Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Safe Today, Safer Tomorrow August 2007 Acknowledgements This report was produced through the combined efforts of the following Governor’s Traffic Safety Advisory Council (GTSAC) members, the joint Arizona Department of Transportation / Federal Highway Administration / Governor’s Office of Highway Safety Workgroup, the GTSAC subcommittees, external safety partners and emphasis area team reviewers: Alan Hansen, Alan Vitcavage, Anthony Sandoval, Arianna Valle, Arnie Cuellar, Artemio Hoyos, Bob Mickelson, Bruce Kalin, Christ Dimitroplos, Cindy Eiserman, Dale Buskirk, Dale Wegner, Dan Mulleneaux, David Harden, Dr. David Manning, David Smith, Dennis Young, Doug Forstie, Ed Armijo, Eric Ice, Esther Corbett, Gary G. Hayes, Geni Bahar, George Delgado, Jack Champlin, James Young, Jan Blaser-Upchurch, Jason Harris, Jeanne Marie, Jennifer Brown, Jessica Smith, Jim Williams, John R. Armer, John Semmens, Karen King, Karen Rasmussen Karla Petty, Kateri Goseyun, Kiran Guntupalli, Kohinoor Kar, La Retta Lehan, Larry Scarber, Lela C. Decker, Linda Gorman, Louis Lombardi, Manuel Sanchez, Margaret Boone-Pixley, Federal Highway Administration, Arizona Division Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Salt River Police Department Federal Highway Administration, Arizona Division Governor’s Office of Highway Safety Pascua Yaqui Tribe Inter Tribal Council of Arizona Scottsdale Police Department Arizona Department of Transportation, ATRC Arizona Department of Transportation Arizona Department of Transportation Coconino County Governor’s Office of Highway Safety Arizona Department of Health Services National Highway Traffic Safety Administration - GTSAC Member Federal Highway Administration Department of Public Safety, Phoenix Metro West Arizona Department of Transportation Arizona Department of Health Services Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration – GTSAC Member Inter Tribal Council of Arizona – GTSAC Member Pima Association of Governments - GTSAC Member iTRANS Consulting Arizona Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Arizona Department of Transportation Mothers Against Drunk Driving - GTSAC Member Arizona Department of Transportation Driver and Safety Education Association Federal Highway Administration, Arizona Division Students Against Destructive Decisions - GTSAC Member Governor’s Office of Highway Safety Arizona County Sheriff’s Association– GTSAC Member Arizona Department of Transportation, ATRC Federal Highway Administration, Arizona Division Arizona Trucking Association Federal Highway Administration White Mountain Apache Tribe Maricopa Association of Governments Arizona Department of Transportation, HES Governor’s Office of Highway Safety Department of Public Safety, Tucson Driver and Safety Education Association – GTSAC Member American Automobile Association of Arizona Salt River Police Department Federal Highway Administration, Arizona Division City of Avondale ii Maria Wojtczak, Mary Beth Reisinger, Maurice Masliah, Michael Caltabiano, Michael Hegarty, Michael Lomayaktewa, Michael Sanders, Michael Trickey, Michelle Tonati, Mike Blankenship, Mike Manthey, Nesta Morris, Pamela Najera, Patrick McGrath, Paul Casertano, Paul Kuehl, Reed Henry, Richard Fimbres, Richard Palmer, Robert Hollis, Rodney Mendoza, Roger Vanderpool, Rudy Sooklall, Russ Hanson, Sam Elters, Sarath Joshua, Sonia Herrera, Stephanie Brown, Steve Owens, Susan Hall, Terry Mullin, Terry Otterness, Tiffiny Strever, Timothy Flood, Tom Prezelski, Tom Woodward, Tomi St. Mars, Ursula Miller, Victor Mendez, Vivian Saunders, Driving MBA American Automobile Association of Arizona - GTSAC Member iTRANS Consulting Professional Fire Fighters of Arizona - GTSAC Member Governor’s Office of Highway Safety Fort Apache Agency Arizona Department of Transportation iTRANS Consulting – Consultant Lead mtrickey@itransconsulting.com American Automobile Association Arizona Department of Transportation, RSA Arizona Department of Transportation - SHSP Project Manager iTRANS Consulting Arizona Chapter National Safety Council - GTSAC Member Arizona Courts Pima Association of Governments White Mountain Apache Tribe Arizona Department of Transportation, HES Governor’s Office of Highway Safety – GTSAC Member White Mountain Apache Tribe Federal Highway Administration – GTSAC Member Arizona Police Chiefs Association – GTSAC Member Arizona Department of Public Safety - GTSAC Member iTRANS Consulting Trans Tech Consulting Arizona Department of Transportation Maricopa Association of Governments – GTSAC Member Arizona Department of Transportation Arizona Department of Transportation Arizona Department of Transportation, ATRC Federal Highway Administration Arizona Department of Health Services Arizona Department of Transportation, Roadway Design Trauma Outreach Coordinator Arizona Department of Health Services Pascua Yaqui Tribe Department of Public Safety, Phoenix Metro East Arizona Department of Health Services (Safe Kids) – GTSAC Member Arizona Department of Public Safety Arizona Department of Transportation – GTSAC Member Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community iii Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Executive Summary This document presents Arizona’s first Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP). As this is the first Plan, the document includes both the background and the Plan itself. Introduction to Arizona’s Main Traffic Safety Issues On average, at least three people are killed every day on Arizona’s roads. In 2006, the number of fatalities was 1,288, an increase of 21.5 percent over 2001. Arizona’s annual fatality crash rate is about 33 percent higher (2005) than the United States’ national rate. Traffic related fatalities and serious injuries represent a tragic loss of life and loss of quality of life. In 2005, crashes resulted in an estimated $5.8 billion of economic loss to our state. Arizona is one of the fastest growing states, and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) have naturally increased. Although the data for 2001–2005 show that the Arizona fatality rate (fatalities per 100 million VMT) has been decreasing, the increase in the number of fatalities is clearly unacceptable. This document sets out Arizona’s response to the challenge of decreasing the number of road fatalities in Arizona. The Governor’s Traffic Safety Advisory Council and the Transportation Safety Plan Arizona’s response included the establishment of the Governor’s Traffic Safety Advisory Council (GTSAC) in 2004. GTSAC develops, promotes, and implements effective traffic safety strategies designed to reduce the impact of traffic crashes in Arizona. The Council also serves as a role model in safety leadership. In 2005, GTSAC championed and released the development of Arizona’s Transportation Safety Plan (TSP). The TSP examined safety from a broad perspective that included engineering, education, enforcement, and emergency medical services (EMS) (the 4E’s). The Safe, Accountable, Flexible, and Efficient Transportation Equity Act and the Strategic Highway Safety Plan In July 2005, after the completion of Arizona’s TSP, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, and Efficient Transportation Equity Act – A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA–LU) was passed. This Act contains a number of important new and continued funding sources for safety related projects, programs, and initiatives. To access the Act’s Highway Safety Improvement Plan (HSIP) funds, every state is required to develop a Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP). iv Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Since the SAFETEA–LU legislation was introduced, Arizona has focused its commitment to reverse the growing trend in the number of highway related fatalities on the SHSP process. The SHSP requires each state to adopt a traffic safety vision, to set clear and explicit safety goals, to implement appropriate strategies and countermeasures, and to evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies and countermeasures. The process to be adopted and the presentation of the Plan have been specified by the US Department of Transportation’s Champion Guide2. The SHSP initiative has four basic phases: Phase 1. Producing the Development Plan Phase 2. Producing the Implementation Plan Phase 3. Implementation Phase 4. Evaluation and Updating The four phases are integrated and synchronized with the business cycles of existing plans and programs. Future Plans will repeat and reiterate the process as developments, achievements, and new challenges require. This report represents Phase 1, Development Plan (The Plan) and is a comprehensive, collaborative, high level, statewide safety strategy that will guide Arizona’s safety change initiative. The Plan can be regarded as an “umbrella” for all existing and future safety planning and programming processes. It is a living document, the first phase of an iterative process that will reconsider all safety initiatives as they are implemented and evaluated. The Plan complies with the legislation’s requirements regarding the content and presentation of the Plan, but the SHSP process is not just a legislative requirement. The SHSP process is an overarching approach to safety that requires strong leadership, an inspiring vision, achievable goals, and a team dedicated to the opportunities represented by the SHSP. The Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), in consultation with the Federal Highway Administration – Arizona Division, was assigned the role of champion (project manager) for this SHSP phase by GTSAC. Like the TSP, the SHSP encompasses engineering, enforcement, education, and EMS. The following issues are also specifically addressed: a state vision; a state goal; the selection of a set of emphasis areas; a sub-goal for each emphasis area; the selection of a set of appropriate strategies for each emphasis area; and a suite of countermeasures for each strategy. Every aspect of the approach is data driven, and every aspect is intended to draw in as wide a spectrum of Arizona’s many safety partners and the broader community as possible. 2 STRATEGIC HIGHWAY SAFETY PLANS: A CHAMPION’S GUIDE TO SAVING LIVES, Interim Guidance to Supplement SAFETEA-LU Requirements v Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan As this is Arizona’s first SHSP, a one-time initiation phase was added to bring the state’s safety partners together to build a common understanding of the SHSP process, to review baseline safety statistics, and to set the vision, goals and priorities of this SHSP. The initiation phase included a workshop held in May, 2007. The workshop participants included:  American Automobile Association  Arizona Courts  Arizona Department of Health Services  Arizona Department of Public Safety  Arizona Department of Transportation  Arizona Police Chiefs Association  City of Peoria  Coconino County  Driver and Safety Education Association  Federal Highway Administration  Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration  Governors Office of Highway Safety  Inter Tribal Council of Arizona  Maricopa Association of Governments  National Highway Traffic Safety Administration  Pima Association of Governments  TransTech Consulting Arizona’s Safety Vision The safety vision is “Zero fatalities on Arizona roads, your life depends on it” (the Every One Counts vision). The Plan’s 4E and supporting public information and outreach strategies are all designed to support this new vision for safety in Arizona. Arizona’s State Safety Goal The vision developed is supported by a state “stretch” goal designed to bring about clear progress towards the Every One Counts vision. In the first five years, this goal requires a reduction in the number of fatalities of approximately 12 percent. The first five year period will be 2008–2012, and the base year of comparison will be 2007. The state goal is discussed in detail in Section 4. Adoption of this goal required workshop participants to consider the pros and cons of expressing the goal as an absolute number of fatalities or as a rate. A fatality goal was favored because an absolute number is so clearly consistent with the Every One Counts vision, because an absolute number conveys a clear message that can be used in outreach programs and other communications with the public, and because progress in reducing the number of crash fatalities would also have a positive effect on serious injury crashes, nonserious injury crashes, and property damage only crashes. An additional state goal addressing serious injury crashes may be added in future Plans. vi Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Arizona’s Six Emphasis Areas There is a natural tendency to try to address every area of safety, but the SAFETEA–LU legislation recognizes that this is simply not possible in practice. A SHSP proceeds by selecting a number of emphasis areas that reflect the needs of the Plan’s jurisdictions, and available resources. As SHSPs are data driven, the emphasis areas were ranked by fatalities and selected after careful consideration of the most recent safety data available. The emphasis areas take into account the safety issues that most need to be addressed, and practical considerations such as data issues and staff availability. Six emphasis areas were selected: 1. Restraint Usage 2. Speeding 3. Young Drivers 4. Impaired Driving 5. Roadway / Roadside (lane departure and intersections) 6. Data Improvement Although the Plan will focus on the six emphasis areas listed, work on other areas of safety (such as pedestrians) will of course continue. With a Zero fatality vision, all areas of safety will have to be addressed. As each emphasis area involves many aspects of crashes, it is likely that addressing the selected emphasis areas will provide benefits in other areas of traffic safety. The emphasis areas are expected to change in future Plans as goals are achieved or modified. Problem Statement for each Emphasis Area In accordance with SAFETEA-LU requirements and the data driven basis of the Plan, the problem statement for each emphasis area sets out the number of fatalities and the number of serious injuries involving the emphasis area. The problem statements refer to the five year period from 2001–2005. From 2001–2005, there were 5,644 traffic related fatalities and 37,265 traffic related serious injuries in Arizona. The number of fatalities and the number of serious injuries involving each emphasis area were as follows:  Lack of restraint use contributed to 3,437 fatalities and 15,100 serious injuries  Young drivers (age less than 25 years) accounted for 1,956 fatalities and 16,208 serious injuries  Speeding contributed to 2,194 fatalities and 12,670 serious injuries  Impaired driving contributed to 2,385 fatalities and 5,728 serious injuries  Lane departure contributed to 2,958 fatalities and 10,957 serious injuries  Intersection layout contributed to 1,271 fatalities and 16,365 serious injuries vii Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan The numbers total more than 5,644 fatalities and more than 37,265 serious injuries because of the overlap between emphasis areas: a single fatality or serious injury may be counted under more than one emphasis area. For example, a fatality may be a young driver who is also driving while impaired. Sub-goal for each Emphasis Area Each emphasis area has a stretch sub-goal of reducing fatalities by 15 percent in each of the five year periods following 2007. Arizona’s state safety goal aims for a 12 percent reduction in the number of fatalities in the first five years. The stretch goal of 15 percent for the individual emphasis areas was considered appropriate as it provides an allowance for double counting where emphasis areas overlap. The rationale for this approach is discussed in greater detail in Section 4. Strategy Development for each Emphasis Area The development of strategies was based on an analysis of the data for the number of fatalities and serious injuries by:  Driver versus passenger  Gender  Age group  Collision manner (e.g. angle collisions, head-on collisions, etc.)  Type of vehicle (e.g. passenger cars, pick-up truck, motorcycle, etc.)  