Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network Annual Adult Report 2007 June 2008 Arizona State University, College of Human Services ii Acknowledgements The authors thank Peter Ozanne and Amy Rex for their establishment of the AARIN project and for all of their hard work and assistance on the project. We also thank Sheriff Arpaio of the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office, Chief Conrad of the Glendale Police Department, Chief Gascón of the Mesa Police Department, and all of the officers who helped conduct the study. This project was funded by Maricopa County. Opinions contained herein are those of the author and do not represent the position of either Maricopa County or Arizona State University. Project Staff Charles M. Katz, Principal Investigator Watts Family Director Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University Nancy Rodriguez, Co-Principal Investigator Associate Professor School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Arizona State University Casey Klaus, Data Collection Supervisor AARIN Project Manager Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University David Choate, Data Analyst Program Operations Manager Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University Jody Arganbright Business Operations Manager Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University Matthew Roy Editor Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University © 2008 by the Arizona Board of Regents for and on behalf of Arizona State University and its Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety. Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety P.O. Box 37100, Mail Code 3253 Phoenix, AZ 85069-7100 (602) 543-5959 e-mail: ckatz@asu.edu Web site: www.cvpcs.asu.edu Annual Adult Reportfreely. 2007No deletions, additions or alterations of contents This document mayAARIN be copied and transmitted are permitted without the expressed, written consent of the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety. AARIN Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network Annual Adult Report 2007 by Nancy Rodriguez, Ph.D. June 2008 Suggested Citation: Rodriguez, Nancy. (2008). Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network Annual Adult Report: 2007. Phoenix, AZ: Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, Arizona State University. Center for Applied Behavioral Health Policy AARIN Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network Annual Adult Report 2007 June 2008 Contents Arizona Families F.I.R.S.T. Program Annual Evaluation Report, Executive Summary 1 Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN) 8 Patterns of Drug Use 14 Drug Abuse and Treatment Experience 28 Firearms and Violent Crimes 34 Gangs 40 Victimization Among Arrestees 45 Mental Illness and Drug Abuse 49 Citizenship Status and Drug Abuse 53 About CVPCS 57 November 2007 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 1 Executive Summary The Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN) is a research project funded by the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors and is designed to provide information about drug use and drug-related activities among arrestees in Maricopa County, Arizona. Modeled after the National Institute of Justice’s (NIJ) Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program, AARIN was implemented in January 2007 when data collection began in various booking facilities throughout Maricopa County. Professionally trained interviewers engage recently booked arrestees in voluntary and anonymous in-depth survey interviews that focus on the arrestee’s drug use and a host of other factors (e.g., criminal history, substance abuse treatment, and firearms). After completing the interview, a urine specimen is collected to confirm any drug use. Currently, AARIN data collection takes place at three adult and two juvenile intake facilities. The adult intake facilities are located at 4th Avenue Jail, Mesa Police Department, and Glendale Police Department. The juvenile intake facilities are located at the Durango Juvenile Detention Center and the Southeast Facility (SEF). A quarterly data collection schedule is followed in all five intake facilities. Only those arrestees in custody for 48 hours or less are eligible to participate in the AARIN study. Project managers relied heavily on the ADAM and Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program instruments to construct the AARIN survey instrument. Direction on the content and coverage of drug-related information was provided by Maricopa County officials. The 2007 AARIN Annual Adult Report highlights information regarding adult arrestees’ alcohol and drug use. The findings in this report are based exclusively on data from arrestees who completed the interview and provided a urine sample (n = 1,607). The report contains a series of chapters that focus on specific topics including self-reported and confirmed drug use and characteristics associated with drug use (e.g., mental illness, gangs, and victimization). AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 2 The AARIN project was created not only to serve as a drug monitoring program but also to assist policymakers in the planning and implementation of crime control strategies and substance abuse treatment programs. These data provide insight into levels of drug use among the arrestee population in Maricopa County and can inform the implementation of evidence-based approaches to substance abuse and drug-related behavior. Given the relationship between illicit drug use and specific types of offenders, these data can also help in the evaluation of targeted treatment efforts for various types of drug users. Further, AARIN data provide direct evidence of the gaps in substance abuse treatment by identifying drug users least likely to have access to treatment. Based on the collection of data on co-occurring disorders, crime, and victimization, AARIN can bridge on-going efforts in the criminal justice and behavioral health arenas that serve this vulnerable population. Last, insight into violent crime and drugs and the connection to legal and illegal gun markets and immigration can provide valuable information to police agencies as they design crime control strategies for reducing crime and drug-related criminal activity. Confirmed Drug Use Among Arrestees Urinalysis test results indicated marijuana and methamphetamine were the two most commonly used drugs among the arrestees population. •• Thirty-eight percent of arrestees tested positive for marijuana and 36% tested positive for methamphetamine. •• About 20% of arrestees tested positive for cocaine and 6% tested positive for opiates. Relationship Between Drug Use, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Type of Offender Findings reveal drug use varied across sex, offender type, and race/ethnicity. Sex Comparisons •• Male violent offenders were more likely than female violent offenders to test positive for marijuana (43% versus 17%). •• There were no significant sex differences in methamphetamine, cocaine and opiate use by violent and property offenders. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 3 •• Female drug offenders were more likely than male drug offenders to test positive for methamphetamine (68% versus 35%). Type of Offender Comparisons - Males •• Self-reported marijuana use was higher among male drug offenders and male violent offenders than property and other types of offenders. •• Self-reported crack cocaine and opiate use was higher among male property offenders than violent, drug, and other types of offenders. •• Self-reported powder cocaine use was higher among male drug offenders than violent, property, and other types of offenders. •• There were no significant differences in methamphetamine use by male violent, drug, property, and other offenders. Type of Offender Comparisons - Females •• Female drug offenders reported significantly higher marijuana use than all other types of female offenders. •• Self-reported crack cocaine, powder cocaine, opiates, and methamphetamine use was higher among female drug offenders than female violent, property, and other offenders. •• Sixty-one percent of female drug offenders self-reported using methamphetamine during the past 12 months. Race/Ethnicity Comparisons •• Forty percent of Native American arrestees were under the influence of alcohol at the time of arrest compared to 10% of all other racial/ethnic groups. •• Nearly half of all Black arrestees (48%) tested positive for marijuana and over a third (36%) tested positive for cocaine. •• Methamphetamine use was highest among whites (47%), followed by Hispanic/Latinos (35%), Blacks (15%), and Native Americans (16%). AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 4 •• Methamphetamine use was significantly higher among white females (51%), Hispanic/Latinas (45%), and Native American females (37%) than their male counterparts. Substance Abuse Treatment and Drug Use While a significant proportion of arrestees reported being in need of treatment, findings indicated that less than 10% of arrestees were currently receiving substance abuse treatment for alcohol, marijuana, crack cocaine, powder cocaine, or methamphetamine. •• Sixteen percent of males and 10% of females who were under the influence of marijuana reported they could use treatment for marijuana, yet only 2% of male and female arrestees were currently receiving treatment for the drug. •• Over half of females (56%) who tested positive for cocaine self-reported they could use treatment for crack cocaine compared to 36% of males; though less than 5% of arrestees (2% of males and 4% of females) were currently receiving treatment for crack cocaine. •• Approximately a fifth of arrestees who tested positive for cocaine self-reported they could use treatment for powder cocaine yet less than 5% (2% of males and 4% of females) were currently receiving treatment for powder cocaine. •• More than half of male arrestees (60%) and 44% of female arrestees who tested positive for opiates reported they could use treatment for the drug; though less than 12% were currently receiving treatment for the drug. •• Among those arrestees who tested positive for methamphetamine, nearly half (49% of males and 44% of females) reported they could use treatment for methamphetamine yet less than 10% (5% of males and 9% of females) were currently receiving treatment for methamphetamine. Firearm Possession/Ownership Among Arrestees Results indicated firearm possession plays a significant role in the lives of arrestees. Further, firearm possession is related to higher rates of victimization and drug use among arrestees. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 5 •• Nearly a third of arrestees possessed a handgun or rifle, 19% percent possessed a semi-automatic weapon, and 12% possessed a fully automatic weapon in their lifetime. •• Over half of arrestees reported acquiring the firearms through a direct purchase. •• The acquisition of a firearm via theft was most prevalent among those arrestees who possessed a fully-automatic weapon (9%), followed by those who possessed a semiautomatic weapon (8%), handgun (5%), and a rifle (4%). •• Over a third of violent offenders (38.2%) and non-violent offenders (35%) possessed a handgun in their lifetime. •• A higher proportion of violent than nonviolent offenders possessed a semi-automatic (22% versus 19%) and fully automatic weapon (17% versus 11%) in their lifetime. •• Alcohol and cocaine use was higher among violent offenders than non-violent offenders who possessed any type of firearm. •• Marijuana, methamphetamine, and opiate use was higher among non-violent than violent offenders who possessed any type of firearm. •• Sixty percent of violent and non-violent offenders who possessed a fully automatic weapon were threatened with a gun during the past 12 months. Gang Involvement Among Arrestees AARIN data revealed various differences among gang members and nongang members. •• Seven percent of arrestees self-reported being current gang members, 4% reported being former gang members, and 5% reported being a gang associate. •• Self-reported alcohol, marijuana, crack, powder cocaine, and methamphetamine use was higher among gang members than non-gang members, former gang members, and gang associates. