Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network Annual Juvenile Report 2007 December 2008 Annual Juvenile Report 2007 by Nancy Rodriguez, Ph.D. December 2008 Suggested Citation: Rodriguez, Nancy. (2008). Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network Annual Juvenile Report 2007. Phoenix, AZ: Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety, Arizona State University. Acknowledgements The authors thank Peter Ozanne and Amy Rex for their establishment of the AARIN project and for all of their hard work and assistance on the project. We also thank Sheriff Arpaio of the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Office, Chief Conrad of the Glendale Police Department, Chief Gascón of the Mesa Police Department, and all of the officers who helped conduct the study. This project was funded by Maricopa County. Opinions contained herein are those of the author and do not represent the position of either Maricopa County or Arizona State University. Project Staff Charles M. Katz, Principal Investigator Watts Family Director Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University Nancy Rodriguez, Co-Principal Investigator Associate Professor School of Criminology and Criminal Justice Arizona State University Casey Klaus, Data Collection Supervisor AARIN Project Manager Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University David Choate, Data Analyst Program Operations Manager Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University Jody Arganbright Business Operations Mangaer Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University Myrna Zelaya-Quesada Director of Communications Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University Matthew G. Roy Editor/Publisher Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University © 2008 by the Arizona Board of Regents for and on behalf of Arizona State University and its Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety. Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety P.O. Box 37100, Mail Code 3253 Phoenix, AZ 85069-7100 (602) 543-5959 e-mail: ckatz@asu.edu Web site: http://cvpcs.asu.edu This document may be copied and transmitted freely. No deletions, additions or alterations of contents are permitted without the expressed, written consent of the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety. Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety Center for Applied Behavioral Health Policy 5 Annual Juvenile Report 2007 December 2008 Contents Executive Summary 1 Key Findings 2 Data Collection 4 Socio-Demographic and Legal Characteristics 5 Drug Use 6 Drug Use by Current Offense Type 9 Substance Use and Dependency Treatment 11 Firearm Posession 13 Victimization 20 Mental Health Status 23 Immigration 26 Arizona Families F.I.R.S.T. Program Annual Evaluation Report, November 2007 Juvenile Report, December 2008 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 1 Executive Summary The Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN) is a re­ search project funded by the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors and is designed to provide information about drug use and drug-related activi­ ties among arrestees in Maricopa County, Arizona. Modeled after the Na­ tional Institute of Justice’s (NIJ) Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program, AARIN was implemented in January 2007 when data collection began in various booking facilities throughout Maricopa County. Professionally trained interviewers engage recently booked arrestees and detainees in voluntary and anonymous in-depth survey interviews that focus on the arrestee’s drug use and a host of other factors (e.g., criminal history, sub­stance abuse treatment, and firearms). After completing the interview a urine specimen is collected to confirm any drug use. Currently, AARIN data collection takes place at three adult and two juvenile intake facilities. The adult intake facilities are located at 4th Avenue Jail, Mesa Police Depart­ment, and Glendale Police Department. The juvenile intake facilities are located at the Durango Juvenile Detention Center and the Southeast Facil­ity (SEF). A quarterly data collection schedule is followed in all five intake facilities. Only those arrestees in custody for 48 hours or less are eligible to participate in the AARIN study. The 2007 AARIN Annual Juvenile Report highlights information regard­ ing juvenile detainees’ alcohol and drug use. The findings in this report are based exclusively on data from detainees who completed the inter­ view and pro­vided a urine sample (n = 366). The report contains a series of chapters that focus on specific topics including self-reported and con­ firmed drug use and characteristics associated with drug use. Juvenile Report, December 2008 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 2 Key Findings Reviewing the most serious offense at referral revealed 21.1% of the re­ spondents were violent offenders, 8.6% were drug offenders, and 21.9% were property offenders. Juveniles were asked about their use of alcohol and drugs, and at the completion of the interview were asked to provide a urine specimen. Urinalysis results revealed the following: •• 55.2% tested positive for marijuana, •• 11.2% tested positive for cocaine, •• 1.9% tested positive for heroin, and •• 9.6% tested positive for methamphetamine. When asked about firearm possession, 7.1% of juveniles reported possess­ ing a handgun at some time in the past 30 days. About 15% of the juveniles self-reported being current gang members, 5.2% former gang members, and 13.2% gang associates. About 10% of juveniles reported they had been threatened with a gun in the past 30 days, and about 20% reported they had been assaulted or attacked in the past 30 days. Juveniles were asked about their experiences with professional mental or behavioral health, revealing 30.6% had been diagnosed with a mental health problem during their lifetime, 27.9% reported having been pre­ scribed medication for their mental health condition, and 6.6% had been hospitalized for a mental health problem. Juvenile Report, December 2008 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 3 Data Collection Sampling Plan and AARIN Sites In order to ensure that data collection from arrestees represents accurate estimates of drug use among the arrestee population in Maricopa County, a systematic sampling plan is followed. The sampling plan includes data collection at multiple intake facilities, with target quotas at each facility. Currently, AARIN data collection takes place at three adult and two juve­ nile intake facilities. The adult intake facilities are located at the Central Intake of Maricopa County’s 4th Avenue Jail, the Mesa Police Department, and the Glendale Police Department. The juvenile intake facilities are lo­ cated at the Durango Juvenile Detention Center and the Southeast Facility (SEF). AARIN Methodology The Arizona Arrestee Reporting Information Network (AARIN) is a research project designed to provide information about drug abuse and drug-related activities among arrestees in Mari­ copa County, Arizona. AARIN is funded by the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors and is modeled after the National Institute of Justice’s (NIJ) Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program. Data collection