Month of the year  Day of week  Time of day The recommended strategies are designed to achieve the emphasis area sub-goal. The discussion of the strategies recommended for each of the five emphasis areas (excluding Data Improvement) includes:  A description of the proposed broad strategies  A description of the detailed countermeasures that support the broad strategies  Focus area (state or county) of the countermeasure  Proposed timing of the implementation  Appropriate performance measure(s) Strategies for Restraint Usage The broad strategies for restraint usage are:  Maximize restraint use by all vehicle occupants  Educate the public on the proper use of child restraints viii Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Strategies for Young Drivers The broad strategies for young drivers are:  Strengthen legislative and administrative requirements  Reduce young drivers’ involvement in fatal and serious injury crashes  Introduce training support for parents of young drivers  Increase young drivers’ safety awareness through education and training enhancements Strategies for Speeding The broad strategies for speeding are:  Reduce the incidence of speeding  Reduce the number of chronic speeders  Reduce the effects of speeding related crashes Strategies for Impaired Driving The broad strategies for impaired driving are:  Deter impaired driving through effective enforcement  Reduce excessive drinking and underage drinking  Prosecute and impose sanctions on DUI offenders  Control and reduce the number of repeat offenders Strategies for Roadway / Roadside The broad strategies for lane departures are:  Reduce the incidence and severity of head-on collisions  Reduce the number of vehicles leaving the roadway  Minimize the effects of vehicles leaving the roadway The broad strategies for intersections are:  Reduce the number of intersection related fatalities through improved operations and traffic control  Reduce the number of intersection related fatalities through improved geometric configuration  Reduce the number of intersection related fatalities by improving driver compliance at intersections  Reduce the number of potential conflicts at intersections through improved access management Strategies for Data Improvement The broad strategies for data improvement are:  Improve the timeliness, accuracy, and completeness of data  Improve uniformity, integration, and accessibility of data ix Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table of Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Background ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Arizona’s Commitment to Traffic Safety.......................................................... 1 1.2.1. SHSP Leadership................................................................................... 2 1.2.2. SHSP Champion.................................................................................... 3 1.3. Safety Principles and Vision ............................................................................. 5 Arizona Demographics and Geography ....................................................................... 6 2.1. Increase in Population, the Number of Drivers’ Licenses, and Vehicle Miles Traveled............................................................................................................. 6 2.2. Population Diversity.......................................................................................... 8 2.3. Geography ......................................................................................................... 9 Safety Challenges and Trends .................................................................................... 11 3.1. Data Challenges............................................................................................... 11 3.2. Safety Challenges and Trends ......................................................................... 11 Arizona State Safety Goal .......................................................................................... 16 Arizona Emphasis Areas ............................................................................................ 19 5.1. Process for Selecting Emphasis Areas ............................................................ 19 5.2. Arizona Emphasis Areas ................................................................................. 20 Introduction to the Emphasis Areas Analysis and Emphasis Area Strategies ........... 23 6.1. Problem Statement .......................................................................................... 23 6.2. Sub-Goal Statement......................................................................................... 24 6.3. Strategy Development ..................................................................................... 24 6.4. Strategies ......................................................................................................... 25 Emphasis Area 1: Restraint Usage ............................................................................. 26 7.1. Problem Statement .......................................................................................... 26 7.2. Restraint Usage Sub-Goal Statement .............................................................. 27 7.3. Strategy Development ..................................................................................... 27 7.3.1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner ............................................ 28 7.3.2. Seasonality........................................................................................... 30 7.3.3. Summary of Lack of Restraint Usage Data......................................... 32 7.4. Restraint Usage Strategies and Countermeasures ........................................... 33 7.4.1. Strategy: Maximize Restraint Use by All Vehicle Occupants ............ 33 7.4.2. Strategy: Educate the Public on the Proper Use of Child Restraints... 35 Emphasis Area 2: Young Drivers............................................................................... 37 8.1. Problem Statement .......................................................................................... 37 8.2. Young Drivers Sub-Goal Statement................................................................ 38 8.3. Strategy Development ..................................................................................... 38 8.3.1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner ............................................ 39 8.3.2. Seasonality........................................................................................... 40 8.3.3. Summary of Young Drivers Data, 2001–2005.................................... 42 8.4. Young Drivers Strategies and Countermeasures............................................. 43 8.4.1. Strategy: Strengthen Legislative and Administrative Requirements .. 43 8.4.2. Strategy: Reduce Young Drivers’ Involvement in Fatal and Serious Injury Crashes...................................................................................... 44 8.4.3. Strategy: Introduce Training Support for Parents of Young Drivers .. 45 x Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 8.4.4. Strategy: Increase Young Drivers’ Safety Awareness ........................ 46 Emphasis Area 3: Speeding........................................................................................ 49 9.1. Problem Statement .......................................................................................... 49 9.2. Speeding Goal ................................................................................................. 51 9.3. Strategy Development ..................................................................................... 51 9.3.1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner ............................................ 51 9.3.2. Seasonality........................................................................................... 53 9.3.3. Summary of Speeding Crash Data ...................................................... 55 9.4. Speeding Strategies and Countermeasures...................................................... 56 9.4.1. Strategy: Reduce the Incidence of Speeding ....................................... 56 9.4.2. Strategy: Reduce the Number of Chronic Speeders ............................ 58 9.4.3. Strategy: Reduce Effects of Speeding Related Crashes ...................... 59 Emphasis Area 4: Impaired Driving .......................................................................... 60 10.1. Problem Statement .......................................................................................... 60 10.2. Impaired Driving Sub-Goal Statement............................................................ 61 10.3. Strategy Development ..................................................................................... 62 10.3.1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner ............................................ 62 10.3.2. Seasonality........................................................................................... 65 10.3.3. Summary of Impaired Driving Data.................................................... 67 10.4. Impaired Driving Strategies and Countermeasures......................................... 68 10.4.1. Strategy: Deter Impaired Driving Through Effective Enforcement.... 68 10.4.2. Strategy: Reduce Excessive Drinking and Underage Drinking .......... 69 10.4.3. Strategy: Prosecute and Impose Sanctions on DUI Offenders............ 71 10.4.4. Strategy: Control and Reduce the Number of Repeat Offenders ........ 71 Emphasis Area 5: Roadway / Roadside – Introduction.............................................. 73 Emphasis Area 5: Roadway / Roadside – Lane Departures....................................... 74 12.1. Problem Statement – Lane Departure.............................................................. 74 12.2. Sub-Goal Statement – Lane Departure............................................................ 76 12.3. Strategy Development – Lane Departure ........................................................ 76 12.3.1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner ............................................ 76 12.3.2. Seasonality........................................................................................... 79 12.3.3. Summary of Lane Departure Data....................................................... 81 12.4. Lane Departure Strategies and Countermeasures............................................ 81 12.4.1. Strategy: Reduce the Incidence and Severity of Head-on Collisions.. 82 12.4.2. Strategy: Reduce the Number of Vehicles Leaving the Roadway ...... 83 12.4.3. Strategy: Minimize the Effects of Vehicles Leaving the Roadway .... 84 Emphasis Area 5: Roadway / Roadside – Intersections............................................. 86 13.1. Problem Statement – Intersections .................................................................. 86 13.2. Sub-Goal Statement – Intersections ................................................................ 87 13.3. Strategy Development – Intersections............................................................. 88 13.3.1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner ............................................ 88 13.3.2. Seasonality........................................................................................... 91 13.3.3. Summary of Intersection Data............................................................. 93 13.4. Intersection Strategies and Countermeasures.................................................. 93 13.4.1. Strategy: Reduce the Number of Intersection Related Fatalities Through Improved Operations and Traffic Control ............................ 93 xi Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 13.4.2. Strategy: Reduce the Number of Intersection Related Fatalities Through Improved Geometric Configuration ..................................... 94 13.4.3. Strategy: Reduce the Number of Intersection Related Fatalities by Increasing Driver Compliance with Traffic Control Devices ............. 95 13.4.4. Strategy: Reduce the Number of Potential Conflicts at Intersections Through Improved Access Management ............................................ 97 Emphasis Area 6: Data Improvement ........................................................................ 98 14.1. TRCC Strategic Plan for Traffic Safety Data.................................................. 98 14.2. TRCC Role in the SHSP ................................................................................. 99 14.3. Data Requirements for Restraint Usage .......................................................... 99 14.4. Data Requirements for Young Drivers.......................................................... 100 14.5. Data Requirements for Speeding................................................................... 100 14.6. Data Requirements for Impaired Driving...................................................... 101 14.7. Data Requirements for Roadway / Roadside ................................................ 102 Next Steps ................................................................................................................ 103 15.1. Introduction to SHSP Implementation and Evaluation ................................. 103 15.2. SHSP Implementation Plan ........................................................................... 104 15.3. SHSP Evaluation and Updating .................................................................... 106 15.3.1. Evaluation Process ............................................................................ 106 15.3.2. SHSP Public Outreach....................................................................... 106 Appendix A – Data Queries ..................................................................................... 108 Appendix B – GTSAC Charter ................................................................................ 112 Appendix C – Injury Severity by Posted Speed....................................................... 