Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network Annual Adult Report 2008 April 2009 Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network Annual Adult Report 2008 April 2009 by Michael D. White, Ph.D. Suggested Citation: White, Michael D. (2009). Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network Annual Adult Report 2008. Phoenix, AZ: Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, Arizona State University. Acknowledgements The author thanks Peter Ozanne and Amy Rex for their establishment of the AARIN project. We also thank Amy Rex and Maricopa County Manager David Smith for their hard work and continued support, without which the project would not be possible. We also thank Sheriff Arpaio of the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office, Chief Conrad of the Glendale Police Department, Chief Gascón of the Mesa Police Department, Chief Carol Boone of the Maricopa County Juvenile Probation and all of the officers who made the day-to-day data collection possible. This project was funded by Maricopa County. Opinions contained herein are those of the author and do not represent the position of either Maricopa County or Arizona State University. Project Staff Charles M. Katz, Principal Investigator Watts Family Director Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University Maire L. Griffin, Co-Principal Investigator Associate Professor School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Arizona State University Michael W hite, Co-Principal Investigator Associate Professor School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Arizona State University Casey Malinoski, Data Collection Supervisor AARIN Project Manager Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University David Choate, Data Analyst Program Operations Manager Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University Jody Arganbright Business Operations Mangaer Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University Matthew G. Roy Editor/Publisher Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University © 2009 by the Arizona Board of Regents for and on behalf of Arizona State University and its Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety. Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety P.O. Box 37100, Mail Code 3253 Phoenix, AZ 85069-7100 (602) 543-5959 Web site: http://cvpcs.asu.edu This document may be copied and transmitted freely. No deletions, additions or alterations of contents are permitted without the expressed, written consent of the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety. Center for Applied Behavioral Health Policy AARIN Annual Adult Report 2008 April 2009 Contents Executive Summary 1 Chapter 1: Design, Data and Sampling 11 Chapter 2: Patterns of Drug Use 15 Chapter 3: Drug Abuse and Treatment Experience 33 Chapter 4: Firearms and Violent Crimes 41 Chapter 5: Gangs 47 Chapter 6: Victimization Among Arrestees 57 Chapter 7: Mental Illness and Drug Abuse 61 Chapter 8: Citizenship Status and Drug Abuse 67 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 1 Executive Summary The Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN) is a drug abuse monitoring system that provides ongoing descriptive information about drug use, crime, victimization, and other characteristics of interest among individuals arrested in Maricopa County, Arizona. In five facilities throughout the county, professionally trained interviewers conduct voluntary and confidential interviews with recently booked arrestees. Questions focus on a range of topics including demographics, patterns of drug use (lifetime and recent), criminal activity, gang affiliation, victimization, mental health, citizenship, and treatment experiences. Each interviewee provides a urine specimen that is tested for the presence of alcohol and/or drugs. AARIN serves as a near-real-time information source on the nature and extent of drug abuse and related activity in Maricopa County. This information helps to inform policy and practice among police, courts, and correctional agencies, thereby increasing public safety and addressing the needs of individuals who find themselves in the criminal justice system. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 2 The AARIN Sample Arrestees were included in the current report if they both completed the survey instrument and provided a valid urine specimen for testing. During 2008, across three venues 2,105 arrestees participated in the AARIN study. •• Just over three-quarters of the sample was male (77%). •• Just under half of the sample was white (47%). Approximately one-third was Hispanic (32%), 15% was Black, and 5% was Native American. •• Participants’ average age was 32.5 years, with approximately 35% falling in the “36 and older” category. •• The arrestee sample was fairly well-educated, with 41% achieving some form of post-high-school education. Still, approximately 33% of arrestees had no high school diploma or GED. •• Nearly half of the individuals (48%) in the sample were working full time during the month before arrest, with an additional 17% indicating part-time work. Patterns of Drug Use Drug use was captured through self-reporting and urinalysis results. The survey captured drug use over time – lifetime use, use within the past 30 days, and use within the last 3 days. Regardless of the measure, drug and alcohol use was common among the arrestee sample. Lifetime Use •• Nearly all arrestees (95%) reported using alcohol in their lifetime. More than three-quarters (79%) reported marijuana use, and half reported powder cocaine use. •• Forty-four percent reported methamphetamine use during their lifetime, and one-third (31%) reported use of crack cocaine. The least common drug of choice was opiates – just 17% reported any opiate use during their lifetime. More Recent Use: Past Month and Past 3 Days •• In the month and days preceding arrest, the most commonly used drugs included alcohol, marijuana, and methamphetamines. Three-quarters had used alcohol in the past month, 38% had used marijuana, and 21% had used methamphetamines. •• Nearly half (47%) had used alcohol in the past 3 days, onequarter reported using marijuana, and 13% reported using methamphetamines. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 3 Confirmed Drug Use: Urinalysis (UA) Results •• With the exception of alcohol, UA results matched self-reported drug use patterns. Marijuana and methamphetamines were the primary drugs of choice: One-third tested positive for marijuana, and nearly one-quarter (23%) tested positive for methamphetamines. •• The low confirmed use of alcohol (12%) was likely due to the reliability of UA results, which were good only for 12-24 hours). •• Confirmed opiate use was infrequent (6%), but one-fifth of the sample tested positive for both powder and crack cocaine. Relationships between Drug Use, Sex, Race, and Offender Type Across drug use measures, there were notable differences between females and males. •• Methamphetamine use was more common among females than males, as was crack cocaine use. For example, 30% of women tested positive for methamphetamines, compared with 21% of men. •• Alcohol use and marijuana use were more common among men than women. Of the men, 36% tested positive for marijuana, compared with 28% of women. There were also notable differences across race/ethnicity. •• Native Americans were, by far, more likely than other arrestees to test positive for alcohol. One-third of Native Americans tested positive, three to six times the rate for other race/ethnic categories of arrestees. •• Among Black arrestees, marijuana and cocaine were the primary drugs of choice. Almost half (45%) tested positive for marijuana, and nearly one-third (31%) tested positive for cocaine. •• Methamphetamine use was highest among whites (30%) and Hispanics (20%). Hispanics also had the second highest rate of positive tests for cocaine (22%). We found notable differences among race/gender combinations. •• White and Hispanic females were, by far, the heaviest users of methamphetamine (38% and 31%, respectively, tested positive). •• Positive tests for cocaine were highest among Black males (32%) and females (28%), and among Hispanic males (23%). •• Marijuana use was highest among Black males (50%), white males (37%), and Native American males (36%). Alcohol use was highest among Native American males (38%). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 4 Arrestees were classified based on the type of charge for which they were arrested. Drug use also varied by offender type. •• Alcohol use was most common among violent and drug offenders: 16% of each group tested positive for alcohol, compared with 8% of property offenders. •• Methamphetamine use was least common among violent offenders, and most common among property offenders: 14% of violent offenders tested positive, compared with 29% of property offenders. •• The highest rates of marijuana and cocaine use were found among drug offenders. More than 40% tested positive for marijuana, and one-quarter tested positive for cocaine. Substance Abuse Dependence and Treatment Arrestees were asked to assess their dependence on illicit drugs and alcohol and to describe their substance abuse treatment experiences, past and present. •• Substantial percentages of arrestees indicated that they were dependent on drugs. Dependency was most common for methamphetamines (23% of males and 32% of females). Although opiate use was low, rates of reported dependence were high (18% of males and 30% of females). •• Few arrestees were in substance abuse treatment at the time of arrest (fewer than 5%). •• Prior experiences in treatment were much more common, depending on the type of drug. For example, 17% of males and 27% of females had been in treatment for opiate dependence. Prior treatment was also common for methamphetamines (14% of males and 18% of females) and crack cocaine (15% of males and 18% of females). •• There was a strong relationship between assessment of drug dependence and need for treatment, and urinalysis results. That is, regardless of drug, those who tested positive were much more likely than those testing negative to self-report dependence and a need for treatment. For example, among men and women who tested positive for methamphetamines, 35% and 43% respectively indicated dependence on the drug, compared with only 15% of men and 19% of women who tested negative for methamphetamines. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 5 Firearms Possession/Ownership Most arrestees had not possessed firearms either in their lifetimes or more recently. •• About one-quarter had possessed a handgun/pistol (26%) or a rifle/shotgun (23%) in their lifetime. Lifetime possession of semiand fully automatic weapons was less common (15% and 7%). •• More recent possession of firearms was uncommon, dipping below 10%, regardless of firearm type. Six percent or fewer, depending on gun type, had possessed a gun in the month prior to arrest. •• The majority of arrestees who had possessed firearms reported that they had obtained the guns through legitimate purchase (“bought it”). The second most common form of acquisition was receiving the firearm as a gift – ranging from 13% to 29%, depending on gun type. There was a strong positive relationship between firearms possession and victimization, particularly among violent offenders. •• Those who possessed firearms were more likely to have been victimized. Victimization rates ranged from 30% to 46%, depending on the victimization measure and gun type. The highest rates were among the few arrestees who possessed fully automatic weapons: 42% had been threatened with a gun and 46% had been physically assaulted. •• There also was elevated alcohol and drug use (positive UA results) among arrestees who possessed firearms. Alcohol use was highest among those possessing rifles/shotguns (17%); cocaine use was highest among those possessing handguns (20%). Marijuana use was highest among those possessing semi-automatics (44%), and methamphetamine use was highest among those who possessed fully automatic firearms (33%). Gang Involvement •• Results indicated that most arrestees were not gang-involved: 85% reported no gang affiliation, past or present. •• Five percent reported being current gang members; 6% stated that they were gang associates. An additional 4% reported being former gang members. •• Current gang members differed in a number of important ways from non-gang members. Gang members were: »» Younger (mean age of 26); AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 6 »» Less likely to be female (12%); »» More likely to be minority (45% Hispanic and 19% Black); »» Less educated (39% had no high school diploma or GED); »» More likely to obtain income from illegal sources (20%); »» More likely to be U.S. citizens (95%). •• Gang members were much more likely than non-gang members to have prior criminal histories, to be charged with violent and property offenses, to possess firearms, and to experience victimization. »» 58% of gang members had been arrested in the last year, and 55% had been incarcerated; »» 21% of gang members were violent offenders, and 29% were property offenders; »» Nearly one-quarter had possessed either a handgun or rifle/shotgun in the past year, 18% had possessed a semi-automatic, and 15% had possessed a fully automatic firearm; »» Nearly 40% of gang members had been threatened with a gun in the last year; 36% had been physically assaulted. •• Gang members also had elevated rates of drug use compared with non-gang members: 56% tested positive for marijuana, 20% tested positive for cocaine, and 9% tested positive for opiates. Interestingly, by a small margin, current gang members posted the lowest positive test rate for methamphetamines (19%). Victimization Victimization was a common experience within the 2008 AARIN arrestee sample, suggesting an overlap between criminal activity and victimization. •• In the past year, 17% had been threatened with a gun, 21% had been assaulted or attacked, 12% had been robbed, and 9% had been shot at. •• In the month prior to arrest, 7% had been threatened with a gun, 10% had been assaulted or attacked, 6% had been threatened with a weapon other than a gun, and 5% had been robbed. •• There was a strong relationship between victimization and drug use: Those who had been victimized generally had elevated rates of drug use. Depending on the type of victimization, AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 7 arrestees who had been victims showed higher rates of positive UA results for alcohol (18% for those injured with a weapon), methamphetamines (31% for those threatened with a gun), marijuana (53% for those who had been shot at), and cocaine (42% for those who had been shot). Mental Illness and Drug Use Results show a strong connection between mental illness and drug use in the arrestee sample. •• One-quarter (26.2%) of the arrestees in the sample had diagnosed with a mental illness during their lifetime. fifth had been treated for a mental illness, and 10% had hospitalized at some point in their lives. Six percent had diagnosed with a mental illness in the year prior to arrest. been Onebeen been •• Arrestees with histories of mental illness differed in important ways from other arrestees. They were: »» More likely to be female (33%); »» More likely to be white (61%); »» More likely to be U.S. citizens (98%); »» Less likely to have worked full or part time (34% and 14%), and more likely to have obtained income from illegal sources (11%); »» More likely to be homeless (12%). •• Although arrestees with histories of mental illness did not differ from other arrestees with regard to current charge, they were much more likely to have prior criminal histories: 57% had been arrested in the last year, and 54% had been incarcerated. •• Arrestees with histories of mental illness had elevated rates of drug use, especially of marijuana, methamphetamines, and opiates. »» 38% of those who had been diagnosed with a mental illness tested positive for marijuana; »» 27% of those who had been treated for a mental illness tested positive for methamphetamines; »» 9% of those who had been medicated for a mental illness tested positive for opiates. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 8 Illegal Immigration among the Arrestee Population Most arrestees in the sample were U.S. citizens (84%); however, a sizeable minority were in the country illegally, and illegal aliens differed in important ways from U.S. citizens and legal aliens. •• Illegal aliens were almost entirely male (96%), and they were much more likely to be Hispanic (83%). •• Illegal aliens were less educated than other arrestees (56% had no high school diploma or GED), but they were much more likely to be employed (70% working full time and 21% working part time); they were less likely to be homeless (2%). •• Illegal aliens were less likely to have prior criminal histories (20% arrested and 15% incarcerated), and they were less likely to have possessed firearms (fewer than 5%). They were also much less likely than U.S. citizens and legal aliens to have been victimized (less than 10% across all victimization measures). •• Nearly across the board, illegal aliens showed less drug use than U.S. citizens and legal aliens. Just 12% of illegal aliens tested positive for marijuana, and 8% tested positive for methamphetamines. Cocaine was the only exception: Illegal aliens tested positive for cocaine at greater rates than U.S. citizens and legal aliens (27% for illegal aliens). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 9 Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN) The Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN) is a drug abuse monitoring system that provides ongoing descriptive information about drug use, crime, victimization, and other characteristics of interest among individuals arrested in Maricopa County, Arizona. Funded by the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors in 2007, AARIN is modeled after the national-level Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program (ADAM). In five facilities throughout the county, professionally trained interviewers conduct voluntary and confidential interviews with recently booked arrestees. Questions focus on a range of topics including demographics, patterns of drug use (lifetime and recent), criminal activity, gang affiliation, victimization, mental health, citizenship, and treatment experiences. Each interviewee provides a urine specimen that is tested for the presence of alcohol and/or drugs. Overall, AARIN serves as a near-real-time information source on the extent and nature of drug abuse and related activity in Maricopa County. This information helps to inform policy and practice among police, courts, and correctional agencies to increase public safety and address the needs of individuals who find themselves in the criminal justice system. The annual report is divided into eight chapters, with each addressing a different substantive topic. •• Chapter 1 describes the research design, sampling frame, survey instrument, and urinalysis procedures, and provides a descriptive overview of the 2008 AARIN sample. •• Chapter 2 describes drug use among arrestees based on urinalysis test results and self-report information. The chapter focuses on alcohol use and four illicit drugs: marijuana, cocaine, opiates, and methamphetamine. Urinalysis test results for these substances are presented separately for males and females, racial/ethnic groups, and type of offender (e.g., violent, drug, property, and other). •• Chapter 3 contains information on drug dependency, prior substance abuse treatment, and current need for treatment. Urinalysis test results for alcohol and each of the four illicit drugs are used to examine the relationship between drug use (confirmed) and substance abuse treatment history and need. •• Chapter 4 presents the extent of firearm possession (e.g., handguns, rifles or shotguns, semi-automatic weapons, and fully automatic weapons) among the arrestee sample. The chapter also examines the relationship between firearm possession, drug use, and victimization. •• Chapter 5 examines differences between gang members and AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 10 non-gang members among the arrestee population. In particular, it presents information on differences between gang and nongang members with respect to such issues as socio-demographic factors, legal information, and drug use. •• Chapter 6 describes rates of violent victimization among the arrestee population. Specifically, it examines the prevalence of being the victim of a gun crime or non-gun crime, and of being robbed. Furthermore, this chapter examines the relationship between violent victimization and drug use. •• Chapter 7 focuses on co-occurring disorders by examining the relationship between mental illness and drug use. •• Chapter 8 presents the percentage of illegal and legal aliens among the arrestee population, and identifies how these arrestees differ from U.S. citizens in drug use, socio-demographic information, involvement in violent crime, and victimization. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 11 Chapter 1: Design, Data and Sampling for the AARIN Project Sampling and Data Collection In order to ensure representative results for the entire population of arrestees in Maricopa County, the AARIN project employs a systematic sampling protocol that includes the collection of data at multiple facilities, with target quotas at each facility. Data are collected quarterly at all facilities; interviews are conducted during a two-week period at the 4th Avenue County Jail and during one-week period each at the Glendale and Mesa Police Departments (the latter two having smaller numbers of arrestees). During data collection periods, for 8 hours each day, interviews are conducted with arrestees who are randomly selected based on booking time. Consistent with the ADAM sampling strategy, a stock (i.e., arrested during non-data collection hours) and flow (i.e., arrested during data collection hours) process is employed to ensure a representative sample of arrestees. Arrestees who had been in custody longer than 48 hours were ineligible for participation in AARIN because of time limitations with UA results for alcohol. Overall, 2,105 arrestees participated in the AARIN study during 2008. Exhibit 1 shows the distribution of AARIN interviewees across three adult facilities – the 4th Avenue County Jail, the Mesa Police Department, and the Glendale Police Department. The vast majority of the interviews (1,760, or 84%) occurred at the 4th Avenue location. At all three locations, the majority of arrestees were male, ranging from 71.4% at Mesa PD to 77.6% at the 4th Avenue facility. Overall, 23% of the arrestees interviewed for the study were female. (AARIN is also conducted at two juvenile facilities; results from the juvenile interviews are presented in a separate report). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 12 Survey Instrument The AARIN survey instrument, modeled after the ADAM and Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) instruments, was developed with input from Maricopa County officials. The instrument is broken down into sections that include demographics and background information (sex, race/ethnicity, age, citizenship, educational level, methods of income); current and past drug use (ever, past 12 months, past 30 days, and past 3 days); drug dependency and treatment; criminal history (ever and past 12 months); gang involvement; firearms possession and methods of acquisition; victimization (past 12 months and past 30 days); and mental health issues (ever, past 12 months, and past 30 days). Exhibit 1. Sample of Arrestees by Facility Sex AARIN Facility Male Female % % % 4TH Avenue 77.6 1,366 22.4 394 100.0 1,760 Mesa 71.4 132 28.6 53 100.0 185 Glendale 76.3 122 23.8 38 100.0 160 Total 1,620 485 2,105 Urinalysis Testing Once an interview is completed, the arrestee submits a urine sample. Urine specimens are tested for alcohol and four illicit drugs - cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and opiates. The testing is done using the enzymemultiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT), which has shown a high degree of accuracy with few false-positive results (Reardon, 1993). As a reliability check, all specimens that test positive with EMIT methods are retested using Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrum detection (GC/MS). The EMIT technique with GC/MS confirmation procedures is well-established and offers highly reliable results for the illicit drugs under study for up to 72 hours after use. Unfortunately, these procedures offer high reliability results for alcohol for only 12-24 hours after use, but the adoption of more sensitive alcohol screening procedures would have been cost-prohibitive. The AARIN Sample Arrestees were included in the analysis if they completed the survey instrument and provided a valid urine specimen for testing. Arrestees who did not finish their surveys and those who completed the survey but did not submit a urine specimen (or vice versa) were excluded. Exhibit 2 presents demographic and background information for the 2,105 arrestees who participated in the AARIN study during 2008. Just over threequarters (77%) of the arrestees in the sample were male, and just under half (46.8%) were white. Approximately one-third were Hispanic (31.6%), 14.7% were Black, and 5.3% were Native American. Participants’ average age was 32.4, with about 35% falling in the “36 and older” category. Most AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Total Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 13 Exhibit 2. Characteristics of the ArresteePopulation Sex Male Female % % Total % Sex Male Female 77.0 23.0 Age category 15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36 & older Mean 14.4 20.4 18.4 11.8 35.1 32.6 12.6 22.5 16.3 13.0 35.7 31.7 14.0 20.9 17.9 12.1 35.2 32.4 White Black Hispanic Native American Other 44.6 14.0 35.3 4.8 1.3 54.2 17.1 19.4 7.0 2.3 46.8 14.7 31.6 5.3 1.6 Illegal Alien Legal Alien US Citizen Highest educational attainment* Less than HS degree HS degree or GED Post high school education Main source of income (past 30 days)* Working full time Working part time Other legal sources Illegal sources No income 16.6 2.9 80.4 2.5 0.6 96.9 13.4 2.4 84.2 34.3 26.0 39.6 29.3 23.9 46.8 33.1 25.7 41.2 53.3 18.2 12.8 6.9 8.8 31.7 13.3 34.3 8.1 12.7 48.4 17.1 17.6 7.1 9.7 Race/ethnicity* Citizenship Status* arrestees were U.S. citizens or legal aliens (84.2% and 2.4%, respectively); 13.4% were illegal aliens. Interestingly, the arrestee sample was fairly welleducated, with 41.2% having achieved some form of posthigh-school education. (Still, about 33% of arrestees had no high school diploma or GED.) Similarly, nearly half (48.4%) of the sample was working full time during the month before arrest; an additional 17.1% indicated part-time work. Exhibit 2 also shows these basic sample characteristics by sex, and there are some noteworthy differences. Although male and female arrestees differed little in age, a larger percentage of female arrestees were white - 54.2% compared with 44.6% of males, and a smaller percentage of females were Hispanic – 19.4% vs. 35.3% of males. Nearly all female arrestees (96.9%) were U.S. citizens, compared with 80.4% of male arrestees. Female arrestees were more likely to have achieved post-high school education (46.8% vs. 39.6%), but were less likely to be employed full time prior to arrest (31.7% vs. 53.3% for males). * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 14 Exhibit 2. (Cont.) Characteristics of the ArresteePopulation Sex Male Female Type of residence (past 30 days) Private apartment/condo/hotel House or mobile home Public housing Emergency or short-term shelter Jail or prison Half-way or honors facility Drug or alcohol treatment facility No fixed residence or on the street Other Any biological children* No Yes Most serious offense at arrest* Violent Drug Property Other Prior arrest (past 12 months) No Yes Prior incarceration (past 12 months) No Yes Total % % % 37.7 52.0 0.2 0.5 0.6 1.2 0.0 7.6 0.2 42.3 48.7 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.4 6.6 0.4 38.7 51.3 0.2 0.5 0.5 1.1 0.1 7.4 0.2 43.0 57.0 27.7 72.3 39.5 60.5 17.6 24.8 20.3 37.3 10.3 24.1 25.8 39.8 15.9 24.7 21.5 37.9 57.0 43.0 54.9 45.1 56.5 43.5 58.4 41.6 57.0 43.0 58.1 41.9 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 15 Chapter 2: Patterns of Drug Use One of the most important features of the AARIN project is that it captures drug use in multiple ways, both through self-reporting in the interview (lifetime use, past 12 months, past 30 days, and past 3 days) and by urinalysis. This chapter focuses on patterns of drug use – alcohol, marijuana, methamphetamine, cocaine (crack and powder), and opiates – within the arrestee sample across both data collection measures, as well as usage by sex, offender type, and race/ethnicity. Exhibits 3 through 5 show self-reported lifetime and recent (30-day) drug use, as well as urinalysis results by sex and by drug type. These findings are summarized in Exhibit 6. The findings by drug type are discussed below. Alcohol Nearly all arrestees self-reported alcohol use during their lifetimes (95.7% for males, 94.6% for females). Alcohol use was common within 30 days prior to arrest, although there was some variation by sex (69.2% for males, 61% for females). Although Exhibit 6 shows that nearly half of arrestees (47.4%) self-reported alcohol use in the three days prior to arrest, just 12.3% of males and 8.9% of females tested positive for alcohol at the time of arrest. The average age of first use of alcohol for the sample was 14.7 years. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 16 Exhibit 3. Lifetime Drug Use by Sex (n = 2,105) 100 95.7 94.6 90 78.2 80 80.8 Percent 70 60 52.4 50 50.6 48.0 41.2 40 35.1 30.2 30 16.5 18.1 20 10 0 Alcohol Marijuana Meth* Male * p<.05 Crack Cocaine* Powder Cocaine opiates Female Exhibit 4. Past 30 Day Drug Use by Sex (n = 2,105) 100 90 80 Percent 70 60 69.2 61.0 50 39.1 40 35.7 26.8 30 18.8 20 8.1 10 12.4 9.7 7.4 4.4 6.2 0 Alcohol* * p<.05 Marijuana Meth* Crack Cocaine* Powder Cocaine Male AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Female opiates Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 17 Exhibit 5. Postitive UA Results by Sex (n = 2,105) 100 90 80 Percent 70 60 50 40 35.6 20 10 30.1 27.6 30 20.7 12.3 20.1 18.8 8.9 6.0 7.0 0 Alcohol* Marijuana* * p<.05 Meth* Male Cocaine opiates Female Marijuana Marijuana was the most frequently used drug within the sample, based on arrestee self-reporting. Approximately 79% of arrestees indicated marijuana use during their lifetime (78.2% for males, 80.8% for females); 39% of males and 36% of females reported use within the month prior to arrest. One-third of arrestees tested positive for marijuana at the time of arrest, although positive tests were more common for male arrestees (35.6%) than for their female counterparts (27.6%). The average age of first marijuana use was 14.5 years. Methamphetamine Just under half of the arrestee sample self-reported methamphetamine use during their lifetime, although Exhibit 3 shows use was more common among female arrestees (52.4%) than among males (41.2%). About one-quarter and one-fifth of arrestees reported methamphetamine use in the past 12 months and past 30 days, respectively, with use again more common among female arrestees. Nearly one-third of female arrestees (30.1%) tested positive for methamphetamines, compared with 20.7% of male arrestees. The average age of first methamphetamine use was 21.6 years. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 18 Crack and Powder Cocaine Exhibit 6. Drug Use Results for Male and Female Arrestees Based on self-report data, we are able to present separate results for crack and powder cocaine in Exhibits 3 and 4. Since urinalysis testing is unable to distinguish between the two forms, the UA test results in Exhibit 5 show a single cocaine measure. Exhibit 3 shows that on the lifetime measure, powder cocaine was used more commonly than crack within the arrestee sample. Half of all arrestees indicated at least some powder cocaine use during their lifetime, while only about one-third indicated any crack use. Exhibit 4 shows that 7% to 12% of the arrestees in the sample had used some form of cocaine in the last 30 days before arrest, with crack cocaine use being more common among female arrestees. Interestingly, although 6.6% of the arrestees self-reported crack use in the three days prior to arrest and 4.7% self-reported powder cocaine use during the same time period (Exhibit 6), 19.8% tested positive for cocaine immediately following arrest. Opiates Opiate use was infrequent within the arrestee sample. Approximately 17% of those in the sample indicated any use during their lifetime, with 4.8% indicating use in the previous 30 days and 3.4% indicating use in the previous three days. Six percent of men and 7% of women tested positive for opiate use. Urinalysis Results by Offender Type In an effort to explore drug use patterns across offender types, all arrestees were classified as violent, property, drug, or other offender, based on the charges that resulted in their recent arrests. Of the 2,105 arrestees in the 2008 AARIN study, 15.9% were violent offenders, 24.7% were property offenders, AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Sex Total Male Female % % % 95.7 77.7 69.2 51.0 12.3 14.6 94.6 73.8 61.0 35.3 8.9 15.0 95.4 76.8 67.3 47.4 11.5 14.7 78.2 46.4 39.1 26.2 35.6 14.3 80.8 43.9 35.7 21.9 27.6 14.9 78.8 45.8 38.3 25.2 33.7 14.5 41.2 24.0 18.8 11.9 20.7 21.8 52.4 34.2 26.8 17.9 30.1 21.3 43.8 26.4 20.6 13.3 22.9 21.6 30.2 10.8 8.1 5.8 20.1 23.3 35.1 15.9 12.4 9.1 18.8 22.4 31.4 12.0 9.1 6.6 19.8 23.0 50.6 16.3 9.7 5.2 20.1 19.0 48.0 15.1 7.4 2.7 18.8 19.0 50.0 16.0 9.2 4.7 19.8 19.0 16.5 6.4 4.4 3.0 6.0 22.4 18.1 8.7 6.2 4.7 7.0 22.1 16.9 6.9 4.8 3.4 6.2 22.4 Alcohol Lifetime Past 12 month Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Age of first use (mean) Marijuana Lifetime Past 12 month Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA* Age of first use (mean)* Methamphetamine Lifetime* Past 12 month* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Age of first use (mean) Crack Cocaine Lifetime* Past 12 month* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA Age of first use (mean) Powder Cocaine Lifetime Past 12 month Past 30 days Past 3 days* Positive UA Age of first use (mean) Opiates Lifetime Past 12 month Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Age of first use (mean) * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 19 21.5% were drug offenders, and 37.9% were classified as other offenders. Drug use patterns within each offender type are discussed below. (See Exhibit 10 for a complete summary of these results.) Violent Offenders and UA Results Exhibit 7 shows urinalysis results for both male and female violent offenders. Violent offenders most commonly tested positive for marijuana, although this was far more common among male offenders (33% vs. 12% for females). From 14% to 16% of violent offenders tested positive for alcohol, methamphetamine, and cocaine (Exhibit 10), although methamphetamine use was substantially higher among female violent offenders (22% vs. 12.6% for males). Positive tests for opiate use were infrequent for both male and female violent offenders. Property Offenders and UA Results Exhibit 8 shows that approximately one-third of property offenders tested positive both for marijuana and for methamphetamines, with notable variations by sex. In particular, marijuana use was significantly more common among male property offenders (34.1% vs. 22.4% for females), while female property offenders recorded slightly higher positive tests for methamphetamines (31.2% vs. 27.4% for males). Male property offenders also more frequently tested positive for alcohol (9.1% vs. 4.8% for females) and cocaine (23.2% vs. 16.8% for females). Opiate use was relatively infrequent (6.6% overall). Drug Offenders and UA Results The most common drugs of choice for drug offenders were marijuana, methamphetamines, and, to a lesser extent, cocaine (Exhibit 9). About 40% of drug offenders tested positive for marijuana (41.5% for males and 36.8% for females). Methamphetamine use was much more common among female drug offenders, as nearly one-third tested positive (compared with 19.4% for male drug offenders). Approximately one-quarter also tested positive for cocaine, and 16% tested positive for alcohol, which was more common among males – 17.2% vs. 12% for females. Opiate use was, again, infrequent. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 20 Exhibit 7. Violent Offender Positive UA Results by Sex (n = 335) 35 33.0 30 Percent 25 22.0 20 16.8 16.1 15 12.0 12.6 12.0 10.0 10 6.7 4.0 5 0 Alcohol Marijuana* * p<.05 Meth Male Cocaine opiates Female Exhibit 8. Property Offender Positive UA Results by Sex (n = 335) 35 40 33.0 34.1 35 30 31.2 30 25 27.4 22.0 Percent Percent 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 23.2 22.4 16.8 16.1 16.8 12.0 12.6 12.0 10.0 9.1 6.7 6.7 4.8 6.4 4.0 00 Alcohol Alcohol **p<.05 p<.05 Marijuana** Marijuana Meth Male Female Male AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Cocaine Cocaine opiates opiates Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 21 Exhibit 9. Drug Offender Positive UA Results by Sex (n = 335) 4535 33.0 41.5 4030 36.8 35 25 30 Percent Percent 20 25 2015 32.5 22.0 24.8 24.4 16.8 16.1 17.2 15 10 19.4 12.0 12.6 12.0 10.0 12.0 6.7 10 5 9.4 6.2 5 4.0 00 Alcohol Alcohol * p<.05 * p<.05 Marijuana* Marijuana Meth Meth* Male Cocaine Cocaine opiates opiates Female Male Self-Reported Drug Use among Male Offenders Exhibits 11 and 12 indicate self-reported drug use in the past 12 months for male offenders by offender type. This discussion is organized by drug type. Alcohol Alcohol use was prevalent across all types of male offenders. Admitted alcohol use was most common among male violent offenders (84.9%) and drug offenders (83.6%), although nearly three-quarters of property and other offenders also admitted use (72% and 73.7%). Marijuana Approximately half of all violent, drug, and property offenders self-reported marijuana use in the past 12 months (49.5%, 48.3%, and 48.8%, respectively); marijuana use was less common among other male offenders (42.5%). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 22 Opiates Exhibit 10. Positive UA Results by Sex and Type of Offender Consistent with drug testing results, opiate use was infrequent within the sample of male arrestees. Opiate use was most common among male property offenders, of whom 11.3% admitted use. The rate of use among drug offenders was 7.2%, and among male violent and other offenders, it did not exceed 5%. Crack and Powder Cocaine Admitted crack cocaine use was highest among male property offenders (16.5%). Rates of admitted crack use among male violent, drug, and other offenders approached 10%. Alternatively, male drug offenders posted the highest rate of admitted powder cocaine use (20.4%), with violent and property offenders at slightly lower rates (17.2% and 17.1%). Among other male offenders, 12.7% indicated powder cocaine use in the past 12 months. Methamphetamine Methamphetamine use was most frequent among male property offenders (29.3%), although approximately onequarter of both drug and other offenders also indicated use within the last 12 months. Admitted methamphetamine use was substantially lower among violent male offenders; only 16.1% admitted use. Male % Violent Offenders Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Drug Offenders Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates Property Offenders Alcohol Marijuana * Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Other Offenders Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine * Cocaine Opiates Sex Female % % 16.1 33.0 12.6 16.8 6.7 12.0 12.0 22.0 10.0 4.0 15.5 29.9 14.0 15.8 6.3 17.2 41.5 19.4 24.4 6.2 12.0 36.8 32.5 24.8 9.4 16.0 40.5 22.4 24.5 6.9 9.1 34.1 27.4 23.2 6.7 4.8 22.4 31.2 16.8 6.4 7.9 30.9 28.5 21.4 6.6 9.1 33.6 21.7 17.1 5.1 8.8 29.5 30.1 18.7 6.7 9.0 32.6 23.7 17.4 5.5 * Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Total Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 23 Exhibit 11. Male Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type (n = 1,619) 90 84.9 83.6 80 72.0 73.7 70 60 49.5 Percent 50 48.3 48.8 42.5 40 30 20 10 4.9 7.2 11.3 3.8 0 Alcohol* *p< .05 Marijuana* Violent Drug opiates* Property other Exhibit 12. Male Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type (n = 1,619) 35 29.3 30 23.9 25 20.4 Percent 20 17.2 16.5 15 10 17.1 16.1 12.7 9.8 8.5 9.8 5 0 Crack Cocaine* *p< .05 Powder Cocaine* Violent Drug Property Meth* other AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 25.0 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 24 Exhibit 13 provides a sum- Exhibit 13. Drug Abuse Among Violent, Property, mary of all indicators of and Drug Male Offenders drug use for male offenders, by offender type. Drug use patterns do vary noProperty Violent Drug Other tably by offender type, Offenders Offenders Offenders Offenders particularly for property % % % % offenders. Male property Alcohol offenders use crack cocaine Lifetime* 96.1 98.0 93.0 95.4 and methamphetamines Past 12 months* 84.9 83.6 72.0 73.7 significantly more than Past 30 days* 75.8 76.4 64.9 63.7 other male offenders. OpiPast 3 days* 55.8 59.7 48.2 44.5 ate use is low for all male Positive UA* 16.1 17.2 9.1 9.1 offenders, with rates being Marijuana highest for property ofLifetime 77.9 75.1 78.4 80.5 fenders. Alternatively, alcoPast 12 months* 49.5 48.3 48.8 42.5 hol use was common for all Past 30 days 42.5 41.0 42.1 34.6 offenders, with property Past 3 days 27.0 31.3 26.8 22.0 offenders having the lowPositive UA* 33.0 41.5 34.1 33.6 est rates. Male drug offendCrack ers post the highest rates Lifetime* 24.6 26.9 37.2 31.5 of powder cocaine use and Past 12 months* 9.8 8.5 16.5 9.8 recent marijuana use. Past 30 days* 8.4 6.0 11.9 7.3 Self-Reported Drug Use among Female Offenders Exhibits 14 and 15 indicate self-reported drug use in the past 12 months for female offenders by offender type. This discussion is again organized by drug type. Past 3 days* Positive UA* Powder Cocaine Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Opiates Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA Methamphetamine Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* 4.2 16.8 4.2 24.4 10.1 23.2 5.3 17.1 44.6 17.2 10.9 6.7 16.8 54.7 20.4 13.7 7.7 24.4 53.0 17.1 8.8 4.6 23.2 49.3 12.7 7.0 3.3 17.1 13.0 4.9 3.5 1.4 6.7 15.9 7.2 5.0 3.2 6.2 21.3 11.3 8.5 5.8 6.7 15.9 3.8 2.3 2.2 5.1 35.4 16.1 14.0 6.7 12.6 38.8 23.9 17.7 11.7 19.4 45.7 29.3 25.3 17.7 27.4 43.2 25.0 18.2 11.4 21.7 * Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 25 Alcohol Alcohol use is prevalent across all types of female offenders. Admitted alcohol use is most common among female other, drug, and violent offenders (77.2%, 75.2%, and 72.0% respectively); 68% of female property offenders also admitted use. Marijuana Approximately half of all female drug offenders self-reported marijuana use in the past 12 months (51.3%). Marijuana use was slightly less common among property and other offenders (41.6% and 45.1%), and much less common among female violent offenders (just 28%). Opiates Opiate use was infrequent among the sample of female arrestees, especially those classified as violent (2%). Use was most common among female drug offenders, with 12.8% admitting use. Use among female property and other offenders was at 7.2% and 8.8%, respectively. Crack and Powder Cocaine Admitted crack cocaine use was highest among female drug offenders (22.2%). Rates of admitted crack use among female property and other offenders were slightly less (16.8% and 13.5%). Violent female offenders posted the lowest rate of admitted crack use (8%). The patterns of powder cocaine use matched the crack findings, with female drug offenders indicating the highest rate (19.7%), followed by property (17.6%), other (11.9%), and violent (10%) offenders. Methamphetamine Just over one-third of female drug, property, and other offenders indicated methamphetamine use in the past 12 months (36.8%, 36.8%, and 35.2%). Admitted methamphetamine use was substantially lower for female violent offenders; only 18% admitted use. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 26 Exhibit 14. Female Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type (n = 485) 90 80 77.2 75.2 72 68.0 70 Percent 60 51.3 50 41.6 45.1 40 28.0 30 20 12.8 10 7.2 2.0 8.8 0 Alcohol *p< .05 Marijuana* Violent Drug opiates Property other Exhibit 15. Female Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type (n = 485) 40 36.8 36.8 35 30 Percent 25 22.2 19.7 20 15 10 18.0 17.6 16.8 13.5 10.0 8.0 11.9 5 0 Crack Cocaine *p< .05 Violent Powder Cocaine Drug Property AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Meth other 35.2 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 27 Exhibit 16. Drug Abuse Among Violent, Property, and Drug Female Offenders Property Violent Drug Offenders Offenders Offenders % % % Other Offenders % Alcohol Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Marijuana Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA* Crack Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days* Past 3 days Positive UA Powder Cocaine Lifetime* Past 12 months Past 30 days* Past 3 days Positive UA Opiates Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA 88.0 72.0 60.0 34.0 12.0 95.7 75.2 64.1 41.0 12.0 93.6 68.0 60.0 33.6 4.8 96.4 77.2 60.1 33.2 8.8 66.0 28.0 26.0 16.0 12.0 88.9 51.3 41.0 27.4 36.8 76.8 41.6 31.2 17.6 22.4 82.4 45.1 37.8 22.8 29.5 22.0 8.0 4.0 4.0 10.0 40.2 22.2 21.4 14.5 24.8 36.8 16.8 12.0 8.8 16.8 34.2 13.5 9.3 7.3 18.7 36.0 10.0 2.0 0.0 10.0 57.3 19.7 13.7 5.1 24.8 50.4 17.6 7.2 1.6 16.8 44.0 11.9 5.2 2.6 18.7 8.0 2.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 24.8 12.8 10.3 6.8 9.4 16.8 7.2 5.6 4.8 6.4 17.6 8.8 5.7 4.7 6.7 38.0 18.0 14.0 10.0 22.0 54.7 36.8 28.2 23.9 32.5 52.0 36.8 28.0 20.0 31.2 54.9 35.2 28.5 15.0 30.1 Methamphetamine Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days* Positive UA * Chi-square significant at p < .05. Exhibit 16 provides a summary of all indicators of drug use for female offenders, by offender type. As with male offenders, drug use patterns do vary notably by offender type, but for females, it is the violent offenders who stand out. Across the board, violent female offenders used drugs less than other offenders. This finding is especially stark for marijuana, crack and powder cocaine, and methamphetamines (see the lifetime use measure and UA results). Alternatively, powder and crack cocaine use, as well as opiate use, was notably higher for female drug offenders. Drug Abuse and Race/Ethnicity Prior research indicates that patterns of drug use often vary by race/ethnicity, and this finding is confirmed in the 2008 AARIN data. Exhibit 17 shows positive UA results by race/ethnicity. In some cases, racial differences in drug use were dramatic. For example, the rate of positive tests for alcohol among Native Americans was 33.3%, which was three times as high as the rates for white and Hispanic arrestees and eight times as high as the rate for Black arrestees. Native Americans posted the lowest rate of positive tests for methamphetamine AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 28 (9.9%) and cocaine (11.7%), however. Black arrestees most frequently tested positive for marijuana (44.7%) and cocaine (30.7%), but rarely tested positive for methamphetamines (12.3%). White arrestees were most likely to test positive for methamphetamines (29.6%). Hispanic/Latino arrestees were not notably different from other race/ethnic groups with regard to drug use patterns, although they recorded the second highest percentage for methamphetamines (20.4%) and for cocaine (22.4%). Opiate use was infrequent for all arrestees, although white arrestees had the highest percentage of positive test results (8.3%). Exhibits 18 through 21 examine drug use patterns among each race/ethnic group by sex. (See Table 7 for a summary of these findings). Exhibit 17. Positive US Results by Race/Ethnicity (n = 2,091) 50 44.7 45 40 35 33.3 33.7 33.3 28.8 Percent 30 30.7 29.6 25 22.4 20.4 20 15.6 15 11.3 12.3 11.1 5 11.7 9.9 10 8.3 5.5 4.5 3.8 0 Alcohol* * p<.05 Marijuana* White Black Meth* Hispanic/Latino AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Cocaine* native American opiates* 4.5 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 29 White Arrestees Exhibit 18 shows drug test results for male and female white arrestees. There were a number of notable differences by sex: Methamphetamine use was significantly more common among females than males (38% vs. 26.6%), but marijuana and alcohol use were more frequent among males (36.6% vs. 25.9%; 12.5% vs. 8%, respectively). Both cocaine use (15% and 17%) and opiate use (8% and 9%) did not vary by sex for white arrestees. Black Arrestees Among Black arrestees, males and females differed notably on only one drug, marijuana. Male Black arrestees tested positive for marijuana substantially more often than female Black arrestees (49.6% vs. 31.3%). Approximately 30% of Black arrestees tested positive for cocaine (31.9% for males, 27.7% for females), and from 12% to 15% tested positive for methamphetamines (11.5% for males, 14.5% for females). Positive results for alcohol and opiates were much less common and did not vary by sex. Hispanic/Latino Arrestees Approximately 29% of Hispanic/Latino arrestees (both male and female) tested positive for marijuana. Male and female Hispanic arrestees recorded similar rates of positive drug tests for cocaine (22.6% vs. 21.3%) and opiates (3.7% v. 4.3%), but there were notable differences for methamphetamines and alcohol. Positive tests for methamphetamines were much more common for female Hispanic/Latina arrestees (30.9% vs. 18.7% for males), while positive tests for alcohol were slightly more common for male Hispanic/Latino arrestees (11.9% vs. 6.4% for females). Native American Arrestees Male and female Native American arrestees differed notably across several drugs that were tested for as part of the AARIN project. Male Native American arrestees were much more likely to test positive for alcohol (37.7% vs. 23.5% for females), marijuana (36.4% vs. 26.5% for females), and to a lesser extent, cocaine (13% vs. 8.8% for females) and opiates (5.2% vs. 2.9% for females). Alternatively, female Native American arrestees were slightly more likely than their male counterparts to test positive for methamphetamines (11.8% vs. 9.1%). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 30 Exhibit 18. Postive UA Results for Whites by Sex (n = 985) 40 38.0 36.6 35 30 26.6 25.9 Percent 25 20 15 17.1 15.1 12.5 10 8.2 8.0 8.7 5 0 Alcohol * Marijuana* Meth * Male * p<.05 Cocaine opiates Female Exhibit 19. Postive UA Results for Blacks by Sex (n = 309) 60 49.6 50 40 31.9 Percent 31.3 30 27.7 20 14.5 11.5 10 4.4 5.3 4.8 6.0 0 Alcohol * p<.05 Marijuana * Male Meth Cocaine Female AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 opiates Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 31 Exhibit 20. Postive UA Results for Hispanics/Latinos by Sex (n = 666) 35 30.9 28.8 30 28.7 25 22.6 20 18.7 Percent 15 21.3 11.9 10 6.4 5 3.7 4.3 0 Alcohol Marijuana Meth* Male * p<.05 Cocaine opiates Female Exhibit 21. Postive UA Results for Native Americans by Sex (n = 111) 40 37.7 36.4 35 30 Percent 25 26.5 23.5 20 15 11.8 13.0 9.1 10 8.8 5.2 5 2.9 0 Alcohol * p<.05 Marijuana* Meth* Male Cocaine Female AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 opiates College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 32 Exhibit 22. Positive UA Results by Sex and Race/Ethnicity of Arrestees Sex Total Male Female % % % 12.5 36.6 26.6 15.1 8.2 8.0 25.9 38.0 17.1 8.7 11.3 33.7 29.6 15.6 8.3 4.4 49.6 11.5 31.9 5.3 4.8 31.3 14.5 27.7 6.0 4.5 44.7 12.3 30.7 5.5 11.9 28.8 18.7 22.6 3.7 6.4 28.7 30.9 21.3 4.3 11.1 28.8 20.4 22.4 3.8 37.7 36.4 9.1 13.0 5.2 23.5 26.5 11.8 8.8 2.9 33.3 33.3 9.9 11.7 4.5 White Arrestees Alcohol* Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates Black Arrestees Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Hispanic/Latino Arrestees Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates Native American Arrestees Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates * Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 33 Chapter 3: Drug Abuse and Treatment Experience Interviewers asked arrestees in the 2008 AARIN sample to self-report drug use, to disclose their drug dependency issues as well as prior and current treatment experiences, and to assess their levels of need for substance abuse treatment. The AARIN project collects these data in order to identify levels of treatment needed by the arrestee population and to assess how well current treatment strategies used by the county are “hitting the target population.” Moreover, the data help to guide development and implementation of evidence-based policies and programs and to direct (or re-direct) resource allocation to fill treatment gaps for this population (Rodriguez, 2008). This chapter presents the results the 2008 sample’s responses about drug dependency and treatment experiences, and it explores the relationship between confirmed drug use (UA results) and treatment needs. The findings are shown by drug in Exhibits 23 through 28, and summary results are found in Exhibit 29. Exhibit 30 shows the relationship of self-reported drug dependency and treatment need to confirmed drug use (UA results). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 34 Alcohol Dependency and Treatment Exhibit 23 shows alcohol dependency and treatment information for the 2008 AARIN sample, by sex. Approximately 14% of males and of females who claimed alcohol use in the 12 months prior to arrest also indicated that they were dependent on alcohol. Few of them were currently in alcohol treatment (2.3% of males and 3.3% of females), although nearly 15% of males and of females indicated that they had received alcohol treatment at sometime in the past. Males were more likely than females to state that they were currently in need of treatment for alcohol - 16.9% vs. 12.2%. Marijuana Exhibit 23: Dependency and Alcohol Treatment by Sex (n = 2,005) 18 16 16.9 14.4 14.6 14.4 13.5 14 12.2 12 Percent 10 8 6 4 3.3 2.3 2 0 Males * p<.05 Dependent Currently Receiving treatment Females Prior treatment Dependency and Treatment Of arrestees claiming marijuana use, 12.6% of males and 11.0% of females stated that they were dependent (Exhibit 24). Few of them were currently receiving treatment (1% of males and 2% of females), although prior experiences in treatment were more common (7.3% of males and 8.4% of females). As with the alcohol findings, males were more likely than females to indicate the need for treatment for marijuana dependence (9.2% vs. 6.4%). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Could Use treatment Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 35 Exhibit 24: Dependency and Marijuana Treatment by Sex (n = 1,654) 14 12.6 12 11.0 10 9.2 Percent 8.4 8 7.3 6.4 6 4 2.0 2 1.0 0 Males * p<.05 Dependent Females Currently Receiving treatment Prior treatment Could Use treatment Exhibit 25: Dependency and Crack Cocaine Treatment by Sex (n = 660) 30 24.1 25 20 18.2 Percent 17.3 15.1 15 10 14.7 7.8 4.7 5 2.0 0 Males * p<.05 Dependent Females Currently Receiving treatment Prior treatment AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Could Use treatment College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 36 Crack Cocaine Dependency and Treatment Exhibit 25 shows that female arrestees were much more likely than their male counterparts to state that they were dependent on crack cocaine (14.7% vs. 7.8%). Female arrestees were twice as likely to have been currently receiving treatment for dependence, although current treatment experiences were still rare (4.7% for females, 2% for males). Females were also more likely to have past treatment experiences (18.2% vs. 15.1% for males), and they were significantly more likely to indicate a current need for treatment (24.1% vs. 17.3% for males). Powder Cocaine Dependency and Treatment As with crack cocaine, female arrestees were twice as likely as males to state that they were dependent on powder cocaine - 14.2% vs. 7.7% (Exhibit 26). Current treatment experiences were again rare, although 11.6% females indicated having received treatment for powder cocaine dependency in the past (compared with 6.6% of males). Interestingly, and in contrast to crack cocaine, equally low percentages of males and females indicated that they were currently in need of treatment for powder cocaine dependence (7.2% and 8.6%, respectively). Exhibit 26: Dependency and Powder Cocaine Treatment by Sex (n = 1,052) 16 14.2 14 11.6 12 Percent 10 8 8.6 7.7 6.6 7.2 6 4 2 1.3 0.4 0 Males * p<.05 Dependent Currently Receiving treatment AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Females Prior treatment Could Use treatment Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 37 Exhibit 27: Dependency and Opiate Treatment by Sex (n = 335) 35 30.7 29.5 30 27.3 25 Percent 20 18.0 16.9 18.7 15 10 5.7 3.7 5 0 Males * p<.05 Dependent Females Currently Receiving treatment Prior treatment Could Use treatment Exhibit 28: Dependency and Methamphetamine Treatment by Sex (n = 921) 35 31.9 30 26.8 25 23.8 23.4 Percent 20 17.7 14.1 15 10 5.1 5 2.8 0 Males * p<.05 Dependent Currently Receiving treatment Females Prior treatment AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Could Use treatment College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 38 Opiate Dependency and Treatment Although opiate use was infrequent among the arrestee population (note that only 355 arrestees indicated use in the past 12 months), a substantial percentage of those users indicated that they were dependent. Among them, nearly 30% of females and 18% of males stated that they were dependent. Current involvement in treatment was rare; prior treatment experiences were more common, especially for female arrestees (27.3%, compared with 16.9% for males). More than 30% of female arrestees stated that they were in need of treatment, compared with 18.7% of male arrestees. Methamphetamine Dependency and Treatment Exhibit 29. Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment By Sex Males % Females % Total % 14.4 12.6 7.8 7.7 18.0 23.4 13.5 11.0 14.7 14.2 29.5 31.9 14.2 12.2 9.5 9.1 20.8 25.7 Alcohol Marijuana Crack Powder cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine 2.3 1.0 2.0 0.4 3.7 2.8 3.3 2.0 4.7 1.3 5.7 5.1 2.5 1.3 2.7 0.6 4.2 3.5 Alcohol Marijuana Crack Powder cocaine* Opiates* Methamphetamine Could Use Treatment Alcohol* Marijuana Crack* Powder cocaine Opiates* Methamphetamine 14.4 7.3 15.1 6.6 16.9 14.1 14.6 8.4 18.2 11.6 27.3 17.7 14.4 7.6 15.9 7.7 19.4 15.1 16.9 12.2 15.8 8.5 19.1 7.5 21.7 24.6 Dependent Alcohol Marijuana Crack* Powder cocaine* Opiates* Methamphetamine* Currently Receiving Treatment Prior Treatment Nearly one-third (31.9%) of fe9.2 6.4 male arrestees who self-report17.3 24.1 ed methamphetamine use in 7.2 8.6 the past 12 months stated that 18.7 30.7 they were dependent, compared 23.8 26.8 with nearly one-quarter (23.4%) * Chi-square significant at p < .05. of male arrestees. Current treatment experiences were again infrequent, although it was about twice as common for female arrestees (5.1% vs. 2.8% for males). Prior experiences in treatment for methamphetamine dependence were more common, again more so for females (17.7% vs. 14.1% for males). Approximately one-quarter of males and of females (23.8% and 26.8%) stated that they were currently in need of treatment for methamphetamine dependence. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 39 Dependency, Treatment Need and Confirmed Use Exhibit 30 shows a strong relationship between self-reported drug and alcohol dependence, assessments of treatment need, and confirmed use (UA results). That is, those who tested positive for drugs and alcohol were more likely to acknowledge dependence and a need for treatment than those who tested negative for those substances. These findings suggest that the majority of arrestees were candid and truthful in their self-report responses. Exhibit 30. Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment History By Sex and UA Results Males Females Negative Positive Negative Positive % % % % 12.0 5.7 3.9 3.8 7.4 15.0 30.5 21.3 15.7 18.2 61.5 34.9 11.1 7.1 10.8 4.2 15.6 18.8 38.1 19.2 20.6 40.0 66.7 43.1 Alcohol Marijuana Crack Powder cocaine* Opiates Methamphetamine 2.2 0.9 1.2 0.0 2.8 1.8 3.0 1.3 3.8 1.4 7.7 4.3 2.9 1.9 3.9 1.2 4.7 4.3 7.1 2.4 5.9 1.5 8.3 5.8 Alcohol* Marijuana* Crack * Powder cocaine Opiates* Methamphetamine* Could Use Treatment Alcohol* Marijuana* Crack * Powder cocaine* Opiates* Methamphetamine* 12.9 4.7 10.3 5.7 10.7 10.6 24.0 10.5 25.2 9.1 42.3 18.9 12.3 7.9 9.8 10.1 17.2 12.0 38.1 9.6 30.9 15.4 54.2 22.6 14.4 5.0 8.8 4.0 9.8 14.0 33.5 14.5 35.2 15.9 55.8 37.4 9.9 5.3 6.9 5.4 12.5 14.5 35.7 8.8 50.0 16.9 79.2 37.2 Dependent Alcohol* Marijuana* Crack * Powder cocaine* Opiates* Methamphetamine* Currently Receiving Treatment Prior Treatment * Chi-square significant at p < .05. Among both males and females, those who tested positive for alcohol use were much more likely than those who tested negative to indicate dependence, prior treatment experiences, and current treatment need. For example, 33.5% of males and 35.7% of females who tested positive for alcohol indicated that they could use treatment, compared with just 14.4% of males and 9.9% of females who tested negative for alcohol. Male and female arrestees who tested positive for marijuana were also more likely to indicate dependence. For males, 21.3% of those who tested positive indicated dependence compared to just 5.7% of those who tested negative. A similar finding is reported for females (19.2% for those testing positive, 7.1% for those testing negative). Although both males and females who tested positive for marijuana were more AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 40 likely to have had prior treatment experiences than their counterparts who tested negative, there were differences between males and females in their assessments of current treatment need. Males who tested positive for marijuana were more likely to feel they needed treatment than males who tested negative (14.5% vs. 5%). For females however, there was little difference between assessments of treatment need among those who tested positive (8.8%) and those who tested negative (5.3%) Similar results are found for the remaining drugs. The findings are particularly dramatic for methamphetamines and opiates, however. Exhibit 30 shows that among those testing positive for methamphetamines, 37.4% of males and 37.2% of females indicated that they were in need of treatment. Among those who tested negative, 14% of males and 14.5% of females felt they needed treatment. For those who tested positive for opiates, 55.8% of males and 79.2% of females felt they needed treatment, compared with 9.8% of males and 12.5% of females among those testing negative. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 41 Chapter 4: Firearms and Violent Crimes The AARIN survey instrument includes a series of questions relating to arrestees’ experiences with firearms including handguns, rifles, shotguns, and semi-automatic and fully automatic weapons. Arrestees self-report whether or not they have had possession of firearms throughout their lifetime, during the last 12 months prior to arrest, and in the past 30 days, and how they acquired the firearm. This chapter presents findings related to firearms possession and acquisition for the 2008 AARIN sample, and also explores the relationships between gun possession and offender type, victimization, and drug use patterns. Exhibit 31 shows that most arrestees in the 2008 sample had not possessed firearms in their lifetime. Approximately one-quarter had possessed a handgun or rifle/shotgun (26.2% and 23.3%, respectively) in their lifetime, compared with 15.4% and 7.0% who had possessed semi-automatic and fully automatic weapons. In the past 12 months, fewer than 10% reported possession of any type of firearm, with handguns (9.1%) and rifle/shotguns (7.6%) being most common. In the 30 days prior to arrest, firearms possession dipped to 6% or below in all firearm categories. Exhibit 32 shows method of acquisition for those who possessed firearms. Regardless of firearm type, the most common acquisition method was legal purchase (“bought it”), ranging from 68.2% for handgun/pistols to 60.4% for rifle/shotguns. The second most common acquisition method across all firearm types was having received the weapon as a gift. This method was particularly common for rifle/shotguns (29.3%). Very few gun owners stated that they had obtained their firearms through theft, from a high of 3.4% for fully automatic weapons to a low of 1.2% for rifleshotguns. Renting and trading for firearms were infrequent methods of acquisition. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 42 Firearms Ownership Among Violent Offenders Exhibit 33 shows patterns of gun ownership among arrestees who were violent offenders. Rates of ownership among the violent offender subsample were slightly higher than the entire arrestee sample by about 3% across the board (compare Exhibits 31 and 33). Lifetime ownership of a firearm ranges from a high of 29.9% for a handgun/pistol to a low of 7.2% for a fully automatic firearm. Within 30 days prior to arrest, 10.7% of violent offenders had owned a handgun and 7.8% had owned a rifle or shotgun. Consistent with findings from the entire sample, the majority of violent offenders had acquired their firearms through legitimate purchase (“bought it”): handgun/pistol (72%), rifle/shotgun (68.5%), semi-automatic (73.8%), and fully automatic (65.2%). The second most common acquisition method was receiving the firearm as a gift. No more than about 3% of violent offenders had acquired any type of firearm by theft. Exhibit 33 also shows the relationship between gun ownership, victimization, and drug test results. Victimization was a common experience among violent offenders who owned guns. Approximately one-third of violent offenders who owned a handgun/pistol, rifle/shotgun, or semi-automatic had been threatened with a gun within the last 12 months. Among those who owned a fully automatic firearm, 41.7% had been threatened with a firearm within the last year. Similar rates occurred for the other victimization measure, being assaulted without a weapon. Exhibit 31. Firearm Ownership/Possession, by Type of Weapon 30 26.2 25 23.3 Percent 20 15.4 15 9.1 10 7.6 7.0 6.1 5.9 5 2.6 5.4 3.8 1.9 0 Lifetime * p<.05 Handgun/pistol Past 12 months Rifle/shotgun AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 semi-automatic Past 30 days Fully automatic Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 43 Exhibit 32. Firearm Ownership/Possession and Method of Acquisition Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Acquisition Method Bought it Rented it Traded something for it Borrowed it Gift Stole it Other SemiFully automatic automatic % % Handgun/pistol Rifle/shotgun % % 26.2 9.1 6.1 23.3 7.6 5.4 15.4 5.9 3.8 7.0 2.6 1.9 68.2 0.0 2.4 7.5 14.4 2.4 5.1 60.4 0.2 1.0 5.4 29.3 1.2 0.0 66.5 0.0 1.6 7.2 19.7 1.9 0.0 62.3 0.0 0.7 11.6 13.0 3.4 0.0 Note: Values for acquisition method reflect most recent possession/ownership of a firearm. Exhibit 33. Firearm Ownership/Possession, Method of Acquisition, Victimization, and Drug Use Among Violent Offenders Handgun/pistol Rifle/shotgun Semi-automatic Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Acquisition method Bought it Rented it Traded something for it Borrowed it Gift Stole it Other Fully automatic % % % % 29.9 14.0 10.7 26.6 11.3 7.8 19.7 7.5 5.7 7.2 0.9 0.6 72.0 0.0 1.0 6.0 14.0 3.0 4.0 68.5 0.0 0.0 4.5 24.7 2.2 0.0 73.8 0.0 1.5 4.6 13.8 3.1 3.1 65.2 0.0 0.0 8.7 17.4 0.0 8.7 30.0 30.0 28.1 31.5 31.8 34.8 41.7 45.8 14.0 36.0 20.0 9.0 19.0 16.9 38.2 15.7 7.9 15.7 9.1 43.9 12.1 9.1 16.7 8.3 41.7 16.7 8.3 33.3 Victimization Threatened with a gun Assaulted/attacked without a weapon Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana Cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine Note: Values for acquisition method reflect most recent possession/ownership of a firearm AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 44 With regard to drug test results, violent offenders who owned a handgun/pistol or rifle/shotgun recorded the highest rates of positive tests for alcohol - 14% and 16.9%, respectively. Handgun/pistol and rifle/shotgun owners posted the lowest rates of positive tests for marijuana (36% and 38.2%). Handgun/pistol owners also had the highest percentage of positive tests for cocaine (20%). Semi-automatic and fully automatic gun owners had low positive test rates for alcohol (9.1% and 8.3%), but high positive test rates for marijuana (43.9% and 41.7%). Last, violent offenders who owned fully automatic firearms posted, by far, the highest positive rate for methamphetamines (33.3%). Exhibit 34. Firearm Ownership/Possession, Method of Acquisition, Victimization, and Drug Use Among Non-violent Offenders Handgun/pistol Rifle/shotgun Semiautomatic Fully automatic % % % % Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days 25.6 8.2 5.3 22.7 6.8 5.0 14.6 5.6 3.4 7.0 2.9 2.1 Bought it Rented it Traded something for it Borrowed it Gift Stole it Other 67.4 0.0 2.7 7.8 14.5 2.2 5.4 58.6 0.3 1.3 5.6 30.3 1.0 3.0 64.6 0.0 1.6 7.9 21.3 1.6 3.1 61.8 0.0 0.8 12.2 12.2 4.1 8.9 Threatened with a gun Assaulted/attacked without a weapon Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana Cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine 26.8 27.2 26.4 29.9 31.8 29.8 41.1 41.9 8.2 40.9 19.7 6.6 28.5 9.2 43.0 17.7 6.0 30.8 7.8 44.6 14.0 5.8 32.6 12.9 44.4 16.9 4.0 27.4 Acquisition method Victimization Note: Values for acquisition method reflect most recent possession/ownership of a firearm. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 45 Firearms Ownership Among Nonviolent Offenders Exhibit 34 presents findings related to firearms ownership among nonviolent offenders, as well as methods of acquisition, victimization, and drug test results. Rates of gun ownership among nonviolent offenders were slightly lower than for violent offenders. Lifetime gun ownership ranged from highs for handgun/pistols and rifle/shotguns of 25.6% and 22.7%, to lows of 14.6% and 7.0% for semi-automatic and fully-automatic firearms. Gun ownership in the 30 days prior to arrest was lower for nonviolent offenders than for violent offenders. The rate of recent gun ownership among nonviolent offenders was about 5% or less across all gun types. Consistent with findings from the entire sample, the majority of nonviolent offenders acquired their firearms through legitimate purchase (“bought it”): handgun/pistol (67.4%), rifle/shotgun (58.6%), semi-automatic (64.6%), and fully automatic (61.8%). The second most common acquisition method was receiving the firearm as a gift. No more than about 4% of nonviolent offenders had acquired any type of firearm by theft. Exhibit 34 shows that victimization was almost as common among nonviolent offenders who owned guns as it was among violent offenders who owned guns. Approximately one-quarter of nonviolent offenders who owned a handgun/pistol or rifle/shotgun and one-third of those who owned a semi-automatic firearm had been threatened with a gun within the last 12 months; 41.1% of those possessing fully automatic firearms had been threatened with a gun within the last year. A similar percentage of nonviolent gun owners had been assaulted or attacked without a weapon during the last 12 months. With regard to drug test results, there was little variation in positive drug test results for nonviolent offenders across gun types. Nonviolent offenders who owned a firearm tested positive for alcohol at rates of 8% to 13%, depending on type of firearm. Positive tests for marijuana were common among nonviolent gun owners (41% to 45%), as were positive tests for methamphetamine (27% to 33%). Positive tests for cocaine were most common among handgun/pistol owners (19.7%) and least common among semi-automatic owners (14%). Positive tests for opiates among nonviolent offenders who owned guns were infrequent, ranging from 4% (fully automatic firearms) to 6.6% (handgun/pistols). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 47 Chapter 5: Gangs Gang activity has been a persistent problem in Maricopa County for a number of years. As a result, the AARIN survey instrument includes several questions that gather information on gang involvement among the arrestee population. This chapter presents findings on the prevalence of gang membership and its relationship to other key factors including drug use, socio-demographics, firearms possession, and criminal activity. Exhibit 35 shows that most of the arrestees who participated in the 2008 AARIN were not active or former gang members. In fact, 85.4% of the sample had no gang affiliation, past or present. Approximately 5% were active gang members, and an additional 5.5% self-reported as gang associates. Another 4.3% reported being former gang members. Exhibit 36 shows, in some detail, various other socio-demographic characteristics, criminal history, drug use, and victimization variables across the categories of gang membership. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 48 Sociodemographics Exhibit 35. Gang Membership Status Among Arrestees (n = 2,104) 90 85.4 Percent There were notable differ80 ences in sex, race, and age across the gang member70 ship categories. With re60 gard to sex, males made up 50 larger proportions of the former and current gang 40 member categories (91.2% 30 and 88.1%) than the nongang and gang associate 20 categories, which were 10 4.8 4.3 slightly more than three0 quarters male. Perhaps not non-Gang Former Gang Current Gang surprisingly, the current gang members and gang associates were substantially younger than their non-gang and former gang counterparts. Current gang members, in particular, were notably younger than the other groups, with more than one-quarter in the 15-20 age range and a mean age of 26.2. Alternatively, non-gang members were the oldest category, with just 12.8% in the 15-20 age range and a mean age of 33.1. There are notable race differences, as well. Although approximately half of non-gang members were white, the percentage of whites in the gang categories was significantly lower: 40.9% for gang associates, 30.8% for former gang members, and just 23.5% for current gang members. Consequently, the percentage of minorities was notably higher in the gang categories, as approximately 20% of former and current gang members were Black, and about 45% of both former and current gang members were Hispanic. Also, 11.2% of current gang members were Native American. Gang members – former, current, and associate – were much more likely to be U.S citizens, however, ranging from 92.3% for former gang members to 95% for current gang members and 96.6% for gang associates. Only 82.4% of non-gang arrestees were U.S. citizens. There are also differences with regard to education and sources of income. Although most arrestees had, at a minimum, a high school diploma, the percentage that had failed to graduate from high school (or obtain a GED) was slightly elevated among the current gang and gang associate categories: 38.6% and 38.8%, compared with 32.3% for non-gang members. Compared with current gang members, non-gang and former gang members were also more likely to have achieved some degree of posthigh school education (41.4% and 40.7% compared with 33.7% for current gang members). Interestingly, gang associates posted the highest percent- AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 5.5 Associate Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 49 age of post-high school education (45.7%). Although the majority of all arrestees, regardless of gang membership status, were working either full time or part time at the time of their arrest, gang members were four to five times more likely than non-gang members to obtain some income from illegal sources (5.3% for non-gang members compared with 17.6% for former gang members, 19.8% for current gang members, and 15.6% for gang associates). There were few differences in residence type among non-gang and gang members. Approximately 37-41% lived in a private apartment/condo/hotel, and 47-53% lived in a house or mobile home. Current gang members were slightly less likely than the other categories to have no fixed residence/living on the street (4% for current gang members; 7.3% for non-gang members, 7.7% for former gang members, 9.5% for gang associates). Last, there was one notable difference with regard to biological children. Former gang members were more likely to have biological children (71.4%) than non-gang members (60.1%), current gang members (57.4%), and gang associates (62.1%). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 50 Exhibit 36. Characteristics of Gang and Non-gang Members % 85.4 4.3 4.8 5.5 Non-Gang Members Former Gang Members Current Gang Members Associates of Gang Members Former Current Non-Gang Associates of Gang Gang Members Members Members Gang Members % % % % Male Female 75.6 24.4 91.2 8.8 88.1 11.9 76.7 23.3 15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36 & older Mean 12.8 20.2 17.0 12.1 37.9 33.1 14.3 15.4 28.6 18.7 23.1 30.3 26.7 30.7 22.8 5.0 14.9 26.2 21.6 26.7 19.0 12.1 20.7 28.4 White Black Hispanic Native American Other 49.6 14.1 30.5 4.8 1.0 30.8 20.9 44.0 4.4 0.0 23.5 19.4 44.9 11.2 1.0 40.9 16.5 33.0 8.7 0.9 Illegal Alien US Citizen Legal Alien Highest educational attainment Less than HS degree HS Degree or GED Post high school education 15.1 82.4 2.5 5.5 92.3 2.2 4.0 95.0 1.0 1.7 96.6 1.7 32.3 26.6 41.4 34.1 25.3 40.7 38.6 27.7 33.7 38.8 15.5 45.7 49.5 17.0 18.0 5.3 10.2 49.5 14.3 12.1 17.6 6.6 41.6 17.8 12.8 19.8 7.9 36.5 20.0 21.8 15.6 6.1 Sex* Age category* Race/ethnicity* Citizenship Status* Main source of income (past 30 days) * Working full time Working part time Other legal sources Illegal sources No income * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 51 Exhibit 36. (Cont.) Characteristics of Gang and Non-gang Members Former Current Non-Gang Gang Gang Members Members Members Associates of Gang Members % % % % 38.6 51.4 0.2 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.1 7.3 0.3 37.4 52.7 0.0 1.1 0.0 1.1 0.0 7.7 0.0 40.6 52.5 2.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 39.7 46.6 0.0 0.9 0.9 2.6 0.0 9.5 0.0 39.9 60.1 28.6 71.4 42.6 57.4 37.9 62.1 16.0 21.3 25.2 37.5 14.3 16.5 19.8 49.5 20.8 28.7 19.8 30.7 12.1 22.4 24.1 41.4 59.3 40.7 41.8 58.2 41.6 58.4 38.6 61.4 No Yes 60.5 39.5 48.8 51.2 45.2 54.8 41.7 58.3 Lifetime* Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days* Positive UA Age at first use* 94.9 75.9 66.0 45.9 11.4 15.0 96.7 76.9 71.4 52.7 14.3 13.4 99.0 85.1 78.2 60.4 10.9 12.0 99.1 83.6 75.0 54.3 12.9 13.2 Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Age at first use* 76.1 42.5 34.9 22.1 30.8 14.8 94.5 57.1 51.6 38.5 47.3 13.4 97.0 74.3 70.3 51.5 56.4 12.0 93.1 62.9 52.6 38.8 48.3 13.6 Type of residence lived in (past 30 days) Private apartment/condo/hotel House or mobile home Public housing Emergency or short-term shelter Jail or prison Half-way or honors facility Drug or alcohol treatment facility No fixed residence or on the street Other Biological Children No Yes Most serious offense at arrest Violent Property Drug Other Prior arrest (past 12 months) * No Yes Prior incarceration (past 12 months)* Alcohol Marijuana * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 52 Exhibit 36. (Cont.) Characteristics of Gang and Non-gang Members Former Current Non-Gang Gang Gang Members Members Members Associates of Gang Members % % % % Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Age at first use* 29.8 11.4 8.6 6.1 20.0 23.7 41.8 13.2 8.8 7.7 14.3 21.8 45.5 18.8 16.8 11.9 19.8 17.8 33.6 12.9 8.6 7.8 19.8 21.9 Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA Age at first use* 48.1 14.9 9.0 4.5 20.0 19.4 64.8 22.0 9.9 7.7 14.3 18.5 71.3 25.7 13.9 8.9 19.8 15.9 49.1 19.8 6.9 0.9 19.8 17.1 Lifetime* Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Age at first use 15.9 6.5 4.3 3.1 6.1 22.7 22.0 9.9 9.9 5.5 7.7 22.7 23.8 7.9 6.9 5.9 8.9 19.9 21.6 10.3 7.8 4.3 5.2 21.0 Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA Age at first use* Possessed/owned handgun/pistol (past 12 months) * Possessed/owned rifle/shotgun (past 12 months) * 41.0 24.6 19.3 12.9 23.0 22.1 60.4 35.2 33.0 18.7 26.7 20.8 62.4 37.6 26.7 12.9 18.8 18.5 56.9 37.1 25.9 15.5 21.6 20.3 7.9 13.2 22.8 13.8 6.7 8.8 22.8 6.9 4.8 7.7 17.8 11.2 1.5 5.5 14.9 6.9 14.0 17.9 26.4 31.9 39.6 35.6 30.2 41.4 Crack Cocaine Powder Cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine Possessed/owned semi-automatic weapon (past 12 months)* Possessed/owned fully automatic weapon Victimization (past 12 months) * Threatened with a gun* Assaulted or attacked without a weapon* * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 53 Criminal History There are noteworthy differences between gang and non-gang arrestees with regard to their current offense and their histories of prior arrest and incarceration. Current gang members were more likely than other arrestees to have been arrested for violent and property offenses. Onefifth of current gang members (20.8%) had been arrested for a violent offense, compared with 16% for non-gang members, 14.3% for former gang members, and 12.1% for gang associates. More than one-quarter of current gang members had been arrested for property offenses (28.7%), compared with 22.4% for gang associates, 21.3% for non-gang members, and 16.5% for former gang members. Nearly half of former gang members (49.5%) were arrested for “other” offences, compared with 41.4% of associates, 37.5% of non-gang members, and 30.7% of current gang members. From 20% to 25% of each category of arrestee was arrested for a drug offense. Similar differences extended to the prior criminal history measures, as gang members, regardless of status, were more likely than non-gang members to have experienced prior arrests and incarcerations in the last year. More specifically, 40.7% of non-gang members had been arrested in the last year, compared with 58.2% for former gang members, 58.4% for current gang members, and 61.4% for gang associates. With regard to incarcerations, 39.5% of non-gang members had been incarcerated in the last year, compared with 51.2% for former gang members, 54.8% for current gang members, and 58.3% for gang associates. Drug Use Exhibit 37 shows urinalysis test results by drug and by gang membership status. Interestingly, there is no clear-cut pattern of increased drug use among gang-affiliated arrestees. With regard to alcohol use, there was little variation in the percentage testing positive across gang membership status categories: 10.9% of current gang members tested positive for alcohol, compared with 12.9% for gang associates, 14.3% for former gang members, and 11.4% for non-gang arrestees. Patterns of opiate use were similar, although lower, ranging from a low of 5.2% for gang associates to a high of 8.9% for gang members, with non-gang and former gang members in the middle of that range. For cocaine use, former gang members posted the lowest percentage of positive tests (14.3%), while 20% of non-gang members, gang members, and gang associates tested positive. Methamphetamine use was lowest among active gang members (18.8%) and gang associates (21.6%), compared with 23% for non-gang members and 26.4% for former gang members. Alternatively, the results for marijuana showed a clear distinction between gang and non-gang members. Just 30.8% of non-gang members tested positive for marijuana, compared with 47.3% of former gang members, 56.4% of current gang members, and 48.3% of gang associates. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 54 Exhibit 37. Positive UA Results by Gang Membership Status (n = 2,104) 60 56.4 47.3 50 48.3 Percent 40 30.8 30 26.4 23.0 20.0 20 14.3 11.4 10.9 19.8 19.8 21.6 18.8 14.3 12.9 7.7 8.9 10 6.1 5.2 0 Alcohol *p< .05 Marijuana* non-Gang Cocaine Former Gang Opiates Current Gang Meth Associate Exhibit 36 also shows self-reported measures of drug use, and some interesting differences among gang and non-gang members do emerge. Although nearly all arrestees self-reported alcohol use in their lifetime, nongang members were much less likely to self-report use of illicit drugs. For example, although self-reported lifetime use of marijuana exceeds 93% for all three gang categories, only 76.1% of non-gang members indicated marijuana use in their lifetime. This pattern extended to more recent use of marijuana, as well (12 months, 30 days, and 3 days prior). Use of methamphetamines followed a similar pattern: Lifetime use for gang members (former, current, and associate) ranged from 57% to 63%, while only 41% of non-gang members indicated use. With regard to opiate use, non-gang members self-reported less use in the lifetime measure (15.9% compared with 22% for former gang members, 23.8% for current gang members, and 21.6% for gang associates), but there were only minor differences in the more recent measures. Last, powder and crack cocaine use appeared more common among current and former gang members. For crack, 42-46% of former and current gang members reported lifetime use, compared with 33.6% for gang associates and 29.8% for non-gang members. Similarly, 64.8% of former gang members and 71.3% of current gang members reported powder cocaine use (lifetime measure), while only 49.1% of gang associates and 48.1% of non-gang members reported use. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 55 Firearms and Victimization Gun ownership was more frequent among current gang members. Nearly one-quarter (22.8%) had possessed a handgun in the previous 12 months. Handgun ownership among former gang members and gang associates was approximately 13%, while fewer than 10% of non-gang members (7.9%) possessed a handgun. This finding persisted with semi-automatic and fully-automatic firearms, as current gang members were four to seven times more likely than non-gang members to possess those dangerous firearms (semi-automatic: 4.8% for non-gang members and 17.8% for current gang members; fully automatic: 1.5% for non-gang members and 14.9% for current gang members). Last, current gang members also experienced elevated rates of victimization. Current gang members were nearly three times as likely as non-gang members to be threatened with a gun (39.6% vs. 14%), and were twice as likely to have been assaulted or attacked without a weapon (35.6% vs. 17.9%). Victimization rates among former gang members and gang associated were slightly lower than the rates of current gang members, but were still well above the rates of non-gang members. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 57 Chapter 6: Victimization Among Arrestees The AARIN survey instrument includes a number of questions that capture the prevalence and nature of victimization experienced by the 2008 arrestee population. The questions focus on whether or not the arrestee has been threatened with a gun, shot at or shot, threatened with a weapon, injured with a weapon, assaulted or attacked without a weapon, or robbed. This chapter presents findings related to victimization and the relationship between victimization and drug use. Victimization Arrestees were queried about victimization occurring both in the year prior to arrest and in the past 30 days. Results are shown in Exhibits 38 and 39. Approximately one-sixth of the arrestee sample had been threatened with a gun in the previous 12 months; 6.8% reported being threatened with a gun in the past 30 days. Nearly 10% reported being shot at in the last 12 months, and 2.4% indicated that someone had shot at them in the past 30 days. Very few of the arrestees had actually been shot, however (1.5% in the last year, and 0.3% in the last 30 days). One-sixth reported that they had been threatened with a weapon in the past 12 months, and 7.8% stated that they had been injured with a weapon. These events were less common in the previous month, as 5.8% were threatened with a weapon and 2.8% reported being injured. Assaults against arrestees were more common, as 20.7% had been assaulted/ attacked in the previous year and 10% experienced an assault in the past month. Last, 12.3% reported that they had been robbed in the past year; 4.8% had been robbed in the last month. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 58 Victimization and Drug Use Exhibit 38. Victimization Rates Among Arrestees Exhibit 40 displays the relationship between victimization and positive drug test results. Those findings are inconsistent. First, there was little difference in UA results for alcohol between those who had been victimized and those who had not. Across victimization measures, the percentage of positive alcohol tests ranged from 10% to 18%. The only difference of note was found with those who had been injured with a weapon (not a gun), where 11% of those not injured and 18.3% of those injured tested positive for alcohol. There was also little variation in positive tests for opiates among those who reported being victimized and those who did not. Victimization and positive tests for cocaine were also inconsistent; in three victimization measures (threatened with a gun, shot, and robbed), victims posted higher positive drug test rates than non-victims. In the other four measures, victims and non-victims did not differ on positive tests for cocaine. % Occurred Threatened with a gun Past 12 months Past 30 days Shot at Past 12 months Past 30 days Shot Past 12 months Past 30 days Threatened with a weapon Past 12 months Past 30 days Injured with a weapon Past 12 months Past 30 days Assaulted/attacked Past 12 months Past 30 days Robbed Past 12 months Past 30 days 16.6 6.8 8.7 2.4 1.5 0.3 16.2 5.8 7.8 2.8 20.7 10.0 12.3 4.8 Exhibit 39. Victimization Rates Among Arrestees (n = 2,105) 25 20.7 20 Percent 16.6 16.2 15 12.3 10 10 8.7 7.8 6.8 5.8 4.8 5 2.4 2.8 1.5 0 threatened with a gun *p< .05 shot at 0.3 shot threatened w/ weapon Past 12 months AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Injured w/ weapon Past 30 days Assaulted/ attacked Robbed Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 59 Exhibit 40. Victimization Rates By Positive UA Results (past 12 months) % No Yes Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine* Opiates* 11.9 31.6 21.1 18.7 5.7 10.0 44.3 31.4 24.9 8.9 Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates 11.7 31.9 22.0 19.4 6.0 9.8 53.3 31.5 23.9 8.7 Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine* Opiates Threatened w/ weapon – not a gun Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates Injured w/ weapon – not a gun Alcohol* Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Assaulted/attacked w/o weapon Alcohol* Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates Robbed Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine* Cocaine* Opiates 11.6 33.7 22.8 19.4 6.1 9.7 38.7 25.8 41.9 12.9 11.5 32.0 21.8 19.3 6.1 12.0 42.7 28.1 21.9 7.0 11.0 33.2 22.4 19.8 6.1 18.3 39.6 28.7 18.9 7.9 10.6 32.1 21.9 20.1 5.9 15.2 40.0 26.4 18.4 7.6 11.6 33.5 21.9 18.8 6.0 11.2 35.3 29.5 26.4 7.8 Threatened with a gun Shot at Shot Alternatively, arrestees who self-reported victimization were more likely to test positive for marijuana and methamphetamines. In four of the seven victimization measures, those who were victimized were more likely to test positive for marijuana than those who were not victimized - threatened with a gun (44.3% vs. 31.6%), shot at (53.3% vs. 31.9%), threatened with a weapon (42.7% vs. 32%), and assaulted/attacked (40% vs. 32.1%). Similarly, positive tests for methamphetamine were more common in five of the seven victimization measures. Those who were threatened with a gun tested positive for methamphetamine in 31.4% of cases, compared with 21.1% for those not threatened with a gun. Those who had been shot at in the past 12 months tested positive in 31.5% of cases, compared with 22% for those who had not been shot at. Arrestees tested positive for methamphetamine in 28.1% of cases, compared with 21.8% for those who had not been threatened with a weapon (not a gun) in the past year. Arrestees who had been assaulted or attacked in the past 12 months tested positive for methamphetamine in 26.4% of cases, compared with 20.1% who had not been assaulted/attacked. Last, arrestees who had been robbed in the past 12 months tested positive in 29.5% of cases, compared with 21.9% of those who had not been robbed. * Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 61 Chapter 7: Mental Illness and Drug Abuse The AARIN survey instrument collects information on whether arrestees have been diagnosed with a mental illness, as well as whether or not they have been treated, hospitalized, or medicated for a mental illness in the past. This chapter presents findings on the prevalence of mental illness among the 2008 AARIN arrestee sample, the background and characteristics of those who had a mental illness (and those who did not), and the relationship between mental illness and drug use. Exhibit 41 shows the percentage of arrestees who had been diagnosed, treated, hospitalized, or medicated for a mental illness during their lifetime, in the last year, and in the last 30 days. More than one-quarter of arrestees (26.2%) had been diagnosed with a mental illness at some point in their lifetime. Six percent had been diagnosed with a mental illness in the past year, and 2.4% had been diagnosed in the past month. Exhibit 41 also shows that just over one-fifth (21.2%) of arrestees had been treated for a mental illness at some point in their lives. Treatment for a mental illness was much less common in the year and month prior to arrest (4.5% and 2.9%, respectively). Approximately 10 percent of arrestees reported having been hospitalized as a result of a mental illness during their lifetime, although hospitalizations were rare in the year and month prior to arrest (2% and 0.9%, respectively). Last, 21% of arrestees had been medicated for a mental illness. Of those, 4.8% reported being medicated for a mental illness in the past year; 3.2% had been medicated in the last month. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 62 Exhibit 41. Mental Health Factors by Time (n = 2,105) 35 30 26.2 25 21.2 21.0 Percent 20 15 9.8 10 5.9 5 2.9 2.4 4.5 0.9 3.2 2 4.8 0 Diagnosed with mental illness *p< .05 treated for mental illness Past 30 days Hospitalized for mental Medicated for mental illness illness Past 12 months Lifetime Exhibits 42-45 show the relationship Exhibit 42. Mental Illness Diagnosis and Drug Use between the various mental illness variables and drug use as measured % through positive UA results. Exhibit 42 shows mixed results with regard Diagnosed with Mental Illness to mental illness diagnoses and posi26.2 Lifetime tive drug tests. Arrestees who had, 5.9 Past 12 months at some point in their lives, been di2.4 Past 30 days agnosed with a mental illness were Diagnosed with Mental slightly more likely than those with no Illness diagnosis to test positive for marijuana, methamphetamines, and opiates. For (ever) example, the positive test rate for marNo Yes ijuana among individuals diagnosed % % with a mental illness was 38.3%, comPositive UA Results pared with 32.1% for those with no Alcohol 11.3 12.2 Marijuana* 32.1 38.3 diagnosis. Among those with a mental Methamphetamine 22.0 25.2 illness diagnosis, 8.2% tested positive Cocaine 19.8 19.8 for opiates, compared with 5.5% for Opiates* 5.5 8.2 those with no diagnosis. The positive test rates for methamphetamines were * Chi-square significant at p < .05. 25.2% for those with a mental illness diagnosis, and 22% for those without. There were no differences between the two groups for cocaine and alcohol, however. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 63 Exhibit 43. Prior Treatment for Mental Illness and Drug Use % Treated for Mental Illness Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days 21.2 4.5 2.9 Treated for mental illness (ever) No % Yes % 11.3 32.4 21.8 19.5 5.7 12.3 38.8 26.7 20.6 8.3 Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates* * Chi-square significant at p < .05. Exhibit 44. Hospitalized for Mental Illness and Drug Use % Hospitalized for Mental Illness Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days 9.8 2.0 0.9 Hospitalized for mental illness (ever) No Yes % % Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates * Chi-square significant at p < .05. 11.4 33.7 22.9 19.4 6.2 13.1 34.5 22.3 23.3 6.8 Exhibit 43 shows the relationship between mental health treatment and positive drug test results. Arrestees who had participated in mental health treatment were more likely than other arrestees to test positive for marijuana, methamphetamines, and opiates. Among those who had been treated, 38.8% tested positive for marijuana, 26.7% tested positive for methamphetamines, and 8.3% tested positive for opiates (compared with 32.4%, 21.8%, and 5.7% for those who had not been treated). Once again, there were no differences between the two groups in test rates for cocaine and alcohol. Exhibit 44 shows that there were no differences in drug test results among those who had been hospitalized for a mental illness and those who had not. Regardless of hospitalization history, about 12% tested positive for alcohol, 34% tested positive for marijuana, 22% tested positive for methamphetamines, 20% tested positive for cocaine, and 6% tested positive for opiates. Exhibit 45 shows a similar finding with regard to medication for mental illness. Those who had been medicated for a mental illness were no more likely to test positive for drugs or alcohol, with the exception of methamphetamines, than those who had not been medicated. Regarding methamphetamines, 27.4% of those who had been medicated tested positive, compared with 21.6% of those who had not. Last, Exhibit 46 compares those with and without a mental illness diagnosis across socio-demographic, background, and criminal history measures; there are a number of important differences. Those with a mental illness were much more AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 64 likely to be female - 33.2% compared Exhibit 45. Medicated for with just 19.4% among those without Mental Illness and Drug Use a mental illness. Although there was no age difference among those with and without a mental illness (mean age % was 32, regardless), those with a menMedicated for Mental Illness tal illness were more likely to be white 21 Lifetime (61.0% vs. 42.2%) and were less likely to 4.8 Past 12 months be Hispanic (19.4% vs. 36.2%). Nearly 3.2 Past 30 days all arrestees with a mental illness diagMedicated for mental nosis were U.S. citizens, compared with illness just 79.4% of those without a diagnosis. (ever) (Those without a diagnosis were more No Yes likely to be illegal aliens - 17.7% vs. 1.3% % % for those with a diagnosis). Positive UA Results Interestingly, arrestees with a mental Alcohol illness were better educated - 45.6% Marijuana had at least some post-high school eduMethamphetamine* cation, compared with 39.7% for those Cocaine without a diagnosis, while only 27.6% Opiates* of those with a diagnosis did not gradu* Chi-square significant at p < .05. ate from high school or have a GED, compared with 35.1% for those without a diagnosis. Those who had never been diagnosed with a mental illness were much more likely to have been working full time prior to arrest (53.3% vs. 34.4%), while those with a diagnosis were twice as likely to have secured income from illegal sources (10.9% vs. 5.8% for those with no diagnosis). Those with and without a diagnosis did not differ with regard to biological children, but those with a mental illness were twice as likely to have no fixed address/living on the street (12.3% vs. 5.6% for those with no mental illness). Finally, no relationship was found between mental illness and current charge. Between 14% and 17% were violent offenders, 24% were drug offenders, and 21% to 25% were property offenders. However, arrestees with a mental illness diagnosis did have much more extensive prior criminal histories: 56.6% had prior arrests in the past 12 months, compared with 38.8% for those with no diagnosis; and 54.4% had prior incarcerations in the past year, compared with 37.1% for those with no diagnosis. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 11.5 32.7 21.6 19 2 19.2 5.6 11.8 37.6 27.4 21 7 21.7 8.6 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 65 Exhibit 46. Characteristics of Arrestees Diagnosed with a Mental Illness Diagnosed (ever) No Yes % % Female Male 19.4 80.6 33.2 66.8 15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36 & older Mean 14.0 20.5 18.0 12.4 35.1 32.5 14.0 21.8 17.6 11.3 35.4 32.0 White Black Hispanic Native American Other 42.2 14.6 36.2 5.8 1.1 61.0 15.4 19.4 3.8 0.4 Illegal Alien US Citizen Legal Alien 17.7 79.4 2.9 1.3 97.8 0.9 35.1 25.2 39.7 27.6 26.9 45.6 53.3 18.2 13.6 5.8 9.1 34.4 14.1 29.1 10.9 11.5 39.6 60.4 39.0 61.0 Sex* Age category Race/Ethnicity* Citizenship Status* Highest educational attainment * Less than HS degree HS Degree or GED Post high school education Main source of income (past 30 days)* Working full time Working part time Other legal sources Illegal sources No income Any biological children No Yes * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 66 Exhibit 46. (Cont.) Characteristics of Arrestees Diagnosed with a Mental Illness Diagnosed (ever) No Yes Type of residence lived in (past 30 days) * Private apartment/condo/hotel House or mobile home Public housing Emergency or short-term shelter Jail or prison Half-way or honors facility Drug or alcohol treatment facility No fixed residence or on the street Other Most serious offense at arrest Violent Drug Property Other * Prior arrest (past 12 months) No Yes Prior incarceration (past 12 months)* No Yes % % 39.1 53.4 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.0 5.6 0.3 37.6 45.2 0.5 0.7 1.1 2.0 0.4 12.3 0.2 16.7 24.9 20.5 38.0 13.8 24.1 24.5 37.6 61.2 38.8 43.4 56.6 62.9 37.1 45.6 54.4 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 67 Chapter 8: Citizenship Status and Drug Abuse The AARIN survey instrument captures citizenship status among arrestees. These data provide estimates of criminal activity and drug abuse among the illegal alien population, which is typically difficult to monitor and track in the criminal justice system. This chapter details the prevalence of illegal aliens in the arrestee population, and compares arrestees by citizenship status (U.S. citizen, legal alien, and illegal alien) across the full range of socio-demographic, background, criminal history, victimization, and drug abuse measures. Exhibit 47 shows citizenship status among the 2008 AARIN arrestee sample. The majority of arrestees (84.2%) were U.S. citizens. A small percentage (2.4%) of the arrestees in the sample were legal aliens; just under one-sixth were illegal aliens (13.4%). AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 68 84.2 Percent Figure 48 shows positive UA results Exhibit 47. Citizenship Status (n = 2,101) among the arrestee sample, by drug and by citizenship status. There are 90 several notable differences across citizenship status, mostly indicating 80 elevated levels of drug use among 70 U.S. citizens – or alternatively, re60 duced levels of use among illegal aliens. For example, while citizens 50 and both legal and illegal aliens 40 differed little on the percentage 30 testing positive for alcohol (11.2%, 14%, and 13.5%, respectively), U.S. 20 13.4 citizens were much more likely to 10 2.4 test positive for marijuana, meth0 amphetamines, and opiates. Well Illegal Alien Legal Alien over one-third (37.2%) of U.S. citizen arrestees tested positive for marijuana, compared with 28% of legal aliens and just 12.5% of illegal aliens. Similarly, U.S. citizens were three times as likely to test positive both for methamphetamines (25.7% compared with 8% for legal and illegal aliens) and for opiates (6.9% compared with 2% for both legal and illegal aliens). Alternatively, illegal aliens did show slightly higher rates of testing positive for cocaine – 27% vs. 22% for legal aliens and 18.6% for citizens. Exhibit 48. Positive UA Results by Citizenship Status (n = 1,607) 40 37.2 35 28.0 30 25.7 Percent 25 22.0 18.6 20 15 27.0 13.5 14.0 11.2 12.5 7.8 8.0 10 6.9 5 2.1 2.0 0 Alcohol Marijuana * Illegal Alien Meth * Legal Alien AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Cocaine * Us Citizen opiates * US Citizen Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 69 Exhibit 49 examines the relationship between citizen status and various measures of socio-demographics, prior criminal history, and victimization. With regard to socio-demographic variables, there are several notable differences across citizenship categories. First, nearly all legal and illegal aliens were male (94% and 95.7%), compared with 73.4% for U.S. citizens. Second, U.S. citizens were notably older than legal and illegal aliens; the mean age for U.S. citizens was 32.9, compared with 29.5 for legal aliens and 29.7 for illegal aliens. With regard to race/ethnicity, illegal aliens were primarily Hispanic (83.2%), compared with 61.2% for legal aliens and just 22.9% for U.S. citizens. Alternatively, more than half of U.S. citizens were white (52.7%, compared with just 15.8% for illegal aliens). U.S. citizens were more likely to have obtained post-high school education (43.7% compared with 26.7% for illegal aliens and 36% for legal aliens), but citizens were least likely to be employed at the time of arrest. More than 90% of illegal aliens were working either full time (69.8%) or part time (21.0%) at the time of arrest, compared with just over 60% for U.S. citizens (44.5% full time and 16.5% part time) and 80% for legal aliens (62.0% full time and 18.0% part time). Moreover, U.S. citizens were almost four times as likely (8.1% vs. 2.5%) as illegal aliens to report receiving income from illegal sources. Last, although arrestees differed little on the percentage who had biological children, regardless of citizenship status, U.S. citizens were significantly less likely to have stable housing. Nearly all illegal and legal aliens lived in an apartment/condo/hotel or house/mobile home, while 2% or fewer lived on the street (no fixed address). U.S. citizens were four times as likely to live on the street with no fixed address (8.4%). There were some notable differences across criminal history measures. Illegal aliens were much more likely than others to have been arrested on drug charges (38.8%, compared with 22.6% for citizens and 18% for legal aliens). Legal aliens, on the other hand, were twice as likely to be violent offenders – 28% compared with 13.9% for illegal aliens and 15.9% for citizens. Also, U.S. citizens were much more likely to have been arrested and incarcerated in the last year before arrest. Nearly half of U.S. citizens had a prior arrest (47.4%); 44.9% had a prior incarceration. For illegal aliens, only 20% had been arrested in the last year, and 14.6% had been incarcerated. Prior arrests and incarcerations were slightly more common among legal aliens (36% and 48.6%, respectively). Gun ownership was more common among U.S. citizens than legal and illegal aliens. Ten percent of U.S. citizens had possessed a pistol in the last year, compared with 6% of legal aliens and 3.6% of illegal aliens. U.S citizens were four times as likely as illegal aliens and twice as likely as legal aliens to have possessed a rifle or shotgun (8.6%, 1.4% and 4%, respectively). Ownership of semi- and fully-automatic firearms was rare, but again, it was more common among U.S. citizens. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 70 Exhibit 49. Characteristics of Arrestees by Citizenship Status Last, across all measures, U.S. citizens were more likely than illegal aliens to have been victimized. Citizens were twice as likely to have been threatened with a gun (18.1% vs. 7.8%), and were three times as likely to have been shot at (9.7% vs. 2.8%). Although citizens and illegal aliens experienced similar rates of being robbed (12.8% for citizens and 9.6% for illegal aliens), citizens were six times as likely to have been assaulted or attacked (23.5% for U.S. citizens, compared with 3.9% for illegal aliens). Legal aliens, on the other hand, experienced lower rates of victimization than U.S. citizens on some measures (threatened with a gun, threatened with a weapon, assaulted/attacked), but similar rates on other measures (shot at, shot, injured with a weapon, robbed). % Citizenship status 13.4 84.2 2.4 Citizenship Status Illegal Alien US Citizen Legal Alien Illegal Alien US Citizen Legal Alien % % % Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine* Opiates* 13.5 12.5 7.8 27.0 2.1 11.2 37.2 25.7 18.6 6.9 14.0 28.0 8.0 22.0 2.0 15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36 & over Mean 13.5 23.5 23.5 14.9 24.6 29.7 13.8 20.4 16.9 11.8 37.0 32.9 20.0 24.0 20.0 4.0 32.0 29.5 Female Male 4.3 95.7 26.6 73.4 6.0 94.0 White Black Hispanic Native American Other Highest educational attainment* Less than HS degree HS Degree or GED Post high school education Main source of income (past 30 days) * Working full time Working part time Other legal sources Illegal sources No income 15.8 1.1 83.2 0.0 0.0 52.7 17.2 22.9 6.3 1.0 24.5 8.2 61.2 2.0 4.0 55.5 17.8 26.7 29.4 26.8 43.7 36.0 28.0 36.0 69.8 21.0 2.9 2.5 3.9 44.5 16.5 20.2 8.1 10.7 62.0 18.0 12.0 0.0 8.0 Positive UA Results Age category* Sex* Race/Ethnicity* * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 71 Exhibit 49. (Cont.)Characteristics of Arrestees by Citizenship Status Citizenship Status Illegal Alien US Citizen Legal Alien % % % 38.1 61.9 39.8 60.2 38.0 62.0 49.8 48.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 1.8 0.0 37.1 51.4 0.3 0.6 0.6 1.2 0.1 8.4 0.2 36.0 60.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 13.9 38.8 21.0 26.3 15.9 22.6 21.7 39.9 28.0 18.0 18.0 63.0 80.0 20.0 52.6 47.4 64.0 36.0 85.4 14.6 55.1 44.9 51.4 48.6 Pistol* Rifle Semi-automatic Fully automatic 3.6 1.4 0.7 0.7 10.1 8.6 6.8 2.9 6.0 4.0 2.0 2.0 Victimization (past 12 months) Threatened with a gun* Shot at* Shot Threatened with a weapon (not a gun) * Injured with a weapon (not a gun) * Assaulted or attacked without a weapon* Robbed 7.8 2.8 0.7 7.1 3.9 3.9 9.6 18.1 9.7 1.6 17.9 8.4 23.5 12.8 12.0 10.0 2.0 12.0 8.0 16.0 10.0 Biological children No Yes Type of residence lived in (past 30 days) * Private apartment/condo/hotel House or mobile home Public housing Emergency or short-term shelter Jail or prison Half-way or honors facility Drug or alcohol treatment facility No fixed residence or on the street Other Most serious offense at arrest* Violent Drug Property Other * Prior arrest (past 12 months) No Yes Prior incarceration (past 12 months)* No Yes Firearm owned/possessed (past 12 months) * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. AARIN Annual Adult Report, April 2009 About the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University, in order to deepen its commitment to the communities of Arizona and to society as a whole, has set a new standard for research universities, as modeled by the New American University. Accordingly, ASU is measured not by whom we exclude, but by whom we include. The University is pursuing research that considers the public good, and is assuming a greater responsibility to our communities for their economic, social, and cultural vitality. Social embeddedness – university-wide, interactive, and mutually supportive partnerships with Arizona communities – is at the core of our development as a New American University. Toward the goal of social embeddedness, in response to the growing need of our communities to improve the public’s safety and well-being, in July 2005 ASU established the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety. The Center’s mission is to generate, share, and apply quality research and knowledge to create “best practice” standards. Specifically, the center evaluates policies and programs; analyzes and evaluates patterns and causes of violence; develops strategies and programs; develops a clearinghouse of research reports and “best practice” models; educates, trains, and provides technical assistance; and facilitates the development and construction of databases. For more information about the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, please contact us using the information provided below. Mailing Address Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University P.O. Box 37100 Mail Code 3253 Phoenix, Arizona 85069-7100 SHIPPING Address 4701 West Thunderbird Road Phoenix, Arizona 85306-4908 Telephone (602) 543-5959 Web Site http://cvpcs.asu.edu The Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety l ASU College of Public Programs 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Phoenix, AZ l (602) 543-5959 l http://cvpcs.asu.edu