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 6 •• A higher proportion of current gang members than non-gang members, former gang members, and gang associates reported possessing a firearm in the past 12 months. •• Approximately a third of former gang members (36%) and current gang members (33%), compared to 18% of non-gang members and 26% of former gang members, reported being threatened with a gun during the past 12 months. •• More than a third of current gang members (39%) and gang associates (38%), relative to 24% of non-gang members and 29% of former gang members, were assaulted or attacked during the past 12 months. Victimization Among Arrestees Findings indicated an overlap in victimization and criminal activity. •• Twenty percent of arrestees reported they were threatened with a gun, 20% were threatened with a weapon (not a gun), and 9% were injured with a weapon (not a gun) in the past 12 months. •• Eleven percent of arrestees were shot at and 2% were shot in the past 12 months. •• Twenty-six percent of arrestees were assaulted or attacked (without a weapon) and 15% percent were robbed in the past 12 months. •• Among those arrestees who reported being threatened with a gun in the past 12 months, nearly half tested positive for marijuana (48%) or methamphetamine (45.4%). Relationship Between Mental Illness and Drug Abuse Findings showed arrestees with a mental illness had a higher rate of illicit drug use and had a more extensive criminal history than arrestees not diagnosed with a mental illness. •• Twenty-nine percent of arrestees reported being told by a counselor, social worker, or doctor they suffer from a mental illness. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 7 •• Urinalysis test results showed higher rates of drug use among arrestees diagnosed with a mental illness than arrestees not diagnosed with a mental illness. •• Eleven percent of arrestees self-reported being hospitalized for their mental illness. •• Twenty-four percent of arrestees reported they were medicated for a mental illness. •• Arrestees diagnosed with a mental illness were more likely to have been arrested in the past 12 months (66% versus 45%) and have a history of incarceration (87% versus 72%) than those not diagnosed. Legal and Illegal Immigrants Among the Arrestee Population Although they represented a small proportion of the respondents, illegal aliens and U.S. citizens vary in drug use, prior criminal involvement, and rates of victimization. •• Eighty-eight percent of arrestees were U.S. citizens, 10% were illegal aliens, and 2% were legal aliens. •• A higher proportion of U.S. citizens tested positive for marijuana, methamphetamine, and opiates than illegal aliens and legal aliens. •• Cocaine was the only illicit drug used at a higher rate by legal and illegal aliens than U.S. citizens. •• A higher percentage of legal and illegal aliens than U.S. citizens were arrested for property and drug offenses. •• U.S. citizens were more likely to have been arrested in the past 12 months and have a history of incarceration than illegal and legal aliens. •• U.S. citizens were more likely to report possessing a handgun, rifle or shotgun, semi-automatic weapon, and fully automatic weapon than illegal and legal aliens. •• U.S. citizens were more likely to have been threatened with a gun, shot at, threatened and injured with a weapon (not a gun), assaulted or attacked, and robbed in the past 12 months than legal and illegal aliens. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 8 Chapter 1. Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN) The Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN) is a research project designed to provide information about drug abuse and drug-related activities among arrestees in Maricopa County, Arizona. AARIN is funded by the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors and is modeled after the National Institute of Justice’s (NIJ) Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program. Data collection began in January 2007 in five facilities throughout Maricopa County. AARIN is a drug abuse monitoring system that provides early detection of illicit drug use, drug abuse among different categories of arrestees (e.g., women, gang members, juveniles), and identification of important factors related to drug abuse (e.g., mental health, victimization). Professionally trained interviewers engage recently booked arrestees in voluntary and anonymous in-depth survey interviews that focus on the arrestee’s drug use and related behavior. After completion of the interview, a urine specimen is collected to confirm any drug use. AARIN has the capacity to not only identify the extent and nature of drug abuse among arrestees in the County, but also inform how the criminal and juvenile justice systems can most effectively increase public safety and address drug abuse among the criminally involved. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 9 Data Collection Sampling Plan and AARIN Sites In order to ensure that data collected from arrestees represent accurate estimates of drug use among the arrestee population in Maricopa County, a systematic sampling plan is followed. The sampling plan includes collecting data at multiple intake facilities with target quotas at each facility (see Table 1). Currently, AARIN data collection takes place at three adult and two juvenile intake facilities. The adult intake facilities are located at Central Intake of Maricopa County’s 4th Avenue Jail, Mesa Police Department, and Glendale Police Department. The juvenile intake facilities are located at the Durango Juvenile Detention Center and the Southeast Facility (SEF). A quarterly data collection schedule is followed in all five intake facilities. Data collection takes place over a continuous two week period at 4th Avenue Jail and each juvenile detention facility. Given the number of arrestees processed at the intake facilities at both Mesa and Glendale Police Departments, data is collected over a continuous one week period. Interviewers collect data during an eight hour period each day, whereby arrestees are systematically selected based upon Table 1. Sample of Arrestees by Facility their booking time. Consistent with the former ADAM sampling plan, a stock (i.e., Sex arrested during non-data collections hours) Total AARIN Facility Male Female and flow (i.e., during data collection hours) % % % process is used to obtain a representative TH sample of arrestees. Only those arrestees 4 Ave. 73.9% 26.1% 100% in custody for 48 hours or less were eligible 956 337 1293 for participation in the AARIN study. Mesa 79.5% 97 20.5% 25 100% 122 Glendale 80.2% 154 19.8% 38 100% 192 1207 400 1607 Total AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 10 Survey Instrument Researchers relied on previously constructed ADAM and Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program instruments to construct the AARIN instrument. Direction on the content and coverage of drug-related information was provided by Maricopa County officials. The standardized tool is comprised of various sections including current and past drug use (e.g., past 12 months, past 30 days), drug dependency, and substance abuse treatment. Information about arrestees’ criminal history, gang involvement, and firearm possession and acquisition methods are also collected. Additionally, arrestees’ history of victimization and mental health status are gathered during the interview process. Lastly, arrestees’ demographic characteristics are collected, including race/ethnicity, employment status, highest educational attainment, and U.S. citizenship status. Upon interview completion, a urine specimen is collected and sent to a laboratory for testing. During 2007, approximately 89.4% of arrestees agreed to be interviewed and of those 86.2% agreed to provide a urine sample (n=1,607). Understanding the accuracy of urinalysis testing The urine specimens are tested for alcohol and four illicit drugs (cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and opiates). The illicit drugs are tested using the enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT), which research has found to be very accurate, producing almost no false-positive results (Reardon, 1993). Specifically false positives occur about 2.1% of the time with marijuana, and 2.5% for cocaine (Visher, 1991). Additionally, all urine specimens resulting in initial positive results are confirmed using Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrum detection (GC/MS) – the industry standard and established as legally defensible evidence. The EMIT testing and GC/MS confirmation procedures are well-established, and particularly valid for the four illicit drugs in our study (cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and opiates) yielding reliable results for up to 72 hours since time of use, but are significantly limited when screening for alcohol. These same screening procedures are limited to 12 to 24 hours for alcohol detection and confirmation with the same reliability. An alternative alcohol screening test that would extend the reliability window to 72 hours was cost-prohibitive given the restraints of our study. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 11 The AARIN Sample Table 2. Characteristics of the AARIN Sample Sex Male Female % % Total % Sex Male 75.0 Female 25.0 Age (Years) 15-20 14.0 12.5 13.6 21-25 23.1 22.8 23.0 26-30 17.0 15.3 16.6 31-35 12.5 15.8 13.3 36 & older 33.4 33.8 33.5 * Mean 31.4 31.5 31.5 White* 37.3 49.0 40.2 Black 11.9 9.5 11.3 36.4 25.5 33.7 Native American 6.8 7.5 7.0 Other 7.6 8.5 7.8 Illegal Alien 12.1 1.8 9.5 Legal Alien 2.1 1.5 1.9 US Citizen 85.8 96.8 88.6 Less than HS degree 38.8 37.5 37.8 HS Degree or GED 33.3 38.1 36.9 Post high school 27.9 24.4 25.3 Working full time 53.6 30.4 47.8 Working part time 16.7 12.1 15.5 Other legal sources 14.6 35.4 19.8 Illegal sources 8.1 9.3 8.4 No income 7.0 12.8 8.5 Race/Ethnicity Hispanic * Citizenship Status* Educational Attainment Main Source of Income (past 30 days)* Table 2 presents socio-demographic and legal information of the arrestee population that participated in AARIN in Maricopa County during 2007. Threefourths of the sample was male. The mean age among arrestees was 31.5 years old. A third of the sample was between the ages of 15 and 25 and an additional third were over the age of 36. Forty percent of arrestees selfreported being white (37.3% of males and 49% of females), a third were Hispanic/Latino (36.4% of males and 25.5% of females), 11% were Black (11.9% of males and 9.5% of females), and 7% were Native American (6.8% of males and 7.5% of females). The majority of arrestees reported being United States citizens (88.6%) while 10% of arrestees reported they were illegal aliens. Less than 2% of arrestees indicated they were legal aliens. A review of citizenship status by gender revealed that 12% of male arrestees were illegal aliens compared to less than 2% of female arrestees. Over a third (37.8%) of arrestees indicated their highest educational attainment was less than a highschool degree. An additional third of arrestees reported having a high-school degree or GED as their highest educational attainment. Twenty-five percent of arrestees had some post high school or GED education. * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 12 The majority of arrestees were working full-time (47.8%) or part-time (15.5%). Work status varied across gender with 70% of males working fulltime or part-time compared to 42% of females (see Table 2). Over 88% of the sample reported some form of fixed living arrangement during the past 30 days such as living in a house, apartment, condo, or trailer. Less than 8% of male (7.3%) and female (7.8%) arrestees reported no fixed residence or being homeless. Twenty-eight percent of arrestees with children reported living with their children. This rate varied significantly by gender with a higher proportion of female arrestees (39%) than male arrestees (24%) indicating they lived with their children. A review of arrestees’ most serious offense charge revealed 16.3% of arrestees were violent offenders, 18.2% were drug offenders, and 18.7% were property offenders. Arrestees averaged 2.1 prior arrests in the previous year and 2 prior stays in a jail or other correctional facility over their lifetime. A higher proportion of males (47.8%) than females (41.3%) reported a prior arrest in the past 12 months and a history of incarceration (74.7% of males versus 67.8% of females). AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 13 Content of Annual Adult Report 2007 The annual report is divided into eight chapters, with each