113 List of Tables Table 1: Population Estimates by County, 2006 ......................................................................6 Table 2: Five Scenarios for the Number of Fatalities in 2010................................................17 Table 3: Fatality Reduction Goal versus Base Year Data ......................................................17 Table 4: Comparison of the Selection of Emphasis Areas .....................................................20 Table 5: Emphasis Area Fatalities and Serious Injuries, 2001–2005 .....................................22 Table 6: Fatalities versus Weather by Emphasis Area, 2001–2005 .......................................25 Table 7: Urban versus Rural Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries, 2001–2005 ..............................................................................................................26 Table 8: Urban versus Rural Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities by County, 2001–2005......27 Table 9: Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Driver versus Passenger, 2001–2005 ............................................................................................28 Table 10: Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Gender, 2001–2005...28 Table 11: Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001– 2005 ........................................................................................................................28 Table 12: Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Collision Manner, 2001–2005 ..............................................................................................................30 Table 13: Maximize Restraint Use by All Vehicle Occupants: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.....................34 Table 14: Educate the Public on the Proper Use of Child Restraints: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.....................36 Table 15: Urban versus Rural Young Driver Fatalities and Serious Injuries, 2001–2005 .....37 xii Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 16: Urban versus Rural Young Driver Fatalities by County, 2001–2005 ....................38 Table 17: Young Driver Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Driver versus Passenger, 2001– 2005 ........................................................................................................................39 Table 18: Young Driver Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Gender, 2001–2005 ...................39 Table 19: Young Driver Fatal and Serious Injury Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2001–2005.....39 Table 20: Young Drivers Fatalities and Serious Injuries Collision Manner, 2001–2005 ......40 Table 21: Strengthen Legislative and Administrative Requirements: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.....................44 Table 22: Reduce Young Drivers’ Involvement in Fatal Crash and Serious Injury Crashes: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.................................................................................................................44 Table 23: Introduce Training Support for Parents of Young Drivers: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.....45 Table 24: Increase Young Drivers’ Safety Awareness: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.....................47 Table 25: Urban versus Rural Speeding Fatalities and Serious Injuries, 2001–2005 ............50 Table 26: Urban and Rural Speeding Fatalities by County, 2001–2005 ................................50 Table 27: Speeding Fatalities by Casualty Type, 2001–2005 ................................................51 Table 28: Speeding Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Gender, 2001–2005...........................51 Table 29: Speeding Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001–2005.....................52 Table 30: Speeding Fatal and Serious Injury Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2001–2005 ............53 Table 31: Reduce the Incidence of Speeding: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures ..................................................57 Table 32: Reduce the Number of Chronic Speeders: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.....................59 Table 33: Reduce the Effects of Speeding Related Crashes: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.....................59 Table 34: Urban versus Rural Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries, 2001–200561 Table 35: Urban and Rural Impaired Driving Fatalities by County, 2001–2005 ...................61 Table 36: Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Casualty Type, 2001–2005 ..62 Table 37: Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Gender, 2001–2005..............62 Table 38: Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001–2005........63 Table 39: Impaired Driving Fatal and Serious Injury Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2001–200564 Table 40: Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries Collision Manner, 2001–2005 ..64 Table 41: Deter Impaired Driving Through Effective Enforcement: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.....................69 Table 42: Reduce Excessive Drinking and Underage Drinking: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.....................70 Table 43: Prosecute and Impose Sanctions on DUI Offenders: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.....................71 Table 44: Control and Reduce the Number of Repeat Offenders: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.....................72 Table 45: Urban versus Rural Lane Departure Fatalities and Serious Injuries, 2001–2005 ..75 Table 46: Urban versus Rural Lane Departure Fatalities by County, 2001–2005 .................75 Table 47: Lane Departure Fatal and Serious Injuries by Casualty Type, 2001–2005............76 Table 48: Lane Departure Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Gender, 2001–2005.................76 Table 49: Lane Departure Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001–2005 ..........77 xiii Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 50: Lane Departure Fatal and Serious Injury Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2001–2005 ..78 Table 51: Lane Departure Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Collision Manner, 2001–2005 78 Table 52: Lane Departure Serious Injuries and Fatalities by Light Condition, 2001–2005...81 Table 53: Reduce the Incidence and Severity of Head-on Collisions: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.....82 Table 54: Reduce the Number of Vehicles Leaving the Roadway: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.....................83 Table 55: Minimize the Effects of Vehicles Leaving the Roadway: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.....................84 Table 56: Urban versus Rural Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries, 2001–2005 ........87 Table 57: Urban versus Rural Intersection Fatalities by County, 2001–2005........................87 Table 58: Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Casualty Type, 2001–2005 ...........88 Table 59: Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Gender, 2001–2005.......................88 Table 60: Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001–2005.................89 Table 61: Intersection Fatal and Serious Injury Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2001–2005 ........90 Table 62: Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Collision Manner, 2001–2005 ......90 Table 63: Reduce the Number of Intersection Related Fatalities Through Improved Operations and Traffic Control: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.............................................................94 Table 64: Reduce the Number of Intersection related Fatalities Through Improved Geometric Configuration: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.......................................................................95 Table 65: Reduce the Number of Intersection Related Fatalities by Increasing Driver Compliance with Traffic Control Devices: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.....................96 Table 66: Reduce the Number of Potential Conflicts at Intersections Through Improved Access Management: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures.......................................................................97 Table 67: Restraint Usage Data Requirements: Summary of Proposed Data Requirement, Focus Area, and Timing .......................................................................................100 Table 68: Speeding Data Requirements: Summary of Proposed Data Requirement, Focus Area, and Timing..................................................................................................101 Table 69: Impaired Driving Data Requirements: Summary of Proposed Data Requirement, Focus Area, and Timing .......................................................................................101 Table 70: Roadway / Roadside Data Requirements: Summary of Proposed Data Requirement, Focus Area, and Timing ................................................................102 List of Exhibits Exhibit 1: SHSP Process and Activities ...................................................................................4 Exhibit 2: Change in Population and the Number of Drivers’ Licenses by County, 2000– 2006 ..........................................................................................................................7 Exhibit 3: Increase in Vehicle Miles Traveled, 2001–2005, and Number of Drivers’ Licenses, 2001–2006 ................................................................................................8 Exhibit 4: Map of Counties and Indian Reservations.............................................................10 Exhibit 5: Arizona Leading Causes of Death (Ages 1-39), 2000–2004 .................................12 Exhibit 6: Crash Mortality Rates for Arizona and American Indians, 1980–2005 ................13 xiv Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Exhibit 7: Annual Fatalities versus Population Growth, 1991–2006 .....................................14 Exhibit 8: Annual Serious Injuries versus Population Growth, 2001–2005...........................14 Exhibit 9: Arizona versus United States Fatality Rate, 2001–2005 .......................................15 Exhibit 10: Fatality Rate versus Number of Fatalities, 2001–2005 .......................................16 Exhibit 11: Fatalities and Serious Injuries Involving Lack of Restraint Usage, 2001–2005 .26 Exhibit 12: Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001– 2005 ........................................................................................................................29 Exhibit 13: Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Month of Year, 2001–2005 ..............................................................................................................31 Exhibit 14: Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Day of Week, 2001–2005 ..............................................................................................................31 Exhibit 15: Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Time of Day, 2001– 2005 ........................................................................................................................32 Exhibit 16: Fatalities and Serious Injuries Involving Young Drivers, 2001–2005 ................37 Exhibit 17: Young Driver Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Month of Year, 2001–2005.....41 Exhibit 18: Young Driver Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Day of Week, 2001–2005 .......41 Exhibit 19: Young Driver Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Time of Day, 2001–2005 ........42 Exhibit 20: Fatalities and Serious Injuries Involving Speeding, 2001–2005 .........................49 Exhibit 21: Speeding Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001–2005 ..................52 Exhibit 22: Speeding Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Month of Year, 2001–2005 ............54 Exhibit 23: Speeding Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Day of Week, 2001–2005...............54 Exhibit 24: Speeding Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Time of Day, 2001–2005 ...............55 Exhibit 25: Fatalities and Serious Injuries Involving Impaired Driving, 2001–2005 ............60 Exhibit 26: Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001–2005.....63 Exhibit 27: Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Month of Year, 2001–200565 Exhibit 28: Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Day of Week, 2001–2005 .66 Exhibit 29: Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Time of Day, 2001–2005 ..67 Exhibit 30: Fatalities and Serious Injuries Involving Lane Departure, 2001–2005 ...............74 Exhibit 31: Lane Departure Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001–2005........77 Exhibit 32: Lane Departure Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Month of Year, 2001–2005 ..79 Exhibit 33: Lane Departure Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Day of Week, 2001–2005 ....80 Exhibit 34: Lane Departure Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Time of Day, 2001–2005 .....80 Exhibit 35: Fatalities and Serious Injuries Involving Intersections, 2001–2005....................86 Exhibit 36: Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001–2005 ..............89 Exhibit 37: Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Month of Year, 2001–2005 ........91 Exhibit 38: Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Day of Week, 2001–2005 ..........92 Exhibit 39: Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Time of Day, 2001–2005 ...........92 Exhibit 40: SHSP Four Basic Cyclic Phases ........................................................................103 xv Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 1. Introduction 1.1. Background In 2004, the Governor of Arizona established the Governor’s Traffic Safety Advisory Council (GTSAC). The mission of GTSAC is to develop, promote, and implement effective traffic safety investments to save lives and prevent injuries through a reduction in vehicle crashes. In response to this mission, GTSAC championed the development of the Transportation Safety Plan (TSP) for the State. The TSP was released in 2005 and had a broad perspective that discussed safety investments in the areas of engineering, education, enforcement, and emergency medical services (EMS) (the 4E’s). In July 2005, after the completion of Arizona’s TSP, the United States Congress passed the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, and Efficient Transportation Equity Act – A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA–LU). This Act contains a number of new and continued funding sources for safety related projects, programs, and initiatives. Section 148 of the Act provides funding for the Highway Safety Improvement Program (HSIP) and elevates the safety program from a set-aside to a core program. To access HSIP funds, states are required to develop a Strategic Highway Safety Plan (SHSP). 1.2. Arizona’s Commitment to Traffic Safety The development and maturation of the Arizona SHSP process started in 2004 with the creation of GTSAC, and continued through the production and publication of the 2005 Arizona TSP. The Arizona SHSP process is being fine-tuned through the nationwide SHSP initiative. SAFETEA–LU is a major new initiative that requires states to change how they set and achieve traffic safety goals and objectives. Accomplishing this change takes strong leadership, an inspiring vision, achievable goals, a dedicated team, and healthy oversight to jump the gap from where states are now to where states want and need to be. This is certainly the approach taken for Arizona’s SHSP. In Arizona, the SHSP is not just a legislative requirement, it is the right thing to do and, over time, it will enable Arizona to reduce its traffic-related fatalities and serious injuries. 1 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 1.2.1. SHSP Leadership The GTSAC3 is the designated body responsible for leading traffic safety on a statewide level. GTSAC has the authority to establish committees or teams to deal with specific traffic safety issues, and may designate staff within the members’ respective agencies to assist with or serve on these committees or teams. GTSAC’s mandate to develop cost effective strategies to improve traffic safety on Arizona’s federal, state, county, and local roads through the 4E’s response is consistent with the intent and requirements of the SHSP initiative. The GTSAC mandate, through the Governor’s Executive Order, includes:  Identifying best practices  Recommending safety legislation and educational materials for driver education  Analyzing laws and programs governing motor carrier safety  Establishing a matrix of indicators that objectively measure progress in reducing serious injuries and fatalities due to vehicular crashes  Reporting the state’s progress in reducing serious injuries and fatalities due to vehicular crashes GTSAC Members GTSAC commits to meeting regularly and sponsors a variety of subcommittees. Each subcommittee is sponsored by a Council Member and supported by a technical staff person from one of the Executive Transportation Safety Committee agencies. Current GTSAC Subcommittees, roles and efforts include:  Communications – Elevates the awareness of the general public and the Legislature regarding transportation safety issues in Arizona. Acts as a resource for the Council in developing an overall media plan, and in supporting the technical subcommittees in the development of safety campaigns. Created and maintains the GTSAC website.  Driver Education – Improves driver behavior and reduces the number of crashes through quality driver education and targeted testing procedures. Reviews and recommends specific educational materials that could be incorporated into existing or new driver training and high school driver education classes or courses. 