2008 Arizona Youth Survey
City of Chandler, AZ

REPORT PROVIDED BY:

Arizona Criminal Justice Commission

1

2008 Arizona Youth Survey
Shining Light on Arizona Youth
Arizona Criminal Justice Commission
IN PARTNERSHIP WITH:
Arizona Department of Gaming’s Office of Problem Gambling
Arizona Juvenile Justice Commission
Arizona Parent’s Commission on Drug Education and Prevention
Governor’s Division for Substance Abuse Policy
Governor’s Office for Children, Youth, and Families
Tobacco Education and Prevention Program,
Arizona Department of Health Services

2

Acknowledgements
The Arizona Criminal Justice Commission’s Statistical Analysis Center thanks
Bach Harrison, L.L.C. for their professionalism and contributions during the
administration of the 2008 Arizona Youth Survey. We also benefited from the
expertise, guidance, and assistance provided by our colleagues at the Arizona
Criminal Justice Commission and from input received from many individuals
working for agencies throughout the state including:
Jean Ajamie, Arizona Department of Education
Michelle Anderson, Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections
Steve Ballance, Maricopa County
Carisa Dwyer, Governor’s Office for Children, Youth, and Families
Charles Katz, Arizona State University
Dr. Manuel Medina, TERROS, Inc.
Kim O’Connor, Governor’s Office for
Children, Youth, and Families
Holly Orozco, Governor’s Office for Children, Youth, and Families
Catherine Osborn, Arizona Department of Education
Richard Porter, Arizona Department of Health Services
Gowri Shetty, Arizona Department of Health Services
Lisa Shumaker, Arizona Department of Health Services
Wendy Wolfersteig, Arizona State University
Nicole Yancey Johnson, Arizona Early Childhood Development
and Health Board
Governor’s Youth Commission

Additionally, the success of the 2008 Arizona Youth Survey could not have been
achieved without the support and participation of school superintendents, principals,
prevention coordinators, and teachers throughout the state. Finally, we extend our
thanks to the students who responded to the survey. Their thoughtful participation
resulted in a wealth of information that can be used to improve the circumstances in
which they live and learn.

3

Introduction
CONTENTS:

2008 Arizona Youth Survey
Summary for
City of Chandler, AZ

Introduction
The Risk and Protective
Factor Model of
Prevention
The Arizona Substance
Abuse Partnership
How to Read the Charts
Practical Implications of
the Assessment

This report summarizes some of the
findings from the 2008 Arizona Youth
Survey (AYS) administered to 8th, 10th
and 12th grade students during the
spring of 2008. The results for your
city are presented along with
comparisons to the results for the state.
The survey was designed to assess
school safety, adolescent substance use,
anti-social behavior and the risk and
protective factors that predict these
adolescent problem behaviors.

Assessment and
Planning
Data Charts:
• Substance Use

All schools in Arizona are eligible to
participate in the survey, and
recruitment efforts were successful in
obtaining participation by schools in all
of the 15 counties. Careful planning
and uniform administration of the
survey have resulted in survey data that
are valid and representative of the
students in 8th, 10th, and 12th grades in
Arizona.

•

Antisocial Behavior
and Gambling

•

Risk & Protective
Factor Profiles
Where Youth
Obtained Alcohol
School Safety

•
•

Risk and Protective
Factor Scale Definitions

Table 1 contains the characteristics of
the students who completed the survey
from your municipality and the state.
Because not every student answered all

Data Tables
Contacts for Prevention
Appendix

Table 1. Characteristics of Participants
Student Totals
City 2004

Total Students

Number

City 2006

Percent

Number

City 2008

Percent

Number

State 2008

Percent

Number

Percent

1,541

100

803

100

1,916

100

54,734

100

8

382

24.8

297

37.0

640

33.4

25,695

46.9

10

502

32.6

31

3.9

713

37.2

16,089

29.4

12

657

42.6

475

59.2

563

29.4

12,950

23.7

Male

738

48.4

391

49.4

948

50.3

26,213

48.8

Female

787

51.6

400

50.6

938

49.7

27,514

51.2

Native American

37

2.4

11

1.4

88

3.9

4,812

7.4

African American

85

5.6

43

5.4

213

9.4

3,915

6.0

Hispanic

293

19.3

177

22.3

522

23.1

21,525

32.9

White

940

61.8

450

56.7

1,192

52.7

31,887

48.8

Asian

56

3.7

42

5.3

199

8.8

2,117

3.2

Pacific Islander

19

1.2

22

2.8

48

2.1

1,115

1.7

Grade

Gender

Ethnicity*

*In 2008, students could mark more than one ethnic category and the 'other' category was removed.

4

of the questions, the number of
students in the gender and ethnicity
categories often will be less than the
total number of students.
Whenever data is obtained from a
sample of students instead of the entire
population, it is important to recognize
the strengths and weaknesses of the
data. One quick and easy way to
investigate the quality of the sample is
to look at the basic demographic
characteristics of the students who
participated in the survey and compare
them to what is known about the entire
population of students. This will give
the user of these data a basic
understanding of the degree to which
the sample data can be generalized to
the entire population. It is important to
note that even when the characteristics
of the sample do not match well to the
characteristics of the population this
does not mean the data lose their
usefulness. The data included in this
report describes the level of risk and
protective factors, substance use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency of
those youth who participated in the
survey, which can be used to inform
the development of school and
community-based prevention and
intervention activities that may benefit
both the youth who participated in the
survey and those that did not.
Changes to the AYS
Survey for 2008
In an effort to shorten the AYS and
make it more responsive to local
priorities, the following changes were
made for 2008: 1) some of the
substance use questions were refined
and the use of over-the-counter drugs
was added, 2) some risk and protective
factor scales were removed where the
data could easily be obtained from
other sources or the scales measured
similar constructs (scales removed are
Transitions and Mobility, Community
Disorganization, Intention to Use

Risk and Protective Factors
Drugs, and Social Skills), 3) questions about where
students get the alcohol they drink were added, 4) an
8-State Norm was added that can be used to compare
the AYS results on risk, protection, and antisocial
behavior to a more national sample (see the
description of the 8-State Norm later in this report),
and 5) National Outcome Measures that are needed
for measuring the performance of federally funded
programs in Arizona such as talking to parents about
the dangers of substance use were added.

protective factors and youth problem behavior. They
have found, for example, that children who live in
families with high levels of conflict are more likely
to become involved in problem behaviors such as
delinquency and drug use than children who live in
families with low levels of family conflict.
Protective factors exert a positive influence or buffer
against the negative influence of risk, thus reducing the
likelihood that adolescents will engage in problem
behaviors. Protective factors identified through research
include social bonding to family, school, community,
and peers; healthy beliefs and clear standards for
behavior; and individual characteristics. For bonding to
serve as a protective influence, it must occur through
involvement with peers and adults who communicate
healthy values and set clear standards for behavior.

The Risk and Protective Factor Model of
Substance Abuse Prevention
Many states, school districts and local agencies have
adopted the Risk and Protective Factor Model to
guide their prevention efforts. The Risk and
Protective Factor Model of Prevention is based on
the simple premise that to prevent a problem from
happening, we need to identify the factors that
increase the risk of that problem developing and then
find ways to reduce the risks. Just as medical
researchers have found risk factors for heart disease
such as diets high in fat, lack of exercise and
smoking, a team of researchers at the University of
Washington have identified a set of risk factors for
youth problem behaviors. Risk factors are
characteristics of school, community, and family
environments, as well as characteristics of students
and their peer groups that are known to predict
increased likelihood of drug use, delinquency, school
dropout, teen pregnancy, and violent behavior among
youth. Dr. J. David Hawkins, Dr. Richard F.
Catalano, and their colleagues at the University of
Washington, Social Development Research Group
have investigated the relationship between risk and

T
T

T

T

T
T

T
T

T
T

T

T

Teen Pregnancy

T

School Drop-Out
Violence

T
T
T
T
T

T
T
T
T
T

T
T

T

T
T
T
T
T

T
T
T
T
T

T
T
T
T
T

T
T
T
T
T

T
T
T

T
T
T
T
T

T
T
T
T

SOURCE: COMMUNITIES THAT CARE (CTC) PREVENTION MODEL, CENTER FOR SUBSTANCE ABUSE PREVENTION (CSAP), SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION (SAMSHA)

5

Constitutional Factors

Gang Involvement

Favorable Attitudes Toward
Drug Use & Other
Problem Behaviors

Friends Who Use Drugs &
Engage in a Problem Behavior

Alienation & Rebelliousness

Early & Persistent
Antisocial Behavior

Peer / Individual
Early Initiation of Drug Use &
Other Problem Behavior

Lack of Commitment to
School

Academic Failure

School
Favorable Parent Attitudes &
Involvement in the
Problem Behavior

T
T
T
T
T

Family Management Problems

T
T
T
T
T

Family Conflict

Community Disorganization

Low Neighborhood
Attachment

Transitions & Mobility

Availability of Drugs &
Firearms

T
T

Family History of the
Problem Behavior

Delinquency

The chart below shows the links between the 19 risk
factors and the five problem behaviors. The check
marks have been placed in the chart to indicate where
at least two well designed, published research studies
have shown a link between the risk factor and the
problem behavior.

Family

Extreme Economic &
Social Deprivation

Substance Abuse

Community
Community Laws & Norms
Favorable Toward Drug Use,
Firearms & Crime

Risk
Factors

By measuring both risk and protective factors in a
population, prevention programs can be implemented
that are designed to reduce the elevated risk factors and
increase the protective factors. For example, if academic
failure is identified as an elevated risk factor in a
community, then mentoring, tutoring, and increased
opportunities and rewards for classroom participation
can be provided to improve academic performance.