began in January 2007 in five fa­ cilities throughout Maricopa County. Profession­ ally trained interviewers are engaging recently booked arrestees in voluntary and anonymous in-depth survey interviews that focus on the ar­ restee’s drug use and criminal behavior. After completion of the interview, a urine specimen is collected to confirm any recent drug use. AARIN has the capacity to not only identify the extent and nature of drug abuse among arrestees, but also to inform how the criminal and juvenile jus­ tice systems can most effectively increase public safety and address drug abuse among the crimi­ nally involved. A quarterly data collection sched­ ule is followed in all five intake fa­ cilities. Data collection takes place over a continuous two-week pe­ riod at 4th Avenue Jail and each juvenile detention facility. Given the number of arrestees processed at the intake facilities at both the Mesa and Glendale Police depart­ ments, that data is collected over a continuous one-week period. At the adult facilities, interviewers collect data during an eight-hour period each day, whereby arrest­ ees are systematically selected based on booking time. At the ju­ venile detention centers, all those arrested within the previous 24 hours and who are still in deten­ tion are asked to participate in the study. Only those arrestees or detainees in custody for 48 hours or less at the time of the interview are eligible for participation in the AARIN study. Juvenile Report, December 2008 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 4 Survey Instrument We rely on previously constructed ADAM and Drug Use Forecasting (DUF) program instruments to construct the AARIN data collection instruments. Maricopa County officials provided direction on the content and cover­ age of drug-related information. The standardized tool is comprised of various sections including current and past drug use (e.g., past 12 months, past 30 days), drug dependency, and substance abuse treatment. Informa­ tion about arrestees’ criminal histo­ ry, gang involvement, and firearm possession and acquisition meth­ ods are also collected. Additionally, arrestees’ history of victimization and mental health status are gath­ The urine specimens are tested for alcohol and four ered during the interview process. illicit drugs (cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, Last, arrestees’ demographic char­ and opiates). The illicit drugs are tested using the acteristics are collected, including enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT), race/ethnicity, employment status, which research has found to be very accurate, pro­ highest educational attainment, ducing almost no false-positive results (Reardon, and U.S. citizenship status. Upon 1993).1 False positives occur about 2.1% of the time interview completion, a urine with marijuana and 2.5% of the time for cocaine specimen is collected and sent to a (Visher, 1991).2 Additionally, all urine specimens re­ laboratory for testing. sulting in initial positive results are confirmed using Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrum detection The current analysis examines (GC/MS) – the industry standard and established as only those who were arrested and legally defensible evidence. The EMIT testing and booked at either the Durango De­ GC/MS confirmation procedures are well-established tention Center or the South East and particularly valid for the four illicit drugs in our Complex. During 2007, approxi­ study, yielding reliable results for up to 72 hours mately 97% of juveniles agreed since time of use, but they are significantly limited to be interviewed, 84% of whom when screening for alcohol. These same screening agreed to provide a urine sample. procedures are limited to 12 to 24 hours for alcohol detection and confirmation with the same reliabil­ ity. An alternative alcohol screening test that would extend the reliability window to 72 hours was costprohibitive given the restraints of the study. Understanding the accuracy of urinalysis testing 1 Reardon, J. A. (1993). The drug use forecasting program: Measuring drug use in a “hidden” population. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. 2 Visher, C. (1991). A comparison of urinalysis technologies for drug testing in criminal justice. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice and the Bureau of Justice Assistance. Juvenile Report, December 2008 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 5 Socio-demographic and Legal Characteristics of Juvenile Detainees The majority of juvenile detainees interviewed for the AARIN project dur­ ing 2007 were held in the Durango Detention Center rather than the South East Complex (66.1% versus 33.9%) (see Exhibit 1). Exhibit 2 presents the socio-demographic and legal information of the juvenile AARIN sample in Maricopa County’s juvenile detention centers. More than 80% of the ju­ veniles in the AARIN sample were boys. Their mean age was 15.5 years old, with more than half being 16 years or older; girls among those detained were slightly younger than boys. About 25% of the juveniles self-reported being White (24.6% of boys and 29.2% of girls), half were Hispanic/Latino (51.8% of boys and 38.5% of girls), 10% were Black (10% of boys and 12.3% of girls), and Exhibit 1: Sample of Juvenile Detainees nearly 4% were Native American (3.7% of by Detention Center boys and 3.1% of girls). The majority of the juveniles reported being United States citizens (91.3%); 6.3% report­ 66.1% Durango Detention Center ed being illegal aliens while fewer than 3% n= 242 indicated that they were legal aliens. A re­ view of citizenship status by sex showed that 33.9% Southeast Complex 6.6% of boys were illegal aliens compared n= 124 with 4.6% of girls. More than half of the ju­ Total 366 veniles (58.2%) indicated that they were at­ tending school at the time of the interview; the percentage of boys attending school was higher than that of girls (59.1% versus 53.8%). About 93% of boys and girls reported some form of fixed living arrangement during the past 30 days – for example a house, apartment, condo, or trailer. Fewer than 2% of the juveniles reported no fixed residence or being homeless, with a slightly higher percentage of girls than boys (3.1% versus 1.7%). Total A review of the juveniles’ most serious offense at referral revealed 21.1% were violent offenders, 8.6% were drug offenders, and 21.9% were prop­ erty offenders. The remainder had been referred for other miscellaneous offenses, including status offenses, probation violation, and disorderly conduct. Juveniles averaged two prior arrests in the previous year and two prior stays in detention over their lifetime. A higher proportion of boys (62%) than girls (53.8%) reported a prior arrest in the past 12 months and a history of detention (65.1% of boys versus 49.2% of girls). Juvenile Report, December 2008 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 6 Drug Use of Juvenile Detainees Exhibit 2: Characteristics of the AARIN Juvenile Detainee Sample Sex One of the most impor­ tant components of the AARIN project is its ca­ pacity to confirm drug use through drug test­ ing by urinalysis. Cur­ rently, AARIN detects alcohol and four illicit drugs, including mari­ juana, cocaine, opiates, and methamphetamine. During the interview ju­ veniles are asked a series