3 See Appendix B for GTSAC Charter 2 1. AAA of Arizona 2. Arizona Chapter National Safety Council 3. Arizona County Sheriff’s Association 4. Arizona Department of Public Safety 5. Arizona Department of Transportation 6. Arizona Driver and Safety Education Association 7. Arizona Police Chiefs Association 8. Federal Highway Administration Arizona Division 9. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration Arizona Division 10. Governor’s Office of Highway Safety 11. Inter Tribal Council of Arizona, Inc. (ITCA) 12. Maricopa Association of Governments (MAG) 13. Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) 14. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) 15. Pima Association of Governments (PAG) 16. Professional Fire Fighters of Arizona 17. Safe Kids Arizona, Arizona Department of Health Services 18. Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD) Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan       Issue Based Enforcement and Education – Discusses and develops strategies for specific issues to improve driver safety in the State of Arizona. The four major areas of responsibility are: DUI enforcement; Reducing underage alcohol / reducing underage drinking and driving; Supporting the statewide Certified Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) program to reduce accidents caused by drug usage; and Promoting traffic laws Legislative – Addresses safety concerns that require legislative support. Supports the overall mission of the Council by providing information, by drafting proposed legislation impacting transportation safety, and by encouraging support of approved legislative proposals. Photo Enforcement – Promotes and assists with the implementation of photo enforcement technologies, with the focus on improving roadway safety within the State of Arizona. Participants represent enforcement, engineering, education and judicial / courts. All Arizona municipalities currently using Photo Enforcement Technologies (eight municipalities) are involved in the Photo Enforcement Subcommittee. Road Safety Audit – Conducts formal examinations of user safety of a future or existing roadway, including state, local and tribal road facilities. The examinations are conducted by an independent multidisciplinary audit team on state, local and tribal road facilities. School Based Initiatives – Develops and implements strategies to improve the safety of children walking and bicycling to / from school. Traffic Records – The Traffic Records Coordinating Committee (TRCC) is responsible for developing, approving, and implementing Arizona’s strategic plan for traffic records. The strategic plan for traffic records is designed to improve the timeliness, accuracy, completeness, uniformity, integration, and accessibility of state highway safety data. 1.2.2. SHSP Champion GTSAC has assigned the SHSP Development Plan Champion (Project Management) role to the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), in consultation with the Federal Highway Administration – Arizona Division. The SHSP initiative has four basic phases: Phase 1. Producing the Development Plan Phase 2. Producing the Implementation Plan Phase 3. Implementation Phase 4. Evaluation and Updating These four phases are intended to repeat in a perpetual cycle, and are intended to be synchronized with the business cycles of existing plans and programs to ensure a true strategic and tactical integration of effort across the state’s various jurisdictions. 3 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan In developing this SHSP, Arizona added a one-time Team Building phase designed to bring state safety stakeholders (partners) together to better understand the long-term intent of the SHSP process, to review common baseline state safety statistics and trends, to acknowledge that their combined efforts would be more effective than the sum of current practice, and to decide how they would collectively and successfully deal with Arizona’s safety trends over time (Exhibit 1). Exhibit 1: SHSP Process and Activities Team Building •Collect Data •Build Case for Change •Gather Partners •Agree on Approach •Agree on Vision •Agree on Focus •Commitment Development Plan Implementation Plan Implementation •Legislative Compliance •Action Plan •Jurisdictional Adoption of •Analyze and Interpret Data •Common State-wide Goals •Lead Agencies •Prioritization SHSP Strategic Vision and Goals •Strengthen Partnerships •Emphasis Area Priorities •Investment Strategies •Performance Metrics •Linkage to other Plans and Programs •Funding Mechanism •Project and Program •Implement investments Through Existing Plans and Programs •Modify Current Processes •Resource Sharing •Roles and Responsibilities •Plan Approval Evaluation Criteria •Map Out Workload, Cycles and Milestones to Institutionalize SHSP Safety Culture Evaluating and Updating •Monitor Process and Investment Implementation •Evaluate Progress and Support Change •Regularly and Formally Report Results •Conduct Public Outreach •Update SHSP and Existing Plans and Processes To achieve the reductions in traffic fatalities and serious injury necessary to attain current and future state safety goals, the SHSP process does not end with the production of the SHSP Development Plan. The SHSP process acknowledges that the cycle is just beginning. In order to be successful, human resources need to be made available for each activity in each SHSP phase. 4 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 1.3. Safety Principles and Vision “The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results.” Albert Einstein The SAFETEA–LU legislation and SHSP process have provided the State of Arizona with the opportunity to try something new, and to build a statewide safety team with a common focus, commitment, and goals to reverse the growing trend of highway related fatalities. At the origin of the new vision is the concept of “One Team” consisting of the government and the traveling public. Safety is everyone’s responsibility and each individual Arizona citizen needs to ensure they make it home safely at the end of each day. Together we are more effective and more efficient than the sum of the parts. This concept of “One Team” will not happen overnight, but will continue to pick up momentum through each SHSP phase and through each annual cycle. This joint effort enables the State of Arizona to adopt the following safety vision: “Zero fatalities on Arizona roads, your life depends on it” To achieve this vision of Zero fatalities on Arizona roads, your life depends on it (Every One Counts), every Arizona safety team member, every traveling citizen, and every visitor will need to challenge themselves with regular personal safety goals. These goals should be developed and marketed through a SHSP public outreach program. The concept of public outreach program is discussed further in the Next Steps section of this report (Section 15). In pursuit of the Every One Counts vision, Arizona has set stretch goals designed to make annual progress towards the vision through strategies that cover the 4Es, information, and public outreach. The goals are discussed in Section 4. 5 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 2. Arizona Demographics and Geography 2.1. Increase in Population, the Number of Drivers’ Licenses, and Vehicle Miles Traveled Arizona’s highway safety challenge is heightened by the state’s dramatic population growth. During the 12 months ending July 1, 20064, Arizona replaced Nevada as the fastest-growing state in the union. From 2000–2006, Arizona’s population increased by 22.9 percent whereas the national average increase in population was 6.4 percent. Arizona’s population growth was approximately 360 percent greater than the national average. The three largest metropolitan areas are the counties of Maricopa, Pima, and Pinal. Table 1 shows the 2006 population of Arizona’s counties. Maricopa County5 is the fastest growing county in the United States. Table 1: Population Estimates by County, 2006 4 5 County 2006 Population Estimates Apache 74,515 Cochise 135,150 Coconino 132,270 Gila 56,800 Graham 36,380 Greenlee 8,300 La Paz 21,255 Maricopa 3,792,675 Mohave 198,320 Navajo 113,470 Pima 981,280 Pinal 299,875 Santa Cruz 45,245 Yavapai 213,285 Yuma 196,390 Total 6,305,210 US Census Bureau US Census Bureau 6 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan The increase in population growth has led to an increase in the number of drivers’ licenses and the number of vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Exhibit 2 shows the change in population and the number of drivers’ licenses for each county between 2000 and 2006. Many counties experienced increases in population and the number of drivers’ licenses of more than 10 percent and some experienced increases of more than 20 percent. Only Greenlee (which has very small population) experienced declines. Exhibit 2: Change in Population and the Number of Drivers’ Licenses by County, 2000–2006 -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Apache Cochise Coconino Gila Graham Greenlee La Paz Maricopa Mohav e Nav ajo Pima Pinal Santa Cruz Yav apai Yuma Population Change Drivers License Change 7 70% 80% Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Exhibit 3 shows the increase in vehicle miles traveled (2001–2005) and the increase in the number of drivers’ licenses (2001–2006). 60,000 58,000 56,000 54,000 52,000 50,000 48,000 46,000 44,000 4,000,000 3,800,000 3,600,000 3,400,000 3,200,000 3,000,000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Drivers Licenses 2.2. Drivers Licenses VMT (millions) Exhibit 3: Increase in Vehicle Miles Traveled, 2001–2005, and Number of Drivers’ Licenses6, 2001–2006 2005 2006 VMT Population Diversity This SHSP recognizes the rich cultural diversity of Arizona. Arizona ancestry groups include 21 federally recognized tribes7. These are: 1. Ak-Chin Indian Community 12. Navajo Nation 2. Cocopah Tribe 13. Pascua Yaqui Tribe 3. Colorado River Indian Tribes 14. Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community 4. Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation 15. San Carlos Apache Tribe 5. Fort Mojave Indian Tribe 16. San Juan Southern Paiute 6. Fort Yuma – Quechan Tribe 17. Tohono O'odham Nation 7. Gila River Indian Community 18. Tonto Apache Tribe 8. Havasupai Tribe 19. White Mountain Apache Tribe 9. Hopi Tribe 20. Yavapai-Apache Nation 10. Hualapai Tribe 21. Yavapai-Prescott Indian Tribe 11. Kaibab-Paiute Tribe 6 US Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics http://ag.arizona.edu/edrp/tribes.html, sponsored by the University of Arizona with support provided by the U.S. Department of Commerce- Economic Development Administration 7 8 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan The tribes are sovereign nations within Arizona and have expressed an interest in developing their own SHSPs in close association with the Arizona SHSP. The tribal SHSPs will give special attention to the unique safety issues of tribal lands. As the SHSP is implemented, GTSAC will work with the tribal governments and tribal communities to provide expertise and assistance so that the tribal governments may develop their own implementation plans designed to improve safety in tribal areas. The expertise and assistance should include, for example, police officer standards and training, public education packages, and establishing systems / policies to support data sharing. Arizona ancestry groups also include Mexican-Americans. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Mexican-Americans make up about 21 percent of Arizona’s population. In order to reach the greatest numbers of people, it is clearly important for the SHSP to offer all education and outreach packages in multiple languages. The issues surrounding education and outreach packages in relation to cultural diversity are discussed further in the appropriate strategy. 2.3. Geography Arizona is the sixth largest state in area. Reservations and tribal communities comprise over a quarter of Arizona's lands (Exhibit 4). Due to Arizona’s great expanses of desert, Arizona's major urban centers are separated by large rural areas. Addressing Arizona’s safety concerns will require the integrated efforts of state, local and tribal governments and agencies to cover the full roadway network with careful consideration of the rural network in reservations and tribal areas. 9 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Exhibit 4: Map of Counties and Indian Reservations 10 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 3. Safety Challenges and Trends 3.1. Data Challenges Unless otherwise referenced, all safety data presented in this SHSP are Arizona Accident Location Information Surveillance System (ALISS) data supplied by ADOT. Before examining the central safety trends presented in Section 3.2, it is important to note that safety data represent a considerable challenge for the SHSP. High quality data are essential for establishing safety patterns and trends. Data challenges are a natural phenomenon of change. During the preparation of this report, several data availability issues arose and some are listed below. Data improvements are discussed in greater detail in Section 14 of this report. Current data problems include the following issues: • ALISS does not include all accident data available from all local governments. • 4E safety data are limited in terms of access and analytical capability, and need improvement. Examples include data limitations affecting EMS, CODES8, citations, and convictions. • Only some tribal data are currently available for analysis. While most tribal fatalities are included, serious injuries data may not be included. Typically, crashes occurring on routes within a Tribal Reservation may not be included, especially when the injured person is a tribal member. ADOT is working with the Inter Tribal Council of Arizona (ITCA) to obtain data from tribal areas and to share data with tribal governments. • The Motor Vehicle Division Traffic Records Section is experiencing difficulties catching up and keeping up with the data workload. 3.2. Safety Challenges and Trends This Section identifies four basic safety challenges that Arizona’s SHSP needs to take into account: • Young people • American Indians • Increasing number of fatalities in Arizona • Arizona’s high fatality crash rate (compared with average for United States) 8 See http://www.gtsac.org/GTSAC/Studies_Reports/index.asp for The Economic and Injury Burden of Motor Vehicle Crashes in Arizona for 2005, reported by the Arizona CODES Project, July 2007. 11 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Motor vehicle crashes are a leading cause of death in Arizona, especially among young people. As shown in Exhibit 5, from 2000–2004, motor vehicle crashes were the leading cause of death for people in Arizona between the ages of one and 39. Motor vehicle crashes claimed more lives during this period than homicide, suicide, or poisoning. The groups most affected were the 15-19 and 20-24 age groups. Exhibit 5: Arizona Leading Causes of Death (Ages 1-39), 2000–20049 700 Number of Deaths 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1t o4 5t o9 Motor Vehicle Traffic Crash Homicide Heart Disease 10 t o1 4 15 t o1 9 20 to 24 Drow ning Malignant Neoplasm Suicide 25 t o2 9 30 to 34 35 to 39 Congenital Anomaly Poisoning Exhibit 6 shows that traffic fatalities among American Indians in Arizona are disproportionately high. From 1980–2005, the motor vehicle crash mortality rate was two to three times higher for American Indians (yellow-brown bars) than for other members of the Arizona population (blue-dark blue bars). Exhibit 6 underlines the importance of working with tribal governments when developing and implementing the SHSP. The information for Exhibit 6 was provided by the Inter Tribal Council of Arizona. The source for this information is the Arizona Health Status and Vital Statistics 2005. The Healthy People 201010 objective (HP 15-15) is to reduce deaths caused by motor vehicle crashes to no more than 16 per 100,000. 