T
T

T
T

T

T

The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership
The Arizona Substance Abuse Partnership (ASAP) was established by Governor Napolitano’s Executive Order
2007-12 in June 2007. Chaired by the Governor’s Chief of Staff, ASAP is composed of representatives from
state government entities, federal entities, and community organizations. ASAP serves as the single statewide
council on substance abuse prevention, enforcement, and treatment.
It is ASAP’s mission to ensure community driven, agency supported outcomes to prevent and reduce the
negative impacts of alcohol, tobacco and other drugs by building and sustaining partnerships between
prevention, treatment, and enforcement. Through coordination among its members and their agencies and
organizations ASAP strives to ensure that substance abuse funding is spent in the most efficient and efficacious
manner.
ASAP has identified four strategic focus areas for 2008: 1) child welfare and substance abuse; 2) law enforcement
and drug trafficking; 3) emerging trends and the state’s capacity to respond; and 4) data-driven decisions and
policy development.
There are currently six sub-committees that assist ASAP in meeting their goals:
•

Arizona Underage Drinking Committee - The purpose of this subcommittee is to develop a
statewide underage drinking initiative to prevent and reduce underage drinking in Arizona. Their
activities include state-level infrastructure change to improve cross coordination/collaboration
between state agencies; developing a comprehensive statewide prevention system focused on
preventing underage drinking; and collaborative projects to more effectively utilize resources
and support local efforts.

•

Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group – The purpose of this work group is to
continuously evaluate data related to substance abuse to move the state system through a datadriven process. This is achieved through the completion of a statewide Substance Abuse
Epidemiology Profile. This profile will be updated every two years, with specific analyses
completed each year.

•

Emerging Issues Sub-Committee of the Substance Abuse Epidemiology Work Group – The
purpose of this sub-committee is to provide understanding of emerging substance abuse
consumption and consequence trends in Arizona to state agencies, Boards, Commissions and
Committees, and ASAP and its sub-committees.

•

Methamphetamine Task Force – The purpose of this task force is to bring together
representatives from state agencies, local government, businesses, and community groups to
develop collaborative efforts among treatment, prevention, and law enforcement systems to
assess and address the impact of methamphetamine statewide through information sharing,
resource allocation, service coordination, and the development of statewide policy
recommendations sensitive to the needs of local and tribal communities.

•

Co-Occurring Policy Advisory Team – The Co-Occurring Policy Advisory Team serves as the
advisory body and policy-making entity for the Arizona Co-Occurring State Incentive Grant.
Team members represent a number of state agencies and community-based organizations.

•

Workforce Development Committee – This committee was formed specifically to identify and
address substance abuse prevention training and technical assistance needs across Arizona. This
will, in turn, help strengthen instruction for prevention professionals and volunteers in
community coalitions.

6

How to Read the Charts in this Report
There are five types of charts presented in this
report: 1) substance use, 2) antisocial behavior and
youth gambling, 3) risk factors, 4) protective factors,
and 5) where youth obtained alcohol. When
available, data from the 2004 and 2006
administrations will be included in the charts. The
actual percentages from the charts are presented in
tables at the end of this report.

•

Substance Use Charts
This report contains information about alcohol,
tobacco, and other drug use (referred to as ATOD
use throughout this report) and other problem
behaviors of students. The bars on each chart
represent the percentage of students in that grade
who reported the behavior. The three sections in the
charts represent different types of problem
behaviors. The definitions of each of the types of
behavior are provided below.
•

Risk and Protective Factor Charts
The risk and protective factor charts show the
percentage of students at high risk and with high
protection for each of the risk and protective factor
scales. The risk and protective factor scales measure
specific aspects of youths’ life experiences that are
predictive of whether they will engage in problem
behaviors. A definition of each risk and protective
factor scale is contained in Table 2. The factors are
grouped into four domains: community, family, school,
and peer/individual.

Lifetime use is a measure of the percentage of
students who tried the particular substance at
least once in their lifetime and is used to show
the percentage of students who have had
experience with a particular substance.

•

30-day use is a measure of the percentage of
students who used the substance at least once in
the 30 days prior to taking the survey and is a
more sensitive indicator of the level of current
use of the substance.

•

Heavy use includes binge drinking (having five
or more drinks in a row during the two weeks
prior to the survey) and use of one-half a pack
or more of cigarettes per day.

The bars on the risk and protective factor charts,
represent the percentage of students whose answers
reflect significant risk or protection. There are bars for
the last three administrations of the AYS: 2004, 2006,
and 2008. By looking at the percentage of youth at risk
and with protection over time, it is possible to
determine whether the percentage of students at risk or
with protection is increasing, decreasing, or staying the
same. This information is important when deciding
which risk and protective factors warrant attention and
when assessing risk reduction and protective factor
enhancement efforts.

Where Youth Obtained Alcohol Charts

Antisocial Behavior and Gambling
Charts
•

Gambling behavior charts show the percentage
of students who engaged in each of the 10 types
of gambling “for money, possessions, or anything
of value” during the past year: played gambling
machines, played the lottery, bet on sports, played
cards, bought a raffle ticket, played bingo,
gambled on the internet, bet on a dice game, bet on
a game of personal skill and bet on horse or animal
races. The chart also shows the percentage of
students who engaged in any gambling behavior
during the past year.

This chart displays data regarding the ways that
students obtained alcohol in the past 30 days. The data
focus on a subgroup of students who indicated at least
one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no
alcohol use are not represented.) It is important to note
that the charts represent a subgroup of users and not
the entire survey population. Additionally, the smaller
the sample, the more dramatic the influence of a
student's responses. For example, if only one student in
a particular grade reported where he/she obtained
alcohol, each category would show up as either 0% or
100%. The chart legend indicates the sample size for
each grade surveyed to help clarify the value of the data.

Antisocial behavior (ASB) is a measure of
the percentage of students who report any
involvement during the past year with eight
antisocial behaviors: suspended from school,
drunk or high at school, sold illegal drugs,
stolen a vehicle, been arrested, attacked
someone to harm them, carried a handgun,
taken a handgun to school. The chart also
displays any incidents in the past 30 days of
drinking and driving or riding in a car with a
drinking driver.
7

How to Read the Charts in this Report (cont’d)
School Safety Charts

community and a more national sample. The 8-State
Norm value for each risk and protective factor scale
represents the percentage of youth at risk or with
protection for eight states across the country
(Arizona, Arkansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Montana,
Nebraska, Oklahoma and Utah). In developing the
8-State Norm, the contribution of each of eight
states was proportional to its percentage of the
national population, which helps to make the results
more representative of youth nation-wide. A
comparison between the ATOD use rates from the
8-State norm and those from the national
Monitoring the Future Survey showed the rates to
be very similar, which provides added confidence in
the validity of the 8-State Norm. Brief definitions of
the risk and protective factors scales are provided in
Table 2 following the profile charts. For more
information about risk and protective factors, please
refer to the resources listed on the last page of this
report under Contacts for Prevention.

The school safety profile charts contain the
percentages of students who felt unsafe at school or
on the way to school, were threatened or injured with
a weapon at school, were in a physical fight at school,
carried a weapon to school or were picked on or
bullied at school. The complete questions and values
for each response option can be seen in Table 11.

Dots and Diamonds
The dots on the charts represent the percentage of all
of the youth surveyed across Arizona who reported
substance use, problem behavior, elevated risk, or
elevated protection. The diamonds represent national
data from either the Monitoring the Future Survey or
the 8-State Norm (described below). A comparison to
the state-wide and national results provides additional
information for your community in determining the
relative significance of levels of ATOD use,
antisocial behavior, risk, and protection. Information
about other students in the state and the nation can be
helpful in determining the seriousness of a given
level of problem behavior.

Drug Free Communities Reports
Table 12 contains the information that is reported
by communities with Drug Free Communities
Grants, such as the perception of the risk of ATOD
use, perception of parent and peer disapproval of
ATOD use, past 30-day use, and average age of
first use.

The 8-State Norm
The diamonds on the charts allow a comparison
between the levels of risk and protection in your

Practical Implications of the Assessment
No Child Left Behind
The Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities section of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) requires that
schools and communities use six Principles of Effectiveness to guide their decisions and spending on federally
funded prevention and intervention programs. First introduced in 1998 by the Department of Education, the
Principles of Effectiveness outline a data-driven process for ensuring that prevention programs achieve the desired
results. The Principles of Effectiveness stipulate that local prevention programs and activities must:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

be based on a needs assessment using objective data regarding the incidence of drug use and violence,
target specific performance objectives,
be based on scientific research and be proven to reduce violence or drug use,
be based on the analysis of predictor variables such as risk and protective factors,
include meaningful and ongoing parental input in program implementation, and
have periodic evaluations of established performance measures.

The results of the AYS presented in this report can help your school and community comply with the NCLB Act. The
Substance Use and Antisocial Behavior charts provide information related to Principle 1 and the Risk and Protective
Factor charts provide information related to Principle 4. Overall, using the risk and protective factor framework helps
schools meet all of the Principles of Effectiveness, and thereby assists schools in complying with the NCLB Act.
8

Assessment and Planning
School and Community Improvement Using Survey Data
Why Conduct the Arizona
Youth Survey?
Data from the Arizona Youth
Survey can be used to help
schools and communities assess
current conditions and identify
and prioritize local prevention
issues.
Each risk and protective factor
can be linked to specific types of
interventions that have been
shown to be effective in either
reducing risk(s) or enhancing
protection(s). The steps
outlined here will help your
municipality make key decisions
regarding allocation of
resources, how and when to
address specific needs, and
which strategies are most
effective and known to produce
results.