of questions about life­ time use, past-12-month use, past-30-day use, and past-3-day use. The following section high­ lights drug abuse among juveniles based on selfreport information and urinalysis test results. Exhibits 3 and 4 present self-reported and con­ firmed drug use among juveniles. Alcohol About 87% of the ju­ veniles self-reported lifetime alcohol use. Sixty-eight percent selfreported alcohol use dur­ ing the past 12 months. More than half reported using alcohol during the past 30 days, and more than a quarter reported alcohol use in the past three days. Boys % Girls % Total % Sex Boys Girls 82.2 17.8 Age Category 12 years or younger 0.7 13 – 15 years 41.5 16 years or older 57.8 Mean 15.6 years 4.6 44.6 50.8 15.3 years 1.4 42.1 56.6 15.5 years Race/Ethnicity White Black Hispanic Native American Other 24.6 10.0 51.8 3.7 9.6 29.2 12.3 38.5 3.1 16.9 25.4 10.4 49.5 3.6 10.9 Illegal Alien Legal Alien US Citizen 6.6 2.3 91.0 4.6 3.1 92.3 6.3 2.5 91.3 Yes Type of Residence(Past 30 Days) Private apartment/condo/hotel House or mobile home Public housing Emergency or short-term shelter Jail or prison Half-way or honors facility Drug or alcohol treatment facility No fixed residence/on the street Other Most Serious Offense at Referral Violent Drug* Property Other* Prior Referral (Past 12 Months) Yes Mean* Prior Detention (Lifetime)* Yes No Mean* 59.1 53.8 58.2 29.2 65.1 1.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.7 1.7 2.0 38.5 47.7 1.5 0.0 0.0 3.1 0.0 3.1 6.2 30.9 62.0 1.1 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.5 1.9 2.7 21.7 10.2 22.7 45.4 18.5 1.5 18.5 61.5 21.1 8.6 21.9 48.3 62.0 2.0 53.8 1.9 60.5 2.0 65.1 34.9 1.8 49.2 50.8 2.3 62.3 37.7 1.9 Citizenship Status Attending School * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. Juvenile Report, December 2008 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 7 Exhibit 2 (cont.): Characteristics of the AARIN Juvenile Detainee Sample Sex Most Serious Offense at Referral Violent Drug* Property Other* Prior Referral (past 12 months) Yes Mean* Prior Detention (lifetime)* Yes No Mean* Total Boys % Girls % 21.7 10.2 22.7 45.4 18.5 1.5 18.5 61.5 21.1 8.6 21.9 48.3 62.0 2.0 53.8 1.9 60.5 2.0 % The mean age of firsttime use of alcohol was 12.5 years. Based on uri­ nalysis test results, 1.4% of juveniles detained in Maricopa County were under the influence of alcohol at the time of arrest. Marijuana About 86% of the ju­ veniles self-reported lifetime marijuana use. 65.1 49.2 62.3 About 72% self-report­ 34.9 50.8 37.7 ed alcohol use during 1.8 2.3 1.9 the past 12 months. More than half report­ * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. ed marijuana use dur­ ing the past 30 days, and 42.1% reported marijuana use in the past 3 days. The mean age of firsttime marijuana use was 11.8 years, with boys using marijuana at a younger age than girls. More than half of the juveniles (55.2%) tested positive for marijuana, with 58.5% of boys and 40% of girls testing positive for the drug. Methamphetamine About 30% of the juveniles self-reported lifetime methamphetamine use, with girls reporting a higher rate of lifetime, past 12-month, 30-day, and 3-day use than boys. Urinalysis test results showed 9.6% of the juveniles testing positive for methamphetamine use. Self-reported age of first use of methamphetamine was 14.1 years. Crack Cocaine and Powder Cocaine AARIN’s urinalysis testing is unable to distinguish between crack cocaine and powder cocaine use. However, self-report data from the detainees provided insight into the use of these drugs. About 11% of the juveniles self-reported crack cocaine lifetime use, with a slightly higher proportion of girls than boys reporting use in the past 12 months and past 30 days. Juvenile Report, December 2008 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 8 More than 40% of the juveniles self- Exhibit 3: Drug Use Results for Boy and Girl Arrestees reported powder cocaine lifetime use. Twenty-four percent reported pow­ der cocaine use in the past 12 months, Sex Total and 14.2% reported its use in the past Boys Girls n= 301 65 366 30 days. Age of first use of crack co­ % % % caine and powder cocaine was about Alcohol 14 years. Among the juveniles tested, Lifetime 85.4 92.3 86.6 11.2% tested positive for some form of Past 12 months 66.8 73.8 68.0 cocaine. When not distinguishing be­ Past 30 days 52.0 51.6 51.9 tween crack and powder cocaine, use Past 3 days 27.9 21.5 26.8 was significantly higher among boys Positive UA 1.7 0.0 1.4 than girls (13.0% versus 3.1%). Age of First Use 12.5 years 12.6 years 12.5 years Marijuana Opiates Opiate use among juveniles was rela­ tively low. Urinalysis test results showed 1.9% of the juveniles testing positive for opiates. About 7% self-reported life­ time heroin use, and 4% reported past12-month use. Average age of first use of opiates among the juveniles was 14.6 years. Inhalants About 11% of the juvenile detainees self-reported lifetime inhalant use, and 3% reported past-12-month use. Aver­ age age of first use of inhalants was 12.7 years. Ecstasy About 10% of the juveniles reported using ecstasy in their lifetime. About 6% reported using ecstasy in the past 12 months, and about 3% reported us­ ing the drug in the past 30 days. Aver­ age age of first use of ecstasy was 15.0 years. Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Age of First Use Methamphetamine Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Age of First Use Crack Cocaine Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA * Age of First Use Powder Cocaine Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA * Age of First Use Opiates Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days Past 3 days Positive UA Age of First Use 86.0 72.8 59.5 44.2 58.5 11.7 years 87.7 70.8 52.4 32.3 40.0 12.4 years 86.3 72.4 58.3 42.1 55.2 11.8 years 28.2 17.3 11.7 6.3 9.0 14.3 years 38.5 30.8 18.5 7.7 12.3 13.7 years 30.1 19.7 12.9 6.6 9.6 14.1 years 9.6 5.3 2.7 2.3 13.0 14.6 years 15.4 7.7 3.1 1.5 3.1 13.5 years 10.7 5.7 2.7 2.2 11.2 14.3 years 42.9 23.9 15.0 4.3 13.0 14.2 years 40.0 24.6 10.8 3.1 3.1 13.9 years 42.3 24.0 14.2 4.1 11.2 14.2 years 5.3 3.7 2.7 0.7 2.0 14.7 years 15.4 6.2 3.1 0.0 1.5 14.4 years 7.1 4.1 2.7 0.5 1.9 14.6 years * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. Juvenile Report, December 2008 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 9 Exhibit 4: Drug Use Results for Boy and Girl Arrestees Sex Boys % Girls % Total % Inhalants Lifetime 11.3 Past 12 months 3.0 Past 30 days 1.3 Past 3 days 0.3 Age of First Use 12.7 years 10.8 4.6 0.0 0.0 12.7 years 11.2 3.3 1.1 0.3 12.7 years Lifetime 8.1 Past 12 months 5.0 Past 30 days 2.5 Past 3 days 0.0 Age of First Use 14.9 years 18.2 12.1 3.0 0.0 15.2 years 9.8 6.2 2.6 0.0 15.0 years Ecstasy * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. Drug Use by Current Offense Type Analyses of drug use patterns by the type of offense for which the respon­ dent had been detained were also conducted. Using the respondent’s most serious offense, the detainee was categorized by one of four offense categories: a) violent, b) drug, c) property, or d) other or miscellaneous of­ fenses (e.g, status offenses, disorderly conduct, or non-DUI driving-related offenses). Results of drug use by offense type are presented in Exhibit 5 below. Violent Offenders Nearly