.9 9.4 12 12 34.5 28.7 14.4 12 Consistent with drug testing results, among all male arrestees, self-reported opiate use in the year before arrest was infrequent. It was most common among property offenders (11.2%); only about 6% of drug and other offenders admitted use. Among male violent offenders, fewer than 5% reported using the drug in that period. Crack and Powder Cocaine Among male arrestees, admitted crack cocaine use in the year prior to Other Offenders arrest was highest among Alcohol 9.4 5.5 8.4 Marijuana* 40.4 32 38.3 property offenders Methamphetamine * 22.6 33.7 25.5 (12.8%); rates of admitted Cocaine 10 13.3 10.8 crack cocaine use among Opiates 7 8.3 7.3 violent, drug, and other offenders ranged from 6.5% * Chi-square significant at p < .05. to 7.7%. In contrast, admitted powder cocaine use was highest among male drug offenders (19.9%), with violent and property offenders posting slightly lower rates (14.2% and 16.7%, respectively); only 9.5% of other male offenders indicated powder cocaine use in the past 12 months. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 30 Methamphetamines Methamphetamine use by males in the year prior to arrest was most frequently reported by property offenders (29.2%). Approximately one-fifth of both violent and other offenders indicated use within the last 12 months before arrest; admitted methamphetamine use was slightly lower among male drug offenders (17.2%). Exhibit 13 summarizes all indicators of drug use for male offenders, by offender type. Drug use patterns varied notably within offender type, particularly for property offenders. Males classified as property offenders used crack cocaine and methamphetamine significantly more than males in any other offender group. Although opiate use was low for all male offenders, those rates were highest among property offenders. Alcohol use was common for all male offenders; about half of all male offenders reported using powder cocaine at some time. Also of note, male drug offenders posted the highest rate of recent marijuana use, with 51.2% testing positive. Exhibit 11: Male Past 12PastMonth Use by Offense Exhibit 11: Male 12 Month Use by Offense Type (N = 1,604 )Type 90 80 79.4 82.0 77.8 77.1 70 55.3 54.4 60 44.9 Percent 50 47.8 40 30 20 4.3 10 6.8 11.2 6.3 0 Alcohol Marijuana* *p< .05 Violent Drug Opiates* Property Other Exhibit 12: Male Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type Exhibit 12: Male Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type (N = 1,04) 35 29.2 30 Percent 25 10 14.2 12.8 15 7.7 6.6 21.9 21.5 19.9 20 17.2 16.7 9.5 6.5 5 0 Crack Cocaine* *p< .05 AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Powder Cocaine* Violent Drug Property Meth* Other Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 31 Exhibit 13: Drug AbuseAbuse Among Violent, Property, and Drug Exhibit 13. Drug Among Violent, Property, and Male Drug Offenders Male Offenders Alcohol Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days* Positive UA* Marijuana Lifetime Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Crack Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days Positive UA* Powder Cocaine Lifetime Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Opiates Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Methamphetamine Lifetime Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days Positive UA Violent Offenders % Drug Offenders % Property Offenders % Other Offenders % 96.9 79.4 74.2 52.3 15.8 96.8 82 72.6 52.4 15.8 95.7 77.8 67.9 48 13.8 96.8 77.1 66.9 42.9 9.4 81.5 44.9 39.7 28 38.2 83.5 55.3 49.3 38.8 51.2 84.8 54.4 46.8 32.8 36.8 82.3 47.8 40.7 25.7 40.4 28.6 7.7 3.7 3.1 15.8 28.2 6.6 4.1 3.2 16 35.6 12.8 8.8 5.5 16.3 23.8 6.5 4.3 3 10 52 14.2 8.9 5.8 15.8 55.3 19.9 13.1 6.6 16 54.4 16.7 10.3 4.3 16.3 47.8 9.5 5.2 2.2 10 14.5 4.3 3.1 2.2 5.3 16.7 6.8 5.3 3.6 7.5 24.3 11.2 8.5 6.4 12 14.1 6.3 4.5 2.8 7 37.5 21.5 17.8 10.8 20.2 36.4 17.2 14.8 10.7 18.4 43.8 29.2 24 13.1 26.1 37.7 21.9 16.5 10.4 22.6 * Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 32 Self-Reported Drug Use among Female Offenders Exhibits 14 and 15 show female offenders’ self-reported drug use in the 12 months before arrest by offender type. The following discussion is organized by drug type. Alcohol Alcohol use was prevalent across all types of female offenders. Admitted alcohol use was particularly common among violent (79%), drug (81.9%), and other (78.6%) offenders. Admitted alcohol use was lower among female property offenders (61%). Marijuana Half or more of female drug (58.1%) and property (51.7%) offenders reported marijuana use in the 12 months before arrest. Marijuana use was slightly less common among violent (38.3%) and other (43.3%) female offenders. Opiates Opiate use in the year before arrest was infrequently reported by female arrestees, especially those classified as violent (2.5%). Use was most commonly reported among drug offenders (10.5%). Admitted use among female property and other offenders was 7.6% and 4.3%, respectively. Crack and Powder Cocaine Admitted crack cocaine use in the year before arrest was highest among female drug (14.3%), property (11.9%), and other (13.4%) offenders; violent offenders posted the lowest rate (2.5%). Patterns for powder cocaine use were similar, with drug offenders reporting the highest rate of use (15.2%); the rates were relatively low (6.4% or less) for all other female offender categories. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 33 Methamphetamines Approximately one-third of female drug (35.2%), property (35.6%), and other (29.9%) offenders indicated methamphetamine use in the year before arrest. The rate was substantially lower (16%) for female violent offenders. Exhibit 16 summarizes all drug use indicators for female offenders, by drug and offender type. As with male offenders, drug use patterns varied notably by offender type, although among female arrestees, it is the violent offenders who stand out. Across the board, females classified as violent offenders reported using drugs less than those in any other offender category. This finding is especially significant for methamphetamines, crack cocaine, and marijuana (see lifetime use measures and UA results.) Alternatively, powder cocaine and opiate use was notably higher for female drug offenders than for females in any other offender category. Exhibit 14: Female Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type Exhibit 14: Female Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type (N = 491) 90 80 79 81.9 70 61.0 60 Percent 78.6 58.1 50 51.7 43.3 38.3 40 30 20 10 2.5 10.5 7.6 4.3 0 Alcohol* Marijuana* *p< .05 Violent Drug Property Opiates Other Exhibit 15: Female Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type Exhibit 15: Female Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type (N = 491 ) 40 35.2 35.6 35 29.9 30 Percent 25 20 14.3 15 11.9 10 5 16.0 15.2 13.4 6.2 5.1 2.5 6.4 0 *p< .05 Crack Cocaine* Powder Cocaine* Violent Drug Property Meth* Other AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 34 Exhibit 16: Drug Abuse Among Violent, Property, and Drug Female Offenders Exhibit 16. Drug Abuse Among Violent, Property, and Drug Female Offenders Alcohol Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Marijuana Lifetime Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days Positive UA Crack Lifetime Past 12 months* Past 30 days Past 3 days* Positive UA Powder Cocaine Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA Opiates Lifetime* Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Methamphetamine Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Violent Offenders % Drug Offenders % Property Offenders % Other Offenders % 95.1 79 70.4 39.5 17.3 100 81.9 71.4 56.2 10.6 93.2 61 53.4 38.1 6.8 96.8 78.6 66.3 39 5.5 76.5 38.3 32.1 19.8 23.5 89.5 58.1 51.4 29.5 35.6 82.2 51.7 37.3 22.9 28.2 82.4 43.3 34.8 21.4 32 21 2.5 1.2 0 3.7 34.3 14.3 11.4 9.5 14.4 30.5 11.9 11.1 6.8 9.4 31 13.4 8.7 8 13.3 39.5 6.2 1.2 0 3.7 59 15.2 9.5 5.7 14.4 41.5 5.1 2.5 0.8 9.4 44.4 6.4 3.2 1.1 13.3 7.4 2.5 2.5 1.2 7.4 21.9 10.5 7.6 5.7 8.7 12.7 7.6 5.9 4.2 12 12.8 4.3 2.7 2.1 8.3 32.1 16 11.1 6.2 13.6 58.1 35.2 28.6 22.9 36.5 50.8 35.6 26.3 19.5 35.9 49.2 29.9 24.1 16.6 33.7 * Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 35 Drug Abuse and Race/Ethnicity Prior research indicates that patterns of drug use seem to vary significantly by race/ethnicity, a trend that is also reflected in the 2009 AARIN data. Exhibit 17 shows positive UA results for each drug type by race/ethnicity and sex. In some instances, racial/ethnic differences in drug test results are dramatic. For example, the rate of positive test results for alcohol among Native American arrestees in the sample was 33.3% - nearly three times higher than for any other racial/ethnic category – while their positive test rates for cocaine (7.9%) and opiates (1.6%) were lower than those of any other racial/ethnic group. Among the racial/ethnic groups, Black arrestees most frequently tested positive for marijuana (47.6%) and cocaine (21.9%); a much smaller percentage tested positive for methamphetamines (9%) or for opiates (6.1%). White arrestees were more likely to test positive for methamphetamines (32%); whites also posted the highest rates of positive test results for opiate use (11.2%). Hispanic/Latino arrestees were not notably different from the other race/ethnic groups with regard to drug use patterns, although they recorded the second highest rates of positive test results for methamphetamines (21.9%) and cocaine (14.2%). Exhibits 18 through 21 highlight drug use patterns within each race/ethnic group, by sex. Exhibit 22 provides a complete summary of these findings. Exhibit 17: Positive UA Results by Race/Ethnicity Exhibit 17: Positive UA Results by Race/Ethnicity (N = 2,080) 50 47.6 45 38.3 40 Percent 37.0 38.9 33.3 35 32.0 30 25 21.9 21.9 20 15 10 10.7 12.0 11.9 9.3 9.0 14.2 11.2 10.6 7.9 5 6.1 5.7 1.6 0 Alcohol* * p<.05 Marijuana* White Meth* Black Hispanic/Latino Cocaine* Opiates* Native American AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 36 White Arrestees Exhibit 18 compares the rate of positive drug test results for white male and female arrestees. A number of notable differences between the sexes emerged. Positive UA results for methamphetamines were significantly more common among female arrestees (39.3% vs. 29.5% for males), while positive results were more frequent among males for marijuana (42.1% vs. 27% for females) and alcohol (12.4% vs. 5.7% for females). Among white arrestees, the rate of positive results for cocaine and opiates did not vary significantly by sex. Exhibit 18: Positive UA Results for Whites by Sex (N = 963) 45 42.1 39.3 40 35 30 27.0 29.5 25 20 15 12.4 10 10.8 9.8 11.0 11.9 5.7 5 0 Alcohol * Marijuana* * p<.05 Meth * Male Cocaine Opiates Female Exhibit 19: Positive UA Results for Blacks by Sex Exhibit 19: Positive UA Results for Blacks by Sex (N =311) 60 50 47.2 49.2 40 Percent Exhibit 19 compares the rate of positive drug test results for Black male and Black female arrestees, with their respective rates differing slightly for several drugs. Black male arrestees tested positive more often than Black females for alcohol (10.5% vs. 4.8%) and cocaine (23% vs. 17.5%), while Black female arrestees were somewhat more likely than males to test positive for methamphetamines (14.3% vs. 7.7%) and opiates (9.5% vs. 5.2%). Positive UA results were most common among Black arrestees for marijuana use just under 50%, with little variation between the sexes. Exhibit 18: Positive UA Results for Whites by Sex Percent Black Arrestees 30 23.0 20 14.3 10.5 10 17.5 9.5 7.7 4.8 5.2 0 Alcohol * p<.05 AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Marijuana Meth Male Cocaine Female Opiates Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 37 Hispanic/Latino Arrestees Exhibit 20 shows the rate of positive UA results by drug for Hispanic/Latino male and female arrestees. Rates were similar for males and females for alcohol (1112%) and for opiates (5.6% vs. 5.9%). Differences between the sexes emerged for marijuana and methamphetamines. Positive UA results for methamphetamines were much more common among female Hispanic/Latina arrestees (31.6% vs. 19.4% for males), but for marijuana, they were more common among males (39% vs. 29.4% for females). Exhibit 20: Positive UA Results for Hispanic/Latinos by Sex Exhibit 20: Positive UA Results for Hispanic/Latinos by Sex (N =667) 39.0 40 35 29.4 30 Percent 31.6 25 19.4 20 15.3 15 12.2 11.0 10.3 10 5.6 5 5.9 0 Alcohol Marijuana* * p<.05 Meth* Male Cocaine Opiates Female Exhibit 21: Positive UA Results for Native Americans by Sex Exhibit 21: Positive UA Results for Native Americans by Sex (N =126) 43.2 45 40 34.1 35 31.6 Percent 30 28.9 Native American Arrestees Exhibit 21 compares the rates of positive UA results by drug for male and female Native American arrestees. Those rates differed notably for only one drug, marijuana; slightly fewer than half of male (43.2%) and less than one-third of female (28.9%) Native American arrestees tested positive. Approximately one-third of Native American arrestees, male and female, tested positive for alcohol (34.1% and 31.6%, respectively). Positive test rates for methamphetamines (11-13%), cocaine (7-10%), and opiates (1-3%) were low, varying little by sex. 25 20 15 11.4 13.2 10 10.5 6.8 5 1.1 2.6 0 Alcohol * p<.05 Marijuana Meth Male Cocaine Opiates Female AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 38 Exhibit 22. Positive UA Results by Sex and Race/ethnicity of Arrestees Exhibit 22. Positive UA Results by Sex and Race/ethnicity of Arrestees White Arrestees Alcohol* Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates Black Arrestees Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Hispanic/Latino Arrestees Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates Native American Arrestees Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Male % Sex Female % Total % 12.4 42.1 29.5 10.8 11 5.7 27.0 39.3 9.8 11.9 10.7 38.3 32 10.6 11.2 10.5 47.2 7.7 23 5.2 4.8 49.2 14.3 17.5 9.5 9.3 47.6 9 21.9 6.1 12.2 39 19.4 15.3 5.6 11 29.4 31.6 10.3 5.9 12 37 21.9 14.2 5.7 34.1 43.2 11.4 6.8 1.1 31.6 28.9 13.2 10.5 2.6 33.3 38.9 11.9 7.9 1.6 * Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 39 Chapter 3: Drug Abuse and Treatment Experience In addition to asking arrestees to self-report drug use, interviewers also asked them about drug dependency and prior and current drug treatment experiences. Arrestees were further asked to assess personal needs for substance abuse treatment. The AARIN project collects such data both to identify levels of treatment need among the arrestee population and to assess the degree to which current treatment strategies employed by the county are actually “hitting the target population.” Moreover, these data can be used to guide the development and implementation of evidence-based policies and programs, and to direct (or re-direct) the allocation of resources to fill treatment gaps for this population (Rodriguez, 2008). Exhibit 23: Dependency and Alcohol Treatment by Sex Exhibit 23: Dependency and Alcohol Treatment by Sex (N =2,030) 15.4 15.2 16 16.2 14 12.2 Percent 12 10.1 10 8 6 4 2.1 2 1.9 0 Males * p<.05 Dependent Females Currently Receiving Treatment Prior Treatment Could Use Treatment 10.7 This chapter presents our results from questioning arrestees about drug dependency and treatment experiences, and it explores the relationship between confirmed drug use (UA results) and treatment needs. Results by drug are shown in Exhibits 23 through 28; summary results can be found in Exhibit 29. Exhibit 30 shows the relationship of self-reported drug dependency and treatment needs to confirmed drug use (UA results). Alcohol Dependency and Treatment Exhibit 23 shows alcohol dependency and treatment information for the 12 months prior to arrest, by sex, as self-reported by arrestees in the 2009 AARIN sample. Among those indicating alcohol use during that period, approximately 15% of males and 12% of females reported alcohol dependency. Very few of them were currently in treatment (2.1% of males; 1.9% of females), although 15.4% of males and 10.1% of females indicated having received treatment for alcohol in the past. Males were more likely than females to report being currently in need of alcohol treatment (16.2% vs. 10.7%). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 40 Marijuana Dependency and Treatment Percent Of arrestees claiming marijuana use, 14.7% of males and 12.2% of females reported dependency (Exhibit 24). Few arrestees were currently receiving treatment for marijuana dependence (1.3% of males; 1.7% of females); prior Exhibit 24: Dependency and Marijuana Treatment by Sex Exhibit 24: Dependency and Marijuana Treatment by Sex (N = 1,742) treatment was more commonly reported (7.2% of males; 6.6% of 16 14.7 females). As with the alcohol find14 12.2 ings, males were more likely than 12 10.3 females to indicate being in need 10 of treatment for marijuana depen8 7.2 6.6 6.6 dency (10.3% vs. 6.6%). 6 4 Crack Cocaine Dependency and Treatment 1.7 1.3 2 0 Males * p<.05 Dependent Females Currently Receiving Treatment Prior Treatment Could Use Treatment Exhibit 25 shows that female arrestees were much more likely than their male counterparts to report dependency on crack cocaine (12.1% for females; 6.8% for males). Female and male arrestees were equally likely to have been receiving treatment (1.3%), but this was rare for either sex. Females were slightly more likely to report past treatment experiences (13.4% vs. 10.8% for males), and they were also more likely to report being in need of current treatment (15.4% vs. 9.9% for males). Exhibit 25: Dependency and Crack Cocaine Treatment History by Sex Exhibit 25: Dependency and Crack Cocaine Treatment History by Sex (N =603) 18 15.4 16 13.4 14 12.1 Percent 12 10.8 10 8 9.9 6.8 6 4 2 1.3 1.3 0 Males * p<.05 Dependent AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Females Currently Receiving Treatment Prior Treatment Could Use Treatment Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 41 Powder Cocaine Dependency and Treatment Percent In contrast to the results for crack cocaine, Exhibit 26 shows that female and male arrestees were equally likely to state that they were dependent on powder cocaine (4.4% for females; 4% for males). Current treatment experiences were again rare, although 7.7% of males indicated receiving treatment for powder cocaine dependency in the past, Exhibit 26: Dependency and Powder Cocaine as did 4.4% of females. InterestTreatment Exhibit History by Sex 26: Dependency and Powder Cocaine Treatment History by Sex (N =1,061) ingly - again in contrast to the results for crack cocaine - equally 9 7.7 low percentages of males and 8 7 females (5.9% vs. 4%, respective5.9 6 ly) reported being currently in need 5 4.4 4.4 of treatment for powder cocaine 4.0 4.0 4 dependence. 