What are the numbers telling you?
Review the charts and data tables presented in this report. Using the
table below, note your findings as you discuss the following questions.
Which 3-5 risk factors are of the greatest concern?
Which 3-5 protective factors are your community’s highest priority?
Which levels of 30-day drug use are of greatest concern?
º Which substances are your students using the most?
º At which grades do you see unacceptable usage levels?
• Which levels of antisocial behaviors are of greatest concern?
º Which behaviors are your students exhibiting the most?
º At which grades do you see unacceptable behavior levels?
•
•
•

How to decide if a rate is “unacceptable.”
Look across the charts – which items stand out as either much
higher or much lower than the others?
• Compare your data with statewide and national data –
differences of five percent between local and other data are probably
significant.
•

Use these data for program and policy development.
Substance use and antisocial behavior data – identify issues, raise
awareness about the problems, and promote school and community
dialogue.
• Risk and protective factor data – identify key objectives that will
help your school or community achieve its prevention goals.
•

Use the resources listed on the last page of this report, Contacts for
Prevention, for ideas about prevention programs that have proven
effective in addressing the risk factors that are high in your community
and improving the protective factors that are low.

MEASURE

Unacceptable Rate Unacceptable Rate Unacceptable Rate Unacceptable Rate
#3
#4
#1
#2

Risk Factors
Protective Factors
Substance Use
Antisocial Behaviors

9

Substance Use

LIFETIME, 30 DAY & HEAVY ATOD USE
100

60

50

40

Percentage (%)

** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2008.
** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation.
† No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey.

1/2 Pack (or More)
Cigarettes/Day
Binge Drinking
Over-the-Counter
Drugs*†
Prescription
Drugs**†
Prescription
Sedatives**†
Prescription
Stimulants**
Prescription Pain
Relievers*†
Steroids
Ecstasy**
Heroin or Other
Opiates
Methamphetamines**
Inhalants
Cocaine
Hallucinogens**
Marijuana
Chewing Tobacco
Cigarettes
Alcohol
Over-the-Counter
Drugs*†
Prescription
Drugs**†
Prescription
Sedatives**†
Prescription
Stimulants**
Prescription Pain
Relievers*†
Steroids
Ecstasy**
Heroin or Other
Opiates
Methamphetamines**
Inhalants
Cocaine
Hallucinogens**
Marijuana
Chewing Tobacco
Cigarettes
Alcohol

10

MTF
State 2008
City 2008
City 2006
City 2004

Heavy Use
30-Day Use
Lifetime Use

2008 City of Chandler, AZ, Grade 8

90

80

70

30

20

10

0

Substance Use

LIFETIME, 30 DAY & HEAVY ATOD USE
100

60

50

40

Percentage (%)

** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2008.
** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation.
† No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey.

1/2 Pack (or More)
Cigarettes/Day
Binge Drinking
Over-the-Counter
Drugs*†
Prescription
Drugs**†
Prescription
Sedatives**†
Prescription
Stimulants**
Prescription Pain
Relievers*†
Steroids
Ecstasy**
Heroin or Other
Opiates
Methamphetamines**
Inhalants
Cocaine
Hallucinogens**
Marijuana
Chewing Tobacco
Cigarettes
Alcohol
Over-the-Counter
Drugs*†
Prescription
Drugs**†
Prescription
Sedatives**†
Prescription
Stimulants**
Prescription Pain
Relievers*†
Steroids
Ecstasy**
Heroin or Other
Opiates
Methamphetamines**
Inhalants
Cocaine
Hallucinogens**
Marijuana
Chewing Tobacco
Cigarettes
Alcohol

11

MTF
State 2008
City 2008
City 2006
City 2004

Heavy Use
30-Day Use
Lifetime Use

2008 City of Chandler, AZ, Grade 10

90

80

70

30

20

10

0

Substance Use

LIFETIME, 30 DAY & HEAVY ATOD USE
100

60

50

40

Percentage (%)

** Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2008.
** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation.
† No equivalent category for these substances in the Monitoring the Future survey.

1/2 Pack (or More)
Cigarettes/Day
Binge Drinking
Over-the-Counter
Drugs*†
Prescription
Drugs**†
Prescription
Sedatives**†
Prescription
Stimulants**
Prescription Pain
Relievers*†
Steroids
Ecstasy**
Heroin or Other
Opiates
Methamphetamines**
Inhalants
Cocaine
Hallucinogens**
Marijuana
Chewing Tobacco
Cigarettes
Alcohol
Over-the-Counter
Drugs*†
Prescription
Drugs**†
Prescription
Sedatives**†
Prescription
Stimulants**
Prescription Pain
Relievers*†
Steroids
Ecstasy**
Heroin or Other
Opiates
Methamphetamines**
Inhalants
Cocaine
Hallucinogens**
Marijuana
Chewing Tobacco
Cigarettes
Alcohol

12

MTF
State 2008
City 2008
City 2006
City 2004

Heavy Use
30-Day Use
Lifetime Use

2008 City of Chandler, AZ, Grade 12

90

80

70

30

20

10

0

Antisocial Behavior and Gambling

ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR, DRINKING/DRIVING & GAMBLING*
2008 City of Chandler, AZ, Grade 8
Drinking & Driving
Past 30 Days

Antisocial Behavior Past Year

100

Total
Gambling

Gambling Behavior Past Year

90
80
70

Percentage (%)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0

8-State

** Because not all eight states ask gambling and drinking & driving questions, no 8-State value is reported. Gambling and drinking & driving data were not collected prior to 2006.
** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and 2006 administration. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation.

13

Any Gambling
Past Year

Bet on a horse/
other race?**

Bet on Games
of Skill**

State 2008

Bet on Dice**

Gambled on the
lnternet

Played Bingo

Bought Raffle
Ticket

Bet on Cards

City 2008

Bet on Sports**

Played the Lottery

Played Slots/
Video Poker

Passenger with
Drinking Driver

Drinking and
Driving

City 2006

Handgun to School

Carried a Handgun

Attacked to Harm

Been Arrested

Stolen a Vehicle

Sold Illegal Drugs

Drunk or High
at School

Suspended from
School

City 2004

Antisocial Behavior and Gambling

ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR, DRINKING/DRIVING & GAMBLING*
2008 City of Chandler, AZ, Grade 10
Drinking & Driving
Past 30 Days

Antisocial Behavior Past Year

100

Total
Gambling

Gambling Behavior Past Year

90
80
70

Percentage (%)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0

8-State

** Because not all eight states ask gambling and drinking & driving questions, no 8-State value is reported. Gambling and drinking & driving data were not collected prior to 2006.
** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and 2006 administration. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation.

14

Any Gambling
Past Year

Bet on a horse/
other race?**

Bet on Games
of Skill**

State 2008

Bet on Dice**

Gambled on the
lnternet

Played Bingo

Bought Raffle
Ticket

Bet on Cards

City 2008

Bet on Sports**

Played the Lottery

Played Slots/
Video Poker

Passenger with
Drinking Driver

Drinking and
Driving

City 2006

Handgun to School

Carried a Handgun

Attacked to Harm

Been Arrested

Stolen a Vehicle

Sold Illegal Drugs

Drunk or High
at School

Suspended from
School

City 2004

Antisocial Behavior and Gambling

ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR, DRINKING/DRIVING & GAMBLING*
2008 City of Chandler, AZ, Grade 12
Drinking & Driving
Past 30 Days

Antisocial Behavior Past Year

100

Total
Gambling

Gambling Behavior Past Year

90
80
70

Percentage (%)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0

8-State

** Because not all eight states ask gambling and drinking & driving questions, no 8-State value is reported. Gambling and drinking & driving data were not collected prior to 2006.
** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and 2006 administration. Non-comparable data are omitted from charts. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation.

15

Any Gambling
Past Year

Bet on a horse/
other race?**

Bet on Games
of Skill**

State 2008

Bet on Dice**

Gambled on the
lnternet

Played Bingo

Bought Raffle
Ticket

Bet on Cards

City 2008

Bet on Sports**

Played the Lottery

Played Slots/
Video Poker

Passenger with
Drinking Driver

Drinking and
Driving

City 2006

Handgun to School

Carried a Handgun

Attacked to Harm

Been Arrested

Stolen a Vehicle

Sold Illegal Drugs

Drunk or High
at School

Suspended from
School

City 2004

Risk and Protective Factor Profiles

RISK PROFILE

2008 City of Chandler, AZ, Grade 8

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

Percentage (%) of youth at risk

Students at High Risk*
Gang Involvement
Rewards for ASB
Friend's Use of Drugs
Interaction with
Antisocial Peers
Perceived Risk
of Drug Use
Attitudes Favorable
to Drug Use
Attitudes Favorable
to ASB
Early Initiation
of Drug Use
Early Initiation
of ASB

16

Rebelliousness
Low Commitment
to School
Academic Failure
Parent Attitudes
Favor Drug Use
Parent Attitudes
Favorable to ASB
Family History
of Antisocial Behavior
Family Conflict
Poor Family
Management
Perceived Availability
of Handguns
Perceived Availability
of Drugs
Laws & Norms
Favor Drug Use
Low Neighborhood
Attachment

* High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives.
(8th grade: eight or more risk factors, 10th & 12th grades: nine or more risk factors.)