half of violent offenders in the sample tested positive for mari­ juana, 9.2% tested positive for cocaine, and 5.3% tested positive for meth­ amphetamine. Although 8.3% of girls and no boys arrested for a violent offense tested positive for opiates, boys arrested for violent offenses had higher rates of marijuana, methamphetamine, and cocaine use than girls. Juvenile Report, December 2008 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 10 Drug Offenders Exhibit 5: Positive UA Results by Sex and Type of Offense About 71% of the juveniles ar­ rested for drug offenses tested positive for marijuana, 19% for cocaine, and 16% for metham­ phetamine. Although boys ar­ rested for drug offenses had higher rates of positive testing for marijuana, cocaine, and opi­ ates, a higher percentage of girls (100%) than boys (13.3%) tested positive for methamphetamine. Property Offenders About 40% of the juveniles ar­ rested for property offenses tested positive for marijuana, and about 5% tested positive for methamphetamine and cocaine use. Boys arrested for prop­ erty offenses had higher rates than girls of marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, and opiate use. Sex Violent Offenders (n= 76) Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates* Drug Offenders (n= 31) Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates Property Offenders (n= 79) Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Other Offenders (n= 174) Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates * Chi-square significant at p < .05. Juvenile Report, December 2008 Total Boys % Girls % 0.0 53.1 6.3 10.9 0.0 0.0 25.0 0.0 0.0 8.3 0.0 48.7 5.3 9.2 1.3 3.3 73.3 13.3 20.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 71.0 16.1 19.4 3.2 1.5 40.3 6.0 6.0 1.5 0.0 33.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 39.2 5.1 5.1 1.3 2.2 67.2 11.2 14.9 3.0 0.0 47.5 17.5 5.0 0.0 1.7 62.6 12.6 12.6 2.3 % Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 11 Substance Abuse Dependency and Treatment The AARIN project collects dependency and substance abuse treatment information from juveniles in an attempt to capture their treatment needs, as well as to identify gaps in treatment for juveniles abusing spe­ cific substances. Juveniles are asked about their perceived dependency on illicit drugs and their current and prior participation in substance abuse treatment. They also are asked whether they could use treatment for al­ cohol or illicit drugs. Although the data are not confirmed with official agency records, they provide insight into whether specific programs and drug treatment policies are reaching the targeted populations. Further, these data can be used to develop and implement evidence-based poli­ cies and programs and to direct proper allocation of resources to reduce the treatment gaps among the criminally involved. The following section presents self-report data on substance abuse dependency and treatment among those respondents who reported specific substance use in the past 12 months. Substance Abuse Dependency About 5% of juveniles who self-reported using alcohol in the past 12 months indicated that they were dependent on alcohol (see Exhibit 6). About 23% of juveniles who reported using marijuana in the past 12 months indicated dependency on the drug. Cocaine dependency differed; 5.1% of juveniles reported being dependent on crack cocaine, while 9.9% of juveniles re­ ported being dependent on powder cocaine. Nearly one-fifth of juveniles (19.2%) who reported using opiates in the past 12 months reported being dependent on the drug. Further, there were significant sex differences in opiate dependency, with more than 31% of boys reporting dependency compared with no girls. About 22% of juveniles who reported metham­ phetamine use in the past 12 months indicated they were dependent on the drug. Current Substance Abuse Treatment Fewer than 6% of the juveniles were currently receiving treatment for alcohol, marijuana, powder cocaine, opiates, or methamphetamine. About 10% of juveniles who self-reported using crack cocaine in the past 12 months reported currently receiving treatment for the drug. Analysis shows a significant sex difference in current treatment for cocaine. A sig­ nificantly higher proportion of girls than boys were receiving treatment for crack cocaine and powder cocaine. Juvenile Report, December 2008 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 12 Prior Substance Abuse Treatment Fewer than 9% of the juveniles reported having received treatment for alcohol (8.5%) or opiates (8.0%). A slightly higher percentage of juveniles who reported prior cocaine use indicated that they had received sub­ stance abuse treatment for crack cocaine (12.8%) and powder cocaine (13.6%). More than one-fifth of juveniles who reported prior marijuana use indicated that they had received treatment for the drug (20.6%). Eigh­ teen percent of juveniles reported that they had received treatment for methamphetamine. Substance Abuse Treatment Need Exhibit 6: Dependency and Substance Abuse Treatment by Sex Juveniles who self-reported prior marijuana and meth­ amphetamine use were more likely than users of other illicit drugs to report that they could use treat­ ment for the drugs. About 26% of those that reported ever having used marijuana and about 23% of metham­ phetamine users reported they could use treatment for these drugs. A signifi­ cantly higher proportion of boys than girls reported they could use treatment for marijuana. Fewer than 15% of alcohol, cocaine, and opiate users indicated that they could use treatment for these drugs. Sex Total Boys % Girls % 5.1 23.8 3.4 11.2 31.3 18.1 6.7 17.5 10.0 3.8 0.0 36.0 5.4 22.7 5.1 9.9 19.2 22.2 3.1 5.0 3.4 1.6 0.0 2.4 5.0 7.0 30.0 11.5 10.0 12.0 3.5 5.4 10.3 3.2 3.8 4.5 9.3 22.5 10.3 13.3 6.7 16.5 5.0 12.3 20.0 15.4 10.0 24.0 8.5 20.6 12.8 13.6 8.0 18.2 11.3 29.6 6.9 13.2 18.8 18.8 10.0 12.3 30.0 19.2 0.0 36.0 11.0 26.4 12.8 14.2 11.5 22.7 % Dependent Alcohol Marijuana Crack Powder cocaine Opiates* Methamphetamine Currently Receiving Treatment Alcohol Marijuana Crack * Powder cocaine* Opiates Methamphetamine Prior Treatment Alcohol Marijuana Crack Powder cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine Could Use Treatment Alcohol Marijuana* Crack Powder cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine * Chi-square significant at p < .05. Juvenile Report, December 2008 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 13 Firearm Possession and Juvenile Detainees The AARIN survey instrument contains a series of questions about fire­ arms including possession of handguns, rifles or shotguns, semi-automatic weapons, and fully automatic weapons. Juveniles who self-report possess­ ing or owning a firearm are asked to describe how they acquired the fire­ arm. Exhibit 7 presents the findings on firearm ownership, as well as the relationship between firearm possession and drug use. Possession of Firearm About 30% of the juveniles reported possessing a handgun and 20% re­ ported possessing a rifle in their lifetime. About 12% of juveniles reported possessing a semi-automatic weapon and about 9% reported possessing a fully automatic weapon at some point in their lifetime. The rates of fire­ arm possession dropped substantially for more recent timeframes. Specifi­ cally, 7.1% of juveniles