3 2 1.1 1 Opiate Dependency and Treatment 0.0 0 Males Dependent * p<.05 Females Currently Receiving Treatment Prior Treatment Could Use Treatment Exhibit 27: Dependency and Opiates Treatment History by Sex Exhibit 27: Dependency and Opiates Treatment History by Sex (N = 340) 35 30.9 30 Percent 25 27.9 24.6 22.8 23.2 20 15 8.8 10 5 4.8 0 Males * p<.05 Dependent Females Currently Receiving Treatment Prior Treatment Could Use Treatment 27.9 Although reported opiate use was infrequent in the arrestee sample (n=340 for opiate use in the past 12 months prior to arrest), of those users, nearly one-third of females (30.9%) and one-quarter of males (24.6%) reported dependency (Exhibit 27). Prior treatment was reported more commonly by female users (27.9% vs. 22.8% for males); current involvement in treatment was rarer, less than 10% for both sexes. Approximately one-quarter of both male and female opiate users reported being in need of treatment (23.2% and 27.9%, respectively). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 42 Methamphetamine Dependency and Treatment Exhibit 28 shows that nearly one-third (29.5%) of female arrestees who selfreported methamphetamine use in the 12 months prior to arrest reported dependence on the drug; one-quarter (25.3%) of male arrestees indicated dependence. Current treatment experiences were again infrequent (3.7% for females; 2.3% for males). Prior treatment for methamphetamine dependence was more commonly reported, especially by females (24.9% vs. 15% for males). Approximately onethird of female users of the drug and one-quarter of male users and (32% and 22.6%, respectively) stated that they were currently in need of treatment for methamphetamine dependence. Exhibit 28: Dependency and Methamphetamine Treatment History by Sex 35 32.0 29.5 30 25 Percent Dependency, Treatment Need, and Confirmed Use Exhibit 28: Dependency and Methamphetamine Treatment History by Sex (N =861) 25.3 24.9 22.6 20 15 15.0 Exhibit 30 shows a strong relation10 ship between self-reported drug 5 2.3 and alcohol dependence, self-as0 sessment of treatment need, and Males confirmed use (UA results). That * p<.05 Dependent Currently Receiving Treatment Prior Treatment is, those who tested positive for drugs and alcohol were more likely to acknowledge dependence and a need for treatment than those who tested negative for those substances. These findings suggest that the majority of arrestees were likely to have been candid and truthful in these self-report responses. Among both male and female arrestees, those who tested positive for alcohol use were much more likely than those who tested negative to indicate dependence, prior treatment experiences, and current treatment need. For example, 32.9% of males and 28.6% of females who tested positive for alcohol indicated dependence on alcohol, compared with just 12.3% of males and 10.8% of females who tested negative for alcohol. Male and female arrestees who tested positive for marijuana were also more likely to indicate dependence on the drug. For males, 23.8% of those who tested positive indicated dependence compared with just 6.2% of those who tested negative. A similar finding is reported for females (26% for those testing positive; 4.6% AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 3.7 Females Could Use Treatment Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 43 for those testing negative). These differences among males and females extended to assessment of current treatment need for marijuana dependence. Males who tested positive were more likely to report that they needed treatment than males who tested negative (17.1% vs. 3.8%). For females, those who tested positive were also more likely than those who tested negative to indicate treatment need (11.6% vs. 3.9%). Exhibit 29. Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment ByDependency Sex Exhibit 29. and Substance Abuse Treatment By Sex Dependent Alcohol Marijuana Crack* Powder cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine Currently Receiving Treatment Alcohol Marijuana Crack Powder cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine Prior Treatment Alcohol* Marijuana Crack Powder cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine* Could Use Treatment Alcohol* Marijuana* Crack Powder cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine* Males % Females % Total % 15.2 14.7 6.8 4 24.6 25.3 12.2 12.2 12.1 4.4 30.9 29.5 14.5 14.1 8.1 4.1 25.9 26.5 2.1 1.3 1.3 1.1 4.8 2.3 1.9 1.7 1.3 0 8.8 3.7 2 1.4 1.3 0.8 5.6 2.7 15.4 7.2 10.8 7.7 22.8 15 10.1 6.6 13.4 4.4 27.9 24.9 14.1 7.1 11.4 7 23.8 17.8 16.2 10.3 9.9 5.9 23.2 22.6 10.7 6.6 15.4 4 27.9 32 14.9 9.4 11.3 5.5 24.1 25.2 Similar results were found for the remaining drugs, with particularly dramatic findings for methamphetamines and opiates. Among those testing positive for methamphetamines, 37.6% of males and 44.2% of females indicated that they were in need of treatment. Among those who tested negative, just 10.6% of males and 18.2% of females reported needing treatment. For those who tested positive for opiates, 56.4% of males and 70% of females reported needing treatment, compared with 9.9% of males and 10.4% of females who tested negative. * Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 44 Exhibit 30. Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment By Sex and UA Results Exhibit 30. Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment History By Sex and UA Results Dependent Alcohol* Marijuana* Crack * Powder cocaine* Opiates* Methamphetamine* Currently Receiving Treatment Alcohol Marijuana Crack Powder cocaine Opiates* Methamphetamine* Prior Treatment Alcohol* Marijuana* Crack Powder cocaine Opiates* Methamphetamine* Could Use Treatment Alcohol* Marijuana* Crack * Powder cocaine* Opiates* Methamphetamine* Males Negative Positive % % Females Negative Positive % % 12.3 6.2 3.8 2.7 9.4 12.6 32.9 23.8 16 8.7 62.8 41.2 10.8 4.6 5.9 4.3 14.6 18.2 28.6 26 26.1 5 70 39.5 2.1 1.6 0.9 1.1 3.6 2.6 1.9 0.9 2.8 1.2 7.7 1.8 2.1 1.2 2 0 4.2 6.4 0 2.7 0 0 20 1.6 13.8 4.3 10.8 7.6 14.1 10.3 25.2 10.3 11.3 0.1 44.9 21.2 9.4 4.6 10.8 4.9 22.9 20.9 16.7 10.3 19.6 0 40 28.7 13.6 3.8 4.1 4 9.9 10.6 32.9 17.1 28.3 13.3 56.4 37.6 9.4 3.9 5.9 1.6 10.4 18.2 23.8 11.6 37 15 70 44.2 AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 45 Chapter 4: Firearms and Violent Crimes The AARIN survey instrument includes a series of questions relating to arrestees’ experiences with firearms including handguns, rifles, shotguns, and semiautomatic and fully automatic weapons. Arrestees are asked about possession of firearms throughout their lifetimes and during the 12-month and 30-day periods prior to arrest. They are also asked how they acquired their firearms. This chapter presents findings related to firearms possession and acquisition and explores the relationships between gun possession and offender type, victimization, and drug use patterns. Percent Exhibit 31 shows that most arrestees in the 2009 AARIN sample reported never having possessed firearms. Approximately one-third reported having possessed a handgun or rifle/shotgun (30.9% and 28%, respectively) in their lifetime, compared with just 18.4% and 8.2%, respectively, reporting lifetime possession of semi-automatic and fully automatic weapons. Fewer than 11% reported possession of any type of firearm in the past 12 months prior to arrest, Exhibit 31: Firearm Ownership/Possession Exhibit 31: Firearm Ownership/Possession by Type of Weapon by Type of Weapon with handguns (10.5%) and rifle/ 35 shotguns (8.7%) being the most 30.9 30 28.0 common. Reports of firearm pos25 session in the 30 days prior to arrest dipped to 7% or below. 20 18.4 15 Exhibit 32 shows arrestees’ rates of firearm possession by type and 5.7 5.5 3.9 2.7 methods of firearms acquisition. 1.8 With the exception of fully autoPast 12 months Past 30 days matic firearms, the most common Handgun/pistol Rifle/shotgun Semi-automatic Fully automatic method of acquisition was legal purchase (43.5% for handguns/ pistols; 42% for rifles/shotguns). The second most common method of acquisition was illegal purchase (27.7% for handguns/pistols; 20.7% for rifles/shotguns). For fully automatic firearms, 45.9% were obtained by illegal purchase and 24.1% by legal purchase. A substantial percentage of arrestees (21.6%) had acquired 10.5 10 8.2 5 0 Lifetime * p<.05 8.7 7.0 AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 46 firearms gifts, ranging from 8.8% for fully automatic weapons to a substantial 21.6% for rifles/shotguns. Very few gun owners reported having obtained firearms by theft, from 2.7% for rifles/shotguns to 4.1% for fully automatic weapons. Renting and trading for firearms were infrequent methods of acquisition. Exhibit 32. Firearm Ownership/Possession and Method of Acquisition Exhibit 32. Firearm Ownership/Possession and Method of Acquisition Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Acquisition Method Bought it legally Bought it illegally Rented it Traded something for it Borrowed it Gift Stole it Other Handgun/pistol % 30.9 10.5 7 Rifle/shotgun % 28 8.7 5.5 Semiautomatic % 18.4 5.7 3.9 Fully automatic % 8.2 2.7 1.8 43.5 27.7 0.2 1.6 7 13.7 4 2.3 42 20.7 0.2 2.4 8.4 21.6 2.7 2.1 42.6 28.7 0 2.9 6.8 14.9 3.1 1 24.1 45.9 0 3.5 11.2 8.8 4.1 2.4 Note: Values for acquisition method reflect most recent possession/ownership of a firearm. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 47 Firearms Ownership Among Violent Offenders Exhibit 33 shows rates of firearm possession by type and several other patterns of gun ownership among arrestees classified as violent offenders. Rates of ownership among this sub-sample were slightly higher than those for the entire sample (by 2% to 7%, depending on gun type; compare Exhibits 32 and 33, below). Lifetime firearm ownership among violent offenders ranged from a low of 9.9% for fully automatic firearms to a high of 37.2% for handguns/pistols. Within 30 days of arrest, 13.3% of violent offenders had owned a handgun or pistol, and 9.4% had owned a rifle or shotgun. Consistent with findings from the entire sample, almost half of the violent offenders had acquired firearms through legitimate purchase (handgun/pistol, 45.3%; rifle/ shotgun, 43.9%; semi-automatic, 45.2%; fully automatic, 35.9%). The second most common acquisition method was purchase by illegal means (about 25% for each gun type except fully automatic, which was 46.2%). Some violent offenders obtained firearms as gifts (handgun/pistol, 14.7%; rifle/shotgun, 18.9%; semiautomatic, 17.2%; fully automatic, 2.6%). Exhibit 33 also shows the relationship between gun ownership, victimization, and drug test results for violent offenders. Victimization was a commonly reported experience among arrestees in this group who reported owning firearms. Approximately one-quarter of them reported having been threatened themselves with a gun within the 12 months prior to arrest. Slightly higher rates of victimization are reported by this group with the “assaulted/attacked without a gun” measure: from 31% to 40% reported experiencing that form of victimization within the 12-month period before arrest. With regard to UA drug test results, violent offenders who reported owning a handgun/pistol or rifle/shotgun recorded the highest rates of positive tests for alcohol: 18.1% and 16.2%, respectively. Handgun/pistol owners also had the highest percentage of positive tests for cocaine (15.4%). Semi-automatic and fully automatic gun owners had low positive test rates for alcohol (10.6% and 10%, respectively). Last, violent offenders who owned fully automatic firearms posted by far the highest positive rate for methamphetamines (35%) and posted the lowest positive rate for cocaine (7.5%). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 48 Exhibit 33. Firearm Ownership/Possession, Method of Acquisition, Victimization, and Drug Use Among Violent Offenders Exhibit 33. Firearm Ownership/Possession, Method of Acquisition, Victimization, and Drug Use Among Violent Offenders Handgun/pistol % 37.2 16.7 13.3 Rifle/shotgun % 32.5 12.1 9.4 Semi-automatic % 23.2 9.4 6.4 Fully automatic % 9.9 3.4 3.2 45.3 28 0.7 2.7 5.3 14.7 2.7 0.7 43.9 24.2 0 1.5 7.6 18.9 2.3 1.5 45.2 28 0 1.1 5.4 17.2 2.2 1.1 35.9 46.2 0 2.6 10.3 2.6 2.6 0 23.8 31.1 23.5 34.8 25.5 36.2 22.5 40 18.1 40.3 15.4 7.4 22.8 16.2 36.2 13.1 7.7 26.9 10.6 41.5 13.8 7.4 28.7 10 40 7.5 10 35 Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Acquisition method Bought it legally Bought it illegally Rented it Traded something for it Borrowed it Gift Stole it Other Victimization Threatened with a gun Assaulted/attacked without a weapon Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana Cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine Note: Values for acquisition method reflect most recent possession/ownership of a firearm AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 49 Firearms Ownership among Nonviolent Offenders Exhibit 34 presents findings related to firearm ownership among offenders classified as nonviolent, as well as methods of firearm acquisition, victimization, and drug test results for this group. Rates of gun ownership among nonviolent offenders were slightly lower than rates for violent offenders. Lifetime gun ownership for nonviolent offenders ranged from lows of 17.4% for semi-automatic and 7.9% for fully automatic firearms, respectively, to highs of 29.4% for handguns/pistols and 26.9% for rifles/shotguns. Reported gun ownership for the 30 days prior to arrest also was less common for nonviolent offenders than for violent offenders; no more than 6% of nonviolent offenders reported recent gun ownership across all gun types. Consistent with findings from the entire sample, the majority of nonviolent offenders had acquired firearms through legitimate purchase (handgun/pistol, 42.9%; rifle/shotgun, 41.3%; semi-automatic, 41.7%; fully automatic, 20.6%) or illegitimate purchase (handgun/pistol, 27.6%; rifle/shotgun, 19.8%; semi-automatic, 29%; fully automatic, 45.8%). The third most common acquisition method was receiving the firearm as a gift. Fewer than 5% of nonviolent offenders reported having acquired a firearm by theft. Exhibit 34 also shows that victimization was almost as common among nonviolent offenders who owned guns as it was for gun-owning violent offenders. Approximately one-quarter of nonviolent offenders who owned a handgun/pistol, rifle/shotgun, or semi-automatic weapon had themselves been threatened with a gun within the 12 months prior to arrest. Also, 33.8% of those who owned a fully automatic firearm had been threatened with a firearm within the past year. Slightly higher rates of assault without a weapon during the last 12 months were reported by nonviolent gun owners – from 26% for those possessing handgun/ pistols to 39.1% for those possessing fully automatic weapons. With regard to drug test results, relatively little variation was found in firearm owners’ positive drug test results across gun type. Nonviolent offenders who reported owning a firearm tested positive for alcohol at rates of 10% to 13%, depending on type of firearm. Positive tests for marijuana were common among nonviolent gun owners (41% to 47%), as were positive tests for methamphetamine (27% to 32%). Positive tests for cocaine were most common (17.3%) among fully automatic gun owners. Positive tests for opiates were infrequent, the rate ranging from 9% to 11%. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 50 Exhibit 34. Firearm Ownership/Possession, Method of Acquisition, Victimization, Exhibit 34. Firearm Ownership/Possession, Method of Acquisition, Victimization, and Drug Use Among Non-vi and Drug Use Among Non-violent Offenders Handgun/pistol % 29.4 9.1 5.5 Rifle/shotgun % 26.9 7.9 4.6 Semiautomatic % 17.4 4.8 3.3 Fully automatic % 7.9 2.5 1.4 42.9 27.6 0 1.2 7.5 13.4 4.5 2.8 41.3 19.8 0.2 2.7 8.7 22.2 2.9 2.2 41.7 29 0 3.4 7.2 14.1 3.4 1 20.6 45.8 0 3.8 11.5 10.7 4.6 3.1 23.2 26 24.7 29.1 28.3 32.1 33.8 39.1 10.1 45.3 13.9 11.3 28.5 13.3 41.5 13.7 10.4 26.6 11.7 44.3 13.7 10 31.6 10.5 46.6 17.3 9 30.1 Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Acquisition method Bought it legally Bought it illegally Rented it Traded something for it Borrowed it Gift Stole it Other Victimization Threatened with a gun Assaulted/attacked without a weapon Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana Cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine Note: Values for acquisition method reflect most recent possession/ownership of a firearm. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 51 Chapter 5: Gangs Gang activity has been a persistent problem in Maricopa County for a number of years. As a result, the AARIN survey instrument includes questions that gather information on gang involvement among sample arrestee populations. This chapter presents findings on the prevalence of gang membership and its relationship to other key factors including drug use, socio-demographics, firearms possession, and criminal activity. Exhibit 35 shows that most of the arrestees who participated in the 2009 AARIN study were not active or former gang members. In fact, 83.5% of the sample reported no gang affiliation, past or present. Approximately 4% were active gang members, and an additional 5.4% were gang associates; another 7.3% reported being former gang members. Exhibit 36 will show, in detail, various other socio-demographic characteristics, criminal history, drug use, and victimization variables across categories of gang membership. Exhibit 35: Gang Membership Status Among Arrestees Exhibit 35: Gang Membership Status Among Arrestees (N =2,098) 90 83.5 80 70 Percent 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Non-Gang Sociodemographics There were notable differences in sex, race, and age across gang membership categories (Exhibit 36). With regard to sex, males 7.3 5.4 3.9 made up larger proportions of the Former Gang Current Gang Associate former and current gang member categories (86.9% and 86.4%, respectively); the non-gang and gang associate categories each were approximately three-quarters male. Perhaps not surprisingly, current gang members and gang associates were substantially younger than their non-gang and former gang counterparts. Current gang members, in particular, were notably younger than those in other groups, with more than one-third in the 15-to-20-year age range and a mean age of 25.9 years. Alternatively, non-gang members were the oldest group, with just 13.2% in the 15-to-20-year age range and a mean age of 32.9. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 52 There are notable race differences as well. Although approximately half of nongang members were white, the percentage of whites in the gang categories was significantly lower: 41.6% for gang associates, 29.4% for former gang members, and 28.4% for current gang members. Interestingly, current gang members were most likely to be Black (29.6%) while former gang members were most likely to Hispanic (45.8%). Only 3.7% of current gang members were Native American. Gang members – former, current, and associate – were far more likely than not to be U.S citizens, ranging from 94.7% for gang associates to about 99% for current and former gang members. Alternatively, 85.2% of non-gang arrestees were U.S. citizens. There are also differences with regard to education and sources of income. Most arrestees had at least achieved a high school diploma, but the percentage who had failed to graduate from high school (or obtain a GED) was elevated among the current-gang-member category: 58%, compared with 35.6% for non-gang members. Gang associates and former gang members were more likely than current gang members to have achieved some degree of post-high school education (29.2% and 24.9%, compared with 12.4% of current gang members); 31.3% of non-gang members had achieved this level. Current gang members stood out in terms of their employment rates. Compared with non-gang members, former gang members, and gang associates, current gang members were much less likely to be employed full time (33.6%, 31.3%, and 28.8% vs. 17.9% for current gang members). Moreover, current gang members were nearly five times as likely as non-gang members to report obtaining income from illegal sources (30.8% vs. 6.7%). There were few differences between non-gang and gang members in residence type. Across gang affiliation categories, approximately 34% to 39% of arrestees lived in a private apartment/condo/hotel and 50% to 59% lived in a house or mobile home. From 4% to 7% reported having no fixed residence (i.e., homelessness). Last, most arrestees, regardless of gang affiliation or status, reported having biological children, ranging from 58.4% for gang associates to 68.6% for former gang members. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 53 Exhibit 36. Characteristics of Gang and Non-gang Members Exhibit 36. Characteristics of Gang and Non-gang Members Non-Gang Members Former Gang Members Current Gang Members Associates of Gang Members Non-Gang Members % Sex* Male Female Age category* 15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36 & older Mean Race/ethnicity* White Black Hispanic Native American Other Citizenship Status* Illegal alien US Citizen Legal Alien Highest educational attainment* Less than HS degree HS Degree or GED POST High school education Main source of income (past 30 days) * Working full time Working part time Other legal sources Illegal sources No income % 83.5 7.3 3.9 5.4 Former Current Associates of Gang Gang Members Members Gang Members % % % 75.4 24.6 86.9 13.1 86.4 13.6 73.5 26.5 13.2 22.1 17.1 11.5 36 32.9 13.7 22.9 26.8 15.7 20.9 29.9 34.6 30.9 14.8 6.2 13.6 25.9 20.5 32.1 16.1 12.5 18.8 28.1 49 13.9 30.5 6 0.6 29.4 18.3 45.8 5.9 0.7 28.4 29.6 37 3.7 1.2 41.6 14.2 32.7 11.5 0 12.4 85.2 2.3 0.7 99.3 0 1.2 98.8 0 5.3 94.7 0 35.6 33.1 31.3 44.4 30.7 24.9 58 29.6 12.4 38.9 31.9 29.2 33.6 23.7 29.4 6.7 6.6 31.3 22 22.7 12 12 17.9 17.9 25.7 30.8 7.7 28.8 14.4 36 16.2 4.5 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 54 Exhibit 36. (cont.) Characteristics of Gang and Non-gang Members Exhibit 36. (cont.) Characteristics of Gang and Non-gang Members Non-Gang Members % Former Gang Members % 38.3 52.3 0.2 0.5 0.3 1.1 0.1 6.8 0.4 39.2 50.3 0.7 0 2 2.6 0 5.2 0 35.8 54.3 0 0 0 1.2 1.2 7.4 0 33.6 59.3 0 0.9 1.8 0.9 0 3.5 0 38.1 61.9 31.4 68.6 35.8 64.2 41.6 58.4 Most serious offense at arrest Violent Property Drug Other 19 21.3 25.6 34.2 23.5 20.9 16.3 39.2 22.2 21 24.7 32.1 17.7 23.9 22.1 36.3 Prior arrest (past 12 months) * No Yes 60.8 39.2 45.1 54.9 36.3 63.7 48.7 51.3 Prior incarceration (past 12 months)* No Yes 67.3 32.7 47.7 52.3 41.3 58.7 46 54 Alcohol Lifetime Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days Positive UA Age at first use* 96.1 76.6 67.3 45.7 12.9 14.8 99.3 86.3 79.1 54.2 9.2 13.1 98.8 85.2 76.5 55.6 8.6 12.1 98.2 85 73.5 50.4 8.9 13.6 Marijuana Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Age at first use* 80 45.7 38.5 25.1 36.7 14.5 96.1 65.4 60.1 44.4 46.7 13.2 100 84 77.8 66.7 65.4 10.6 96.5 68.1 59.3 43.4 48.2 13 Type of residence lived in (past 30 days) Private apartment/condo/hotel House or mobile home Public housing Emergency or short-term shelter Jail or prison Half-way or honors facility Drug or alcohol treatment facility No fixed residence or on the street Other Biological Children No Yes * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Current Associates of Gang Members Gang Members % % Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 55 Exhibit 36. 36. (cont.) Characteristics of of Gang and Non-gang Exhibit (cont.) Characteristics Gang and Non-gangMembers Members Crack Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA* Age at first use* Powder Cocaine Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA* Age at first use* Opiates Lifetime* Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Age at first use Methamphetamine Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Age at first use* Possessed/owned handgun/pistol (past 12 months) * Possessed/owned rifle/shotgun (past 12 months) * Possessed/owned semi-automatic weapon (past 12 months)* Possessed/owned fully automatic weapon (past 12 months) * Victimization Threatened with a gun* Assaulted or attacked without a weapon* Non-Gang Members % Former Gang Members % Current Associates of Gang Members Gang Members % % 27.2 8.4 5.6 4.2 13.5 23.4 35.9 8.5 6.5 3.9 11.8 19.4 42 18.5 12.5 7.4 21 18.4 32.7 8.8 5.4 3.5 7.1 19.2 48.1 12.2 7.5 3.9 13.5 19.3 64.7 15.7 9.8 3.9 11.8 17.2 64.2 21 13.6 4.9 21 15.9 59.3 16.8 6.2 1.8 7.1 16.8 15.6 6.7 5.1 3.7 8.5 21.8 24.2 6.5 5.9 2.6 6.6 21 14.8 4.9 1.2 0 1.2 21 15.9 9.7 6.2 4.4 8 22.7 37.5 21.9 17.6 11.3 22.9 22.1 57.5 28.1 25.5 17.6 27.6 20.1 59.3 42 25.9 19.8 28.4 16.6 60.2 38.9 30.1 18.6 33.9 18.4 8.2 16.3 39.5 15.2 6.9 14.4 29.6 10.7 4.3 9.8 21 8.9 1.5 6.5 18.5 3.6 12.1 18.3 27.5 31.4 39.5 38.3 23 40.7 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 56 Criminal History Exhibit 36 also shows few differences between gang and non-gang members with regard to most serious current offense. From 17.7% (gang member) to 19% (non-gang member) were arrested for a violent offense. Similarly, from 16% to 26% were arrested for property and drug offenses, with relatively little variation by non-gang and gang status. Former gang members, however, posted slightly lower rates of arrest for drug offenses (16.3%) and slightly higher rates for other offenses (39.2%). Approximately one-third of all non-gang and gang members of any status were arrested for other offenses. There were noteworthy differences between gang and non-gang arrestees with regard to their prior arrest and incarceration histories. Gang members – regardless of status - were more likely than non-gang members to have experienced prior arrests and incarcerations in the last year. More specifically, 39.2% of nongang members had a prior arrest during the last year, compared with 54.9% of former gang members, 63.7% of current gang members, and 51.3% of gang associates. With regard to incarcerations, 32.7% of non-gang members had been incarcerated in the last year, compared with 52.3% of former gang members, 58.7% of current gang members, and 54% of gang associates. Drug Use Exhibit 36 shows reported drug use and drug test results by drug type and by gang membership status, while Exhibit 37 (below) presents those positive drug test results graphically. Interestingly, gang-affiliated arrestees – regardless of status – appeared overall to use drugs and alcohol more often than non-gang arrestees. Additionally, several noteworthy patterns emerged among current gang members. With regard to alcohol, former and current gang members and gang associates reported higher levels of recent use. For example, in the month prior to arrest, 67.3% of non-gang members reported alcohol use, compared with 79.1% of former gang members, 76.5% of current gang members, and 73.5% of gang associates; this pattern holds for the 3-day measure as well. Despite the selfreport findings, there was no significant difference in positive UA results among the various arrestee sub-groups. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 57 Current gang members reported, across the board, higher levels of marijuana use. For example, 66.7% of current gang members reported marijuana use within 3 days of their arrest, compared with 44% and 43% of former members and gang associates, and 25.1% of non-gang members. Positive UA results were similar: 65% of current gang members tested positive for marijuana, compared with 47% and 48% of former members and gang associates, and 37% of nongang members. Powder and crack cocaine use also appeared more common among current gang members. For crack, 12.5% of current gang members reported use within the last 30 days, compared with 5% to 6% of gang associates, former gang members, and non-gang members. Similarly, 13.6% of current gang members reported use of powder cocaine in the past 30 days, compared with 9.8% of former gang members, 6.2% of gang associates, and 7.5% of non-gang members. UA results (which do not distinguish between crack and powder cocaine) were consistent with the self-report findings. More than one-fifth (21%) of current gang members tested positive for cocaine compared with 11.8% of former gang members, 7.1% of gang associates, and 13.5% of non-gang members. Alternatively, use of opiates was least common among current gang members. For example, just 1.2% of current gang members reported opiate use within the past 30 days (and none within the past 3 days), compared with 5% and 6% of nongang and other