8-State
State 2008
City 2008
City 2006
City 2004

Total
Peer / Individual
School
Family
Community
100

90

10

0

Risk and Protective Factor Profiles

PROTECTIVE PROFILE
2008 City of Chandler, AZ, Grade 8
100

Community

Family

School

Peer / Individual

Total

90

Percentage (%) of youth with protection

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

17

Students with
High Protection*

** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have five or more protective factors operating in their lives.
** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation.

Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

State 2008

Prosocial
Involvement

Interaction with
Prosocial Peers**

City 2008

Belief in the
Moral Order

Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

Opportunities
for Prosocial
Involvement

City 2006

Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

Opportunities
for Prosocial
Involvement

Family
Attachment

Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

Opportunities
for Prosocial
Involvement

City 2004

8-State

Risk and Protective Factor Profiles

RISK PROFILE

2008 City of Chandler, AZ, Grade 10

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

Percentage (%) of youth at risk

Students at High Risk*
Gang Involvement
Rewards for ASB
Friend's Use of Drugs
Interaction with
Antisocial Peers
Perceived Risk
of Drug Use
Attitudes Favorable
to Drug Use
Attitudes Favorable
to ASB
Early Initiation
of Drug Use
Early Initiation
of ASB

18

Rebelliousness
Low Commitment
to School
Academic Failure
Parent Attitudes
Favor Drug Use
Parent Attitudes
Favorable to ASB
Family History
of Antisocial Behavior
Family Conflict
Poor Family
Management
Perceived Availability
of Handguns
Perceived Availability
of Drugs
Laws & Norms
Favor Drug Use
Low Neighborhood
Attachment

* High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives.
(8th grade: eight or more risk factors, 10th & 12th grades: nine or more risk factors.)

8-State
State 2008
City 2008
City 2006
City 2004

Total
Peer / Individual
School
Family
Community
100

90

10

0

Risk and Protective Factor Profiles

PROTECTIVE PROFILE
2008 City of Chandler, AZ, Grade 10
100

Community

Family

School

Peer / Individual

Total

90

Percentage (%) of youth with protection

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

19

Students with
High Protection*

** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have five or more protective factors operating in their lives.
** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation.

Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

State 2008

Prosocial
Involvement

Interaction with
Prosocial Peers**

City 2008

Belief in the
Moral Order

Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

Opportunities
for Prosocial
Involvement

City 2006

Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

Opportunities
for Prosocial
Involvement

Family
Attachment

Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

Opportunities
for Prosocial
Involvement

City 2004

8-State

Risk and Protective Factor Profiles

RISK PROFILE

2008 City of Chandler, AZ, Grade 12

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

Percentage (%) of youth at risk

Students at High Risk*
Gang Involvement
Rewards for ASB
Friend's Use of Drugs
Interaction with
Antisocial Peers
Perceived Risk
of Drug Use
Attitudes Favorable
to Drug Use
Attitudes Favorable
to ASB
Early Initiation
of Drug Use
Early Initiation
of ASB

20

Rebelliousness
Low Commitment
to School
Academic Failure
Parent Attitudes
Favor Drug Use
Parent Attitudes
Favorable to ASB
Family History
of Antisocial Behavior
Family Conflict
Poor Family
Management
Perceived Availability
of Handguns
Perceived Availability
of Drugs
Laws & Norms
Favor Drug Use
Low Neighborhood
Attachment

* High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives.
(8th grade: eight or more risk factors, 10th & 12th grades: nine or more risk factors.)

8-State
State 2008
City 2008
City 2006
City 2004

Total
Peer / Individual
School
Family
Community
100

90

10

0

Risk and Protective Factor Profiles

PROTECTIVE PROFILE
2008 City of Chandler, AZ, Grade 12
100

Community

Family

School

Peer / Individual

Total

90

Percentage (%) of youth with protection

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

21

Students with
High Protection*

** High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have five or more protective factors operating in their lives.
** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation.

Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

State 2008

Prosocial
Involvement

Interaction with
Prosocial Peers**

City 2008

Belief in the
Moral Order

Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

Opportunities
for Prosocial
Involvement

City 2006

Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

Opportunities
for Prosocial
Involvement

Family
Attachment

Rewards for
Prosocial
Involvement

Opportunities
for Prosocial
Involvement

City 2004

8-State

Where Youth Obtained Alcohol

WHERE YOUTH OBTAINED ALCOHOL*
2008 City of Chandler, AZ Student Survey, Grades 8, 10 & 12
If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it?
(Mark all that apply)
100
90
80
70

Percentages (%)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Got it some

other way

Took it from a
store or someone

else's home

City 2008, Grade 12
Sample: 215 students**

Took it from home

Got at a party

City 2008, Grade 10
Sample: 197 students**

Someone under
21 years

Someone not
related, 21+

Another family

member, 21+

Parent or guardian

Gave someone else
money to buy it

Bought it at a

public event

Bought it
at a restaurant,

bar or club

Bought it in
a store

City 2008, Grade 8
Sample: 114 students**

State 2008

* Prior to 2008, the AYS did not survey where youth obtained alcohol. Also, because not all eight states ask where youth obtained alcohol, no 8-State value is reported.
** Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no alcohol use are not represented.) In the case of smaller sample sizes,
caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community.

22

School Safety

SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE*
2008 City of Chandler, AZ, Grade 8
Percentage of students reporting any experience
with the indicated safety issue in the past year
70

60

Percent (%) of Students

50

40

30

20

10

0

City 2008

** Because not all eight states ask school safety questions, no 8-State value is reported.
** Bullying on school property was not measured in the 2004 survey administration.

23

Picked On or
Bullied on
School Property**

City 2006

In a Physical
Fight on
School Property

Threatened or
Injured on
School Property

Carried a Weapon
on School Property

Felt Unsafe
at School
City 2004

State 2008

School Safety

SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE*
2008 City of Chandler, AZ, Grade 10
Percentage of students reporting any experience
with the indicated safety issue in the past year
70

60

Percent (%) of Students

50

40

30

20

10

0

City 2008

** Because not all eight states ask school safety questions, no 8-State value is reported.
** Bullying on school property was not measured in the 2004 survey administration.

24

Picked On or
Bullied on
School Property**

City 2006

In a Physical
Fight on
School Property

Threatened or
Injured on
School Property

Carried a Weapon
on School Property

Felt Unsafe
at School
City 2004

State 2008

School Safety

SCHOOL SAFETY PROFILE*
2008 City of Chandler, AZ, Grade 12
Percentage of students reporting any experience
with the indicated safety issue in the past year
70

60

Percent (%) of Students

50

40

30

20

10

0

City 2008

** Because not all eight states ask school safety questions, no 8-State value is reported.
** Bullying on school property was not measured in the 2004 survey administration.

25

Picked On or
Bullied on
School Property**

City 2006

In a Physical
Fight on
School Property

Threatened or
Injured on
School Property

Carried a Weapon
on School Property

Felt Unsafe
at School
City 2004

State 2008

Risk and Protective Scale Definitions
Table 2. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles
Low Neighborhood Attachment

Community Domain Risk Factors
Low neighborhood bonding is related to higher levels of juvenile crime and drug selling.

Laws and Norms Favorable
Toward Drug Use

Research has shown that legal restrictions on alcohol and tobacco use, such as raising the legal drinking
age, restricting smoking in public places, and increased taxation have been followed by decreases in
consumption. Moreover, national surveys of high school seniors have shown that shifts in normative
attitudes toward drug use have preceded changes in prevalence of use.

Perceived Availability of Drugs
and Handguns

The availability of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illegal drugs has been related to the use of these
substances by adolescents. The availability of handguns is also related to a higher risk of crime and
substance use by adolescents.

Opportunities for Prosocial
Involvement

Community Domain Protective Factors
When opportunities are available in a community for positive participation, children are less likely to
engage in substance use and other problem behaviors.

Rewards for Prosocial
Involvement

Rewards for positive participation in activities helps youth bond to the community, thus lowering their risk
for substance use.

Poor Family Management

Family Domain Risk Factors
Parents’ use of inconsistent and/or unusually harsh or severe punishment with their children places them at
higher risk for substance use and other problem behaviors. Also, parents’ failure to provide clear
expectations and to monitor their children’s behavior makes it more likely that they will engage in drug
abuse whether or not there are family drug problems.

Family Conflict

Children raised in families high in conflict, whether or not the child is directly involved in the conflict,
appear at risk for both delinquency and drug use.

Family History of Antisocial
Behavior

When children are raised in a family with a history of problem behaviors (e.g., violence or ATOD use), the
children are more likely to engage in these behaviors.

Parental Attitudes Favorable
Toward Antisocial Behavior &
Drugs

In families where parents use illegal drugs, are heavy users of alcohol, or are tolerant of children’s use,
children are more likely to become drug abusers during adolescence. The risk is further increased if parents
involve children in their own drug (or alcohol) using behavior, for example, asking the child to light the
parent’s cigarette or get the parent a beer from the refrigerator.

Family Attachment

Family Domain Protective Factors
Young people who feel that they are a valued part of their family are less likely to engage in substance use
and other problem behaviors.

Opportunities for Prosocial
Involvement

Young people who are exposed to more opportunities to participate meaningfully in the responsibilities and
activities of the family are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors.

Rewards for Prosocial
Involvement

When parents, siblings, and other family members praise, encourage, and attend to things done well by their
child, children are less likely to engage in substance use and problem behaviors.