reported that they possessed a handgun and 4.4% reported that they possessed a rifle in the past 30 days. Fewer than 3% of juveniles self-reported possessing a semi-automatic weapon (2.2%) or a fully automatic weapon (1.9%) in the past 30 days. Acquisition Method Of those who reported possessing a semi-automatic gun at some point in their life, 40% reported acquiring the semi-automatic firearm through a direct purchase. About 31% of juveniles who possessed a handgun indi­ cated they purchased the firearm. Direct purchases of rifles and fully au­ tomatic firearms were less common than of handguns and semi-automatic firearms. Approximately 31% of juveniles indicated that they had bor­ rowed the firearm from someone, and between 14% and 19% reported that they had received a specific firearm as a gift. The acquisition of a firearm via theft was most prevalent among those juveniles who had pos­ sessed a fully-automatic weapon (17.2%), followed by those who had pos­ sessed a rifle (9.7%), handgun (9.3%), or semi-automatic weapon (7.5%). Juvenile Report, December 2008 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 14 Drug Use and Firearm Possession About 70% of the juveniles who had possessed a firearm at some time tested positive for marijuana. About 13% of juveniles who reported hav­ ing possessed a handgun, rifle, or semi-automatic firearm tested positive for cocaine. About 5% of juveniles who reported having possessed a rifle tested positive for opiates. Fewer than 5% of juveniles who had possessed a handgun or semi-automatic firearm tested positive for opiates. About 22% percent of juveniles who reported having possessed a semi-automat­ ic weapon tested positive for methamphetamine, followed by 14.3% of those who possessed a fully-automatic or handgun, and 12.8% of those who possessed a rifle. Exhibit 7: Firearm Ownership/Possession, Method of Acquisition, and Drug Use Lifetime Past 12 Months Past 30 Days Acquisition Method Handgun, pistol % 30.1 17.2 7.1 Rifle, shotgun % 20.0 10.7 4.4 Semiautomatic % 11.5 6.3 2.2 Fully automatic % 8.5 3.8 1.9 30.6 0.0 2.8 31.5 14.8 9.3 11.1 23.6 0.0 5.6 30.6 19.4 9.7 11.1 40.0 0.0 0.0 27.5 17.5 7.5 7.5 17.2 0.0 6.9 31.0 17.2 17.2 10.3 0.0 69.8 12.7 3.2 14.3 0.0 69.2 12.8 5.1 12.8 0.0 73.9 13.0 4.3 21.7 0.0 64.3 14.3 0.0 14.3 Bought it Rented it Traded something for it Borrowed it Gift Stole it Other Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana Cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine Note: Values for acquisition method reflect most recent possession/ownership of a firearm for each type. Juvenile Report, December 2008 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 15 Juvenile Gangs In order to gain further insight into gang involvement in Maricopa County, the AARIN survey instrument collects gang information from all respon­ dents. The following section compares various indicators including sociodemographic factors, legal information, and drug use across self-reported gang membership status (see Exhibit 8). About 15% of the juveniles self-reported being current gang members, 5.2% former gang members, and 13.2% gang member associates. About 94% of current gang members were boys, while 79.2% of gang member associates and 84.2% of former gang members were boys. Current gang members and former gang members were, on average, older than associ­ ates and non-gang members. More than half of current gang members (52.8%) were Hispanic/Latino, while 17.0% were Black, 15.1% were White, 5.7% were Native American, and 7.5% were comprised of other racial/eth­ nic groups. A higher percentage of former gang members, current gang members, and non-gang members than of associates self-reported being U.S. citizens. A higher proportion of associates (14.6%) than of current (5.7%) and former (0%) gang members reported being illegal aliens. While more than half of current gang members and associates were attending school, only about 32% of former gang members reported attending school. More than 84% of juveniles, regardless of gang membership sta­ tus, reported living in a house or apartment during the past 30 days. A higher proportion of non-gang members (21.2%), current gang mem­ bers (21.6%), and associates (25.5%) than of former gang members (10.5%) had been arrested for a violent offense. A higher proportion of current gang members than of former gang members, associates, and non-gang members were drug offenders. While current gang members were more likely than others to have a prior referral, former gang members were more likely to have been previously detained than other juveniles. Former gang members were more likely than non-gang members, current gang members, and associates to have possessed a handgun, rifle, or fully automatic firearm in the past 12 months. However, current gang members were more likely than former gang members, associates, and non-gang members to have possessed a semi-automatic firearm. About 47% of former gang members and 41.5% of current gang mem­ bers compared with 18.9% of non-gang members and 27.1% of associates reported having been threatened with a gun during the past 12 months. Further, 60.4% of current gang members and half of associates relative to 35.2% of non-gang members and 42.1% of former gang members were assaulted or attacked during the past 12 months. Juvenile Report, December 2008 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 16 A review of self-reported and confirmed alcohol use by gang member­ ship status reveals higher rates of use among current gang members than among other groups. This finding was consistent across lifetime use, past12-month use, past-30-day use, and past-3-day use. Current gang mem­ bers self-reported the highest use of marijuana, while former gang mem­ bers had the highest confirmed marijuana use among all groups. Former gang members had the highest self-reported crack cocaine and powder cocaine use. However, confirmed cocaine use was higher among current gang members than for any other group. Opiate and methamphetamine use (based on self-report and urinalysis test result) was higher for former gang members than for non-gang members, current gang members, or associates. On average, current gang members were younger than other group members at age of first use for alcohol and opiates. Associates of gang members were younger than current gang members, former gang members, and non-gang members at first age of marijuana, crack, and methamphetamine use. Juvenile Report, December 2008 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 17 Exhibit 8: Characteristics of Gang and Non-gang Members % 67 5.2 14.6 13.2 Non-Gang Members Former Gang Members Current Gang Members Associates of Gang Members % Former Gang Members % Current Gang Members % Associates of Gang Members % 79.9 20.1 84.2 15.8 94.3 5.7 79.2 20.8 0.0 31.6 68.4 16.1 years 0.0 41.5 58.5 15.7 years 0.0 60.4 39.6 15.0 years Non-Gang Members Sex* Boys Girls Age Category* 12 years or younger 2.0 13 – 15 years 39.3 16 years or older 58.6 Mean 15.6 years Race/Ethnicity White* Black Hispanic* Native American Other 31.6 9.4 43.9 3.3 11.9 26.3 5.3 52.6 10.5 5.3 15.1 17.0 52.8 5.7 7.5 6.3 10.4 70.8 0.0 12.5 US Citizen Legal Alien Illegal Alien 92.6 2.0 5.3 94.7 5.3 0.0 94.3 0.0 5.7 79.2 6.3 14.6 Yes Type of Residence (Past 30 Days) Private apartment/condo/hotel House or mobile