gang-affiliated arrestees. UA results followed a similar pattern. Use of methamphetamines was more common among all gang-affiliated arrestees compared with non-gang arrestees. For example, from 58% to 60% of gang associates and current and former members reported use of methamphetamines during their lifetime, compared with 37.5% of non-gang members. Similarly, from 18% to 20% of gang-affiliated arrestees reported use of methExhibit 37: Positive UA UA Results byMembership Gang Status Membership Status Exhibit 37: Positive Results by Gang (N = 2,076) amphetamines within 3 days of 70 65.4 arrest, compared with 11.3% of 60 non-gang members. Percent 50 46.7 40 48.2 36.7 33.9 27.6 28.4 30 20 22.9 21.0 12.9 10 13.5 11.8 9.2 8.6 8.9 7.1 8.5 8.0 6.6 1.2 0 Alcohol *p< .05 Marijuana* Non-Gang Cocaine* Former Gang Current Gang Opiates Meth* Associate AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 58 Firearms and Victimization Gun ownership was more frequent among current gang members. Nearly 40% reported possessing a handgun in the 12 months prior to arrest. Handgun ownership among former gang members and gang associates was approximately 15%, while only 8.2% of non-gang members possessed a handgun. This finding persisted with rifle/shotguns and semi-automatic firearms, as current gang members were four to seven times more likely than non-gang members to possess those firearms (rifle/shotgun: 6.9% for non-gang members, 29.6% for current gang members; semi-automatic: 4.3% for non-gang members, 21% for current gang members). The difference in firearms possession was most stark with fully automatic weapons: just 1.5% of non-gang members reported possessing a fully automatic gun in the last 12 months compared with 18.5% of current gang members. Last, current gang members also experienced elevated rates of victimization. Current gang members were more than three times as likely as non-gang members to report having been threatened with a gun (39.5% vs. 12.1%), and were twice as likely to report having been assaulted or attacked without a weapon (38.3% vs. 18.3%). Victimization rates among former gang members and gang associates were lower than victimization rates among current gang members, but still were well above the rates of non-gang members. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 59 Chapter 6: Victimization Among Arrestees The AARIN survey instrument includes a number of questions that capture the prevalence and nature of victimization experienced by the arrestee population. These questions focus on whether the arrestee has been threatened with a gun, shot at and shot, threatened with a weapon, injured with a weapon, assaulted or attacked without a weapon, or robbed. This chapter presents findings related to victimization as well as the relationship between victimization and drug use. Exhibit 38. Victimization Rates Among Arrestees Exhibit 38. Victimization Rates Among Arrestees Threatened with a gun Past 12 months Past 30 days Shot at Past 12 months Past 30 days Shot Past 12 months Past 30 days Threatened with a weapon Past 12 months Past 30 days Injured with a weapon Past 12 months Past 30 days Assaulted/attacked Past 12 months Past 30 days Robbed Past 12 months Past 30 days % Occurred 14.9 5 8.1 2 1.3 0.2 16.4 7 7.8 2.8 21.3 10.8 Victimization Arrestees were queried about victimization that had occurred in the past year prior to arrest and in the past 30 days (Exhibits 38 and 39). Approximately one-sixth (14.9%) of the arrestee sample reported having been threatened with a gun in the previous 12 months; 5% reported being threatened with a gun in the past 30 days. Nearly 10% reported being shot at in the last 12 months, and 2% indicated that someone had shot at them in the past 30 days. Very few arrestees had actually been shot, however (1.3% in the last year; 0.2% in the last 30 days). One-sixth of the arrestees (16.4%) reported having been threatened with a weapon in the 12 months prior to arrest, and 7.8% stated that they had been injured with a weapon. Such incidents were less common in the month prior to arrest, with 5% reporting having been threatened with a weapon and 2.8% reporting being injured with a weapon during that period. Assaults against arrestees were more common; 21.3% reported being assaulted/attacked in the previous year and 10.8% in the previous month. Last, 11.5% of arrestees reported being robbed in the year prior to arrest, with 4.6% reporting being robbed in the prior month. 11.5 4.6 AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 60 Victimization and Drug Use Exhibit 40 displays the relationship between victimization in the year prior to arrest and positive drug test results by drug type; these findings were inconsistent. First, UA results for alcohol among arrestees who reported being victimized differed little from results among those who did not. Across nearly all victimization measures, the percentage of positive alcohol tests ranged from 10% to 13%; the only difference of note was found among those who had been shot, a group with a very small number of arrestees. Exhibit 39: Vicitmization RatesRates Among Arrestees Exhibit 39: Vicitmization Among Arrestees (N =2,102) Percent Positive tests for methamphet25 amines and opiates among those who reported being victimized 20 16.4 in the past year also varied little 14.9 15 from positive test results for those who did not. Similarly, differences 10 8.1 7.8 7 in victimization for those testing 5 5 2.8 2 positive for cocaine were mostly 1.3 0.2 0 non-significant, with the exception Threatened with Shot at Shot Threatened w/ Injured w/ a gun weapon weapon of a small but statistically signifi*p< .05 Past 12 months Past 30 days cant difference among those who reported being threatened with a gun (12.4% for those not victimized vs. 18.2% for those who were; also, a difference among those who were shot, which again was rare). Arrestees who reported victimization were, however, more likely to test positive for marijuana. In four of seven victimization measures, those who reported victimization were more likely to test positive for marijuana than those who did not: threatened with a gun (50.2% vs. 37.4%), shot at (57.7% vs. 37.7%), threatened with a weapon (45.9% vs. 38%), and injured with a weapon (47.2% vs. 38.6%). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 21.3 10.8 11.5 4.6 Assaulted/ attacked Robbed Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 61 Exhibit 40.40. Victimization ByPositive Positive Results Exhibit VictimizationRates Rates By UAUA Results Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine Cocaine* Opiates Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine* Cocaine* Opiates Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Threatened with a gun (past 12 months) % No % Yes 12.7 9.9 37.4 50.2 23.4 27.2 12.4 18.2 8.1 7.7 Shot at (past 12 months) % No % Yes 12.4 10.1 37.7 57.7 24.1 23.2 13 16.7 8.1 8.3 Shot (past 12 months) % No % Yes 12.4 3.7 39.1 55.6 23.8 40.7 13.1 25.9 8 11.1 Threatened w/ weapon – not a gun (past 12 months) % No % Yes 12.5 10.8 38 45.9 23.4 27.2 12.9 14.9 7.8 9.4 AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 62 Exhibit 40. (con’t) Victimization Rates By Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Injured w/ weapon – not a gun (past 12 months) % No % Yes 12.3 11.8 38.6 47.2 24 24.2 13.1 15.5 7.9 9.9 Assaulted/attacked w/o weapon (past 12 months) % No % Yes 12 13.1 38.3 42.8 23.1 27.3 13.1 14 7.9 8.8 Robbed (past 12 months) % No % Yes 12.1 13.3 38.9 42.1 23.6 26.7 13.1 14.6 8.2 7.5 * Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 63 Chapter 7: Mental Illness and Drug Abuse The AARIN survey instrument collects information on whether arrestees have been diagnosed with a mental illness, as well as whether or not they have ever been treated, hospitalized, or medicated for a mental illness. This chapter presents findings on the prevalence of mental illness among the 2009 AARIN arrestee sample, the background and characteristics of those who reported a mental illness (and those who did not), and the relationship between mental illness and drug use. Exhibit 41 shows the percentage of arrestees who reported being diagnosed, treated, hospitalized, or medicated for a mental illness during their lifetime, in the last year before arrest, and in the last 30 days before arrest. More than one-quarter (27.1%) of arrestees reported having been diagnosed with a mental illness at some point in their lifetime. Six percent had been diagnosed in the past year, and 2.7% had been diagnosed in the past month. Exhibit 41 also shows that onequarter (24.7%) of arrestees reported having been treated for a mental illness at some point in 24.7 23.9 their lives. Treatment was much less commonly reported for the year and month prior to arrest 10.1 (4.4% and 4%, respectively). Ap4.6 4.4 proximately 10% of arrestees re4 3.7 2.1 0.6 ported having been hospitalized Treated for mental illness Hospitalized for mental illness Medicated for mental illness as a result of a mental illness durPast 30 days Past 12 months Lifetime ing their lifetime; hospitalizations were rare, however, in the year and month prior to arrest (2.1% and 0.6%, respectively). Last, 23.9% of arrestees had been medicated at some time for a mental illness; 3.7% reported being medicated in the past year, and 4.6% reported being medicated in the last month. Exhibit 41: Mental Health Factors by Time (N=2,102) Exhibit 41: Mental Health Factors by Time 35 30 27.1 25 Percent 20 15 10 5 5.6 2.7 0 Diagnosed