Academic Failure

Low Commitment to School

School Domain Risk Factors
Beginning in the late elementary grades (grades 4-6) academic failure increases the risk of both drug abuse
and delinquency. It appears that the experience of failure itself, for whatever reasons, increases the risk of
problem behaviors.
Surveys of high school seniors have shown that the use of drugs is significantly lower among students who
expect to attend college than among those who do not. Factors such as liking school, spending time on
homework, and perceiving the coursework as relevant are also negatively related to drug use.

26

Risk and Protective Scale Definitions
Table 2. Scales that Measure the Risk and Protective Factors Shown in the Profiles (cont'd)
Opportunities for Prosocial
Involvement

School Domain Protective Factors
When young people are given more opportunities to participate meaningfully in important activities at
school, they are less likely to engage in drug use and other problem behaviors.

Rewards for Prosocial
Involvement

When young people are recognized and rewarded for their contributions at school, they are less likely to be
involved in substance use and other problem behaviors.

Rebelliousness

Peer-Individual Risk Factors
Young people who do not feel part of society, are not bound by rules, don’t believe in trying to be
successful or responsible, or who take an active rebellious stance toward society, are at higher risk of
abusing drugs. In addition, high tolerance for deviance, a strong need for independence and normlessness
have all been linked with drug use.

Early Initiation of Antisocial
Behavior and Drug Use

Early onset of drug use predicts the misuse of drugs. The earlier the onset of any drug use, the greater the
involvement in other drug use and the greater frequency of use. Onset of drug use prior to the age of 15 is a
consistent predictor of drug abuse, and a later age of onset of drug use has been shown to predict lower
drug involvement and a greater probability of discontinuation of use.

Attitudes Favorable Toward
Antisocial Behavior and Drug
Use

During the elementary school years, most children express anti-drug, anti-crime, and pro-social attitudes
and have difficulty imagining why people use drugs or engage in antisocial behaviors. However, in middle
school, as more youth are exposed to others who use drugs and engage in antisocial behavior, their attitudes
often shift toward greater acceptance of these behaviors. Youth who express positive attitudes toward drug
use and antisocial behavior are more likely to engage in a variety of problem behaviors, including drug use.

Perceived Risk of Drug Use

Young people who do not perceive drug use to be risky are far more likely to engage in drug use.

Interaction with Antisocial Peers

Young people who associate with peers who engage in problem behaviors are at higher risk for engaging in
antisocial behavior themselves.

Friends' Use of Drugs

Young people who associate with peers who engage in alcohol or substance abuse are much more likely to
engage in the same behavior. Peer drug use has consistently been found to be among the strongest
predictors of substance use among youth. Even when young people come from well-managed families and
do not experience other risk factors, spending time with friends who use drugs greatly increases the risk of
that problem developing.

Rewards for Antisocial Behavior

Young people who receive rewards for their antisocial behavior are at higher risk for engaging further in
antisocial behavior and substance use.

Gang Involvement

Youth who belong to gangs are more at risk for antisocial behavior and drug use.

Belief in the Moral Order

Peer-Individual Protective Factors
Young people who have a belief in what is “right” or “wrong” are less likely to use drugs.

Interaction with Prosocial Peers

Young people who associate with peers who engage in prosocial behavior are more protected from engaging
in antisocial behavior and substance use.

Prosocial Involvement

Participation in positive school and community activities helps provide protection for youth.

Rewards for Prosocial
Involvement

Young people who are rewarded for working hard in school and the community are less likely to engage in
problem behavior.

27

Data Tables
Table 3. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During Their Lifetime
Grade 8

In your lifetime, on how many occasions (if any) have you:
(One or more occasions)

City
2004

City
2006

Grade 10

City
2008

State
2008

City
2004

City
2006

Grade 12

City
2008

State
2008

City
2004

City
2006

City
2008

State
2008

Alcohol

had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to
drink - more than just a few sips?

49.5

51.9

44.4

47.8

72.7

85.7

63.7

66.2

80.7

82.1

74.4

74.8

Cigarettes

smoked cigarettes?

27.0

35.6

22.0

25.9

41.5

81.5

35.3

39.9

55.1

49.5

46.9

50.8

Chewing Tobacco

used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping
tobacco, chewing tobacco)?

5.3

8.1

4.8

7.1

7.3

26.9

12.3

12.9

17.9

18.5

17.9

17.7

Marijuana

used marijuana?

13.3

17.3

14.0

16.2

33.5

59.3

29.9

32.5

46.1

42.2

39.6

43.1

Hallucinogens**

used LSD or other hallucinogens?

2.4

1.1

1.7

1.9

4.7

23.1

4.7

5.2

8.0

4.8

7.1

7.9

Cocaine

used cocaine or crack?

2.9

4.1

3.2

2.7

6.7

33.3

7.2

6.8

11.4

10.2

11.1

11.2

Inhalants

sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray
can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get
high?

13.1

18.1

13.2

14.3

11.8

22.2

11.0

12.6

9.1

10.4

8.4

9.2

Methamphetamines**

used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)?

n/a

3.7

1.1

1.2

n/a

28.6

2.0

2.4

n/a

7.9

5.1

4.0

Heroin or Other Opiates

used heroin or other opiates?

1.1

2.2

1.1

1.0

1.8

7.4

1.9

2.0

2.9

3.7

1.5

3.1

Ecstasy**

used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)?

0.8

0.8

1.4

2.2

4.5

7.4

4.6

4.9

7.6

5.9

7.8

7.0

Steroids

used steroids or anabolic steroids (such
as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin,
Equipoise or Depotesterone)?

n/a

1.2

2.4

1.7

n/a

0.0

1.7

2.3

n/a

2.6

2.2

2.4

Prescription Pain
Relievers*

used prescription pain relievers (such
as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a
doctor telling you to take them?

n/a

n/a

10.4

12.2

n/a

n/a

20.5

20.5

n/a

n/a

26.3

24.6

Stimulants
(2004 only)**

used stimulants (“amphetamines”, “meth”, “crystal”,
“crank”) without a doctor telling you to take them?

2.1

n/a

n/a

n/a

7.0

n/a

n/a

n/a

9.1

n/a

n/a

n/a

Prescription
Stimulants**

used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or
Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them?

n/a

4.8

4.2

3.8

n/a

14.8

8.0

7.6

n/a

10.1

7.0

7.9

Prescription
Sedatives**

used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium
or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)?

9.2

13.9

7.2

8.3

14.4

23.1

11.0

12.0

21.1

19.3

14.5

13.2

Prescription Drugs**

combined results of 2008 prescription stimulant, sedative
and pain reliever questions (see appendix for details)

n/a

19.6

15.0

17.1

n/a

33.3

26.4

25.7

n/a

27.1

30.0

28.7

Over-the-Counter
Drugs*

used over-the-counter drugs (such
as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet
pills) for the purposes of getting high?

n/a

n/a

8.4

9.7

n/a

n/a

13.2

12.9

n/a

n/a

14.2

13.4

* Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2008 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column).
** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation.

28

Data Tables
Table 4. Percentage of Students Who Used ATODs During the Past 30 Days
Grade 8

In the past 30 days, on how many occasions (if any) have you:
(One or more occasions)
Alcohol

had alcoholic beverages (beer, wine or hard liquor) to
drink - more than just a few sips?

Cigarettes

City
2004

City
2006

Grade 10

City
2008

State
2008

City
2004

City
2006

Grade 12

City
2008

State
2008

City
2004

City
2006

City
2008

State
2008

24.0

28.7

20.2

23.2

44.2

59.3

33.8

37.7

58.5

56.2

44.2

46.8

smoked cigarettes?

9.9

13.4

8.1

8.7

15.5

48.1

16.4

16.6

24.3

24.4

20.3

23.9

Chewing Tobacco

used smokeless tobacco (chew, snuff, plug, dipping
tobacco, chewing tobacco)?

1.1

1.5

1.0

2.6

1.6

3.8

4.4

4.6

6.8

6.8

7.4

6.8
18.7

Marijuana

used marijuana?

6.9

9.7

7.5

7.6

11.4

29.6

13.4

15.1

17.9

16.7

17.7

Hallucinogens**

used LSD or other hallucinogens?

2.1

1.5

0.6

0.8

0.8

3.7

1.4

1.9

1.2

0.9

1.6

2.4

Cocaine

used cocaine or crack?

1.3

2.2

1.1

1.0

1.8

18.5

1.7

2.2

3.4

4.3

2.2

3.2

Inhalants

sniffed glue, breathed the contents of an aerosol spray
can, or inhaled other gases or sprays, in order to get
high?

5.3

4.7

5.9

5.4

3.4

10.7

2.9

3.0

1.4

1.6

1.3

1.6

Methamphetamines**

used methamphetamines (meth, crystal, crank)?

n/a

0.7

0.3

0.4

n/a

11.1

0.3

0.6

n/a

1.9

0.2

0.8

Heroin or Other Opiates

used heroin or other opiates?

0.6

1.1

0.0

0.4

0.2

7.4

0.9

0.7

1.4

1.2

0.4

1.0

Ecstasy**

used Ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)?