9 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Centers for Injury Prevention and Control. Webbased Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS) [online]. (2005) [cited Apr 10, 2007]. Available from URL: www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars 10 See www.healthypeople.gov/ 12 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Age-Adjusted Mortality Rate (Deaths per 100,000 population) Exhibit 6: Crash Mortality Rates for Arizona and American Indians, 1980–200511 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1980 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Arizona AI/AN HP 2010 Objective Exhibit 7 shows that for the 16 year period from 1991–2006, the number of traffic fatalities in Arizona has been steadily increasing: from about 800 in 1991 to nearly 1,300 in 2006. Fatalities increased from 1,057 in 2001 to 1,288 in 2006, an increase of 21.5 percent over five years, and an increase of 9 percent in a single year (from 2005 to 2006). Exhibit 7 also shows population growth in Arizona from 1991–2006. Some of the increase in traffic fatalities may be attributed to recent population increases. 11 AI/AN refers to American Indian/Alaska Native. The information can be found at the following site: http://www.azdhs.gov/plan/report/hspam/hspam05/part_2.pdf 13 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Number of Fatalities 1,400 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 Population Exhibit 7: Annual Fatalities versus Population Growth, 1991–200612 06 20 5 0 20 4 0 20 3 0 20 2 0 20 1 0 20 0 0 20 9 9 19 8 9 19 7 9 19 6 9 19 5 9 19 4 9 19 3 9 19 2 9 19 1 9 19 Population Fatalities Exhibit 8 shows that although the population increased from 2001–2005, the number of serious injuries decreased: from 8,203 in 2001 to 6,970 in 2006, a decrease of 15 percent in five years. However, this trend has been slowing since 2003. Serious Injuries 8,600 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 8,200 7,800 7,400 7,000 6,600 20 0 1 20 0 2 20 0 3 Population 20 0 4 Population Exhibit 8: Annual Serious Injuries versus Population Growth, 2001–2005 20 0 5 Serious Injuries 12 Unless otherwise referenced, all population information is from the Population Statistics Unit, Research Administration, Department of Economic Security 14 Arizona Population Forecast 2010 – 6,637,381 2015 – 7,495,238 2020 – 8,456,448 2025 – 9,531,537 2030 – 10,712,397 US Census Bureau March 28, 2006 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Exhibit 9 compares the annual fatality crash rate13 of Arizona with the average for the United States over the five year period from 2001–2005. In 2005, the annual fatality crash rate in Arizona was 2.0, approximately 33 percent higher than the United States rate of 1.5. 2.2 6,000,000 2.0 5,000,000 1.8 4,000,000 3,000,000 1.6 2,000,000 1.4 1,000,000 1.2 0 2001 2002 Population 2003 2004 Arizona Rate 2005 US Rate Population Rate per 100 million VMT Exhibit 9: Arizona versus United States Fatality Rate, 2001–2005 “A child born today can expect to live an average of 78 years. That’s the good news. The bad news is that one out of every 90 children born today will die violently in a motor vehicle crash. And 70 of every 100 will be injured in a highway crash at some point during their lives, many more than once.” AASHTO Strategic Highway Safety Plan Data for 2001–2005 show that the Arizona fatality rate has been decreasing at an average rate of 0.04 fatalities per 100 million VMT per year. As the number of fatalities is actually increasing, this decrease in the fatality rate is due to the annual increase in vehicle miles traveled in Arizona (see Exhibit 9). This is a very important distinction, as the SHSP objective is to reduce the absolute number of fatalities and serious injuries, not the rate at which they occur. 13 A crash rate is the number of fatalities per 100 million vehicle miles traveled (VMT). 15 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 4. Arizona Safety Goal This Section discusses the safety goals set for the SHSP: the statewide goal, and the supporting sub-goals. The Arizona safety goal was developed at the SHSP Goal and Emphasis Area Workshop (Workshop) held on May 30, 2007, and was attended by representatives from the key safety jurisdictions in the State14. The purpose of the Workshop was to establish a statewide safety goal, a sub-goal for each emphasis area, and a set of emphasis areas. (Section 5 discusses the selection of the emphasis areas.) The Workshop ensured that the safety goal selected for Arizona, and the sub-goals selected for the emphasis areas are completely integrated. Attendees first debated the pros and cons of whether a safety rate or an absolute number would be more appropriate for the goal, and what length of time or term it would take to achieve the goal. The adoption of an absolute number was preferred over the use of a rate for two main reasons: 1. An absolute number would be more understandable for the public, and would be more effective as an outreach and communications tool. 2. Arizona’s number of fatalities continues to grow, even though there has been a reduction in the fatality rate, as shown in Exhibit 10. 5,000 98 2. 4,000 1. 01 08 2. 2. 2. 2.0 18 3 1, 1, 1, 1, 1.4 15 1 2,000 12 1 1.6 13 2 3,000 05 7 1.8 1.2 1,000 Population (x 1000) 2.2 18 6,000 13 2.4 1, Rate per 100 million VMT Exhibit 10: Fatality Rate versus Number of Fatalities, 2001–2005 0 2001 2002 Population 2003 2004 Arizona Rate 14 2005 Fatalities See the Workshop’s, Setting Safety Goal and Emphasis Areas for the Strategic Highway Safety Plan Report (2007) 16 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan To select the appropriate magnitude and term for the Arizona safety goal, five scenarios were presented and discussed at the Workshop. The five scenarios are shown in Table 2. For simplicity, each scenario adopted 2005 as its base year, and the analysis examined the implications of each scenario for the five year period 2006–2010. The comparison of the scenarios focused mainly on the implications for the change in the number of fatalities in 2010. Table 2: Five Scenarios for the Number of Fatalities in 2010 Scenario Description 2006–2010 Change Status Quo Trend Number of fatalities grows at existing average rate from 2006–2010 Number of fatalities remains constant from 2006–2010 +9.0% Number of fatalities reduced by 5 percent from 2006–2010 -5.0% Number of fatalities reduced by 10 percent from 2006–2010 -10.0% Number of fatalities reduced to zero by 2050. To achieve this, a decrease of about 11 percent is required from 2006– 2010. -11.1% No Change in Annual Fatalities Modest Improvement Earnest Improvement No fatalities by 2050 0.0% After considering the five scenarios shown in Table 2, the Workshop decided that the fifth scenario offered the best match with Arizona’s long term vision of “Zero fatalities on Arizona roads, your life depends on it.” The fifth scenario, “No fatalities by 2050,”implies the adoption of a “stretch” fatality goal with a reduction in the number of fatalities of approximately 11 percent from 2006–2010. It is, however, important to note that Arizona’s safety vision and goal will be pursued in five year increments using 2007 as the base year. The first five year period will be 2008– 2012. As the base year for the SHSP will be 2007 (not 2005), implementation of the SHSP strategies will not start until 2008, and as fatalities may continue to increase at the 2005– 2006 rate of 9%, working towards Arizona’s fatality goal will require a five year reduction (2008–2012) of approximately 12% from the number of fatalities estimated for the 2007 base year, as shown in Table 3. Table 3: Fatality Reduction Goal versus Base Year Data Base Year Data Fatalities Annual Reduction for Zero Fatalities Goal Five Year Reduction for Zero Fatalities Goal 2005 2006 200715 1,183 1,288 1,406 2.2% 2.3% 2.3% 11.1% 11.4% 11.6% The Workshop also considered sub-goals for each emphasis area. These sub-goals had to be completely integrated with the Arizona safety goal. 15 Estimate only. Based on 2006 fatality level plus 9% 17 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan To achieve the Arizona safety goal, a 15 percent stretch sub-goal for the reduction in the number of fatalities was assigned to each emphasis area for the five year period from 2008–2012. The 15 percent target was chosen to take into account overlaps in the emphasis areas. For example, a fatality reduction in an emphasis area such as young drivers could also be counted as a fatality reduction in emphasis areas such as speeding, and impaired driving. As a result, the 15 percent stretch sub-goals for the emphasis areas are expected to lead to a total statewide reduction in the number of fatalities of less than 15 percent. The reductions achieved in each emphasis area will be monitored, evaluated and modified as required to achieve Arizona’s vision of “Zero fatalities.” Individual agencies and organizations may also continue to address the needs of areas that do not appear in the list of six emphasis areas, and will contribute to achieving the “Zero fatalities” vision. Fatalities have been increasing (Exhibit 7), and serious injuries have been decreasing (Exhibit 8). To focus on the major undertaking of achieving zero fatalities, the Workshop decided that, for this iteration of the SHSP, Arizona would have a goal only for fatalities. It was also felt that efforts to reduce the number of fatalities would have a positive effect on the number of serious injuries and non-serious injuries, and on the number of property damage only crashes. As time enables the state safety partners to effectively adopt SHSP guidance and direction into current planning and programming processes, and to collectively make progress towards reducing the annual number of fatalities, an additional SHSP goal addressing serious injuries may be added. 18 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 5. Arizona Emphasis Areas The FHWA Office of Safety suggests that states start with four to eight manageable emphasis areas. As SHSPs are data driven, emphasis areas must be related directly to data available and to the goal and term selected. The choice of emphasis areas must also take into account the availability of suitable staff, and the availability of staff to work on each phase of the SHSP16. The emphasis areas are expected to change over time as goals are achieved or modified. The focus on selected emphasis areas resists the natural tendency to try to address every safety issue. If every issue is addressed and described as a high priority, it is likely that the resulting plan will fall short of expectations as it tries to deliver too much, too quickly. With a zero fatality vision, all emphasis areas will have to be addressed, but by focusing resources on the areas with the greatest potential return, Arizona’s safety goal will be achieved more quickly and will allow the next generation of emphasis areas and strategies to be addressed earlier. As each emphasis area will contain multiple crash attributes, addressing the emphasis areas with the most fatalities is likely to provide benefits in general safety and in other specific emphasis areas. For example, the selection of lane departure fatalities and intersection fatalities as emphasis areas would also address:  23 percent of Arizona’s pedestrian fatalities and serious injuries  46 percent of Arizona’s bicycle fatalities and serious injuries  55 percent of Arizona’s truck fatalities and serious injuries  59 percent of Arizona’s motorcycle fatalities and serious injuries  61 percent of Arizona’s speeding fatalities and serious injuries  64 percent of Arizona’s older driver fatalities and serious injuries  67 percent of Arizona’s unrestrained fatalities and serious injuries  68 percent of Arizona’s young driver fatalities and serious injuries  70 percent of Arizona’s impaired fatalities and serious injuries 5.1. Process for Selecting Emphasis Areas The list of potential emphasis areas is long. As mentioned in the introduction to Section 4, the emphasis areas used in this report were selected during the SHSP Goal and Emphasis Area Workshop held on May 30, 2007. The Workshop was attended by representatives from the key safety jurisdictions in the State17. Selection of the emphasis areas was based on the analysis of the data and Arizona’s ability to effectively manage the emphasis areas chosen. 16 Arizona has already implemented or is in the process of implementing several of the emphasis area strategies contained in this report, they are re-iterated within this report to capture the associated performance measures and identify any data enhancements necessary to be able to assess their effectiveness. 17 See the Workshop’s, Setting Safety Goal and Emphasis Areas for the Strategic Highway Safety Plan Report (2007) 19 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 5.2. Arizona Emphasis Areas Prior to the workshop, a Safety Survey was developed to engage key safety stakeholders in the SHSP development process, to obtain their opinions on Arizona’s current safety planning / programming process, and to gather their input as to which emphasis areas should be the focus of the SHSP. In total, 21 safety stakeholder organizations, 12 GTSAC members, and 9 non-GTSAC organizations participated in the survey, and 32 responses were received (larger organizations provided multiple responses). Table 4 compares the emphasis areas selected by the 2005 TSP, the 2007 Safety Survey, and the SHSP data driven approach. The table shows that there was little agreement among the groups. The diversity between the processes underscores the importance of a data-driven approach. All three processes selected only three of the potential emphasis areas: intersection safety, lane departure, and pedestrian safety. Two processes selected two of the potential emphasis areas: seat belt use, impaired driving, older drivers (age greater than 65 years), motorcycles, trucks and data improvement. Only one process selected young drivers (age less than 25 years), speeding, driver behavior, aggressive driving, and EMS. 20   EMS   Aggressive Driving    Data Improvement  Driver Behavior   Trucks Older Drivers   Pedestrians (bicycles) Impaired Driving     Motorcycles Lane Departure     Speeding   Intersection Safety Seat Belt Use 2005 TSP Safety Survey Data Driven Young Drivers Source of Selection Table 4: Comparison of the Selection of Emphasis Areas     Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan To clarify the selection process and to ensure that it was data driven, workshop participants reviewed the five year fatality and serious injury trends for the following 16 emphasis areas: 1. Person without seat belt 2. Lane departure 3. Speeding 4. Young drivers (age less than 25 years) 5. Impaired driving 6. Intersection 7. Older drivers (age greater than 65 years) 8. Pedestrians 9. Trucks 10. Motorcycle 11. Aggressive driving 12. Keeping drivers alert 13. Bicycle 14. Work zones 15. Animals 16. Vehicle-train crashes After reviewing the data, the workshop participants selected six high priority emphasis areas for the SHSP: 1. Restraint Usage 2. Young Drivers (age less than 25 years) 3. Speeding 4. Impaired Driving 5. Roadway / Roadside 6. Data Improvement In selecting these six emphasis areas, the Workshop clarified the following points:  The Restraint Usage emphasis area includes all types of occupant protection.  Young Drivers are defined as less than 25 years old.  The Roadway / Roadside emphasis area combines lane departure and intersection fatalities.  The data improvement emphasis area addresses data collection and sharing challenges. Strategies for the Data Improvement emphasis area will be developed, implemented, and monitored by the Traffic Records Coordinating Subcommittee (TRCC) of GTSAC. The SHSP’s primary focus will be on the six emphasis areas listed above, but individual agencies and organizations may continue to address the needs of other areas. Each of the SHSP’s emphasis areas offers many opportunities to improve safety using the 4E’s approach. The Roadway / Roadside emphasis area has an engineering emphasis. The Restraint Usage, Young Drivers, Speeding, and Impaired Driving emphasis areas have a behavioral emphasis. 