of those following addressing a different substantive topic. •• Chapter 2 describes drug use among arrestees based on urinalysis test results and self-report information. The chapter focuses on alcohol use and four illicit drugs (i.e., marijuana, cocaine, opiates, and methamphetamine). Urinalysis test results for these substances are presented separately for males and females, racial/ethnic groups, and type of offender (e.g., violent, drug, and property). •• Chapter 3 contains information on drug dependency, prior substance abuse treatment, and current need for treatment. Urinalysis test results for alcohol and each of the four illicit drugs are used to examine the relationship between drug use (confirmed) and substance abuse treatment. •• Chapter 4 presents the extent of firearm possession (e.g., handguns, rifles or shotguns, semi-automatic weapons, and fully automatic weapons) by the arrestee population. The chapter also examines the relationship between firearm possession, drug use, and victimization. •• Chapter 5 examines differences between gang members and non-gang members among the arrestee population. In particular, it presents information on differences between gang and non-gang members with respect to such issues as socio-demographic factors, legal information, and drug use. •• Chapter 6 describes rates of violent victimization among the arrestee population. Specifically, it examines the prevalence of being the victim of a gun crime, non-gun crime, and being robbed. Furthermore, this chapter examines the relationship between violent victimization and drug use. •• Chapter 7 focuses on co-occurring disorders by examining the relationship between mental illness and drug use. •• Chapter 8 presents the number of illegal and legal aliens among the arrestee population and identifies how these arrestees differ from U.S. citizens in drug use, socio-demographic information, involvement in violent crime, and victimization. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 14 Chapter 2. Patterns of Drug Use One of the most important components of the AARIN project is its capacity to confirm drug use through drug testing by urinalysis. Currently, AARIN detects alcohol and four illicit drugs, including marijuana, cocaine, opiates, and methamphetamine. During the interview, arrestees are asked a series of questions about lifetime use, past 12 month use, past 30 day use, and past three day use. The following section highlights drug use among arrestees based on self-report information and urinalysis test results (see Figures 1 and 2). Alcohol Figure 1: Lifetime Drug Use by Sex (n = 1,607) 100 96.9 92.3 84.1 90 80 79.5 70 Percent Male arrestees had a higher proportion of self-reported lifetime, past 12 month, past 30 day, and past three day use of alcohol than female arrestees. Also, males were younger than females at age of first use of alcohol. Based on urinalysis test results, 12% of arrestees in Maricopa County were under the influence of alcohol at the time of their arrest with a higher rate among males (13%) than females (9%). 57.8 60 54.3 50.4 50 47.3 35.4 35.5 40 30 18.6 20 15.3 10 0 Alcohol* Marijuana* * p<.05 AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Meth* Male Crack Cocaine Female Powder Cocaine* Opiates Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 15 Marijuana Marijuana was one of the two most commonly used illicit drugs by arrestees in Maricopa County. Male arrestees had a higher proportion of selfreported lifetime, past 12 month, past 30 day, and past three day use of marijuana than female arrestees. Also, male arrestees first used marijuana at a younger age than females. Over a third of arrestees (37.8%) tested positive for marijuana, with 41% of male arrestees and 29% of female arrestees testing positive for the drug. Crack Cocaine and Powder Cocaine Figure 2: Past 30 Day Drug Use by Sex (n = 1,607) 100 90 80 Percent 70 80.6 69.2 60 45.3 50 36.4 35.8 40 28.1 30 20 10.7 12.8 10.0 8.5 10 4.6 3.0 0 Alcohol* Marijuana* * p<.05 Meth* Male Crack Cocaine Powder Cocaine Opiates Female Figure 3: Positive UA Results by Sex (n = 1,607) 100 90 80 Percent 70 60 50 43.0 40.9 40 28.5 30 20 10 33.8 21.0 12.9 18.0 9.1 5.7 5.8 0 Alcohol* * p<.05 Marijuana* Meth* Male Cocaine Opiates Although urinalysis tests were unable to distinguish crack cocaine and powder cocaine use, self-report data provided insight into crack and powder cocaine use. Thirty-five percent of males and females self-reported crack cocaine lifetime use. A slightly higher proportion of females than males reported crack cocaine use in the past 12 months and past 30 days. Over half of male arrestees (54%) reported powder cocaine lifetime use compared to 47% of female arrestees. Females self-reported slightly higher powder cocaine use in the past 12 months and 30 days than males. However, males reported a slightly higher past three day use than females (5.4% versus 4%). Females first used crack and powder cocaine at a younger age than males. A review of urinalysis results shows that a fifth of all arrestees in Maricopa County tested positive for cocaine. Cocaine use was slightly higher among male (21%) than female (18%) arrestees. Female AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 16 Opiates Opiate use among arrestees is relatively low. Males had a higher proportion of self-reported lifetime, past 12 month, past 30 day, and past three day opiate use than females. Males reported being younger than females at age of first use of opiates. Urinalysis test results show that less than 6% of arrestees (males and females) tested positive for opiates. Table 3. Drug Use Results for Male and Female Arrestees Sex Total Male % Female % % 96.9 80.6 71.9 51.0 12.9 14 years 92.3 69.2 55.6 36.3 9.1 15.3 years 95.8 77.8 67.8 47.4 12.0 14.3 years 84.1 52.2 45.3 31.8 40.9 14.1 years 79.5 43.6 35.8 21.5 28.5 14.7 years 82.9 50.1 43.0 29.2 37.8 14.2 years 50.4 33.4 28.1 20.9 33.8 21.6 years 57.8 42.9 36.4 24.0 43.0 21.2 years 52.2 35.8 30.2 21.7 36.1 21.5 years 35.4 14.9 10.7 7.3 21.0 23.1 years 35.5 15.8 12.8 9.3 18.0 21.9 years 35.4 15.1 11.2 7.8 20.2 22.8 years 54.3 15.2 10.0 5.4 21.0 19.1 years 47.3 16.3 8.5 4.0 18.0 19.4 years 52.6 15.5 9.6 5.0 20.2 19.2 years 18.6 6.7 4.6 3.4 5.7 22.8 years 15.3 5.0 3.0 2.3 5.8 23.2 years 17.8 6.3 4.2 3.1 5.7 22.9 years Alcohol Lifetime* Past 12 month* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Age of first use (mean) Marijuana Methamphetamine Females self-reported higher rates of lifetime past 12-month, past 30-day, and past three-day use of methamphetamine, specifically 58% of females reported lifetime use compared to 50% of males. Urinalysis test results show that 36% of arrestees tested positive for methamphetamine use. Self-reported age of first use of methamphetamine for males and females was not significantly different. Among female arrestees, methamphetamine was the most commonly used drug. While 43% of female arrestees tested positive for methamphetamine, 34% of males tested positive for the drug. Lifetime* Past 12 month* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Age of first use (mean)* Methamphetamine Lifetime* Past 12 month* Past 30 days* Past 3 days Positive UA* Age of first use (mean)* Crack Cocaine Lifetime Past 12 month Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Age of first use (mean) Powder Cocaine Lifetime* Past 12 month Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Age of first use (mean) Opiates Lifetime Past 12 month Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Age of first use (mean) * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 17 Drug Abuse and Type of Offender Numerous studies have noted the distinct pathways into crime and drug use. As such, urinalysis test results for male and female violent, property, and drug offenders are presented. The findings indicated marijuana and methamphetamine were the most commonly used drugs. Figures 4 – 6 present these results. Violent Offenders 50 45 40 Percent 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 * p<.05 Marijuana use was most common among male violent offenders with 43% testing positive for the drug compared to 17% of female violent offenders. Twenty-nine percent of violent offendFigure 4: Violent Offender Positive UA Results by Sex (n=259) ers tested positive for methamphetamine, 43.0 17.4% for cocaine, 17% for alcohol, and 5% for opiates (see Table 29.0 28.8 4). While a higher percentage of female vio22.4 lent offenders were 18.5 16.9 under the influence 15.1 13.6 of alcohol at the time of arrest, there were 6.8 4.5 relatively small differences in methamphetamine, cocaine, and Alcohol Marijuana* Meth Cocaine Opiates opiate use between male and female ofMale Female fenders. Property Offenders Methamphetamine and marijuana were the most commonly used drugs by property offenders. Overall, 37% of property offenders tested positive for methamphetamine and 35% percent tested positive for marijuana (see Figure 5). Male property offenders had a higher percentage of methamphetamine and marijuana use than female property offenders. A fifth of property offenders tested positive for cocaine, 12.1% for alcohol, and 8.1% for opiates. Once again, male property offenders had a higher percentage of cocaine, alcohol, and opiate use than female property offenders. Interestingly, opiate use was highest among property offenders than any other type of offender. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 18 Drug Offenders Figure 5: Property Offender Positive UA Results by Sex (n = 297) Although comparing male and female drug use based on urinalysis by offender type can shed light on patterns of drug use between males and females, recent studies have identified very distinct methods of drug acquisition behavior for male and female offenders. Accordingly, comparisons of self-reported past 12 month use by offender type are presented separately for male and female arrestees (see Tables 5 and 6). 41.7 40 37.3 35.6 35 Percent 30 26.4 25 21.3 20 15 15.3 13.3 8.3 10 8.4 6.9 5 0 Alcohol Marijuana * p<.05 Meth Male Cocaine Opiates Female Figure 6: Drug Offender Positive UA Results by Sex (n = 289) 80 67.6 70 60 47.7 50 Percent Consistent with the urinalysis test results of property offenders, marijuana and methamphetamine were the most commonly used illicit drugs by drug offenders. Overall, 46% of these arrestees tested positive for marijuana and 43.3% tested positive for methamphetamine (see Figure 6). While male drug offenders were more likely to test positive for marijuana than females (48% versus 39%), female drug offenders were far more likely than male drug offenders to test positive for methamphetamine (68% versus 35%). Cocaine use was higher among male (24.8%) than female (18.3%) drug offenders, while levels of alcohol and opiate use were fairly similar for male and female drug offenders. 45 39.4 40 35.3 30 20 24.8 17.6 18.3 14.5 10 4.6 4.2 0 Alcohol * p<.05 AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Marijuana Meth* Male Female Cocaine Opiates Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 19 Male Violent, Property, and Drug Offenders Figures 7 and 8 present self-reported drug use in the past 12 months for male arrestees. Alcohol Figure 7: Male Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type (n = 1,197 ) 90 85.5 84.4 80 79.6 77.4 70 63.3 60 Percent Eighty percent or more of violent, property, and drug offenders reported alcohol use in the past 12 months. Alcohol use was highest among violent offenders (86%) followed by drug offenders (84%) and property offenders (80%). 52.0 46.4 50 49.5 40 30 20 8.3 10 11.6 3.5 5.4 0 Alcohol* *p< .05 Marijuana* Violent Drug Property Opiates* Other Figure 8: Male Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type (n = 1,197) 40 34.4 33.5 33.6 35 30.5 Percent 30 25 21.6 20 15 17.3 11.5 15.9 17.0 13.3 14.7 12.3 5 0 *p< .05 Powder Cocaine* Violent Drug Self-reported marijuana use in the past 12 months was highest among drug offenders (63%), followed by violent offenders (52%). Less than half of property offenders (46%) reported marijuana use in the past 12 months. Opiates 10 Crack Cocaine Marijuana Property Meth Other Property offenders had the highest (12%) reported past 12 month use of opiates; 8% of drug offenders reported using the drug in the past 12 months, while 4% of violent offenders reported using the drug. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 20 Powder Cocaine and Crack Cocaine Seventeen percent of male property offenders self-reported using crack cocaine in the past 12 months. This rate was higher than self-reported use by violent (12%) and drug (13%) offenders. A review of self-reported powder cocaine use shows that 22% of drug offenders used the drug in the past 12 months. Methamphetamine Over 30% of all male offenders reported past 12 month use of methamphetamine. Thirty-four percent of drug and property offenders reported using the drug in the past 12 months relative to 31% of violent offenders. Table 4. Positive UA Results by Sex and Type of Offender Male % Violent Offenders Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Drug Offenders Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates Property Offenders Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Other Offenders Alcohol* Marijuana* Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Female % Total % 15.1 43.0 29.0 18.5 4.5 22.4 16.9 28.8 18.5 6.8 16.7 37.1 29.0 17.4 5.0 17.6 47.7 35.3 24.8 4.6 14.5 39.4 67.6 18.3 4.2 16.8 45.7 43.3 23.2 4.5 13.3 37.3 41.7 21.3 8.4 8.3 26.4 35.6 15.3 6.9 12.1 34.7 37.0 19.9 8.1 10.3 38.4 33.2 20.4 5.4 3.7 28.6 37.0 19.8 5.2 8.6 35.9 34.1 20.2 5.4 * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Sex Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 21 Table 5. Drug Abuse Among Violent, Property, and Drug Male Offenders Alcohol Lifetime Past 12 months* Past 30 days Past 3 days* Positive UA* Marijuana Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA Crack Lifetime* Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Powder Cocaine Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days* Positive UA Opiates Lifetime Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA Methamphetamine Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Violent Offenders % Drug Offenders % Property Offenders % Other Offenders % 96.5 85.5 79.6 58.5 15.1 99.1 84.4 77.0 62.4 17.6 95.6 79.6 70.6 48.9 13.3 96.9 77.4 67.3 44.5 10.3 83.0 52.0 46.7 31.5 43.0 86.2 63.3 55.6 44.0 47.7 76.0 46.4 42.6 28.9 37.3 86.8 49.5 41.4 27.3 38.4 26.5 11.5 9.0 6.0 18.5 34.4 13.3 10.1 6.9 24.8 38.2 17.3 12.1 8.9 21.3 37.7 15.9 10.9 7.4 20.4 53.5 17.0 11.5 6.5 18.5 57.3 21.6 13.3 8.7 24.8 52.4 14.7 10.3 6.2 21.3 53.9 12.3 8.2 3.4 20.4 16.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 4.5 21.6 8.3 6.0 3.7 4.6 20.4 11.6 7.6 6.2 8.4 17.8 5.4 3.6 3.1 5.4 47.0 30.5 26.5 20.0 29.0 52.3 34.4 28.6 24.3 35.3 47.1 33.5 29.5 23.1 35.6 51.9 33.6 27.3 18.2 32.2 * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 22 Female Violent, Property, and Drug Offenders Figures 9 and 10 present self-reported drug use of female arrestees during the past 12 months. Alcohol Eighty-five percent of female violent offenders reported alcohol use during the past 12 months. This rate was significantly higher than the rate of drug and property offenders. 90 Female drug offenders reported significantly higher marijuana use than all other types of offenders. Sixty-three percent of female drug offenders reported using the drug in the past 12 months compared to 43% of property and 29% of violent offenders. 70.4 69.4 70 64.4 63.4 60 50 43.1 40.8 40 28.8 30 20 9.9 10 4.2 3.6 1.7 0 Alcohol* *p< .05 Marijuana* Violent Drug Opiates Property Other Figure 10: Female Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type (n = 393 ) Opiates 70 61.4 60 45.8 50 Percent Ten percent of female drug offenders self-reported using opiates in the past 12 months. Selfreported use by other female offenders was relatively lower compared to drug offenders. Powder Cocaine and Crack 84.7 80 Percent Marijuana Figure 9: Female Past 12 Month Use by Offense Type (n = 393) 38.0 40 21.1 20 10 27.1 26.8 30 16.7 16.7 11.9 15.3 14.1 5.1 0 Crack Cocaine *p< .05 Violent Powder Cocaine Drug Property Meth* Other A review of self-report information showed a higher proportion of crack cocaine use by female drug offenders. While 17% of property offenders reported use in the past 12 months, only 5% of violent offenders reported using the drug. More than a quarter of female drug offenders self-reported using powder cocaine in the past 12 months. This rate of powder cocaine use was higher than for property (15%) and violent (12%) offenders. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 23 Methamphetamine Among female arrestees, 61% of drug offenders self-reported using methamphetamine during the past 12 months. This rate is significantly higher than the reported use by property (46%) and violent (27%) offenders. Table 6. Drug Abuse Among Violent, Property, and Drug Female Offenders Alcohol Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Marijuana Lifetime Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Crack Lifetime* Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Powder Cocaine Lifetime* Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Opiates Lifetime* Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Methamphetamine Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days Positive UA* Violent Offenders % Drug Offenders % Property Offenders % Other Offenders % 100.0 84.7 71.2 54.2 22.4 93.0 70.4 59.2 43.7 14.5 93.1 69.4 54.9 40.3 8.3 89.1 64.4 50.3 27.1 3.7 76.3 28.8 25.4 10.2 16.9 87.3 63.4 56.3 32.4 39.4 75.0 43.1 34.7 18.1 26.4 79.2 40.8 31.4 21.4 28.6 18.6 5.1 3.4 1.7 13.6 49.3 21.1 15.5 11.3 18.3 33.3 16.7 11.1 9.7 15.3 35.4 16.7 15.1 10.4 19.8 37.3 11.9 6.8 1.7 13.6 60.9 26.8 14.1 8.5 18.3 40.3 15.3 6.9 5.6 15.3 47.4 14.1 7.3 2.1 19.8 5.1 1.7 0.0 0.0 6.8 25.4 9.9 7.0 5.6 4.2 13.9 4.2 2.8 2.8 6.9 14.6 3.6 2.1 1.0 5.2 37.3 27.1 19.0 13.6 28.8 73.2 61.4 54.9 40.8 67.6 59.7 45.8 37.5 25.0 41.7 56.3 38.0 32.5 18.2 37.0 * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 24 Drug Abuse and Race/Ethnicity In order to gain further insight into drug use by the arrestee population, analyses comparing drug use by race/ethnicity were conducted. Figure 11 displays levels of drug use by race/ethnicity and shows the varying levels of confirmed drug use by arrestees. Data show Native Americans had the highest rate of alcohol use. Forty percent of Native Americans were under the influence of alcohol at the time of arrest compared to 10% of all other racial/ethnic groups. Marijuana findings revealed that nearly half of all Blacks (48%) tested positive for the drug. Thirty-eight percent of whites tested positive for marijuana compared to 34% of Hispanic/Latinos and Native Americans. Methamphetamine use was highest among whites, with 47% of them testing positive for the drug. More than a third of Hispanic/Latinos (35%) tested positive for methamphetamine relative to 18% of Blacks and 16% of Native Americans. Consistent with the marijuana findings, confirmed cocaine use was highest among Blacks (36%), followed by Hispanic/Latinos (21%), whites (18%), and Native Americans (9%). Lastly, confirmed opiate use was highest among whites (9%) relative to the other racial/ethnic groups. Drug use by arrestees is further explored by examining male and female differences in drug use for each racial/ethnic group. Figures 12 – 15 presents urinalysis test results for each racial/ethnic group by sex. Figure 11: Positive UA Results by Race/Ethnicity (n = 1,607) 60 47.8 Percent 50 40.0 40 37.6 46.9 36.3 34.8 33.8 33.9 30 20 17.8 16.1 17.6 20.9 10.1 10.0 9.9 8.9 10 8.7 3.8 3.0 4.5 0 Alcohol * p<.05 Marijuana White Meth Black Hispanic/Latino AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Cocaine Native American Opiates Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 25 White Arrestees About 11% of white males and 9% of white females were under the influence of alcohol at the time of arrest. Findings revealed a significant difference in marijuana use among white arrestees. Forty-two percent of white males tested positive for marijuana compared to 27% of white females. Black Arrestees Figure 12: Positive UA Results for Whites by Sex (n = 646) 60 51.0 50 45.1 42.4 Percent 40 26.5 30 18.7 20 10.7 10 15.3 9.3 8.7 7.1 0 Alcohol Marijuana* * p<.05 Meth Male Cocaine Opiates Female Figure 13: Positive UA Results for Blacks by Sex (n (n = 182) =182) 60 50.0 50 44.7 39.5 Percent 40 34.0 Among Black arrestees, alcohol, marijuana, and methamphetamine use was higher among males than females. Twelve percent of Black males were under the influence of alcohol relative to 3% of Black females. Half of Black males tested positive for marijuana compared to 40% of Black females. Fifteen percent of males and 13% of females tested positive for methamphetamine. Forty-five percent of Black females tested positive for cocaine compared to 34% of Black males. Eleven percent of Black females tested positive for opiates while only 2% of Black males tested positive for the drug. 30 20 15.3 12.0 10 13.2 10.5 2.6 2.1 0 Alcohol * p<.05 Marijuana Meth Male Cocaine Opiates* Female AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 26 Hispanic/Latino Arrestees Figure 14:Positive PositiveUA UAResults Resultsfor forHispanic/Latinos Hispanic/Latinosby Figure 14: by Sex Sex (n(n=541) = 541) 50 45.1 45 40 35.5 35 Percent Levels of drug use among Hispanic/Latinos showed higher rates of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and opiate use by males than females. Thirty-six percent of males tested positive for marijuana compared to 27% of females. Twentythree percent of Hispanic/Latino males tested positive for cocaine while 14% of female Hispanic/Latinos tested positive for the drug. Opiate use was fairly similar among Hispanic/Latino males (3%) and females (2%). Unlike the other illicit drugs, methamphetamine use was significantly higher among females (45%) than males (32%). 32.3 30 26.5 22.6 25 20 15 13.7 10.5 10 7.0 3.2 2.0 5 0 Alcohol * p<.05 Meth* Male Cocaine Opiates Female Figure 15: 15: Positive UA Results Figure Positive UA Results for for Native Native Americans Americans by Sex Sex (N (n=112) by =112) 50 45 43.2 40.2 40 Native American Arrestees Percent 35 Alcohol use was higher among Native American arrestees than other racial/ethnic groups. Forty-three percent of Native American males were under the influence of alcohol at the time of arrest compared to 31% of Native American females. Native American males were more likely to test positive for marijuana (40%) than females (17%). Conversely, Native American females were more likely than their male counterparts to test positive for methamphetamine (37% versus 9%) and cocaine (13% versus 7%). Marijuana 36.7 31.0 30 25 20 16.7 13.3 15 8.5 10 7.3 5 4.9 3.3 0 Alcohol * p<.05 AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Marijuana* Meth* Male Female Cocaine Opiates Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 27 Table 7. Positive UA Results by Sex and Race/Ethnicity of Arrestees Sex Male % Female % Total % 10.7 42.4 45.1 18.7 9.3 8.7 26.5 51.0 15.3 7.1 10.1 37.6 46.9 17.6 8.7 12.0 50.0 15.3 34.0 2.1 2.6 39.5 13.2 44.7 10.5 10.0 47.8 14.8 36.3 3.8 10.5 35.5 32.3 22.6 3.2 7.0 26.5 45.1 13.7 2.0 9.9 33.8 34.8 20.9 3.0 43.2 40.2 8.5 7.3 4.9 31.0 16.7 36.7 13.3 3.3 40.0 33.9 16.1 8.9 4.5 White Arrestees Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Black Arrestees Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates* Hispanic/Latino Arrestees Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates Native American Arrestees Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 28 Chapter 3. Drug Abuse and Treatment Experience Percent The AARIN project collects dependency and substance abuse treatment information from arrestees in an attempt to capture arrestees’ treatment needs as well as identifying gaps in treatment for specific substance abusing arrestees. Arrestees are asked about their perceived dependency on illicit drugs and current and prior participation in substance abuse treatment. They are also asked whether they could use treatment for alcohol or illicit drugs. While the data are not confirmed with official agency records, they provide insight into whether specific programs and drug treatment policies are reaching their targeted population. Further, these data can be used to develop and implement evidence-based policies and programs and direct proper allocation of resources to reduce the treatment Figure 16:16: Dependency and Alcohol Treatment byby Sex Figure Alcohol Dependency and Treatment Sex (n =(n=1,539) 1,539) gaps among the criminally in20 volved. The following section pres17.2 18 16.5 ents self-report data on substance 16.0 15.2 16 abuse treatment. Also, urinalysis 14.3 14.1 14 test results for alcohol and each of the four illicit drugs are used to 12 examine the relationship between 10 confirmed drug use, treatment 8 need, and current access to treat6 ment. Figures 16 – 21 display these 3.3 4 findings (see also Tables 8 and 9). 