home Public housing Emergency or short-term shelter Half-way or honors facility Drug or alcohol treatment facility No fixed residence or on the street Other 63.1 31.6 50.9 52.1 30.3 62.3 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.4 2.0 3.3 31.6 52.6 0.0 0.0 5.3 0.0 5.3 5.3 32.1 62.3 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 1.9 1.9 33.3 62.5 2.1 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 Citizenship Status* Attending School* * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. Juvenile Report, December 2008 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 18 Exhibit 8 (cont.): Characteristics of Gang and Non-gang Members Most Serious Offense at Referral Violent Property Drug Other Prior Referral (Past 12 Months) Yes Mean Prior Detention (Lifetime) Yes Mean Firearm Possessed (Past 12 Months) Handgun/Pistol* Rifle/Shotgun* Semi-Automatic Weapon* Fully Automatic Weapon* Victimization Threatened with a gun* Assaulted/attacked w/o a weapon * Non-Gang Members Former Gang Members Current Gang Members Associates of Gang Members % % % % 21.2 21.6 8.7 48.5 10.5 21.1 5.3 63.2 21.6 19.6 13.7 45.1 25.5 25.5 4.3 44.7 58.4 1.9 63.2 2.5 66 1.9 64.6 2.3 57.4 1.8 84.2 2.4 75.5 2 66.7 2.1 9.8 6.2 3.7 1.6 42.1 26.3 10.5 10.5 34 20.8 15.1 7.5 25 14.6 6.3 6.3 18.9 35.2 47.4 42.1 41.5 60.4 27.1 50 * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. Juvenile Report, December 2008 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 19 Exhibit 8 (cont.): Characteristics of Gang and Non-gang Members Non-Gang Members % Former Gang Current Gang Associates of Members Members Gang % % % Alcohol Lifetime* 83.2 Past 12 months* 63.5 Past 30 days 48.8 Past 3 days 24.2 Positive UA 1.2 Age at First Use 12.8 years 94.7 78.9 57.9 21.1 0.0 12.1 years 98.1 81.1 66.0 37.7 1.9 11.9 years 89.6 72.9 50.0 29.2 2.1 12.3 years Lifetime* 81.1 Past 12 months* 65.6 Past 30 days* 51.9 Past 3 days* 36.5 Positive UA* 50.8 Age at First Use* 12.1 years 94.7 78.9 63.2 52.6 73.7 11.4 years 98.1 92.5 79.2 60.4 69.8 11.4 years 95.8 81.3 63.8 45.8 54.2 11.2 years Lifetime* 7.8 Past 12 months 4.1 Past 30 days 1.6 Past 3 days 1.6 Positive UA 9.4 Age at First Use 14.5 years 31.6 10.5 5.3 0.0 10.5 14.3 years 17.0 11.3 3.8 3.8 17.0 14.2 years 10.4 6.3 6.3 4.2 14.6 13.8 years Lifetime* 34.4 Past 12 months 20.1 Past 30 days 11.5 Past 3 days 2.9 Positive UA 9.4 Age at First Use 14.3 years 68.4 52.6 21.1 10.5 10.5 14.5 years 56.6 30.2 22.6 3.8 17.0 13.9 years 58.3 27.1 16.7 8.3 14.6 13.9 years Lifetime 8.2 Past 12 months 5.3 Past 30 days 3.7 Past 3 days 0.8 Positive UA* 2.0 Age at First Use 14.9 years 10.5 5.3 5.3 0.0 10.5 14.0 years 7.5 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.0 years 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.6 years Lifetime* 24.6 Past 12 months 16.0 Past 30 days* 9.1 Past 3 days* 3.3 Positive UA* 6.1 Age at First Use 14.2 years 57.9 31.6 26.3 15.8 21.1 14.6 years 37.7 28.3 20.8 13.2 15.1 14.2 years 39.6 25.0 18.8 12.5 16.7 13.6 years Marijuana Crack Powder Cocaine Opiates Methamphetamine * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. Juvenile Report, December 2008 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 20 Victimization and Juvenile Detainees In order to gauge the rela­ tionship between criminal in­ volvement and victimization, the AARIN survey instrument contains a series of questions about prior victimization in­ cluding whether juveniles have been threatened with a gun, shot at, shot, threatened with a weapon, injured with a weapon, assaulted or attacked without a weapon, or robbed. The following section presents the rates of victimization for juveniles in the sample (see Exhibit 9), as well as the rela­ tionship between their victim­ ization and drug use (see Ex­ hibit 10). Threatened with a Gun Exhibit 9: Victimization Rates Among Respondents Sex Threatened with a Gun Past 12 months Past 30 days Shot at Past 12 months Past 30 days Shot Past 12 months Past 30 days Threatened with a Weapon Past 12 months Past 30 days Injured with a Weapon Past 12 months Past 30 days Assaulted/Attacked Past 12 months Past 30 days Robbed Past 12 months Past 30 days Girls % 26.2 9.6 20.0 12.3 25.1 10.1 22.9 6.0 13.8 10.0 21.3 6.8 2.7 0.0 1.5 0.0 2.5 0.0 26.6 9.0 29.2 10.8 27.0 9.3 13.6 2.7 9.2 4.6 12.8 3.0 41.2 19.9 40.0 21.5 41.0 20.2 16.9 6.0 12.3 4.6 16.1 5.7 About 25% of the juveniles * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. self-reported having been threatened with a gun in the past 12 months; 10.1% indicat­ ed having been threatened with a gun in the past 30 days. While boys were more likely to report having been threatened with a weapon other than a gun in the past 12 months, girls were more likely to report having been victims in the past 30 days. Among those juveniles who reported having been threatened with a gun in the past 12 months, 63% tested positive for marijuana, 15.2% for cocaine, and 12% for methamphetamine. Juvenile Report, December 2008 Total Boys % % Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 21 Exhibit 10: Victimization Rates by Positive UA Results No % Yes % Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates 1.5 52.6 8.8 9.9 2.2 1.1 63.0 12.0 15.2 1.1 Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine* Cocaine* Opiates 1.4 51.7 7.3 9.4 2.1 1.3 67.9 17.9 17.9 1.3 Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Threatened w/ Weapon – Not a Gun Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Injured w/ Weapon – Not a Gun Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Assaulted/Attacked w/o a Weapon Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates Robbed Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates 1.4 55.2 9.5 11.2 2.0 0.0 55.6 11.1 11.1 0.0 1.1 52.8 7.9 10.5 2.2 2.0 61.6 14.1 13.1 1.0 1.6 53.9 8.8 10.7 1.9 0.0 63.8 14.9 14.9 2.1 1.4 52.6 7.0 9.3 1.9 1.3 59.3 13.3 14.0 2.0 1.6 54.7 7.5 10.4 2.0 0.0 57.6 20.3 15.3 1.7 Threatened with a Gun Shot at Shot Shot at About 21% of the juveniles self-re­ ported having been shot at during the past 12 months; 6.8% indicated that they had been shot at in the past 30 days. Although boys were more likely to report having been shot at in the past 12 months, girls were more likely to report having been shot at in the past 30 days. Of those juveniles who had been shot at in the past 12 months, more than two-thirds tested positive for mari­ juana and about 18% tested posi­ tive for cocaine or methamphet­ amine. Juveniles who had been shot at were significantly more likely than those who had not to test positive for methamphetamine and cocaine. Shot About 3% of the juveniles selfreported having been shot in the past 12 months. Of those, about 56% tested positive for marijuana, and 11.1% tested positive for meth­ amphetamine or cocaine. Threatened with a Weapon Twenty-seven percent of the ju­ veniles self-reported having been threatened with a weapon (not a gun) in the past 12 months; 9.3% reported being threatened in the past 30 days. Of those juveniles who reported being threatened with a weapon, 61.6% tested positive for marijuana, 14.1% for methamphet­ amine, and 13.1% for cocaine. * Chi-square significant at p < .05. Juvenile Report, December 2008 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 22 Injured with a Weapon About 13% of the juveniles self-reported having been injured with a