0.5

0.4

0.8

0.8

0.4

3.7

1.3

1.5

1.1

1.2

1.1

2.0

Steroids

used steroids or anabolic steroids (such
as Anadrol, Oxandrin, Durabolin,
Equipoise or Depotesterone)?

n/a

0.4

1.1

0.7

n/a

0.0

0.3

1.0

n/a

1.2

1.1

1.0

Prescription Pain
Relievers*

used prescription pain relievers (such
as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine) without a
doctor telling you to take them?

n/a

n/a

5.1

6.0

n/a

n/a

8.7

9.4

n/a

n/a

10.8

10.5

Stimulants
(2004 only)**

used stimulants (“amphetamines”, “meth”, “crystal”,
“crank”) without a doctor telling you to take them?

1.3

n/a

n/a

n/a

1.4

n/a

n/a

n/a

2.6

n/a

n/a

n/a

Prescription
Stimulants**

used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin, Adderall, or
Dexedrine) without a doctor telling you to take them?

n/a

1.9

1.8

1.6

n/a

3.6

3.8

2.9

n/a

2.3

1.3

2.1

Prescription
Sedatives**

used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium
or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)?

5.8

5.3

2.4

3.4

7.6

16.0

4.4

4.5

8.3

8.1

5.3

5.0

Prescription Drugs**

combined results of prescription stimulant, sedative and
pain reliever questions (see appendix for details)

n/a

9.0

7.2

8.6

n/a

21.4

12.3

12.2

n/a

12.0

13.7

13.1

Over-the-Counter
Drugs*

used over-the-counter drugs (such
as cough syrup, cold medicine, or diet
pills) for the purposes of getting high?

n/a

n/a

4.8

5.6

n/a

n/a

6.8

6.4

n/a

n/a

5.8

5.9

* Substance categories that were not measured and reported in one or more survey administrations prior to 2008 (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column).
** Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation.

29

Data Tables
z

Table 5. Percentage of Students Reporting Heavy ATOD Use
Grade 8
City
2004

Binge Drinking

1/2 Pack (or
more) of
Cigarettes/Day

How many times have you
had 5 or more alcoholic
drinks in a row in the
past 2 weeks?
During the past 30 days, how many
cigarettes did you smoke per day?
(11 to 20 cigarettes, More than 20
cigarettes)

City
2006

Grade 10

City
2008

State
2008

City
2004

City
2006

Grade 12

City
2008

State
2008

City
2004

City
2006

City
2008

State
2008

13.6

14.9

11.0

13.1

24.3

29.6

17.7

22.4

34.4

34.9

28.6

30.2

1.7

1.8

0.3

0.7

1.7

7.4

2.1

2.1

4.0

5.0

2.6

4.2

Table 6. Percentage of Students Reporting Antisocial Behavior
How many times in the past year
(12 months) have you:
(One or more times)
Suspended from School
Drunk or High at School
Sold Illegal Drugs
Stolen or Tried to Steal a Motor Vehicle
Been Arrested
Attacked Someone with the Idea
of Seriously Hurting Them
Carried a Handgun
Carried a Handgun to School
During the past 30 days, how many
times did you:
(One or more times)

Grade 8
City
2004

City
2006

Grade 10

City
2008

State
2008

City
2004

City
2006

Grade 12

City
2008

State
2008

City
2004

City
2006

City
2008

State
2008

11.6

18.9

15.9

20.2

10.8

44.8

15.0

14.6

9.3

10.8

10.2

10.2

8.2

16.2

10.3

12.0

18.3

38.5

18.5

20.5

18.6

17.5

17.7

22.2

3.2

5.0

3.3

4.6

7.1

39.3

10.1

9.8

8.3

10.7

7.9

10.4

5.0

5.1

2.2

3.6

3.4

10.7

3.3

3.7

2.3

2.2

1.8

2.7

7.1

9.1

5.4

7.5

6.8

34.6

8.1

9.2

8.9

5.8

6.5

8.7

16.1

17.3

16.1

18.1

13.8

32.1

17.9

16.1

11.9

12.7

10.3

12.9

5.0

9.7

5.7

7.7

4.4

10.7

7.1

7.2

4.4

5.7

6.5

8.1

1.1

2.2
0.3
Grade 8

1.2

0.6

0.0
1.0
Grade 10

1.3

0.9

1.3
1.1
Grade 12

1.4

City
2004

City
2006

City
2008

State
2008

City
2004

City
2006

City
2008

State
2008

City
2004

City
2006

City
2008

State
2008

DRIVE a car or other vehicle when you had
been drinking alcohol?*

n/a

8.9

3.3

5.6

n/a

10.3

6.6

7.9

n/a

20.9

13.4

16.1

RIDE in a car or other vehicle driven by
someone who had been drinking alcohol?*

n/a

33.0

26.2

29.1

n/a

41.4

24.8

29.1

n/a

32.6

24.0

29.7

* These categories were not measured the in 2004 survey administration (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column).

30

Data Tables
Table 7. Percentage of Students Gambling in the Past Year
How often have you done the following for money,
possessions, or anything of value:
(At least once in the past 12 months or more)

Grade 8
City
2004

Any Gambling
Played a slot machine, poker machine
or other gambling machine?
Played the lottery or scratch-off tickets?
Bet on sports?*
Played cards?
Bought a raffle ticket?
Played bingo?
Gambled on the Internet?
Played a dice game?*
Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or
a video game?*
Bet on a horse or other animal race?*
Table 8. Percentage of Students Reporting Protection

City
2006

Grade 10

City
2008

State
2008

City
2004

Community Domain
Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement
Rewards for Prosocial Involvement
Family Domain
Family Attachment
Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement
Rewards for Prosocial Involvement
School Domain
Opportunities for Prosocial Involvement
Rewards for Prosocial Involvement
Peer-Individual Domain
Belief in the Moral Order
Interaction with Prosocial Peers*
Prosocial Involvement
Rewards for Prosocial Involvement
Total Protection
Students with High Protection**

City
2008

State
2008

City
2004

City
2006

City
2008

State
2008

n/a

59.5

67.2

69.1

n/a

50.0

68.4

65.9

n/a

46.9

63.5

60.6

n/a

1.0

5.2

6.4

n/a

8.3

6.8

6.1

n/a

3.3

6.8

5.8

n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a

30.3
n/a
23.9
n/a
15.8
5.8
n/a

22.1
26.9
40.6
19.7
32.1
3.2
30.1

24.8
31.8
43.7
20.4
32.6
6.3
31.5

n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a

33.3
n/a
33.3
n/a
12.5
4.2
n/a

19.4
36.3
46.3
18.4
20.6
3.4
22.9

21.8
30.2
43.7
20.7
23.2
5.1
25.1

n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a

14.1
n/a
24.9
n/a
6.5
4.7
n/a

17.4
26.3
44.8
15.9
16.4
4.5
16.3

19.0
25.6
40.6
18.9
14.7
4.7
19.2

n/a

25.1

28.4

32.7

n/a

33.3

36.8

31.3

n/a

20.8

29.8

27.0

n/a

n/a

3.0

6.4

n/a

n/a

6.1

5.8

n/a

n/a

2.7

5.1

Grade 8

Protective Factor

City
2006

Grade 12

City
2004

City
2006

Grade 10

City
2008

State
2008

City
2004

City
2006

Grade 12

City
2008

State
2008

City
2004

City
2006

City
2008

State
2008

52.9
32.1

39.9
29.7

46.1
31.0

39.3
31.3

42.3
32.5

12.5
32.0

35.7
37.4

37.1
35.4

42.6
36.4

34.8
28.4

37.0
31.3

36.1
33.2

56.4
63.6
61.5

44.7
55.2
57.8

56.2
62.7
67.1

51.5
59.7
61.4

49.1
56.2
58.6

32.0
60.0
33.3

47.9
54.6
59.2

46.1
54.0
55.1

55.6
57.3
59.0

56.4
54.4
56.0

58.8
54.7
57.8

56.2
55.2
55.8

63.4
43.8

55.4
42.3

67.3
55.3

60.3
51.2

69.9
62.0

19.4
54.8

70.2
67.1

62.4
59.8

69.1
45.6

71.1
50.5

68.3
49.9

64.3
45.4

57.0
54.3
46.8
61.5

47.4
43.8
32.4
57.4

64.5
59.6
44.8
64.6

59.4
53.1
39.0
59.4

58.6
57.5
46.9
61.0

55.6
35.5
14.8
51.6

69.5
58.6
55.5
56.8

66.5
55.3
41.2
59.7

47.4
47.7
46.4
48.2

48.8
53.7
48.9
50.5

57.1
56.5
46.7
51.7

53.6
52.5
36.4
52.2

40.1

29.3

57.3

43.8

50.2

19.4

56.4

46.7

47.8

43.5

47.3

43.3

*Denotes a change in the wording of the question between 2008 and prior administrations. Consult appendix for a detailed explanation.
**High Protection youth are defined as the percentage of students who have five or more protective factors operating in their lives.