with mental illness *p< .05 Exhibits 42 through 45 show the relationship between various mental illness variables and drug use measured by positive UA results. Exhibit 42 shows mixed results with regard to mental illness diagnoses and positive drug tests. Arrest- AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 64 ees who had, at some point in their lives, been diagnosed with a mental illness were slightly more likely than those with no diagnosis to test positive for marijuana, methamphetamines, and opiates. For example, the positive test rate for marijuana among individuals diagnosed with a mental illness was 44.1% compared with 37.5% among those with no diagnosis. Among those with a mental illness diagnosis, 11.3% tested positive for opiates compared with a rate of 6.9% among those with no diagnosis. The positive test rates for methamphetamines were 30.1% for those with a mental illness diagnosis and 21.7% for those without a diagnosis. There were no differences for cocaine, and those without a mental illness diagnosis actually posted slightly higher rates of positive alcohol tests than those with a diagnosis (13.2% vs. 9.7%). Exhibit 42: Mental Illness Diagnosis by Positive UA Figure 42: Mental Illness Diagnosis by Positive UA (N=2,102 ) 50 44.1 45 Percent testing positive Exhibit 43 shows the relationship between mental health treatment and positive drug test results. Arrestees who had participated in mental health treatment were, again, more likely than other arrestees to test positive for marijuana, methamphetamines, and opiates. Among those who had been treated, 43.5% tested positive for marijuana, 28.2% tested positive for methamphetamines, and 10.3% tested positive for opiates (compared with rates of 37.9%, 22.6%, and 7.3% among those who had not been treated). There were no differences between the two groups in positive test rates for cocaine and alcohol. 40 37.5 35 30.1 30 25 21.7 20 13.2 15 12.9 9.7 10 11.3 6.9 5 0 Alcohol* Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates* Diagnosed with mental illness (past 12 months) *p< .05 No Yes Exhibit 43: Prior Treatment for Mental Illness by Positive UA Figure 43: Prior Treatment for Mental Illness by Positive UA (N=2,102) 50 43.5 45 37.9 Percent testing positive 40 Exhibit 44 shows no statistically significant differences in drug test results among those who had been hospitalized for a mental ill- 14.3 35 28.2 30 22.6 25 20 15 10 12.9 13.2 10.3 13.6 7.3 10.3 5 0 Alcohol *p< .05 AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Prior treatment for mental illness (past 12 months) No Yes Opiates* Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 65 ness and those who had not, with the exception of test results for methamphetamines. Approximately one-third of those who had been hospitalized tested positive for that drug compared with 22.9% of those who had not been hospitalized. Although arrestees who had been hospitalized posted slighted higher rates of positive tests for marijuana (44% vs. 38.8%), cocaine (17.4% vs. 12.8%), and opiates (10.6% vs. 7.8%), none of these differences reached statistical significance. Alternatively, Exhibit 45 shows persistent differences for marijuana, methamphetamines, and opiates re-emerging for those who reported being medicated for mental illness. This group showed higher rates of positive tests than those who had not been medicated in each case: marijuana (43.1% vs. 38.1%), methamphetamines (29% vs. 22.4%), and opiates (12.9% vs. 6.6%). Exhibit 44: Hospitalized for Mental Illness by Positive UA Figure 44: Hospitalized for Mental Illness by Positive UA (N=2,102) 44 45 38.8 Percent testing positive 40 34.3 35 30 22.9 25 20 17.4 12.8 12.7 15 8.7 10 7.8 10.6 5 0 Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates Hospitalized for mental illness (past 12 months) *p< .05 No Yes Exhibit 45: Medicated for Mental Illness by Positive UA Figure 45: Medicated for Mental Illness by Positive UA (N=2,102) 38.1 Percent testing positive 40 35 29 30 25 22.4 20 12.6 12.7 11.1 15.1 10 12.9 6.6 5 0 Alcohol *p< .05 About one-third of arrestees with a mental illness diagnosis were female (33.2% vs. 66.8% who were male); only one-fifth of arrestees without a diagnosis were female (19.8% vs. 80.2% who were male). There was no age difference – the mean age was 32-33 years for both categories. 43.1 45 15 Last, Exhibit 46 compares those with and without a mental illness diagnosis (ever) across sociodemographic, background, and criminal history measures, and there are a number of important differences. Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Medicated for mental illness (past 12 months) No Yes Opiates* Nearly all arrestees with a mental illness diagnosis were U.S. citizens (98.4%); citizens also accounted for the majority, although a smaller percentage (83.2%), of arrestees without a diagnosis. White arrestees in the sample accounted for the largest percentage (58.7%) of those who had AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 66 been diagnosed, compared with just 41.9% of those who had not. The reverse was true for Hispanic arrestees, who were more likely to be among those without a mental illness diagnosis; they accounted for 35.6% of those who had not been diagnosed, compared with only 22% of those who had. For all other racial/ethnic groups, distribution was fairly even between those who did and those who did not have a mental illness diagnosis. There was no difference among arrestees with and without a mental illness diagnosis with regard to education. More than a third of those without a diagnosis (36.9%) were working full time in the 30 days before arrest; only a fifth (20.9%) of those with a diagnosis had been working full time. Those with a diagnosis were almost twice as likely as those without to have secured income from illegal sources (13.4% of those with vs. 6.6% of those without). Those with and without a diagnosis did not differ with regard to biological children, but those with a diagnosis were more than twice as likely to be homeless, with no fixed address (11.4% of those with vs. 4.8% of those with no diagnosed mental illness). Finally, arrestees with a mental illness diagnosis were about equally distributed among those who had and those who had not been incarcerated in the 12 months prior to arrest; among arrestees with a diagnosis, almost one-third had been previously incarcerated. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 67 Exhibit 46. Characteristics of Arrestees Diagnosed with a Mental Illness Exhibit 46. Characteristics of Arrestees Diagnosed with a Mental Illness Sex* Female Male Age category 15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36 & older Mean Race/Ethnicity* White Black Hispanic Native American Other Citizenship Status* Illegal alien US Citizen Legal Alien Highest educational attainment Less than HS degree HS Degree or GED POST High school education Main source of income (past 30 days)* Working full time Working part time Other legal sources Illegal sources No income Any biological children No Yes Diagnosed (ever) No Yes % % 19.8 80.2 33.2 66.8 14.5 23.1 18.7 11.5 32.2 32 14.6 23.1 15 12 35.4 32.7 41.9 15.1 35.6 6.8 0.6 58.7 14.2 22 4.4 0.8 14.5 83.2 2.3 0.5 98.4 1.1 37.2 34 28.8 37.6 29.5 32.9 36.9 25.1 24.9 6.6 6.5 20.9 16.8 40.7 13.4 8 37.2 62.8 39 61 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 68 46. (cont.) Characteristics of ArresteesDiagnosed Diagnosed with a Mental Illness Exhibit Exhibit 46. (con’t) Characteristics of Arrestees with a Mental Illness Type of residence lived in (past 30 days) * Private apartment/condo/hotel House or mobile home Public housing Emergency or short-term shelter Jail or prison Half-way or honors facility Drug or alcohol treatment facility No fixed residence or on the street Other Most serious offense at arrest Violent Drug Property Other Diagnosed (ever) No Yes % % 38.3 54.7 0.3 0.4 0.3 1 0.1 4.8 0.2 37.4 46.6 0.2 0.7 1.1 1.8 0.2 11.4 0.7 19.9 25.7 20.6 33.8 18 21.8 23.4 36.8 62.1 37.9 46.6 53.4 68.6 31.4 50.2 49.8 * Prior arrest (past 12 months) No Yes Prior incarceration (past 12 months)* No Yes * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 69 Chapter 8: Citizenship Status and Drug Abuse The AARIN survey instrument also captures citizenship status among arrestees. These data provide estimates of criminal activity and drug abuse among the illegal alien population, which is typically difficult to monitor and track in the criminal justice system. This chapter details the prevalence of illegal aliens in the arrestee population, and compares arrestees by citizenship status (U.S. citizen, legal alien, and illegal alien) across the full range of socio-demographic, background, criminal history, victimization, and drug abuse measures. Exhibit 47: Citizenship Status Exhibit 47 shows citizenship status among the 2009 AARIN arrestee sample. The majority of arrestees – 87.3% - were U.S. citizens while a small percentage (2%) were legal aliens. Just more than 10% of the arrestees in the sample were illegal aliens. Exhibit 47: Citizenship Status (N = 2,098) 100 87.3 90 80 Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10.7 10 2.0 0 Illegal Alien Legal Alien US Citizen Exhibit 48: Positive UA Results Citizenship Exhibit 48: Positive UA Results byby Citizenship Status (N =1,607)Status 42.3 40 35 Percent 30 20 15 26.3 25.0 25 11.3 22.5 17.6 17.5 15.0 12.3 10 17.2 12.6 9.0 7.2 5 2.3 0 Alcohol Marijuana * Illegal Alien Meth * Legal Alien Cocaine * US Citizen 0.0 Opiates * Exhibit 48 shows