weapon (not a gun) in the past 12 months; 3% indicated they had been injured with a weapon in the past 30 days. Of the juveniles who reported having been injured with a weapon in the past 12 months, approximately 64% tested positive for marijuana, 14.9% for methamphetamine or co­ caine, and 2.1% for opiates. Assaulted or Attacked Forty-one percent of the juveniles reported having been assaulted or at­ tacked (without a weapon) in the past 12 months; a fifth reported hav­ ing been assaulted or attacked in the past 30 days. Of the juveniles who had been assaulted or attacked, about 59% percent tested positive for marijuana, 13.3% for methamphetamine, 14% for cocaine, and 2% for opiates. Robbed About 16% of the juveniles reported having been robbed in the past 12 months; about 6% had been robbed in the past 30 days. Of the juveniles who were robbed, about 58% tested positive for marijuana, 20.3% for methamphetamine, 15.3% for cocaine, and 1.7% for opiates. Juveniles who had been victims of robbery were significantly more likely than nonvictims to test positive for methamphetamine. Juvenile Report, December 2008 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 23 Mental Health Status and Juvenile Detainees Gathering information on mental health status can provide insight into the prevalence of co-occurring disorders among the juvenile detention population. The AARIN project collects data on whether juveniles have been diagnosed with a mental illness and whether they have been treated, hospitalized, or medicated for a men­ Exhibit 11: Mental Illness Diagnosis and Drug Use tal illness. The following is a summary of those data for our sample popula­ tion and a comparison of urinalysis test results, socio-demographic character­ % Diagnosed with Mental Illness istics, and legal factors of those with 33.3 Lifetime and without a mental illness. These 13.4 Past 12 months data provide officials of the juvenile 5.5 Past 30 days justice system, social service agencies, and the public health arena valuable Diagnosed with Mental Illness (Past 12 Months) insight into the relationship between No Yes juvenile crime, drug use, and mental % % Positive UA Results illness. Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine* Cocaine Opiates 1.3 55.2 10.7 11.0 1.9 2.0 55.1 2.0 12.2 2.0 * Chi-square significant at p < .05. Exhibit 12: Prior Treatment for Mental Illness and Drug Use % Treated for Mental Illness Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days 30.6 11.7 5.5 Diagnosed with Mental Illness A third of juveniles reported having been told by a counselor, social work­ er, or doctor that they suffered from a mental health illness (see Exhibit 11). About 13% indicated that they had been told this in the past 12 months; 5.5% had been told this in the past 30 days. Juveniles not diagnosed with a mental illness within the past 12 months were more likely to test posi­ tive for methamphetamine than those diagnosed. Treated for Mental Illness (Past 12 Months) Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates No Yes % % 1.2 54.8 10.2 11.8 1.9 2.3 58.1 4.7 7.0 2.3 * Chi-square significant at p < .05. Juvenile Report, December 2008 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 24 Prior Treatment for Mental Illness Exhibit 13: Hospitalized for Mental Illness and Drug Use Exhibit 12 shows that 30.6% of juveniles indicated that they had been treated % Hospitalized for Mental Illness by a counselor, social worker, or doc­ 6.6 Lifetime tor for a mental illness at some point 1.9 Past 12 months in their lifetime. About 12% indicated 0.5 Past 30 days that they had been treated in the past Hospitalized for Mental Illness (Past 12 Months) 12 months; 5.5% reported having been No Yes treated in the past 30 days. Although there were no significant differences % % Positive UA Results in confirmed drug use among those Alcohol 1.4 0.0 with or without prior treatment for a Marijuana 55.7 28.6 mental illness, higher rates of marijua­ Methamphetamine 9.7 0.0 na and cocaine use by juveniles with Cocaine 11.4 0.0 a history of treatment for a mental Opiates 1.9 0.0 illness were indicated by test results. On the other hand, confirmed meth­ * Chi-square significant at p < .05. amphetamine use was higher among those who did not have a history of treatment for a mental illness than Exhibit 14: Medicated for among those who had received prior Mental Illness and Drug Use treatment for a mental illness. Prior Hospitalization for Mental Illness Almost 7% of juveniles self-reported being hospitalized at some point in their life for a mental illness (see Ex­ hibit 13). About 2% reported having been hospitalized for a mental illness in the past 12 months; fewer than one percent indicated having been hospi­ talized in the past 30 days. The rela­ tively small number of juveniles who reported being hospitalized for a men­ tal illness in the past 12 months made it difficult to observe any significant differences in drug use among those who had been hospitalized for a men­ tal illness and those who had not. % Medicated for Mental Illness Lifetime Past 12 months Past 30 days 27.9 11.2 4.9 Medicated for Mental Illness (Past 12 Months) Positive UA Results Alcohol Marijuana Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates * Chi-square significant at p < .05. Juvenile Report, December 2008 No % Yes % 1.2 56.3 10.5 11.7 1.8 2.4 46.3 2.4 7.3 2.4 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 25 Exhibit 15: Characteristics of AARIN Juvenile Sample Diagnosed with a Mental Illness Diagnosed (Past 12 Months) No % Yes % 81.7 18.3 85.7 14.3 Sex Boys Girls Age Category 12 years or younger 1.3 13 – 15 years 41.3 16 years or older 57.4 Mean 15.5 years 2.0 46.9 51.0 15.4 years Race/Ethnicity White* Black Hispanic* Native American Other 22.1 10.4 52.7 3.8 10.7 46.9 10.2 28.6 2.0 12.2 US Citizen Legal Alien Illegal Alien 90.2 2.8 6.9 98.0 0.0 2.0 Yes Type of Residence (Past 30 Days) Private apartment/condo/hotel House or mobile home Public housing Emergency or short-term shelter Half-way or honors facility Drug or alcohol treatment facility No fixed residence or on the street Other Most Serious Referral at Arrest Violent Drug Property Other Prior Referral (Past 12 Months)* Yes Mean Prior Detention (Lifetime)* Yes Mean 58.4 57.1 31.5 61.5 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.6 1.9 2.8 26.5 65.3 4.