31

Data Tables
Table 9. Percentage of Students Reporting Risk
Grade 8
Risk Factor
Community Domain
Low Neighborhood Attachment
Laws & Norms Favor Drug Use
Perceived Availability of Drugs
Perceived Availability of Handguns
Family Domain
Poor Family Management
Family Conflict
Family History of Antisocial Behavior
Parent Attitudes Favorable to ASB
Parent Attitudes Favor Drug Use
School Domain
Academic Failure
Low Commitment to School
Peer-Individual Domain
Rebelliousness
Early Initiation of ASB
Early Initiation of Drug Use
Attitudes Favorable to ASB
Attitudes Favorable to Drug Use
Perceived Risk of Drug Use
Interaction with Antisocial Peers
Friend's Use of Drugs
Rewards for ASB
Gang Involvement
Total Risk
Students at High Risk*

City
2004

City
2006

Grade 10

City
2008

State
2008

City
2004

City
2006

City
2008

Grade 12
State
2008

City
2004

City
2006

City
2008

State
2008

34.3
29.7
40.2
33.5

37.6
39.8
48.2
40.9

30.7
28.6
32.6
30.6

38.5
36.6
38.2
37.8

43.2
34.4
46.9
20.7

52.0
61.5
65.4
22.2

41.5
34.6
50.1
21.1

46.2
42.1
49.6
26.7

49.7
32.9
56.7
31.9

48.7
30.6
57.3
27.4

47.5
26.9
48.7
25.4

51.0
36.3
52.2
33.1

48.0
51.6
33.6
43.5
32.1

48.4
54.7
46.1
54.1
29.1

39.7
52.2
32.1
49.1
25.7

45.5
53.5
40.3
49.3
26.8

41.1
42.0
37.5
45.6
45.1

61.5
69.2
80.0
78.3
48.0

38.3
40.3
35.0
50.5
42.2

42.8
42.8
41.1
53.4
41.1

46.4
40.5
40.5
40.9
42.8

46.4
40.9
32.3
46.1
41.3

44.4
37.8
33.3
43.9
39.1

44.3
38.3
37.3
50.2
41.2

40.5
44.0

46.9
48.0

39.3
38.9

47.3
41.0

37.8
43.7

84.6
46.7

46.6
43.4

49.5
43.7

39.0
49.5

39.2
44.3

42.1
44.9

44.4
45.6

33.3
31.9
31.4
43.0
30.9
44.6
52.2
39.3
44.6
14.4

50.5
43.1
37.5
51.6
39.8
45.5
60.5
46.0
58.2
24.2

39.3
35.9
25.1
40.6
24.5
35.2
43.7
32.6
44.6
20.3

43.1
39.4
30.3
44.6
29.1
44.5
58.2
39.4
45.6
26.9

43.4
33.3
35.5
53.1
41.9
41.3
54.3
45.7
48.2
20.9

55.2
79.3
66.7
58.6
50.0
53.8
93.5
64.5
58.1
48.1

42.8
40.7
30.0
49.9
37.0
42.0
56.6
42.7
45.5
21.5

46.8
42.0
32.7
50.7
37.4
42.3
57.3
41.9
44.0
23.2

38.0
35.9
39.1
48.3
39.0
47.4
53.0
39.2
57.7
13.6

45.4
37.0
32.3
51.5
39.2
42.8
51.2
40.7
61.9
12.4

42.4
36.9
29.0
42.4
39.0
47.0
43.8
37.0
54.3
13.1

44.0
41.2
33.1
46.9
36.3
46.5
53.2
37.3
54.6
16.8

32.2

43.1

35.5

38.7

34.3

64.5

35.8

37.5

37.1

33.8

30.0

35.7

* High Risk youth are defined as the percentage of students who have more than a specified number of risk factors operating in their lives.
(8th grade: eight or more risk factors, 10th & 12th grades: nine or more risk factors)

32

Data Tables
Table 10. Where Youth Obtained Alcohol
Grade 10

Grade 8

If during the past 30 days you drank alcohol, how did you get it?
(Mark all that apply)

City
2008

State
2008

City
2008

Grade 12

State
2008

City
2008

State
2008

Sample size*
I bought it in a store such as a liquor store, convenience store,
supermarket, discount store, or gas station
I bought it at a restaurant, bar, or club
I bought it at a public event such as a concert or sporting event

114

4,418

197

4,872

215

5,065

2.6

5.0

4.1

6.9

12.1

12.3

0.0
1.8

3.0
2.9

0.5
2.5

3.0
2.9

7.4
4.7

7.0
3.9

I gave someone else money to buy it for me

21.1

21.4

35.0

34.4

45.1

43.7

My parent or guardian gave it to me
Another family member who is 21 or older gave it to me
Someone not related to me who is 21 or older gave it to me
Someone under the age of 21 gave it to me
I got it at a party
I took it from home
I took it from a store or someone else's home
I got it some other way

22.8
14.0
12.3
26.3
36.0
35.1
12.3

18.7
19.7
19.2
23.8
41.5
31.4
11.7

13.2
14.7
32.0
26.9
48.7
31.0
11.7

14.8
18.7
28.7
24.8
53.1
23.2
11.3

20.0
16.3
41.9
23.3
60.0
13.5
10.2

13.0
18.2
39.5
22.0
57.6
13.8
8.0

18.4

28.7

19.3

23.6

20.9

17.9

* Sample size represents the number of students who indicated at least one means of obtaining alcohol. (Students reporting no alcohol use are not represented.) In the case
of smaller sample sizes, caution should be exercised before generalizing results to the entire community.

33

Data Tables
Table 11. Percentage of Students Reporting School Safety Issues
Grade 8
City
2004

Question

City
2006

Grade 12

Grade 10

City
2008

State
2008

City
2004

City
2006

City
2008

State
2008

City
2004

City
2006

City
2008

State
2008

0 times
1 time
During the past 12 months, how many times
2-3 times
has someone threatened or injured you with a 4-5 times
weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school 6-7 times
property?
8-9 times
10-11 times
12 or more times

86.0
9.2
3.2
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.8

82.5
6.9
5.2
2.7
1.4
0.7
0.3
0.3

88.2
6.0
3.0
1.4
0.0
0.6
0.0
0.8

87.1
6.6
3.5
1.0
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.9

89.0
6.0
3.4
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.6

70.4
11.1
7.4
3.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.4

89.6
6.1
1.7
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.0
1.1

88.4
5.9
3.0
0.8
0.4
0.3
0.2
1.1

91.5
2.9
3.4
0.8
0.8
0.3
0.0
0.5

89.0
5.6
3.9
0.2
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.6

94.4
4.5
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2

92.4
3.9
2.0
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.7

0 times
1 time
2-3 times
During the past 12 months, how many times
4-5 times
were you in a physical fight on school property? 6-7 times
8-9 times
10-11 times
12 or more times

80.5
10.3
6.6
1.3
0.3
0.0
0.0
1.1

71.7
15.4
8.7
2.4
0.3
0.0
0.7
0.7

78.4
11.9
6.7
1.7
0.5
0.0
0.3
0.5

76.5
12.9
6.9
1.7
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.7

82.8
10.2
6.2
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0

71.4
21.4
3.6
0.0
0.0
3.6
0.0
0.0

84.6
9.4
4.0
0.7
0.4
0.1
0.0
0.7

85.2
8.8
3.9
0.7
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.7

90.4
6.2
2.1
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.3

92.4
4.3
1.7
0.4
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.4

95.5
2.7
0.7
0.2
0.5
0.2
0.0
0.2

91.5
5.0
2.1
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.4

0 times
1 time
2-3 times
During the past 12 months, how often have you
4-5 times
been picked on or bullied by a student ON
6-7 times
SCHOOL PROPERTY?*
8-9 times
10-11 times
12 or more times

n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a

61.1
17.5

59.4
13.2
11.5
4.3
1.9
1.2
0.8
7.7

n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a

64.3
14.3

3.6

68.8
11.2
11.0
3.3
1.1
0.6
0.7
3.3

69.1
10.3
9.6
3.2
1.4
1.1
0.6
4.6

n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a

85.2
8.2

7.0

56.6
12.9
11.1
5.6
1.7
1.7
1.1
9.2

1.5

84.4
5.6
5.8
0.9
0.0
0.9
0.9
1.4

82.3
6.6
5.7
1.5
0.8
0.5
0.3
2.4

0 days
During the past 30 days, on how many days did
1 day
you not go to school because you felt you would
2-3 days
be unsafe at school or on your way to or from
4-5 days
school?
6 or more days

92.1
4.2
2.4
0.0
1.3

90.5
5.3
1.8
0.7
1.8

93.2
4.6
1.9
0.2
0.2

89.9
5.8
2.7
0.6
1.0

93.4
4.8
1.0
0.4
0.4

85.7
0.0
3.6
0.0
10.7

94.0
3.2
1.7
0.7
0.4

91.1
5.1
2.2
0.6
1.0

95.3
3.2
0.8
0.5
0.3

97.2
1.7
0.4
0.2
0.4

94.9
2.7
1.3
0.5
0.5

93.8
3.3
1.8
0.4
0.7

96.7
1.1
1.3
0.4
0.5

94.4
1.5
1.1
0.5
2.6

14.4

0 days

17.9

5.0

93.7
90.2
96.3
93.9
96.0
89.3
96.3
93.8
94.6
95.6
2.6
3.9
1.8
3.1
2.0
7.1
1.1
2.2
1.2
2.0
1.9
2.8
0.6
1.3
0.6
0.0
1.0
1.2
1.5
0.4
0.0
0.7
0.2
0.5
0.2
3.6
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.0
6 or more days
1.9
2.5
1.1
1.2
1.2
0.0
1.1
2.2
2.1
2.0
* In 2006 the choices for this question were Never , Once , Several Times and Very Often. This category was not measured the in 2004 survey administration (also denoted by 'n/a' in the data column).

During the past 30 days, on how many days did 1 day
you carry a weapon such as a gun, knife, or
2-3 days
club ON SCHOOL PROPERTY?
4-5 days

34

Data Tables
Table 12. Drug Free Communities Report*
City 2008
Outcome

Definition

Substance

Grade 8

Grade 10

Grade 12

Percent Sample Percent Sample Percent

Perception of Risk
(People are at Moderate or Great Risk
of harming themselves if they... )

Perception of Parent Disapproval
(Parents feel it would be Wrong or
Very Wrong to... )

Perception of Peer Disapproval
(I think it is Wrong or Very Wrong for
someone my age to...)