1.9 2 0 Males * p<.05 Dependent Prior Treatment AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Females Currently Receiving Treatment Could Use Treatment Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 29 Alcohol Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment Fourteen percent of male arrestees and 16% of female arrestees who selfreported using alcohol in the past 12 months indicated they were dependent on alcohol. Seventeen percent of males reported receiving treatment for alcohol in the past and 17% indicated they could use treatment for alcohol. These rates were slightly lower for female arrestees with 14.3% reporting they received treatment for alcohol in the past and 15.2% indicating they could use treatment for alcohol. Less than 4% of male and female arrestees were currently receiving treatment or in detox for alcohol. A review of the urinalysis test results showed that 30% of males and 29% of females who were under the influence of alcohol at the time of arrest reported they could use treatment for alcohol yet less than 10% (5% of males and 6% of females) were currently receiving treatment for alcohol. Figure and Marijuana Treatmentby bySex Sex Figure17: 17:Dependency Marijuana Dependency and Treatment (n(n=1,333) = 1,333) 16 14 Percent 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 * p<.05 14.2 Marijuana Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment 12.9 As with alcohol use, there were slight differences between male 9.9 9.2 and female arrestees’ marijuana 8.3 use and treatment history. Fourteen percent of male arrestees and 13% of female arrestees who reported using marijuana 1.6 1.4 in the past 12 months indicated they were dependent on the drug. Less than 2% of male and Males Females female arrestees were currently Dependent Currently Receiving Treatment Prior Treatment Could Use Treatment receiving treatment for marijuana. Nine percent of males and 10% of females reported receiving treatment for marijuana in the past and a slightly higher proportion of males (11%) than females (8.3%) indicated they could use treatment for the drug. Urinalysis test results indicated that 16% of males and 10% of females who were under the influence of marijuana self-reported they could use treatment for marijuana. However, only 2% of male and female arrestees were currently receiving treatment. 10.6 AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 30 Crack Cocaine Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment There were several significant differences in dependency and treatment history among male and female arrestees. A much higher proportion of females (25%) than males (16%) reported receiving treatment for crack cocaine in the past and indicated they could use treatment for the drug (26% of females versus 17% of males). While only 13% of male arrestees reported being dependent on crack cocaine, 20% of female arrestees reported being dependent on the drug. Less than 3% of males and females were currently receiving treatment for crack cocaine. Over half of females (56%) who tested positive for cocaine self-reported they could use treatment for crack cocaine compared to 36% of males. Less than 5% of arrestees (2% Figure 18: Crack18: Cocaine Dependency and Treatment of males and 4% of females) who testFigure Dependency and Crack Cocaine by Sex (nby = 569) Treatment Sex (n = 569) ed positive for cocaine were currently 30 receiving treatment for crack cocaine. 25.9 24.8 25 Unlike the proceeding crack cocaine findings, there were no gender differences in treatment history for powder cocaine use. Five percent of male and female arrestees who used powder cocaine in the past 12 months reported being dependent on the drug. While 10% of males reported receiving treatment for powder cocaine in the past, a slightly higher proportion of females (13%) reported receiving treatment for the drug. Also, 9.2% of males indicated they could use treatment for powder cocaine compared to 8.3% of females. Less than 2% of arrestees were currently receiving treatment for powder cocaine. Approximately a fifth of arrestees (18% of males and 20% of females) who tested positive for cocaine self-reported they could use treatment for powder cocaine yet less than 5% (2% of males and 4% of females) were currently receiving treatment for the drug. 19.7 Percent 20 15.6 15 16.9 12.9 10 5 2.1 1.4 0 Males * p<.05 Females Dependent Currently Receiving Treatment Prior Treatment Could Use Treatment Figure 19: Cocaine Dependency and Powder Cocaine by Sex Figure 19: Powder Dependency and Treatment Figure 18: Dependency and Crack Cocaine Treatment History by Sex (n = 845) (n = 845) Treatment by Sex (n = 569) 14 30 12.6 24.8 12 25 9.9 10 20 Percent Percent Powder Cocaine Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment 15.6 8 15 12.9 6 5.0 9.2 19.7 25.9 8.3 16.9 4.8 10 4 5 2 1.4 0.9 1.7 2.1 0 0 * p<.05 * p<.05 AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Males Males Females Females Dependent Dependent CurrentlyReceiving ReceivingTreatment Treatment Currently Prior Treatment Prior Treatment Could Could Use UseTreatment Treatment Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 31 Opiate Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment Figure 20: Dependency Figure 20: Opiate Dependencyand and Opiates Treatment Treatment History by Sex by Sex (n = 286) (n = 286) 25 20 23.0 19.2 18.7 16.7 Percent 15.9 14.8 15 10 6.7 5 2.3 0 Males * p<.05 Females Dependent Prior Treatment Currently Receiving Treatment Could Use Treatment Figure 21: Methamphetamine Dependency Figure 21: Dependency and Methamphetamine and Treatment byby SexSex (n =(n1,539) Treatment History = 839) 40 35 Percent 30 37.4 37.2 31.8 28.1 27.5 25 20 16.7 15 7.9 10 5 3.7 0 Males Dependent * p<.05 Prior Treatment A higher proportion of males (19%) than females (15%) indicated they were dependent on opiates. While 7% of females were currently receiving treatment for opiates, only 2% of males were currently in treatment for the drug. Also, 23% of females and 16% of males reported receiving treatment for opiates in the past. A higher proportion of males (20%) than females (17%) indicated they could use treatment for opiates. Among those male arrestees who tested positive for opiates, 60% reported they could use treatment for opiates yet only 6.3% were currently receiving treatment for the drug. Among the female arrestees who tested positive for opiates, 44% reported they could use treatment for opiates yet only 11% were currently receiving treatment for the drug. Methamphetamine Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment Twenty-eight percent of males and 37% of females who reported methamCurrently Receiving Treatment Could Use Treatment phetamine use in the past 12 months indicated they were dependent on the drug. A higher proportion of females than males reported previous methamphetamine treatment. Specifically, 28% of females reported receiving treatment for methamphetamine in the past compared to 17% of males. A higher proportion of females (37%) than males (32%) reported they could use treatment for methamphetamine. While only 4% of males were currently receiving treatment for methamphetamine, 8% of females were currently receiving treatment for methamphetamine. Among those arrestees that tested positive for methamphetamine, nearly half (49%) of males and 44% of females reported they could use treatment for methamphetamine. Less than 10% of arrestees (5% of males and 9% of females) were currently receiving treatment for the drug. Females AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 32 Table 8. Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment by Sex Males % Females % Total % 14.1 14.2 12.9 5.0 18.7 27.5 16.0 12.9 19.7 4.8 14.8 37.2 13.9% 11.5 5.2 2.6 3.2 15.8 1.9 1.4 1.4 .9 2.3 3.7 3.3 1.6 2.1 1.7 6.7 7.9 2.2 1.4 1.6 1.2 3.2 4.8 16.5 9.2 15.6 9.9 15.9 16.7 14.3 9.9 24.8 12.6 23.0 28.1 16.0 9.4 17.9 10.5 17.4 19.9 17.2 10.6 16.9 9.2 19.2 31.8 15.2 8.3 25.9 8.3 16.7 37.4 16.7 10.0 19.0 9.0 18.6 33.5 Dependent Alcohol Marijuana Crack* Powder cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine* Currently Receiving Treatment Alcohol Marijuana Crack Powder cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine* Prior Treatment Alcohol Marijuana Crack* Powder cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine* Could Use Treatment Alcohol Marijuana Crack* Powder cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 33 Table 9. Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment by Sex and UA Males Females Negative % Positive % Negative % Positive 12.0 3.9 1.6 1.6 .8 2.5 24.5 23.5 15.8 7.1 47.8 36.3 13.3 3.1 1.5 .6 1.1 7.5 27.8 28.1 31.9 9.7 21.7 40.1 1.5 .8 1.5 .9 1.1 2.3 4.6 2.1 1.3 1.7 6.3 4.6 2.8 1.5 1.2 .8 5.8 6.5 5.9 1.9 3.6 4.1 11.1 8.7 15.5 5.1 12.5 9.7 10.6 11.2 24.2 13.7 21.1 10.5 34.0 21.0 13.8 8.7 14.1 8.3 20.8 26.9 20.6 12.1 41.1 24.0 33.3 28.7 15.1 5.6 6.3 5.9 7.1 9.3 30.1 16.0 35.5 17.7 60.0 48.7 13.5 7.3 6.0 3.8 11.5 24.4 29.4 10.4 56.4 20.4 44.4 44.3 % Dependent Alcohol Marijuana Crack Powder cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine Currently Receiving Treatment Alcohol Marijuana Crack Powder cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine Prior Treatment Alcohol Marijuana Crack Powder cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine Could Use Treatment Alcohol Marijuana Crack Powder cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 34 Chapter 4. Firearms and Violent Crimes The AARIN survey instrument contains a series of questions about firearms including possession of handguns, rifles or shotguns, semi-automatic weapons, and fully automatic weapons. Respondents are asked to exclude those firearms possessed as part of prior military or law enforcement experience. Also, arrestees who self-report possessing or owning a firearm are asked to describe how they acquired the firearm. Figure 22 displays the overall rates of firearm possession among arrestees. Tables 11 and 12 present the relationship between firearm possession, victimization, and drug use of violent and nonFigure 22: Firearm Ownership/Possession violent offenders. by Type of Weapon (n = 1,607) 40 35.4 35 30 30.0 25 Percent At least 30% of arrestees reported possessing a handgun or rifle in their lifetime. Nineteen percent of arrestees reported possessing a semi-automatic weapon and 12% reported possessing a fully automatic weapon in their lifetime. The rates drop substantially for past 12 month and past 30 day possession. Specifically, 7% of arrestees possessed a handgun and 5% possessed a rifle in the past 30 days. Less than 5% 20 19.2 15 11.9 12.2 8.7 10 7.3 5.9 3.5 5 5.2 3.9 2.2 0 Lifetime * p<.05 Handgun/pistol AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Past 12 months Rifle/shotgun Semi-automatic Past 30 days Fully automatic Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 35 of arrestees self-reported possessing a semi-automatic weapon (4%) or a fully automatic weapon (2%) in the past 30 days. Over half of arrestees reported acquiring the firearm through a direct purchase. Approximately 10% of arrestees indicated they borrowed the firearm from someone and at least 14% reported they received the firearm as a gift. The acquisition of a firearm via theft was most prevalent among those arrestees who possessed a fully-automatic weapon (9%), followed by those who possessed a semi-automatic weapon (8%), handgun (5%), and a rifle (4%). Table 10. Firearm Ownership/Possession and Method of Acquisition Handgun/ Pistol % Rifle/ Shotgun % Semiautomatic % Fully automatic % Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days 35.4 12.2 7.3 30.0 8.7 5.2 19.2 5.9 3.9 11.9 3.5 2.2 Acquisition Method Bought it Rented it Traded something for it Borrowed it Gift Stole it Other 59.6 0.2 3.0 10.8 14.5 5.1 6.7 54.8 0.4 2.7 9.8 22.1 3.8 6.5 59.1 0.3 4.2 8.8 13.6 8.1 5.8 51.6 0.5 5.4 10.9 14.1 8.7 8.7 Note: Values for acquisition method reflect the most recently acquired firearm of each type. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 36 Violent and Non-violent Offenders Handgun or Pistol Over a third of violent offenders (38%) and non-violent offenders (35%) self-reported possessing a handgun during their lifetime. Sixteen percent of violent offenders indicated possessing a handgun in the past 12 months compared to 12% of non-violent offenders. A higher proportion of violent offenders than non-violent offenders indicated possessing a handgun in the past 30 days (11% of violent offenders versus 7% of nonviolent offenders). Among both violent and non-violent offenders, the most common method of acquisition of a handgun was a purchase (63% of violent and 59% of non-violent offenders). Alcohol and cocaine use was higher among violent offenders than non-violent offenders who possessed a handgun. Conversely, marijuana, methamphetamine, and opiate use was higher among non-violent than violent offenders who possessed Table 11. Firearm Ownership/Possession, Method of Acquisition, Victimization, and Drug Use Among Violent Offenders Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Acquisition Method Bought it Rented it Traded something for it Borrowed it Gift Stole it Other Victimization Threatened with a gun Assaulted w/o a weapon Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana Cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine Handgun/ Pistol % Rifle/ Shotgun % Semiautomatic % Fully automatic % 38.2 15.9 10.6 34.0 13.1 8.9 22.0 7.3 5.1 17.0 5.9 4.7 63.0 0 2.0 9.0 16.0 2.0 8.0 53.4 0 3.4 6.8 20.5 4.5 11.4 61.4 0 7.0 7.0 10.5 7.0 7.0 54.8 0 7.1 7.1 14.3 4.8 11.9 43.9 34.1 50.0 47.1 52.6 42.1 60.0 40.0 20.0 48.8 26.8 2.4 31.7 30.3 38.2 26.5 2.9 32.4 21.1 47.4 42.1 5.3 36.8 33.3 46.7 40.0 6.7 26.7 Note: Values for acquisition method reflect the most recently acquired firearm of each type. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 37 a handgun. A higher proportion of non-violent offenders (6%) than violent offenders (2%) reported acquiring the handgun via theft. Forty-four percent of violent and non-violent offenders who possessed a handgun were threatened with a gun in the past 12 months. A higher percentage of non-violent than violent offenders who possessed a handgun were assaulted in the past 12 months (40% versus 34%). Rifle or Shotgun Thirty-four percent of violent and 29% of non-violent offenders reported possessing a rifle or shotgun during their lifetime. A higher proportion of violent offenders than non-violent offenders reported possessing a rifle or shotgun in the past 12 months and 30 days. More than half of violent (53%) and non-violent (55.6%) offenders acquired the rifle or shotgun through a purchase. While 5% of violent offenders reported they stole the rifle, less than 4% (3.4%) of non-violent offenders reported stealing the firearm. Violent offenders who possessed a rifle were more likely than non-violent offenders to use alcohol and cocaine. On the other hand, non-violent offenders who possessed a rifle were more likely than violent offenders to use marijuana, methamphetamine, and opiates. A higher proportion of violent offenders than non-violent offenders who possessed a rifle were threatened with a gun or assaulted or attacked in the past 12 months. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 38 Semi-automatic Weapon A slightly higher proportion of violent (22%) than non-violent (19%) offenders possessed a semi-automatic weapon in their lifetime. Similarly, 7% of violent and 6% of non-violent offenders reported possessing a semiautomatic weapon in the past 12 months. The majority of violent (61.4%) and non-violent (58.3%) offenders reported acquiring the semi-automatic weapon through a purchase. A higher proportion of non-violent (9%) than violent (7%) offenders indicated they acquired the gun via theft. Violent offenders were more likely than non-violent offenders to use alcohol or cocaine. Conversely, non-violent offenders were more likely than violent offenders to use marijuana, opiates, and methamphetamine. There were slight differences in victimization rates between violent and non-violent offenders who possessed a semi-automatic weapon. While 53% of violent offenders reported being threatened with a gun, 49% of non-violent offenders reported being victimized. Table 12. Firearm Ownership/Possession, Method of Acquisition, Victimization, and Drug Use Among Non-violent Offenders Handgun/ Pistol % Rifle/ Shotgun % Semiautomatic % Fully automatic % 35.0 11.5 6.7 29.2 7.8 4.4 18.5 5.5 3.5 11.0 3.0 1.7 58.8 .2 3.0 11.3 14.3 5.9 6.5 55.6 .3 2.6 10.6 22.2 3.4 5.4 58.3 .4 3.6 9.3 14.2 8.5 5.7 50.4 .7 5.0 12.1 14.2 9.9 7.8 44.4 39.9 45.2 39.4 49.3 43.8 60.0 47.5 7.9 51.0 19.6 11.1 43.8 10.7 51.0 22.1 8.7 39.4 5.5 54.8 26.0 13.7 41.1 5.0 55.0 25.0 15.0 52.5 Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Acquisition Method Bought it Rented it Traded something for it Borrowed it Gift Stole it Other Victimization Threatened with a gun Assaulted w/o a weapon Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana Cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine Note: Values for acquisition method reflect the most recently acquired firearm of each type. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 39 Fully Automatic Weapons Seventeen percent of violent and 11% of non-violent offenders reported possessing a fully automatic weapon in their lifetime. Six percent of violent offenders reported possessing a fully automatic firearm in the past 12 months and 5% reported possessing a fully automatic weapon in the past 30 days. Three percent of non-violent offenders reported possessing a fully-automatic firearm in the past 12 months and 2% during the past 30 days. Half of non-violent offenders and more than half of violent offenders (55%) reported acquiring the fully automatic gun through a purchase. While 10% of non-violent offenders reported acquiring the fully automatic gun by stealing it, only 5% of violent offenders reported acquiring the fully automatic gun via theft. Alcohol and cocaine use was higher among violent than non-violent offenders who possessed a fully automatic weapon while marijuana, methamphetamine, and opiate use was higher among non-violent than violent offenders. Sixty percent of violent and non-violent offenders who possessed a fully automatic weapon were threatened with a gun during the past 12 months. Forty-eight percent of non-violent offenders compared to 40% of violent offenders who possessed a fully automatic weapon were assaulted in the past 12 months. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 40 Chapter 5. Gangs In order to gain further insight into gang involvement in Maricopa County, the AARIN survey instrument collects gang information from all arrestees. The following section compares various indicators including socio-demographic factors, legal information, and drug use across self-reported gang membership status (see Table 13). Figures 23 and 24 display some of these findings. Percent Seven percent of arrestees self-reported being current gang members while less than 5% reported being former gang members (4%) or gang associates (4.6%). Current gang members, former gang members, and gang associates were, on average, younger than non-gang members. Half of current gang members were Hispanic/Latino, 21% were Black, 14% were white, 4% were Native American, and 11% comprised of other racial/ethnic groups. A higher percentage of former gang members, current gang members, and gang associates self-reported as U.S. citizens than non-gang members. Nearly half of current gang members and over half of associates (59%) reFigure 23: Gang Membership ported their highest educational attainment Status Among Arrestees (n = 1,607) as less than a high school degree compared 90 84.8 to 36% of non-gang members and 35% of former gang members. A higher proportion 80 of non-gang members (49%), former gang 70 members (50%), and current gang members (43%) than gang associates (31%) reported 60 working full-time. Current gang members, 50 former gang members, and gang associates were more likely than non-gang members to 40 report illegal sources as their primary source of income. More than 88% of arrestees, re30 gardless of gang membership status, report20 ed living in a house or apartment during the past 30 days. Gang members were more like7.1 10 3.5 ly than non-gang members to report living 0 with their children. A higher percentage of Non-Gang Former Current current gang members (34%) and associates Gang Gang (33%) reported living with their children than non-gang members (27%) and former gang AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 4.6 Gang Associate Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 41 Figure 24: Positive UA Results by Gang Membership Status (n = 1,607) 60 54.1 48.2 50 50.0 46.5 43.2 Percent 40 35.5 35.3 33.9 30 25.4 19.3 20 25.0 18.9 12.9 10 5.4 7.1 6.8 6.1 8.9 1.8 2.7 0 Alcohol* *p< .05 Marijuana* Non-Gang Cocaine* Former Gang Current Gang Opiates Meth* Gang Associate members (29%). A higher proportion of former gang members (20%) and associates (19%) were violent offenders than non-gang members (16%) and current gang members (16%). A higher proportion of non-gang members were drug offenders than former gang members, current gang members, and associates. Current gang members and associates were more likely than non-gang members and former gang members to have a previous arrest in the past 12 months. Further, former and current gang members were more likely than non-gang members and gang associates to have a history of incarceration. A review of self-reported alcohol, marijuana, crack, powder cocaine, and methamphetamine use by gang membership status reveals higher rates of use among gang members than non-gang members. This finding was consistent across lifetime use, past 12 month use, past 30 day use, and past three day use. The only exception to this finding was the rate of detected alcohol use which was highest among non-gang members. Marijuana confirmed use was lowest among non-gang members and cocaine use was highest among former and current gang members. Opiate use (based on self-report and urinalysis test result) was higher among former gang members than non-gang members, current gang members, and associates. Also, confirmed methamphetamine use was highest among current gang members (46%) and associates (43%). A higher proportion of current gang members than non-gang members, former gang members, and gang associates self-reported possessing a firearm in the past 12 months. For example, 9% of current gang members compared to 4% of former gang members, 3% of gang associates, and 3% of non-gang members possessed a fully automatic weapon in the past 12 months. Current and former gang members reported higher rates of victimization than non-gang members and associates. Approximately a third AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 42 of former gang members (36%) and current gang members (33%) compared to 18% of non-gang members and 26% of former gang members reported being threatened with a gun during the past 12 months. Further, more than a third of current gang members (39%) and gang associates (38%) relative to 24% of non-gang members and 29% of former gang members were assaulted or attacked during the past 12 months. Table 13. Characteristics of Gang and Non-Gang Members Current Non-Gang Former Gang Gang Members Members Members % % % Total Sex* Associates of Gang Members % 84.8 3.5 7.1 4.6 Male Female 73.4 26.6 82.1 17.9 87.7 12.3 81.1 18.9 15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36 & older Mean 13.0 22.3 15.5 13.2 35.9 32.0 14.3 28.6 16.1 17.9 23.2 29.7 16.8 21.2 29.2 14.2 18.6 28.7 18.9 33.8 17.6 10.8 18.9 27.6 White* Black* Hispanic* Native American Other* 44.5 10.1 30.8 7.6 7.0 16.1 21.4 44.6 5.4 12.5 14.0 21.1 50.0 3.5 11.4 18.9 12.2 52.7 2.7 13.5 Illegal Alien US Citizen Legal Alien 9.9 88.0 2.1 5.4 92.9 1.8 7.0 92.1 0.9 9.5 90.5 0.0 35.7 37.3 26.9 34.8 45.7 19.6 48.6 35.2 16.2 59.1 27.3 13.6 49.1 15.7 19.5 7.0 8.6 50.0 12.5 17.9 12.5 7.1 43.4 10.6 23.9 16.8 5.3 31.1 21.6 20.3 16.2 10.8 Age Race/Ethnicity Citizenship Status Educational Attainment* Less than HS degree HS Degree or GED POST High school education Main Source of Income (past 30 days) * Working full time Working part time Other legal sources Illegal sources No income * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 43 Table 13. (cont.) Characteristics of Gang and Non-Gang Members Current Non-Gang Former Gang Gang Members Members Members Associates of Gang Members % % % 40.0% 47.8 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.1 7.5 2.5 35.7% 51.8 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.0 8.9 1.8 41.2% 49.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 5.3 1.8 47.3% 41.