positive UA results among the arrestee sample by drug and by citizenship status. Several notable differences are shown across citizenship status, mostly indicating elevated levels of drug use among U.S. citizens – or alternatively, reduced levels of use among illegal aliens. For example, although citizens, legal aliens, and illegal aliens differed little on percentage testing positive for alcohol (12.3%, 17.5%, and 11.3%, respectively), U.S. citizens were much more likely to test positive for several illicit drugs. More than 40% of U.S. citizen arrestees tested positive for marijuana (42.3%) compared with 25% of AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 70 legal aliens and just 17.6% of illegal aliens. Similarly, U.S. citizens were much more likely to test positive both for methamphetamines (26.3% compared with 15% of legal aliens and 7.2% of illegal aliens) and for opiates (9% compared with no legal aliens and 2.3% of illegal aliens). Alternatively, illegal aliens did show slightly higher rates of testing positive for cocaine than U.S. citizens (17.2% vs. 12.6%), although legal aliens posted the highest rates of positive tests for the drug (22.5%). Exhibit 49 examines the relationship between arrestees’ citizen status and various measures of socio-demographics, prior criminal history, and victimization. With regard to socio-demographic variables, several notable differences are shown across citizenship categories. First, nearly all illegal aliens (91.1%) were male, compared with 85.4% of legal aliens and 74.5% of U.S. citizens. Second, both legal aliens and U.S. citizens were notably older than illegal aliens: more than one-third of legal aliens and U.S. citizens fell into the 36-and-older age category compared with just over one-quarter (27.2%) of illegal aliens. With regard to race/ ethnicity, illegal aliens were primarily Hispanic (86.7%) compared with 53.7% of legal aliens and just 24.7% of U.S. citizens. More than half of U.S. citizens were white (51.1% vs. 12.9% of illegal aliens). Arrestees who were U.S. citizens and legal aliens were likely to report having obtained post-high school education (32.8% and 36.6%, respectively, vs. 5.8% for illegal aliens). In fact, more than two-thirds of arrestees who were illegal aliens did not have a high school diploma or GED. Alternatively, illegal aliens were most likely to be employed at the time of arrest; more than 80% of them were working either full time (45.3%) or part time (36.4%), compared with about 50% of U.S. citizens (30.7% full time; 20.8% part time). Legal aliens also reported high rates of employment (41.5% full time; 36.6% part time). Moreover, U.S. citizens were seven times as likely as illegal aliens to report receiving income from illegal sources (9.6% vs. 1.3%). Illegal aliens were more likely to report having biological children (72.9% compared with about 60% of legal aliens and U.S. citizens) and stable housing -- 7.3% of U.S. citizens reported being homeless, compared with fewer than 1% of illegal aliens. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 71 Last, some notable differences across criminal history measures are shown below. Illegal aliens were more likely than others to report having been arrested on drug charges (33.6% vs. 23.5% for citizens and 29.3% for legal aliens). Also, U.S. citizens were much more likely to report having been arrested or incarcerated in the last year before arrest. Nearly half (45.6%) of U.S. citizens reported a prior arrest, and 40.1% reported prior incarceration. For illegal aliens, only 16.1% had been arrested in the last year, and fewer than 10% had been incarcerated. Prior arrests and incarcerations were slightly more common among legal aliens (31.7% and 17.1%, respectively). Gun ownership was more common among arrestees who were U.S. citizens than among legal and illegal aliens. Eleven percent of U.S. citizens reported possessing a pistol in the last year before arrest compared with 2.4% of legal aliens and 4.9% of illegal aliens. U.S citizens were more than three times as likely as legal and illegal aliens to report having possessed a rifle or shotgun (9.6%, 2.4%, and 2.2%, respectively). Ownership of semi-automatic and fully automatic firearms was rare; again, this was most common among U.S. citizens. Last, across all measures, U.S. citizens were more likely than illegal aliens to report having been victimized. Citizens were more than twice as likely as illegal aliens to have been threatened with a gun (16% vs. 6.2%) and were three times as likely to have been shot at (9% vs. 3.1%). Although citizens and illegal aliens experienced similar rates of being robbed (11.9% for citizens and 9.3% for illegal aliens), citizens were four times as likely to have been assaulted or attacked (23.4% for citizens vs. 6.2% for illegal aliens). Legal aliens experienced lower rates of victimization than U.S. citizens on all measures; however, their victimization rates exceeded the rates of illegal aliens for being threatened with a gun and assaulted/ attacked. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 72 Exhibit 49. Characteristics of Arrestees by Citizenship Status Exhibit 49. Characteristics of Arrestees by Citizenship Status Citizenship status Illegal alien US Citizen Legal Alien % 10.7 87.3 2 Citizenship status Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine* Opiates* Age category* 15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36 & over Mean Sex* Female Male Race/Ethnicity* White Black Hispanic Native American Other Highest educational attainment* Less than HS degree HS Degree or GED POST High school education Main source of income (past 30 days) * Working full time Working part time Other legal sources Illegal sources No income Illegal alien US Citizen Legal alien % % % 11.3 17.6 7.2 17.2 2.3 12.3 42.3 26.3 12.6 9 17.5 25 15 22.5 0 11.2 21.4 21.4 18.8 27.2 31.5 15.1 23.2 17.1 10.8 33.8 32.3 9.8 29.3 17.1 9.8 34.1 32.6 8.9 91.1 25.5 74.5 14.6 85.4 12.9 0 86.7 0.1 0 51.1 16.5 24.7 7 0.6 19.5 24.4 53.7 0 2.4 67.1 27.1 5.8 33.6 33.6 32.8 36.6 26.8 36.6 45.3 36.4 12.4 1.3 4.4 30.7 20.8 31.6 9.6 7.3 41.5 36.6 17 0 4.9 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 73 Exhibit 49.49. (con’t) Arrestees by Citizenship Exhibit (cont.)Characteristics Characteristics of of Arrestees by Citizenship Status Status Citizenship status Biological children* No Yes Type of residence lived in (past 30 days) Private apartment/condo/hotel House or mobile home Public housing Emergency or short-term shelter Jail or prison Half-way or honors facility Drug or alcohol treatment facility No fixed residence or on the street Other Most severe offense at arrest* Violent Drug Property Other Illegal alien US Citizen Legal alien % % % 27.1 72.9 39.1 60.9 36.6 63.4 40.9 58.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.9 0 37.7 51.7 0.3 0.5 0.6 1.4 0.1 7.3 0.4 43.9 51.2 0 0 0 0 0 4.9 0 21.1 33.6 16.6 28.7 19.3 23.5 21.9 35.2 14.6 29.3 22 34.1 83.9 16.1 54.4 45.6 68.3 31.7 90.2 9.8 59.9 40.1 82.9 17.1 4.9 2.2 0.9 0.9 11.4 9.6 6.4 2.9 2.4 2.4 0 2.4 6.2 3.1 0.4 5.8 16 9 1.4 18 14.6 0 0 4.9 2.7 6.2 9.3 8.6 23.4 11.9 0 12.2 4.9 * Prior arrest (past 12 months) No Yes Prior incarceration (past 12 months)* No Yes Firearm owned/possessed (past 12 months) Pistol* Rifle* Semi-automatic* Fully automatic Victimization (past 12 months) Threatened with a gun* Shot at* Shot * Threatened with a weapon (not a gun) Injured with a weapon (not a gun) * Assaulted or attacked without a weapon* Robbed * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 74 About the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University, in order to deepen its commitment to the communities of Arizona and to society as a whole, has set a new standard for research universities, as modeled by the New American University. Accordingly, ASU is measured not by whom we exclude, but by whom we include. The University is pursuing research that considers the public good, and is assuming a greater responsibility to our communities for their economic, social, and cultural vitality. Social embeddedness – university-wide, interactive, and mutually supportive partnerships with Arizona communities – is at the core of our development as a New American University. Toward the goal of social embeddedness, in response to the growing need of our communities to improve the public’s safety and well-being, in July 2005 ASU established the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety. The Center’s mission is to generate, share, and apply quality research and knowledge to create “best practice” standards. Specifically, the center evaluates policies and programs; analyzes and evaluates patterns and causes of violence; develops strategies and programs; develops a clearinghouse of research reports and “best practice” models; educates, trains, and provides technical assistance; and facilitates the development and construction of databases. For more information about the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, please contact us using the information provided below. Mailing Address Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University at the Downtown Phoenix campus 500 N. 3rd Street, NHI-1, Suite 200 Phoenix, Arizona 85004 Telephone (602) 496-1470 Web Site http://cvpcs.asu.edu AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2010 The Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety l ASU College of Public Programs 500 N. 3rd Street, NHI-1, Suite 200, Phoenix, AZ l (602) 496-1470 l http://cvpcs.asu.edu