Past 30-Day Use

Female†

Sample Percent

Sample

drink 1 or two drinks nearly every day

Alcohol

65.3

616

61.8

684

62.8

535

59.1

895

67.9

915

smoke 1 or more packs or cigarettes
per day

Cigarettes

91.0

619

90.4

684

92.0

536

89.7

899

92.8

915

smoke marijuana regularly

Marijuana

88.6

599

72.6

668

69.2

526

73.5

882

80.8

886

drink beer, wine, or hard liquor
regularly

Alcohol

92.8

601

85.3

662

76.6

500

87.3

845

84.0

895

smoke cigarettes

Cigarettes

97.3

602

94.5

668

89.4

501

93.6

849

94.5

898

smoke marijuana

Marijuana

98.2

596

95.3

663

93.4

497

95.6

840

96.1

892

drink beer, wine, or hard liquor
regularly

Alcohol

80.2

636

63.5

706

51.2

560

65.6

937

65.4

936

smoke cigarettes

Cigarettes

89.2

636

75.6

705

61.7

559

75.2

936

77.4

935

smoke marijuana

Marijuana

89.0

635

75.0

703

65.3

559

74.9

933

79.0

935

Alcohol

20.2

629

33.8

698

44.2

554

29.4

923

34.9

929

at least one use in the Past 30 Days

Cigarettes

8.1

617

16.4

688

20.3

541

15.8

903

13.4

917

7.5

628

13.4

692

17.7

549

13.2

916

11.8

924

Sample Percent

Sample

Marijuana

Percent Sample Percent Sample Percent

had more than a sip or two of beer,
wine or hard liquor?
Average Age of Onset**
(How old were you when you first…)

Male†

Sample Percent

smoked a cigarette, even just a puff?

smoked marijuana?

Alcohol
Average age:
Cigarettes
Average age:
Marijuana
Average age:

48.7

634

11.8 years
23.0

636

11.7 years
13.3

637

12.1 years

67.2

708

12.9 years
37.7

709

12.9 years
29.7

707

13.5 years

76.9

Sample Percent

559

14.1 years
48.5

559

63.2

35.4

14.2 years
40.2

557

14.6 years

936

12.8 years
939
13 years
27.9

936

13.6 years

64.6

936

13.3 years
36.1

936

13.3 years
26.3

937
14 years

* The “Sample” column represents the sample size (the number of youth who answered the question). The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in the sample answering the question as defined.
** For Average Age of Onset, “Sample” represents the number of youth who answered the question (including students responding that they never used). The "Percent" column represents the percentage of youth in
the sample reporting any age of first use for the specified substance. "Average age" is calculated by averaging the ages of first use of students reporting any use.

† The male and female values allow a gender comparison for youth who completed the survey. However, unless the percentage of students who participated from each grade is similar, the gender results are not
necessarily representative of males and females in the community.

35

Appendix
Appendix - Comparability of survey administratons
Issue
Drug Category

2004 AYS
On how many occasions (if any) have you:

2006 AYS

2008 AYS

On how many occasions (if any) have you:

Notes regarding changes

On how many occasions (if any) have you:

Hallucinogens

Used LSD or other psychedelics during the
past 30 days?

Used LSD or other psychedelics during the past
30 days?

Used LSD or other hallucinogens during the
past 30 days?

Substituted "hallucinogens" for "psychedelics" in 2008.
Comparable across all years.

Methamphetamines

Not applicable, no methamphetamine-specific
item on 2004 AYS

Used methamphetamines (meth, speed, crank,
crystal meth)?

Used methamphetamines (meth, crystal,
crank)?

2006 and 2008 provide slightly different examples, but
are cautiously comparable.

Prescription
stimulants

Used stimulants (“amphetamines”, “meth”,
“crystal”, “crank”) without a doctor telling you
to take them?

Used stimulants, other than methamphetamines
(such as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine)
without a doctor telling you to take them?

Used prescription stimulants (such as Ritalin,
Adderal, or Dexedrine) without a doctor telling
you to take them?

2004 is not comparable to any other years, data are
presented for archival interest. 2006 and 2008 data are
cautiously comparable.

Prescription
sedatives

Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium
or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills)
without a doctor telling you to take them?

Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or
Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills) without a
doctor telling you to take them?

Used prescription sedatives (tranquilizers, such
as Valium or Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping
pills)?

2008 AYS added descriptor "prescription" and removed
qualifier "without a doctor telling you to take them." 2008
data are cautiously comparable with other years.

Ecstasy

Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)?

Used MDMA (‘X’, ‘E’, or ecstasy)?

Used ecstasy (‘X’, ‘E’, or MDMA)?

2008 AYS used "ecstasy" as the primary descriptor and
moved "MDMA" to examples. Comparable across years.

Prescription
drugs

Not applicable, no prescription drugs item on
2004 AYS

Used sedatives (tranquilizers, such as Valium or
Xanax, barbiturates, or sleeping pills),
stimulants, other than methamphetamines (such
as amphetamines, Ritalin, or Dexedrine) or
other prescription drugs (such as Oxycontin)
without a doctor telling you to take them?
(composite question, see notes)

Used prescription stimulants (Ritalin,
Adderall, or Dexedrine), sedatives
(tranquilizers, such as Valium or Xanax,
barbiturates, or sleeping pills) or pain relievers
(Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet or Codeine)
without a doctor telling you to take them?
(composite question, see notes )

In 2006, responses to the stimulant, sedative and other
prescription drug questions were calculated as one
measure. (2006 had no prescription pain reliever item.) In
2008, responses to the stimulant, sedative and
prescription pain reliever questions were calculated as
one measure. (2008 had no standalone prescription drug
item.) 2006 and 2008 data are cautiously comparable.
(Note that composite 2006 data will not match past
reports' prescription drugs category.)

Gambling
Category

Not applicable, no gambling items
on 2004 AYS

How often during the past 12 months
have you:

How often have you done the following for
money, possessions, or anything of value:

Sports betting

n/a

Bet on team sports?

Bet on sports?

Not comparable across years.

Race betting

n/a

Bet money on horse races?

Bet on a horse race or other animal race?

Not comparable across years.

Dice

n/a

Bet on dice games such as craps?

Played a dice game?

Not comparable across years.

Games of skill

n/a

Bet on games of personal skill such as pool,
darts, or bowling?

Bet on a game of personal skill such as pool or
a video game?

Comparable across years.

Protective Scale:
Peer-Individual
Interaction with
Prosocial Peers

Think of your four best friends (the friends you feel closest to). In the past year (12 months), how many of your best friends have:
(Scale is calculated based on the average response [0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 friends] to the following questions)
...participated in clubs, organizations and activities at school? ...made the commitment to stay drug-free?
...tried to do well in school? ...liked school? ...regularly attended religious services?(removed in 2008)

36

Regularly attended religious services was removed from
2008 AYS. 2004 and 2006 have been recalculated to
match 2008 AYS and are now comparable across all
years. Due to this recalculation, current reports may differ
slightly from past reports.

Contacts for Prevention
Arizona Department of Education
Student Services Division
www.ade.az.gov

Regional Prevention Contacts
Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, Pima, and Santa Cruz
Counties
Bill Burnett
Community Partnership of Southern Arizona (CPSA)
(520) 618-8807

Arizona Department of Health Services
Division of Behavioral Health Services
Lisa Shumaker
(602) 364-4594
www.azdhs.gov/bhs/index.htm

Gila, La Paz, Pinal, and Yuma Counties
Linda Weinberg
Cenpatico Behavioral Health of Arizona
(866) 495-6738

Arizona Prevention Resource Center
(800) 432-2772
www.azprevention.org

Apache, Coconino, Mohave, Navajo, and Yavapai
Counties
Petrice Post
Northern Arizona Regional Behavioral Health Authority
(NARBHA)
(928) 214-2177

Center for Violence Prevention and Community
Safety
Charles Katz
(602) 543-6618
charles.katz@asu.edu
Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP)
http://prevention.samhsa.gov

Maricopa County
Juan Aristizabal
Magellan
(602) 797-8256

Governor’s Office of Children, Youth, and
Families
(602) 542-4043
http://www.governor.state.az.us/cyf/index.html

Gila River Indian Community
Joan Grey
Gila River Regional Behavioral Health Authority
(602) 528-7136

Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities
U.S. Department of Education
www.ed.gov/offices/OESE/SDFS

Pasqua Yaqui Tribe
Centered Spirit Program
Jill Fabian
(520) 879-6067

Arizona Department of Gaming's Office of
Problem Gambling
Elise Mikkelsen
(602) 266-8299 ext. 351
www.problemgambling.az.gov

Navajo Nation
Department of Behavioral Health Services
(928) 871-6235

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration (SAMHSA)
www.samhsa.gov

White Mountain Apache Tribe
Apache Behavioral Health Services
(928) 338-4811

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency
Prevention
http://ojjdp.ncjrs.org/

Colorado River Indian Tribes
(928) 669-6577

Western Regional Center for the Application of
Prevention Technologies (CAPT)
www.westcapt.org

Other State and National Contacts:
Arizona Criminal Justice Commission
Michelle Neitch/ Phillip Stevenson
(602) 364-1173/(602) 364-1157
www.azcjc.gov

Bach Harrison, L.L.C.
R. Steven Harrison, Ph.D.
(801) 359-2064
www.bach-harrison.com

37