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 8.1 0.0 No Yes 73.3 26.7 71.4 28.6 65.7 34.3 67.2 32.8 Most Serious Offense at Arrest Violent Property Drug Other 16.0 18.7 18.8 46.4 19.6 21.4 10.7 48.2 15.9 16.8 14.2 53.1 18.9 18.9 17.6 44.6 No Yes Mean 55.3 44.7 .92 53.6 46.4 1.04 43.0 57.0 1.12 44.6 55.4 1.51 No Yes Mean 29.2 70.8 .75 8.9 91.1 .84 11.4 88.6 1.06 24.3 75.7 10.4 Lifetime Past 12 months* Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA* Age at first use 95.4 76.6 66.5 46.5 12.9 14.5 98.2 89.3 67.9 53.6 5.4 12.7 96.5 80.7 77.7 55.3 7.1 13.0 100 85.1 74.6 45.9 6.8 13.9 Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Age at first use 81.1 46.8 39.9 26.1 35.5 14.4 98.2 69.6 54.5 37.5 48.2 13.1 90.4 64.9 60.2 46.9 50.0 12.7 93.2 71.6 63.0 51.4 54.1 13.8 Residence Type (past 30 days) Private apartment/condo/hotel House or mobile home Public housing Emergency or short-term shelter Jail or prison Half-way or honors facility Drug or alcohol treatment facility No fixed residence or on the street Other % Children in Household* Prior Arrest (past 12 months) * Prior Incarceration (ever) * Alcohol Marijuana * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 44 Table 13. (cont.) Characteristics of Gang and Non-Gang Members Current Non-Gang Former Gang Gang Members Members Members Associates of Gang Members % % % % Lifetime* Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days* Positive UA* Age at first use 34.0% 14.2 10.5 7.0 19.3 23.5 44.6% 21.4 16.1 16.1 33.9 19.6 43.0% 21.1 17.7 14.9 25.4 20.2 43.2% 18.9 9.6 5.4 18.9 20.1 Lifetime* Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA* Age at first use 51.0 14.9 9.2 4.6 19.3 19.6 58.9 19.6 10.7 8.9 33.9 18.1 64.0 21.1 14.0 8.8 25.4 17.0 59.5 13.5 9.5 4.1 18.9 17.2 Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Age at first use 17.3 6.3 4.1 3.2 6.1 23.3 25.0 7.1 5.4 3.6 8.9 20.7 22.8 6.1 5.3 2.6 1.8 21.9 14.9 5.4 2.7 2.7 2.7 18.6 Lifetime* Past 12 months* Past 30 days* Past 3 days* Positive UA* Age at first use 50.1 34.1 29.2 20.8 35.3 21.9 58.9 39.3 21.4 16.1 25.0 21.3 64.0 43.0 40.4 29.8 46.5 18.7 67.6 52.7 39.4 29.7 43.2 20.1 Possessed/owned handgun/pistol (past 12 months) * Possessed/owned rifle/shotgun (past 12 months) * 10.6 21.4 23.0 18.9 7.5 14.3 17.5 13.5 Possessed/owned semi-automatic weapon (past 12 months) 5.4 10.7 10.5 5.4 Possessed/owned fully automatic weapon (past 12 months) * 3.1 3.6 8.8 2.7 Threatened with a gun* Assaulted or attacked without a weapon* 17.5 23.8 35.7 28.6 32.5 38.6 25.7 37.8 Crack Powder Cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine Firearm Possession Victimization * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 45 Chapter 6. Victimization Among Arrestees In order to gauge the relationship between criminal involvement and victimization, the AARIN survey instrument contains a series of questions about prior victimization, including whether arrestees had been threatened with a gun, shot at, shot, threatened with a weapon, injured with a weapon, assaulted or attacked without a weapon, or robbed. The following section presents the rates of victimization for arrestees as well as the relationship between victimization and drug use (see Tables 14 and 15). Figure 25 displays the various rates of victimization of arrestees. Threatened with a Gun Twenty percent of arrestees reported they were threatened with a gun in the past 12 months and 8% indicated they were threatened with a gun in the past 30 days. Among those arrestees who reported being threatened with a gun in the past 12 months, nearly half tested positive for marijuana (48%) and methamphetamine (45.4%). Nearly a quarter of arrestees who were threatened with a gun tested positive for cocaine (23.8%), 10% were under the influence of alcohol, and 4.4% tested positive for opiates. Shot at Twelve percent of arrestees self-reported being shot at during the past 12 months and 4% indicated they were shot at in the past 30 days. Of those arrestees who were shot at in the past 12 months, more than half tested positive for marijuana (55%) and 42% tested positive for methamphetamine. Twenty-seven percent of those arrestees who had been shot at tested positive for cocaine, 13% were under the influence of alcohol, and 5.3% tested positive for opiates. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 46 Shot Two percent of arrestees self-reported being shot in the past 12 months and 1% indicated they were shot in the past 30 days. Twenty-one percent of arrestees shot were under the influence of alcohol, 46% tested positive for marijuana, 42% for methamphetamine, 24.2% for cocaine, and 3% for opiates. Threatened with a Weapon Twenty percent of arrestees were threatened with a weapon (not a gun) in the past 12 months and 8.8% reported being threatened in the past 30 days. Of those arrestees who were threatened with a weapon, 44% tested positive for marijuana and 40% tested positive for methamphetamine. A quarter of arrestees who were threatened with a weapon tested positive for cocaine, 12% were under the influence of alcohol, and 8% tested positive for opiates. Table 14. Victimization Rates Among Arestees % Threatened with a Gun Past 12 months Past 30 days Shot at Past 12 months Past 30 days Shot Past 12 months Past 30 days Threatened with a Weapon Past 12 months Past 30 days Injured with a Weapon Past 12 months Past 30 days Assaulted/Attacked Past 12 months Past 30 days Robbed Past 12 months Past 30 days AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 19.6 8.4 11.7 4.0 2.1 1.0 20.2 8.8 9.3 4.0 25.7 14.4 15.2 6.6 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 47 Injured with a Weapon Nine percent of arrestees reported being injured with a weapon (not a gun) in the past 12 months and 4% indicated they were injured with a weapon in the past 30 days. Twenty percent of arrestees who reported they were injured with a weapon in the past 12 months were under the influence of alcohol, 42% tested positive for marijuana, 37% for methamphetamine, 21% for cocaine, and 5.4% for opiates. Assaulted or attacked Twenty-six percent of arrestees were assaulted or attacked (without a weapon) in the past 12 months and 14.4% were assaulted or attacked in the past 30 days. Fifteen percent of arrestees who were assaulted or attacked were under the influence of alcohol, 45% tested positive for marijuana, 39% for methamphetamine, 24% for cocaine, and 7% for opiates. Robbed Fifteen percent of arrestees reported being robbed in the past 12 months and 7% were robbed in the past 30 days. Thirteen percent of arrestees who were robbed were under the influence of alcohol, 41% tested positive for marijuana, 41% for methamphetamines, 22% for cocaine, and 8% for opiates. Figure 25: Vicitmization Rates Among Arrestees (n = 1,607) 30 25.7 25 Percent 20 20.2 19.6 14.4 15 10 15.2 11.7 4.0 5 9.3 8.8 8.4 2.1 6.6 4.0 1.0 0 Threatened with a gun *p< .05 Shot at Shot Threatened w/ weapon Past 12 months Injured w/ weapon Assaulted/ attacked Past 30 days AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Robbed Arizona State University, College of Human Services 48 Table 15. Victimization Rates By Positive UA Results Threatened with a gun (past 12 months) Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates Shot at (past 12 months) Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine Cocaine* Opiates Shot (past 12 months) Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Threatened w/ weapon, not a gun (past 12 months) Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine Cocaine* Opiates* Injured w/ weapon not a gun (past 12 months) Alcohol* Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Assaulted/attacked w/o weapon (past 12 months) Alcohol* Marijuana* Methamphatamine Cocaine* Opiates Robbed (past 12 months) Alcohol Marijuana Mathemphetamine Cocaine Opiates No % Yes % 12.4 35.4 33.8 19.4 6.0 10.2 47.9 45.4 23.8 4.4 11.8 35.7 35.3 19.3 5.8 13.4 54.5 41.7 27.3 5.3 11.8 37.7 35.9 20.2 5.8 21.2 45.5 42.4 24.2 3.0 11.9 36.5 35.0 19.1 5.0 12.4 43.5 39.8 25.0 8.0 11.1 37.5 36.0 20.2 5.8 19.6 42.3 36.9 20.8 5.4 10.9 35.5 35.0 19.0 5.4 14.9 44.7 39.3 23.5 6.8 11.8 37.3 35.2 19.9 5.4 12.8 41.0 40.6 22.1 7.8 * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 49 Chapter 7. Mental Illness and Drug Abuse The AARIN project collects data on whether arrestees have been diagnosed with a mental illness and whether they have been treated, hospitalized, or medicated for a mental illness in the past. The following summarizes these data and also includes a comparison of urinalysis test results, sociodemographic characteristics, and legal factors of those with and without a mental illness (see Table 20). We believe these data will provide officials of the justice system, social services agencies, and the public health arena valuable insight into the relationship between drug use and mental illness among arrestees. 8 Percent 6 4 2 0 *p< .05 Twenty-nine percent of arrestees reported being told by a counselor, social worker, or doctor they suffer from a mental health illness. Six percent indicated they were told they suffered from a mental illness in the past 12 months and 4% were told in the past 30 days. Urinalysis test results show higher rates of drug use among arrestees diFigure 26: by by Past 12 12 Months Figure 29: Mental MentalHealth HealthIssues Factors Past Months agnosed with a mental and Past 30 Days (n=1,607) and Past 30 Days (n =1,607) illness than arrestees not 6.2 diagnosed with a mental 5.1 illness. Twenty-six percent 4.6 4.5 4.4 3.7 of arrestees indicated they had been treated by 1.7 a counselor, social worker, 0.8 or doctor for a mental illness sometime in their Diagnosed with Treated for mental Hospitalized for Medicated for lifetime. Five percent inmental illness illness mental illness mental illness dicated they were treated Past 30 days Past 12 months in the past 30 days. Test results indicated higher AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 50 rates of drug use by arrestees with a history of treatment for a mental illness. For example, 32% of arrestees who had been treated for a mental health problem in the past 12 months tested positive for cocaine compared to 20% of those not treated. Similarly, far more arrestees treated for a mental illness in the past tested positive for opiates than arrestees not previously treated (16% versus 5%). Eleven percent of arrestees self-reported be- Table 16. Mental Illness and Drug Use ing hospitalized for their illness. Two percent reported they were hospitalized for a mental Diagnosed with Mental Illness illness in the past 12 months and less than 1% % indicated being hospitalized in the past 30 days. Arrestees who had been hospitalized Lifetime 29.3 in the past 12 months had higher rates of Past 12 months 6.2 Past 30 days 3.7 marijuana, methamphetamine, cocaine, and opiate use. Twenty-four percent of arrestees Diagnosed with Mental Illness reported they were medicated for a mental (past 12 months) No Yes illness. Four percent were medicated in the % % past 30 days. Drug use was higher among those arrestees who had been medicated for Positive UA Results a mental illness than for those who had not Alcohol 11.7 15.3 Marijuana 37.4 44.4 been medicated. Methamphetamine Cocaine* Opiates* 35.9 19.5 5.3 38.4 31.3 12.1 No % Yes % 11.8 37.6 36.1 19.6 5.2 16.0 42.7 36.6 31.7 15.9 Table 20 presents socio-demographic and legal characteristics for arrestees diagnosed and not diagnosed with a mental illness. Ar- * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. restees with a mental illness were slightly older than arrestees who did not have a mental illness. Seventy-three percent of ar- Table 17. Prior Treatment for Mental Illness and Drug Use restees diagnosed with a mental illness were male compared to 75% who were not diagTreated for nosed with a mental illness. More than half Mental Illness % of arrestees with a mental illness diagnosis were white (56%) which is higher than the Lifetime 26.4 percentage of white arrestees not diagnosed Past 12 months 5.1 (39%). Ninety-seven percent of those self-rePast 30 days 4.5 porting having a mental illness reported beTreated for mental illness ing U.S. citizens. There were no significant differences in educational attainment and mental illness diagnoses. A much lower percentage of arrestees with a mental illness reported working fulltime than those not diagnosed. Specifically, 32% of diagnosed arrestees reported working full-time compared to 49% of arrestees not diagnosed with a mental illness. Further, 14% of those diagnosed with a mental illness reported illegal sources as their primary AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 (past 12 months) Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine* Opiates* * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 51 source of income during the past 30 days compared to 8% of those not diagnosed. A smaller percentage of arrestees with a mental illness (14%) reported living with their children than those not diagnosed (28%). Eighty-four percent of arrestees with a mental illness reported living in a house or apartment compared to 88% of arrestees without mental illness. Table 18. Hospitalized for Mental Illness and Drug Use Hospitalized for Mental Illness % Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Hospitalized for Mental Illness (past 12 months) No % Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine* Opiates* 10.8 1.7 .8 Yes % 12.1 37.7 36.0 20.0 5.5 3.7 48.1 40.7 33.3 14.8 * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. Table 19. Medicated for Mental Illness and Drug Use Medicated for Mental Illness A smaller proportion of arrestees with a mental illness (10%) were arrested for a violent crime than arrestees not diagnosed (17%). Twenty-four percent of those diagnosed with a mental illness were property offenders relative to 18% of those not diagnosed with a mental illness. Arrestees diagnosed with a mental illness were more likely to have been arrested in the past 12 months (65% versus 45%) and have a history of incarceration (87% versus 72%) than those not diagnosed. % Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days 23.9 4.6 4.4 Medicated for mental illness (past 12 months) No % Yes % Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine* Opiates* 13.9 43.8 39.7 30.1 9.6 11.9 37.5 35.9 19.8 5.6 * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 52 Table 20. Characteristics of Arrestees Diagnosed with a Mental Illness Diagnosed (past 12 months) No Yes 24.7 75.3 27.3 72.7 13.5 23.0 16.7 13.3 33.4 29 years 16.2 22.2 14.1 13.1 34.3 30 years White* Black Hispanic* Native American Other 39.2 11.1 34.9 7.2 7.7 55.6 15.2 15.2 4.0 10.1 Illegal Alien US Citizen Legal Alien 10.0 88.0 2.0 2.0 97.0 1.0 Less than HS degree HS Degree or GED POST High school education 37.8 36.7 25.5 37.2 40.7 22.1 48.9 15.6 19.1 8.0 8.4 31.6 14.3 30.6 14.3 9.2 71.6 28.4 85.9 14.1 40.5 47.8 .3 .2 .6 .9 .1 7.3 2.2 37.4 46.5 .0 .0 1.0 2.0 .0 9.1 4.0 16.7 18.2 18.3 46.8 10.3 17.5 23.7 48.5 55.0 45.0 1.65 35.4 64.6 1.45 27.9 72.1 .75 13.1 86.9 1.48 % Sex Female Male Age 15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36 & older Mean Race/Ethnicity Citizenship Status* Educational Attainment Main Source of Income (past 30 days)* Working full time Working part time Other legal sources Illegal sources No income * Children in Household No Yes Residence Type (past 30 days) Private apartment/condo/hotel House or mobile home Public housing Emergency or short-term shelter Jail or prison Half-way or honors facility Drug or alcohol treatment facility No fixed residence or on the street Other Most Serious Offense at Arrest Violent Drug Property Other Prior Arrest (past 12 months) * No Yes Mean Prior Incarceration (ever) * No Yes Mean * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 % Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 53 Chapter 8. Citizenship Status and Drug Abuse Along with capturing a host of socio-demographic information from the arrestee population, the AARIN project collects citizenship status of interviewed arrestees. These data provide estimates of a population that is often difficult to monitor and track in the criminal justice system. The following section presents not only the extent of illegal and legal immigrants who were arrested but also how legal and illegal immigrants differ from U.S. citizens in regard to drug use, socio-demographic information, involvement in violent crime, and victimization (see Table 21). Percent Figure 27 shows that 89% of arrestees reported being U.S. citizens, 10% reported being illegal aliens, and 2% reported being legal aliens. Urinalysis test results for U.S. citizens, legal aliens, and illegal aliens reveal higher rates of drug use among U.S. citizens. Figure 28 displays urinalysis results by citizenship status. A larger proportion of U.S. citizens than illegal aliens and legal aliens were under the influence of alcohol at the time of arrest. Further, a higher proportion of U.S. citizens tested positive for marijuana, methamphetamine, and opiates than illegal Figure 27: Citizenship Status (n = 1,607) aliens and legal aliens. While 40% of U.S. citizens tested positive for marijuana, 32% of 100 88.6 legal aliens, and 19% of illegal aliens tested 90 positive for the drug. Thirty-eight percent 80 of U.S. citizens tested positive for metham70 phetamine compared to 17% of illegal aliens and 23% of legal aliens. Six percent of U.S. 60 citizens tested positive for opiates compared 50 to 2% of illegal aliens. Cocaine was the only 40 illicit drug used at a higher rate by legal and 30 illegal aliens than U.S. citizens. Specifically, 20 26% of legal and illegal aliens tested posi9.5 tive for cocaine compared to 20% of U.S. 10 1.9 citizens. 0 Illegal Alien Legal Alien US Citizen Socio-demographic and legal characteristics by arrestees’ citizenship status showed sev- AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 54 Percent eral differences among Figure 28: Positive UA Results by Citizenship Status (n = 1,607) groups. For example, il45 legal aliens were young40.0 38.4 er than U.S. citizens and 40 nearly all male. Although 32.3 35 not displayed here, the 30 26.1 25.8 overwhelming majority 22.6 25 of illegal aliens reported 19.5 19.0 20 17.0 Mexico as their country 15 12.2 of origin. Illegal aliens 10.5 had a lower educational 10 6.7 6.3 attainment than legal 5 2.0 0.0 aliens and U.S. citizens. 0 More than half of illegal Alcohol Marijuana * Meth * Cocaine Opiates * aliens (55%) reported Illegal Alien Legal Alien US Citizen their highest educational attainment as less than a high school degree compared to 36% of U.S. citizens and 28% of legal aliens. Three-fourths of illegal aliens reported working full-time compared to 68% of legal aliens and 45% of U.S. citizens. A larger percentage of U.S. citizens (9%) reported relying on illegal sources as their main source of income than legal (3%) and illegal (3%) aliens. Far more legal and illegal aliens reported living with their children than U.S. citizens. While 45% of legal aliens and 32% of illegal aliens lived with their children, only 27% of U.S. citizens reported living with their children. A higher percentage of legal and illegal aliens than U.S. citizens reported living in a house or apartment. Although there are relatively few arrestees who self-reported being legal aliens (n=31), these arrestees had a higher proportion of violent and drug offenders. Twenty-three percent of legal aliens were violent offenders compared to 16% of illegal aliens and U.S. citizens. Thirty percent of legal aliens were arrested for a drug offense relative to 27% of illegal aliens and 17% of U.S. citizens. On the other hand, a higher percentage of illegal aliens were arrested for a property offense (28%) than legal aliens (23%) and U.S. citizens (18%). U.S. citizens were more likely to have been arrested in the past 12 months and have a history of incarceration than illegal and legal aliens. Nearly half of U.S. citizens had been previously arrested compared to 24% of illegal aliens and 19% of legal aliens. More than three-fourths of U.S. citizens (78%) relative to only 39% of legal aliens and 37% of illegal aliens reported a history of incarceration. A review of firearm possession shows that U.S. citizens were more likely to report possessing a handgun, rifle or shotgun, semi-automatic weapon, and fully automatic weapon than illegal and legal aliens. U.S. citizens were also more likely to have been threatened with a gun, shot at, threatened and injured with a weapon (not a gun), assaulted or attacked, and robbed in the past 12 months than legal and illegal aliens. However, legal aliens were more likely to have been shot than illegal aliens and U.S. citizens. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 55 Table 21. Characteristics of Arrestees by Citizenship Status Citizenship Status Illegal Alien US Citizen % % Total Legal Alien % 9.5 88.6 1.9 10.5 19.0 17.0 26.1 2.0 12.2 40.0 38.4 19.5 6.3 6.7 32.3 22.6 25.8 0.0 15.1 28.9 20.4 16.4 19.1 27 years 13.5 22.4 16.0 13.2 34.9 30 years 12.9 19.4 22.6 6.5 38.7 30 years Female Male 4.6 95.4 27.2 72.8 19.4 80.6 White Black Hispanic Native American Other Educational Attainment* Less than HS degree HS Degree or GED Post High school education Main Source of Income (past 30 days) * Working full time Working part time Other legal sources Illegal sources No income 1.3 1.3 95.4 .7 1.3 45.1 12.4 26.2 7.8 8.4 6.5 9.7 71.1 0.0 12.9 54.9 36.6 8.5 36.1 36.6 27.3 27.6 51.7 20.7 74.8 11.9 4.6 2.6 6.0 44.5 16.0 21.6 9.1 8.7 67.7 9.7 9.7 3.2 9.7 Positive UA Results Age Sex* Race/Ethnicity Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates* 15-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36 & over Mean * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Arizona State University, College of Human Services 56 Table 21. (cont.) Characteristics of Arrestees by Citizenship Status Illegal alien % Citizenship status US citizen % Legal alien % 68.3 31.7 73.2 26.8 55.2 44.8 52.0 39.5 1.3 .0 .7 .7 .0 5.3 .7 39.1 48.3 .2 .2 .6 1.1 .1 7.7 2.5 38.7 58.1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 3.2 .0 16.3 26.8 28.1 28.8 16.1 17.0 17.5 49.4 23.3 30.0 23.3 23.3 75.8 24.2 .50 50.9 49.1 1.03 80.6 19.4 .32 62.7 37.3 .21 22.4 77.6 .86 61.3 38.7 .33 5.9 4.6 2.6 2.0 13.0 9.3 6.3 3.7 6.5 3.2 3.2 0 9.8 7.2 1.3 10.5 5.9 14.5 13.1 21.0 12.3 2.1 21.6 9.9 27.1 15.6 6.5 3.2 3.2 6.5 .0 12.9 6.5 Children in Household* No Yes Residence Type (past 30 days) Private apartment/condo/hotel House or mobile home Public housing Emergency or short-term shelter Jail or prison Half-way or honors facility Drug or alcohol treatment facility No fixed residence or on the street Other Most Serious Offense at Arrest Violent Drug* Property* Other* * Prior Arrest (past 12 months) No Yes Mean Prior Incarceration (ever) * No Yes Mean Firearm Owned/Possessed (past 12 months) Pistol* Rifle Semi-automatic Fully automatic Victimization Threatened with a gun* Shot at Shot Threatened with a weapon (not a gun) * Injured with a weapon (not a gun) * Assaulted or attacked without a weapon* Robbed * t test or Chi-square significant at p<.05. AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 57 About the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University, in order to deepen its commitment to the communities of Arizona and to society as a whole, has set a new standard for research universities, as modeled by the New American University. Accordingly, ASU is measured not by whom we exclude, but by whom we include. The University is pursuing research that considers the public good, and is assuming a greater responsibility to our communities for their economic, social, and cultural vitality. Social embeddedness – university-wide, interactive, and mutually supportive partnerships with Arizona communities – is at the core of our development as a New American University. Toward the goal of social embeddedness, in response to the growing need of our communities to improve the public’s safety and well-being, in July 2005 ASU established the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety. The Center’s mission is to generate, share, and apply quality research and knowledge to create “best practice” standards. Specifically, the center evaluates policies and programs; analyzes and evaluates patterns and causes of violence; develops strategies and programs; develops a clearinghouse of research reports and “best practice” models; educates, trains, and provides technical assistance; and facilitates the development and construction of databases. For more information about the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, please contact us using the information provided below. Mailing Address Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University P.O. Box 37100 Mail Code 3253 Phoenix, Arizona 85069-7100 Telephone (602) 543-5959 Web Site www.cvpcs.asu.edu AARIN Annual Adult Report 2007 The Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety l ASU College of Human Services 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Phoenix, AZ l (602) 543-5959 l www.cvpcs.asu.edu