21 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 5 shows the number of fatalities and serious injuries recorded for each of the emphasis areas in the five year period from 2001–2005 (when a total of 5,644 fatalities and 37,265 serious injuries occurred). As discussed in Section 4, the sum of the fatalities and serious injuries for the individual emphasis areas is higher than the totals for the period due to overlaps between emphasis areas. Table 5: Emphasis Area Fatalities and Serious Injuries, 2001–2005 Emphasis Area Lack of Restraint Use Young Drivers Speeding Impaired Driving Roadway / Roadside: Lane Departure Roadway / Roadside: Intersections Data Improvement Number of Fatalities Number of Serious Injuries 3,437 1,766 2,194 2,385 2,958 1,271 Not applicable 15,100 15,386 12,670 5,728 10,957 16,365 Not applicable As progress is made with the six high priority emphasis areas, it will be possible for the SHSP to adopt and pursue additional emphasis areas. 22 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 6. Introduction to the Emphasis Areas Analysis and Emphasis Area Strategies The Sections that follow discuss each emphasis area individually:  Restraint Usage (Section 7)  Young Drivers (Section 8)  Speeding (Section 9)  Impaired Driving (Section 10)  Roadway / Roadside (an introduction to the Roadway / Roadside emphasis area is provided in Section 11) • Lane Departures (Section 12) • Intersections (Section 13)  Data Improvements (Section 14) Each Section is organized according to FHWA guidance for the preparation and presentation of a SHSP. With the exception of the Data Improvement emphasis area which follows NHTSA guidance for the development of a strategic plan for traffic safety data, each emphasis area is presented under five sub-headings: 1. Problem Statement 2. Sub-Goal Statement 3. Strategy Development 4. Summary of Findings from the Data 5. Strategies The data presented are the most recent data available, usually the five year period from 2001–2005. Wherever possible, the same analyses are provided for each emphasis area. There is some repetition in the separate Sections to allow each Section to be read independently. 6.1. Problem Statement The problem statement sets out the number of fatalities and the number of serious injuries involving the emphasis area during the five year period from 2001–2005. The problem statement also gives the number of fatalities and serious injuries to be expected if recent trends continue. These data are followed by an analysis of fatalities and serious injuries by urban versus rural areas18, and by Arizona county. 18 For a rural and urban definitions see http://tpd.azdot.gov/gis/fclass/FC_GUIDE.pdf 23 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 6.2. Sub-Goal Statement The sub-goal statement states the sub-goal for each emphasis area. As discussed in Section 4, each emphasis area has a stretch sub-goal of reducing fatalities by 15 percent in the five year period following 2007. The stretch goal of 15 percent was considered appropriate as some emphasis areas overlap. For example, some fatalities involve both young drivers and impaired driving. By selecting the 15 percent sub-goals, there is an allowance for double counting. The reductions achieved in each emphasis area will be monitored, evaluated and modified as required to achieve Arizona’s vision of “Zero fatalities.” 6.3. Strategy Development The strategy development section analyzes the number of fatalities and serious injuries in detail as a basis for selecting strategies. There are two main headings: 1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner 2. Seasonality Drivers, vehicles, and collision manner analyzes the number of fatalities and serious injuries by: • driver versus passenger • gender • age group • type of vehicle (e.g. passenger cars, pick-up truck, motorcycle, etc.) • collision manner (e.g. angle collisions, head-on collisions, etc.) Seasonality analyzes the number of fatalities and serious injuries by: • month of the year • day of week • time of day It was originally intended to include weather conditions as a third heading. Arizona’s weather, however, is dominated by clear conditions, and the analysis found that between 77 percent and 83 percent of fatalities for each emphasis area occurred during clear weather, as shown in Table 6. As a result, the weather heading was not included under the discussion of emphasis area strategies. 24 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 6: Fatalities versus Weather by Emphasis Area, 2001–2005 Weather Conditions Roadway Restraint Young Impaired / Speeding Usage Drivers Driving Roadside Fatalities Fatalities Fatalities Fatalities Fatalities Not Reported, No Adverse Conditions 9% 3% 1% 4% 3% Clear 77% 83% 82% 83% 81% Cloudy 10% 10% 11% 10% 11% Sleet / Hail 0% 0% 1% 0% 1% Rain 2% 2% 4% 2% 3% Snow 0% 0% 1% 0% 1% Other 2% 2% 0% 1% 0% Totals 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 6.4. Strategies The section on strategies recommends a set of strategies designed to achieve the emphasis area’s sub-goal. For each strategy, between one and nine detailed supporting countermeasures are listed and discussed. The countermeasures are then summarized in a table that shows the focus area (state or county), timing of implementation and performance measure(s). The type of performance measure that is most appropriate varies, and it is not always possible to express a performance measure as a reduction in the number of fatalities. In some cases, the number of fatalities is not the most appropriate performance measure, and in some cases, the link between a countermeasure, treatment or safety approach has not yet been well established. For example, the impact on the number of fatalities of a media or enforcement campaign is not well quantified. In the case of seat belts, it is clear that seat belts save lives, but the safety effect of a one percent or five percent increase in seat belt usage is very difficult to quantify. Wherever possible and feasible, the countermeasures proposed in GTSAC’s Action Plan and ADOT’s Transportation Safety Plan have been included within the appropriate emphasis area strategy. 25 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 7. Emphasis Area 1: Restraint Usage 7.1. Problem Statement In the five years from 2001–2005, lack of restraint usage was a contributing factor to 3,437 fatalities and 15,100 serious injuries in Arizona. Exhibit 11 shows the number of fatalities and the number of serious injuries involving lack of restraint usage in Arizona in each year from 2001–2005. Exhibit 11: Fatalities and Serious Injuries Involving Lack of Restraint Usage, 2001– 2005 3,250 723 3,200 720 710 3,150 701 691 700 660 3,000 640 612 620 2,900 2,750 2,700 2,950 580 2,922 2,800 2,889 600 3,197 2,850 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Serious Injuries Fatalities Fatalities 680 3,050 3,142 Serious Injuries 3,100 2,950 740 560 540 The number of fatalities involving the lack of restraint use increased by 18 percent: from 612 in 2001 to 723 in 2005. If this trend continues, the number of annual lack of restraint use related fatalities will increase from 723 in 2005 to 904 in 2012 (an increase of 25 percent). Table 7 shows that most lack of restraint use fatalities (60 percent) occur in rural areas, and most severe injuries (66 percent) occur in urban areas. Table 7: Urban versus Rural Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries, 2001–2005 Roadway Serious Injuries Fatalities Total Urban 66% 40% 53% Rural 34% 60% 47% Totals 100% 100% 100% 26 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 8 analyzes the number of lack of restraint usage fatalities by Arizona county from 2001–2005. The table also shows the breakdown by urban versus rural location within each county from 2001–2005. Maricopa and Pima counties account for 52 percent of all lack of restraint usage fatalities. Whereas most fatalities (60 percent) occur in rural rather than urban areas ( Table 8), in Maricopa County, most restraint usage fatalities occur in urban areas (73 percent). Table 8: Urban versus Rural Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities by County, 2001– 2005 Total Fatalities by County County as % of Total for Arizona Urban Fatalities by County Urban Fatalities as % of County Total Rural Fatalities by County Rural Fatalities as % of County Total Apache 171 5% 0 0% 171 100% Cochise 148 4% 16 11% 132 89% Coconino 184 5% 20 11% 164 89% Gila 78 2% 4 5% 74 95% Graham 37 1% 1 3% 36 97% Greenlee 3 0% 0 0% 3 0% Maricopa 1342 40% 1,008 73% 334 16% Mohave 173 5% 33 19% 140 81% Navajo 175 5% 10 6% 165 94% Pima 408 12% 159 39% 249 61% Pinal 287 8% 56 20% 231 80% Santa Cruz 32 1% 6 19% 26 81% Yavapai 219 6% 44 20% 175 80% Yuma 87 3% 18 21% 69 79% La Paz 93 3% 0 0% 93 100% Totals 3437 100% 1,375 County 7.2. 2062 Restraint Usage Sub-Goal Statement The sub-goal statement for restraint usage is: Reduce number of fatalities related to lack of restraint usage by 15 percent from the 2007 level over the five year period from 2008– 2012. 7.3. Strategy Development The data available to assist with strategy development are discussed under two headings: 1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner (Section 7.3.1) 2. Seasonality (Section 7.3.2) The data are then summarized (Section 7.3.3). 27 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 7.3.1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner Table 9 shows that the majority of fatalities involving lack of restraint usage are drivers (63 percent) rather than passengers (37 percent). The majority of serious injuries involving lack of restraint usage are also drivers (63 percent) rather than passengers (37 percent). Table 9: Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Driver versus Passenger, 2001–2005 Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % Driver 9,484 63% 2,163 63% Passenger 5,616 37% 1,274 37% 15,100 100% 3,437 100% Casualty Table 10 shows that the majority of fatalities involving lack of restraint usage involve males (71 percent) rather than females (29 percent). The majority of serious injuries involving lack of restraint usage also involve males (66 percent) rather than females (34 percent). Table 10: Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Gender, 2001– 2005 Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % Female 5,177 34% 995 29% Male 9,913 66% 2,441 71% 10 0% 1 0% 15,100 100% 3,437 100% Gender Unknown Totals The age distribution for crashes involving lack of restraint usage is shown in Table 11 and Exhibit 12. The 16-24 age group accounts for the largest group of restraint use fatalities (26 percent), followed by the 25-34 age group (20 percent), and the 35-44 age group (18 percent). In the case of serious injuries related to lack of restraint usage, the 16-24 age group also accounts for the largest group (32 percent), followed by the 25-34 age group (20 percent), and the 35-44 age group (15 percent). Table 11: Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001–2005 Age Group Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % 15 and under 1,356 9% 223 6% 16-24 4,815 32% 897 26% 25-34 2,969 20% 683 20% 35-44 2,317 15% 607 18% 45-54 1,755 12% 440 13% 55-64 855 6% 236 7% 65-74 362 2% 162 5% 28 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Age Group Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % 75-84 223 1% 118 3% 85 and older 60 0% 41 1% Unknown 388 3% 30 1% 15,100 100% 3,437 100% Totals 6000 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Serious Injuries 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 & n ow kn r un de ol 85 4 -8 75 4 -7 65 4 -6 55 4 -5 45 4 -4 35 4 -3 25 & 4 -2 r 16 de un 15 Serious Injuries Fatalities Exhibit 12: Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001–2005 Fatalities Table 12 analyzes fatalities and serious injuries in crashes involving lack of restraint usage by the type of collision. Single vehicle collisions account for the largest group of lack of restraint usage fatalities (54 percent) and serious injuries (40 percent). Three other types of collision account for at least 10 percent of fatalities or serious injuries involving lack of restraint usage: angle crashes account for 12 percent of the fatalities and 21 percent of the serious injuries; left-turn crashes account for 7 percent of the fatalities and 14 percent of the serious injuries; and head-on crashes account for 12 percent of the fatalities and 5 percent of the serious injuries. 29 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 12: Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Collision Manner, 2001–2005 Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % 3,138 21% 408 12% Backing 6 0% 0 0% Head-On 752 5% 408 12% 2,122 14% 227 7% 10 0% 1 0% Non-Contact (not mc) 18 0% 6 0% Other 357 2% 133 4% 1,812 12% 213 6% Sideswipe (opposite) 230 2% 54 2% Sideswipe (same) 529 4% 97 3% 5,981 40% 1,873 54% U-Turn 145 1% 17 0% Totals 15,100 100% 3,437 100% Collision Manner Angle Left Turn Non-Contact (mc) 19 Rear-End Single Vehicle 7.3.2. Seasonality To assist in the timing of education and enforcement campaigns, the data for lack of restraint usage were analyzed to determine whether lack of restraint usage crashes tend to occur at particular times (month, day, or time of day). Exhibit 13 shows that fatalities related to lack of restraint usage tend to peak over the summer months of July and August. Serious injuries peak in March and April, and again in October. 19 (mc) means motorcycle 30 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 1,400 350 1,350 300 1,300 250 1,250 200 1,200 150 1,150 Fatalities Serious Injuries Exhibit 13: Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Month of Year, 2001–2005 100 1,100 1,050 50 1,000 0 c De v No ct O p Se g Au ar l Ju n Ju ay M r Ap M b Fe n Ja Month of Year Serious Injuries Fatalities Exhibit 14 shows that fatalities and serious injuries related to lack of restraint usage are most numerous on weekends and Fridays. Fatalities related to lack of restraint usage increase by 92 percent from Wednesday to Saturday. Serious Injuries 3,000 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 tu a rd y ay 31 Fatalities ay y sd y a sd ne da Serious Injuries Sa id Fr ur ed es y ay da nd on Th W Tu M Su Da y of W eek Fatalities Exhibit 14: Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Day of Week, 2001–2005 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Exhibit 15 shows that lack of restraint usage fatalities tend to occur at particular times of day: the middle of the night, between midnight and 1:00am; and the afternoon peak period from 4:00pm to 6:00pm. A smaller peak in fatalities occurs in the morning from 5:00am to 7:00am. Serious injuries related to lack of restraint usage tend to increase in the morning from around 10:00am, and peak in the late afternoon at 5:00pm. 1,200 250 1,000 200 800 150 600 100 400 Fatalities Serious Injuries Exhibit 15: Lack of Restraint Usage Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Time of Day, 2001–2005 50 200 0 12am 1am 2am 3am 4am 5am 6am 7am 8am 9am 10am 11am 12pm 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm 6pm 7pm 8pm 9pm 10pm 11pm 0 Time of Day Serious Injuries 7.3.3. Fatalities Summary of Lack of Restraint Usage Data The following bullets provide a summary of the data in Section 7:  In the five years from 2001–2005, lack of restraint use contributed to 3,437 fatalities and 15,100 serious injuries in Arizona.  Fatalities related to lack of restraint usage are increasing.  Maricopa and Pima Counties account for 52 percent of all lack of restraint usage fatalities.  Most fatalities (60 percent) occur in rural areas.  Most fatalities are drivers (63 percent) rather than passengers (37 percent)  Most fatalities involve males (71 percent).  The 16-24 age group accounts for the largest group of fatalities (26 percent), followed by the 25-34 age group (20 percent), and the 35-44 age group (18 percent).  Single vehicle collisions account for 54 percent of fatalities.  Fatalities tend to peak in July and August.  Fatalities are most numerous on weekends and Fridays.  