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0 20.6 8.4 23.5 47.6 24.5 10.2 12.2 53.1 57.0 1.8 83.7 2.7 60.9 1.8 71.4 2.6 Citizenship Status* Attending School Medicated for Mental Illness Exhibit 14 shows that 27.9% of the juveniles reported that they had been medicated in their lifetime for a mental illness. Just more than 11% of the respondents indicated that they had been medicated for a mental illness in the past 12 months, while about 5% reported having been medicated in the past 30 days. Once again, there were no signifi­ cant differences in confirmed drug use between those who had been medicated for a mental illness and those who had not. Exhibit 15 compares socio-demo­ graphic and legal characteristics for juveniles in the sample who were diagnosed and not diagnosed with a mental illness. There were no sig­ nificant differences between the two groups in terms of gender, age, school attendance, type of residence, and most serious referral at arrest. Those who had been diagnosed with a metal illness were significantly more likely to be White, to be U.S. citizens, to have had a prior referral in the past 12 months, and to have been detained in their lifetime. * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. Juvenile Report, December 2008 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 26 Immigration and Juvenile Detainees Along with capturing a host of socio-demographic information from the juvenile population, the AARIN project collects the citizenship status of interviewed juveniles. These data provide estimates of a population that is often difficult to monitor and track in the criminal justice system. The following section presents not only the extent of illegal and legal juvenile immigrants who were detained, but also how legal and illegal immigrants differ from U.S. citizens with regard to socio-demographic information, drug use, involvement in violent crime, and victimization (see Exhibit 16). Analysis showed that 91.3% of the juveniles were U.S. citizens, 6.3% were illegal aliens, and 2.5% were legal aliens. With the exception of meth­ amphetamine use test results, urinalysis testing revealed higher rates of drug use among U.S. citizens than among either legal or illegal aliens. Specifically, a larger proportion of U.S. citizens were under the influence of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, or opiates at the time of arrest. However, illegal aliens had a higher rate of methamphetamine use than either U.S. citizens or legal aliens. The juvenile illegal aliens in the sample were significantly younger than either juvenile U.S. citizens or juvenile legal aliens. The proportion of boys and girls differed across immigration status. Compared with juvenile U.S. citizens and legal aliens, a higher proportion of illegal aliens were boys. Additionally, a higher proportion of illegal aliens reported attending school than did U.S. citizens or legal aliens. Both illegal and legal aliens were more likely than U.S. citizens to report living in an apartment or house. The U.S. citizens were more likely to have been arrested for a violent of­ fense, while illegal and legal aliens both were significantly more likely than U.S. citizens to have been arrested for a property crime. Legal aliens were more likely than either U.S. citizens or illegal aliens to have been arrested in the past 12 months. Two-thirds of legal aliens previously had been arrested compared with 61% of U.S. citizens and 52.2% of illegal aliens. About 65% of illegal aliens reported a history of detention relative to 62.6% of U.S citizens and 44.4% of legal aliens. Analysis of firearm possession data showed that among the juveniles, ille­ gal aliens were more likely than U.S. citizens or legal aliens to have report­ ed possessing a fully automatic weapon. U.S. citizens were significantly more likely to have been threatened with a gun in the past 12 months than legal and illegal aliens. However, illegal aliens were more likely to have been robbed than either legal aliens or U.S. citizens. Juvenile Report, December 2008 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 27 Exhibit 16: Characteristics of AARIN Juvenile Sample by Citizenship Status Citizenship Status % 91.3 2.5 6.3 Citizenship Status US Citizen Legal Alien Illegal alien Illegal Alien US Citizen Legal Alien Alcohol Marijuana* Methamphetamine Cocaine Opiates 0.0 39.1 17.4 8.7 0.0 1.5 57.2 9.0 11.7 2.1 0.0 22.2 11.1 0.0 0.0 12 years or younger 13 – 15 years 16 years or older Mean 0.0 65.2 34.8 14.7 years 1.5 40.1 58.4 15.6 years 0.0 55.6 44.4 15.0 years Boys Girls 87.0 13.0 82.0 18.0 77.8 22.2 White* Black Hispanic* Native American Other 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 27.8 11.4 44.9 3.9 11.7 0.0 0.0 88.9 0.0 11.1 Yes Type of Residence (Past 30 Days) Private apartment/condo/hotel House or mobile home Public housing Emergency or short-term shelter Half-way or honors facility Drug or alcohol treatment facility No fixed residence or on the street Other 78.3 56.6 66.7 43.5 56.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 29.6 62.6 1.2 0.3 0.6 0.6 2.1 3.0 44.4 55.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Positive UA Results Age Category* Sex* Race/Ethnicity Attending School * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. Juvenile Report, December 2008 College of Public Programs, Arizona State University 28 Exhibit 16 (cont.): Characteristics of AARIN Juvenile Sample by Citizenship Status Citizenship Status Illegal Alien US Citizen Legal Alien Violent Drug Property* Other 13.0 0.0 47.8 39.1 22.0 9.5 19.5 49.1 11.1 0.0 44.4 44.4 Yes Mean 52.2 2.1 61.0 2.0 66.7 1.2 Yes Mean 65.2 2.1 62.5 1.9 44.4 1.5 Handgun/Pistol Rifle/Shotgun Semi-Automatic Weapon Fully Automatic Weapon* 17.4 13.0 13.0 17.4 17.4 10.8 5.7 3.0 11.1 0.0 11.1 0.0 Threatened with a gun Shot at Shot Threatened with a weapon (not a gun)* 17.4 13.0 8.7 4.3 8.7 0.0 26.1 25.4 22.2 2.1 28.7 12.3 0.3 15.3 33.3 11.1 0.0 22.2 44.4 0.0 22.2 Most Severe Offense at Referral Prior Referral (Past 12 Months)* Prior Detention (Lifetime)* Firearm Possessed (Past 12 Months) Victimization Injured with a weapon (not a gun) * Assaulted or attacked without a weapon Robbed * t test or Chi-square significant at p < .05. Juvenile Report, December 2008 Center for Violence Prevention & Community Safety 29 About the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University, in order to deepen its commitment to the com­ munities of Arizona and to society as a whole, has set a new standard for research universities, as modeled by the New American University. Ac­ cordingly, ASU is measured not by whom we exclude, but by whom we include. The University is pursuing research that considers the public good, and is assuming a greater responsibility to our communities for their economic, social, and cultural vitality. Social embeddedness – university-wide, inter­ active, and mutually supportive partnerships with Arizona communities – is at the core of our development as a New American University. Toward the goal of social embeddedness, in response to the growing need of our communities to improve the public’s safety and well-being, in July 2005 ASU established the Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety. The Center’s mission is to generate, share, and apply quality re­ search and knowledge to create “best practice” standards. Specifically, the center evaluates policies and programs; analyzes and eval­ uates patterns and causes of violence; develops strategies and programs; develops a clearinghouse of research reports and “best practice” models; educates, trains, and provides technical assistance; and facilitates the de­ velopment and construction of databases. For more information about the Center for Violence Prevention and Com­ munity Safety, please contact us using the information provided below. Mailing Address Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety Arizona State University P.O. Box 37100 Mail Code 3253 Phoenix, Arizona 85069-7100 SHIPPING Address 4701 West Thunderbird Road Phoenix, Arizona 85306-4908 Telephone (602) 543-5959 Web Site http://cvpcs.asu.edu Juvenile Report, December 2008 The Center for Violence Prevention and Community Safety l ASU College of Public Programs 4701 West Thunderbird Road, Phoenix, AZ l (602) 543-5959 l http://cvpcs.asu.edu