Fatalities tend to occur in the middle of the night, between midnight and 1:00am, and during the afternoon peak period from 4:00pm to 6:00pm. 32 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 7.4. Restraint Usage Strategies and Countermeasures The following strategies are recommended to achieve the restraint usage goal. 7.4.1. Strategy: Maximize Restraint Use by All Vehicle Occupants The following countermeasures are proposed to maximize restraint usage by all vehicle occupants in Arizona: Countermeasure 1. Enact a primary seat belt law to increase restraint usage20. According to NHTSA, 25 States and the District of Columbia have enacted primary enforcement of seat belt laws. Primary enforcement provisions permit law enforcement officers to stop a vehicle solely on the basis of an observed seat belt violation. Enacting a primary seat belt law increases occupant seat belt use. Enact the legislative change either through legislation or through a referendum. The law should cover all seating positions, the type of vehicle, and all occupants regardless of age. Other legislative changes should include:  Requiring booster seats for children aged 5-8, or weighing approximately 80 pounds, or standing less than 4-feet, 9inches tall  Requiring safety belts for children aged 9 and older, or standing 4-feet, 9-inches or taller  Requiring that all children 12 and under ride in back seat of vehicle  Providing immunity from civil liability for certified Child Passenger Safety technicians who install car seats. Agencies such as AAA have discontinued providing such services in Arizona because of liability concerns Countermeasure 2. Increase the penalties for the non-use of restraint. Countermeasure 3. Conduct short-term high visibility seat belt law enforcement campaigns at selected locations. Countermeasure 4. Ensure sustained enforcement in counties with 10 percent or more of the state’s fatalities attributed to non-use of occupant restraints. Countermeasure 5. Increase the perception that violators will be caught and pay the consequences. Use public relation programs and the media to increase the perception. 20 Four Arizona tribal communities have already implemented a primary seat belt law. 33 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Countermeasure 6. Develop educational and public information campaigns for different audiences to support enforcement strategies on restraint usage21. Ensure that educational programs are multi-lingual and sensitive to Arizona’s tribal communities and other cultures. Some cultures, for example, find the mention of death or discussions of death unwelcome. Develop a campaign targeting 16-24 year olds as this group accounts for 26 percent of fatalities related to lack of restraint usage, and 32 percent of serious injuries related to lack of restraint usage. Develop programs where employers, schools, and similar institutions can relay the importance of using occupant restraint. Increase awareness by highlighting the short-term medical costs, and long-term societal loss and burden caused by lack of restraint usage fatalities and injuries. Continue to promote the Arizona Trucking Association’s 3-year, Share the Road program that promotes increased seat belt usage by truck drivers. This is a successful program and educational insights from it may be transferable to new educational and public information campaigns developed under this countermeasure22. The six countermeasures designed to maximize all vehicle occupants’ use of restraints are summarized in Table 13 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing, and performance measures. Table 13: Maximize Restraint Use by All Vehicle Occupants: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description Enact changes in seatbelt legislation State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measure(s) Statewide Immediately Change in state laws Change in seat belt usage Increase penalties for non-use Conduct highvisibility enforcement campaign Statewide Year round Number of citations issued High crash location March, April, August, October Friday, Saturday, Sunday 12:00pm – 6:00pm 12:00am – 2:00am Number of lack of restraint usage fatalities reduced in targeted locations 21 Number of citations issued Where feasible, training and “train the trainer” programs should be shared to make the best use of limited resources and expertise. 22 The Share the Road program also has a module for training passenger car drivers about the operating characteristics of large trucks, and how to drive safely around them. This information could be incorporated into the educational components of the Young Drivers and Roadway / Roadside emphasis areas. 34 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Countermeasure Description State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measure(s) Ensure sustained enforcement in counties with high percentage of fatalities Maricopa Pima Friday, Saturday, Sunday 12:00pm – 6:00pm 12:00am – 2:00pm Number of lack of restraint usage fatalities reduced in targeted counties Number of citations issued Increase the perception that violators will be caught and face the consequences Statewide Conduct educational and public information campaign to support all strategies Statewide Year round Change in public perceptions (as indicated in population surveys) Number of lack of restraint usage fatalities reduced in targeted counties Year round Campaigns targeting different audience produced and marketed Number of lack of restraint usage fatalities reduced in targeted locations 7.4.2. Strategy: Educate the Public on the Proper Use of Child Restraints The following countermeasures are proposed to educate the public on the proper use of child restraints: Countermeasure 1. Conduct high-profile child restraint inspection events at various locations across each community. Countermeasure 2. Train law enforcement and others to check for proper child restraint usage. Countermeasure 3. Develop a restraint usage intervention program, and determine venues for most appropriate implementation (e.g. Trauma Centers, parenting classes). The three countermeasures designed to educate the public on the proper use of child restraints are summarized in Table 14 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing, and performance measures. 35 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 14: Educate the Public on the Proper Use of Child Restraints: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description Conduct high-profile child restraint inspection events State or County Focus Area Performance Measure(s) Statewide with focus on: Maricopa Pima Number of inspections carried out Train law enforcement and others to check for proper child restraint use Statewide Number of checks carried out Develop restraint usage intervention program Statewide Program developed Number of interventions 36 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 8. Emphasis Area 2: Young Drivers 8.1. Problem Statement In this report, young drivers are drivers less than 25 years of age. In the five years from 2001–2005, young drivers were involved in 1,766 fatalities and 15,386 serious injuries in Arizona. Exhibit 16 shows the number of fatalities and the number of serious injuries involving young drivers in Arizona in each year from 2001–2005. Exhibit 16: Fatalities and Serious Injuries Involving Young Drivers, 2001–2005 4000 390 385 3500 371 380 370 359 360 2500 350 2000 340 326 330 325 1500 Fatalities Serious Injuries 3000 320 1000 3345 2862 2858 2846 0 3475 310 500 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Serious Injuries 300 290 Fatalities The number of fatalities increased from 326 in 2001 to 371 in 2005 (an increase of 14 percent). If this trend continues, the number of young driver fatalities will increase from 371 in 2005 to 458 by 2012 (an increase of 23 percent). Table 15 shows that young driver fatalities are split evenly between the rural and urban areas. Most serious injury crashes (76 percent) occur in urban areas. Table 15: Urban versus Rural Young Driver Fatalities and Serious Injuries, 2001– 2005 Roadway Serious Injuries Fatalities Total Urban 76% 50% 63% Rural Totals 24% 100% 50% 100% 37% 100% 37 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 16 analyzes the number of young driver fatalities by Arizona county from 2001– 2005. The table also shows the breakdown by urban versus rural location within each county from 2001–2005. Maricopa and Pima counties account for 60 percent of all young driver fatalities. Whereas most fatalities (73 percent) occur in rural rather than urban areas (Table 16), in Maricopa County, young driver fatalities occur mainly in urban areas (80 percent), and in Pima County, about half of young driver fatalities occur in urban areas (49 percent). Table 16: Urban versus Rural Young Driver Fatalities by County, 2001–2005 Urban Fatalities By County Urban Fatalities as % of County Total Rural Fatalities By County Rural Fatalities as % of County Total County Total Fatalities By County County as % of Total For Arizona Apache 73 4% 0 0% 73 100% Cochise 73 4% 13 18% 60 82% Coconino 82 5% 10 12% 72 88% Gila 20 1% 1 5% 19 95% Graham 11 1% 0 0% 11 100% Greenlee 1 0% 0 0% 1 100% Maricopa 859 49% 691 80% 168 20% Mohave 76 4% 11 14% 65 86% Navajo 65 4% 5 8% 60 92% Pima 198 11% 97 49% 101 51% Pinal 124 7% 20 16% 104 84% Santa Cruz 11 1% 1 9% 10 91% Yavapai 96 5% 22 23% 74 77% Yuma 42 2% 13 31% 29 69% La Paz 35 2% 0 0% 35 100% Totals 1,766 100% 884 8.2. 882 Young Drivers Sub-Goal Statement The sub-goal statement for young drivers is: Reduce young driver related fatalities by 15 percent from the 2007 level over the five year period from 2008–2012. 8.3. Strategy Development The data available to assist with strategy development are discussed under two headings: 1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner (Section 8.3.1) 2. Seasonality (Section 8.3.2) The data are then summarized (Section 8.3.3). 38 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 8.3.1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner Table 17 shows that most fatalities from crashes involving young drivers are drivers (59 percent) rather than passengers (41 percent). Most serious injuries involving young drivers are also the drivers (64 percent) rather than passengers (36 percent). Table 17: Young Driver Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Driver versus Passenger, 2001–2005 Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % Driver 9,834 64% 1,050 59% Passenger 5,552 36% 716 41% 15,386 100% 1,766 100% Casualty Table 18 shows that most young driver fatalities are males (67 percent). The gender difference for serious injuries is less pronounced, with 53 percent of young drivers with serious injuries being males. Table 18: Young Driver Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Gender, 2001–2005 Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % Female 7,239 47% 588 33% Male 8,140 53% 1,178 67% 7 0% 0 0% 15,386 100% 1,766 100% Gender Unknown Table 19 analyzes young driver fatalities and serious injuries by the type of vehicle involved in the crash. (The data are based on crashes involving young drivers rather than fatalities and serious injuries involving young drivers as in the previous Tables.) Most young driver fatalities involve passenger cars (67 percent) and pick-up trucks (23 percent). Most young driver serious injuries also involve passenger cars (73 percent) and pick-up trucks (20 percent). Motorcycle crashes also involved in 6 percent of young driver fatalities and 5 percent of young driver serious injuries. Table 19: Young Driver Fatal and Serious Injury Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2001– 2005 Vehicle Type Serious Injury Crashes % Fatal Crashes % Not Reported 0% 2% Passenger Car 74% 67% Pick-Up Truck 20% 23% Truck Tractor 0% 1% Bus (including school bus) 0% 0% Motorcycle (two or three wheel) 5% 6% Emergency Vehicle 0% 0% Other Vehicle 1% 1% 100% 100% 39 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 20 analyzes fatalities and serious injuries involving young drivers by the type of collision. Single vehicle crashes account for the largest group of young driver fatalities (40 percent). Two other types of collision account for at least 10 percent of young driver fatalities: angle crashes (18 percent), and head-on crashes (18 percent). Angle vehicle crashes account for the largest group of young driver serious injuries (25 percent). Three other types of collision account for at least 10 percent of young driver serious injuries: single vehicle crashes (22 percent), left-turn crashes (19 percent), and rear-end crashes (19 percent). Table 20: Young Drivers Fatalities and Serious Injuries Collision Manner, 2001– 2005 Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % 3,369 22% 711 40% Sideswipe (same) 597 4% 66 4% Sideswipe (opposite) 218 1% 38 2% Angle 3,915 25% 311 18% Left Turn 2,939 19% 154 9% Rear-End 2,931 19% 119 7% Head-On 852 7% 293 18% Backing 12 0% Other 376 2% Collision Manner Single Vehicle Non-Contact (mc) 0% 63 0% 4% 0% Non-Contact (not mc) 16 0% 4 0% U-Turn 161 1% 7 0% 15,386 100% 1,766 100% Totals 8.3.2. Seasonality To assist in the timing of education and enforcement campaigns, the young driver data were analyzed to determine whether crashes involving young drivers tend to occur at particular times (month, day, or time of day). Exhibit 17 shows that young driver fatalities tend to increase from March through August with a peak in July and August. Young drivers serious injuries tend to occur at a fairly constant rate throughout the year, as shown by the bold dashed linear trend line in Exhibit 17. There are small peaks in serious injuries in March and October. 40 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 1,600 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Serious Injuries 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 Fatalities Exhibit 17: Young Driver Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Month of Year, 2001– 2005 c De v No ct O p Se g Au l Ju ar n Ju ay M r Ap M b Fe n Ja Month of Year Serious Injuries Fatalities Linear (Serious Injuries) Exhibit 18 shows that young driver fatalities and serious injuries are most numerous on weekends and Fridays. The chance of a young driver becoming a fatality increases by 110 percent from Wednesday to Saturday. Serious Injuries 3,000 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 ay rd tu ay 41 Fatalities Sa y da rs y Serious Injuries ay id Fr u Th a sd sd ne ed W e Tu ay y da on M nd Su Day of Week Fatalities Exhibit 18: Young Driver Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Day of Week, 2001–2005 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Exhibit 19 shows that young driver fatalities peak in the very early morning, around 1:00am. Fatalities increase throughout the afternoon, building to a second peak between 6:00pm and 8:00pm. The number of young driver serious injuries has a small peak in the early morning hours, and begins increasing substantially at 11am with a peak occurring between 2:00pm and 6:00pm. 1,200 120 1,000 100 800 80 600 60 400 40 200 20 0 12am 1am 2am 3am 4am 5am 6am 7am 8am 9am 10am 11am 12pm 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm 6pm 7pm 8pm 9pm 10pm 11pm 0 Fatalities Serious Injuries Exhibit 19: Young Driver Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Time of Day, 2001–2005 Time of Day Serious Injuries 8.3.3. Fatalities Summary of Young Drivers Data, 2001–2005 The following list provides a summary of the data for young drivers presented in Section 8:  Young drivers accounted for 1,766 fatalities and 15,386 serious injuries in the five year period from 2001–2005.  Young driver fatalities are increasing.  Fatalities are split evenly between the rural and urban areas.  Maricopa and Pima counties account for 60 percent of all young driver fatalities.  Most fatalities are drivers (59 percent) rather than passengers (41 percent).  Most fatalities are males (67 percent).  Most fatalities involve passenger cars (67 percent) and pick-up trucks (23 percent).  Single vehicle collisions account for the largest group of fatalities (40 percent).  Fatalities tend to peak from March through August.  Fatalities are most numerous on weekends and Fridays.  Fatalities tend to peak around 1:00am with a second peak between 6:00pm to 8:00pm. 42 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 8.4. Young Drivers Strategies and Countermeasures The following strategies are recommended to achieve the young drivers’ goal. 8.4.1. Strategy: Strengthen Legislative and Administrative Requirements In addition to the data presented above, legislation and administrative requirements related to young drivers need to take in to account the following: nighttime driving increases the fatal crash risk among teenage drivers; and teenage driving with passengers increases the risk of crashing, and this risk grows with the number of passengers23. The following countermeasures are proposed to strengthen legislation and administrative requirements related to young drivers in Arizona: Countermeasure 1. Establish a Study Committee composed of former members of the Teenage Driver Safety Act (TDSA) Coalition to meet regularly to review and evaluate the success of the new graduated license law that goes into effect on July 1, 2008. Countermeasure 2. Require drivers’ licenses to be renewed every five years with a written test. Also, require each person to pass a written test to move from a class G license to a class D license, but give exemptions to drivers who have not had a citation or collision. Countermeasure 3. As part of the graduated licensing program, implement mandatory defensive driving classes to be taken and mastered prior to graduating to the next phase of licensing. Countermeasure 4. Align the Arizona Driver’s Manual with the SHSP goals, objectives and strategies. Countermeasure 5. Remove conflicting directives, for example, the air quality directive that requires schools to encourage young drivers to carpool (whereas graduated licensing requirements do not encourage young drivers to have passengers). The five countermeasures designed to strengthen legislative and administrative requirements related to young drivers are summarized in Table 21 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing, and performance measures. 23 NHTSA Countermeasures That Work 43 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 21: Strengthen Legislative and Administrative Requirements: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measure(s) Establish a Graduated License Study Committee Statewide One time implementation Committee established Make renewal of drivers’ licenses more stringent Statewide Year round Legislation developed and enacted Consider making mandatory defensive driving classes part of the graduated licensing program Statewide Year round Program developed and implemented Align Arizona Driver’s Manual with SHSP Statewide Ensure linkage with each SHSP update Integration process implemented Remove conflicting directives Statewide As required Number of conflicting directives changed Committee findings linked to legislative change process Students trained per year Number of conflicting directives not changed 8.4.2. Strategy: Reduce Young Drivers’ Involvement in Fatal and Serious Injury Crashes The following countermeasure is proposed to reduce young drivers’ involvement in fatal and serious injury crashes in Arizona. Countermeasure 1. Introduce enforcement campaigns that are tailored to enforce and enhance awareness of graduated licensing conditions, zerotolerance (alcohol / DUI) laws, and the life-saving benefits of wearing a safety belt. The countermeasure designed to reduce young drivers’ involvement in fatal and serious injury crashes is summarized in Table 22 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing, and performance measures. Table 22: Reduce Young Drivers’ Involvement in Fatal Crash and Serious Injury Crashes: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measures Introduce enforcement campaigns tailored to young drivers Statewide Friday, Saturday, Sunday 12:00pm – 6:00pm 12:00am – 2:00am Number of young drivers citations issued 44 Number of young driver fatalities per year Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 8.4.3. Strategy: Introduce Training Support for Parents of Young Drivers The following countermeasures are proposed to introduce training support for parents of young drivers in Arizona. Countermeasure 1. Enlist the support of parents to teach driving skills and manage the driving behavior of their children. Link to existing programs, for example, AAA’s Dare to Prepare, and / or insurance company programs such as Steer Clear, Wrecked and TeenSmart24. Countermeasure 2. Develop and implement a website that acts as a parent and young driver safety clearinghouse by providing easy access to various driver safety sites for parents and young drivers. The website will provide links to where parents and young drivers can find more information on driver safety, and private and public driver education programs. The website will also provide an opportunity to exchange ideas and provide feedback. The website should be part of the current GTSAC website and could be managed through the Communications subcommittee. Countermeasure 3. Provide teens and parents with an information package that includes tools and resources that will assist parents who are teaching teens to drive, and that informs teens and their parents of the website (Countermeasure 2). The agency responsible for distribution and updating of the information packages will be determined during the development of the Implementation Plan. The Arizona AAA should be considered as the lead agency for this countermeasure. The three countermeasures designed to introduce training support for parents of young drivers are summarized in Table 23 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing, and performance measures. Table 23: Introduce Training Support for Parents of Young Drivers: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measure(s) Enlist the support of parents in teaching and managing young drivers Statewide Year round Number of young driver families enrolled in each program per year Develop a parent and young driver website Statewide Start up and maintain year round Website implemented Website updated biannually Number of hits on 24 Steer Clear is a State Farm young drivers insurance program, Wrecked is part of the Farmers Insurance Group of Companies’ "You're Essential to Safety" (Y.E.S.) young drivers insurance program, and TeenSmart is an American Automobile Association program. 45 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan website per year Provide teens and parents with an information package Statewide Year round Package developed Number of packages handed out Number of hits on website per year 8.4.4. Strategy: Increase Young Drivers’ Safety Awareness The following countermeasures are proposed to increase young drivers’ safety awareness.. Countermeasure 1. Develop a new, or promote an existing model Driver Improvement Program (Traffic Survival School / Defensive Driving) along similar lines to the Mesa Defensive Driving Program for teenagers. Countermeasure 2. Develop a master young driver (non-mandatory) program that addresses both standards and curriculum and can be used by all Arizona Driver and Safety Education learning institutions. Ideally this master program would be offered in every high school in Arizona. Consideration should be given to: including the science portion of driver education into the science portion of Arizona's Instrument to Measure Standards (AIMS) test; including legal responsibilities and governmental requirements of driver education in the social studies portion of the AIMS test; and modifying the writing portion of the AIMS test to include driver education topics of social importance, such as wearing seat belts at all times, never drinking and driving, sharing the roadway with others, preventing road rage, and being a responsible driver25. Countermeasure 3. Require all driver education instructors to participate in continuing education specific to driver education. This countermeasure may include semi-annual conferences designed to update educators with current driver safety practices and procedures, on-line training, or a university course. Countermeasure 4. Coordinate efforts with other emphasis areas. Ensure programs developed for restraints usage, impaired driving, and speeding have components that specifically address young drivers. 25 The Arizona Driver and Safety Education Association (ADSEA) could be the lead agency for this countermeasure. 46 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Countermeasure 5. Develop and implement a safe driving outreach program targeted to young drivers who are between the ages of 19 and 24 and who are no longer in high school. Countermeasure 6. Examine existing defensive driving courses, and / or safe driving record programs and promote suitable courses and programs for reduced car insurance premiums. Appropriate crash data will have to be collected and analyzed, and recommendations will have to be marketed to automobile insurance companies, and private and public driver education programs. Countermeasure 7. Link restraint usage, speeding, and impaired driving educational and outreach programs to educational and outreach programs for young drivers. Countermeasure 8. Market safe driving during vehicle registration using multi-media to target young drivers, and require the successful completion of a safe driving test (approximately 15 minutes) prior to young drivers receiving their vehicle registration. The eight countermeasures designed to increase young drivers’ safety awareness are summarized in Table 24 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing, and performance measures. Table 24: Increase Young Drivers’ Safety Awareness: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measure(s) Develop / promote a Driver Improvement Program for teenagers Statewide Year round Program developed and implemented Establish a mandatory master training program for driver education. Statewide Number of young driver fatalities per year Year round Date of standard curriculum developed Number of institutions using master program per year Number of students trained per year Require continuing education for driver instructors Statewide Year round Number of driver instructors receiving continuing education per year Coordinate efforts with other emphasis areas Statewide Year round Structure in place to coordinate efforts with the young drivers’ component of other emphasis areas Develop an outreach program for 19-24 age group Statewide Year round Outreach program implemented Feedback survey developed and 47 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Countermeasure Description State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measure(s) implemented Develop a defensive driving course linked to insurance premiums Statewide Year round Course developed and implemented Link young driver educational and outreach programs with restraint usage, speeding, and impaired driving Statewide Year round All associated educational programs linked and consistent Market safe driving during vehicle registration Statewide Year round Program implemented Insurance company buy-in Number of young drivers who fail test per year, and average young driver score per year 48 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 9. Emphasis Area 3: Speeding 9.1. Problem Statement In the five years from 2001–2005, speeding contributed to 2,194 fatalities and 12,670 serious injuries. Most speeding related fatalities and serious injuries (82%) were due not to exceeding the posted speed, but to driving too fast for the conditions. The remaining 12% of speeding related fatalities and serious injuries were the result of exceeding the posted speed. See Appendix C for a breakdown of speeding data by injury type, speed and posted speed. Exhibit 20 shows the number of fatalities and serious injuries involving speeding in Arizona in each year from 2001–2005. Exhibit 20: Fatalities and Serious Injuries Involving Speeding, 2001–2005 4,000 700 600 421 452 405 442 473 500 400 2,000 300 200 2,850 2,722 2,440 2,361 2,297 1,000 0 Fatalities Serious Injuries 3,000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Serious Injuries 100 0 Fatalities The number of fatalities increased from 421 in 2001 to 473 in 2005 (an increase of 12 percent). If this trend continues, the number of speeding related fatalities will increase from 473 in 2005 to 523 by 2012 (an increase of 11 percent). The number of speeding related serious injuries decreased from 2,850 in 2001 to 2,297 in 2005. Table 25 shows that most speeding related fatalities occur in rural areas (59 percent) rather than urban areas. Most serious injuries (64 percent) occur in urban areas. 49 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 25: Urban versus Rural Speeding Fatalities and Serious Injuries, 2001–2005 Roadway Serious Injuries Fatalities Total Urban 64% 41% 53% Rural 36% 59% 48% Totals 100% 100% 100% Table 26 analyzes speeding related fatalities by Arizona county from 2001–2005. The table also shows the breakdown by urban versus rural locations within each county from 2001–2005. Table 26: Urban and Rural Speeding Fatalities by County, 2001–2005 Urban Fatalities by County Urban Fatalities as % of County Total Rural Fatalities by County Rural Fatalities as % of County Total 4% 0 0% 90 100% 121 6% 9 7% 112 93% Coconino 113 5% 12 11% 101 89% Gila 54 2% 2 4% 52 96% Graham 13 1% 0 0% 13 100% Greenlee 2 0% 0 0% 2 100% La Paz 79 4% 0 0% 79 100% Maricopa 878 39% 691 79% 187 21% Mohave 149 7% 33 22% 116 78% Navajo 78 4% 5 6% 73 94% Pima 248 10% 89 36% 159 64% Pinal 144 7% 24 17% 120 83% Santa Cruz 15 1% 3 20% 12 80% Yavapai 146 7% 18 12% 128 88% Yuma 64 3% 14 22% 50 78% Totals 2,194 100% 900 Total Fatalities by County County as % of Total for Arizona Apache 90 Cochise County 1,294 Maricopa and Pima Counties account for 49 percent of all speeding related fatalities. Whereas most speeding fatalities (59 percent) occur in rural areas rather than urban areas (Table 26), in Maricopa County, most fatalities occur in urban areas (79 percent). 50 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 9.2. Speeding Goal The sub-goal statement for speeding is: Reduce speeding related fatalities by 15 percent from the 2007 level over the five year period from 2008–2012. 9.3. Strategy Development The data available to assist with strategy development are discussed under two headings: 1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner (Section 9.3.1) 2. Seasonality (Section 9.3.2) The data are then summarized (Section 9.3.3). 9.3.1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner Table 27 shows that most speed related fatalities are drivers (60 percent) rather than passengers (36 percent). Three percent of fatalities are pedestrians and 1 percent are bicyclists. Table 27: Speeding Fatalities by Casualty Type, 2001–2005 Casualty Fatalities Fatalities % 1,309 60% Passengers 793 36% Pedestrians 69 3% Bicyclist 23 1% 2,194 100% Driver Totals Table 28 shows that most speed related fatalities involve males (71 percent). The gender difference for speed related serious injuries is less marked, but most serious injuries also involve males (58 percent). Table 28: Speeding Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Gender, 2001–2005 Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % Female 5,333 42% 637 29% Male 7,330 58% 1,556 71% 7 0% 1 0% 12,670 100% 2,194 100% Gender Unknown Totals The age distribution for fatalities and serious injuries involving speed is shown in Table 29 and Exhibit 21. The age groups 16-24 and 25-34 account for 29 percent and 21 percent of fatalities respectively. The 35-44 and 45-54 age groups account for 15 percent and 13 percent of fatalities respectively. 51 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan The pattern for serious injuries related to speed is similar. The age groups 16-24 and 25-34 account for 31 percent and 21 percent of fatalities respectively. The 35-44 and 45-54 age groups account for 15 percent and 12 percent of fatalities respectively. These results provide a good example of the overlap between fatalities discussed in Section 4. In this case, it is clear that young driver fatalities are often speeding fatalities. Table 29: Speeding Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001–2005 Age Group Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % 798 6% 119 5% 16-24 3,904 31% 624 29% 25-34 2,675 21% 465 21% 35-44 1,944 15% 334 15% 45-54 1,484 12% 281 13% 55-64 838 7% 156 7% 65-74 437 3% 99 5% 75-84 273 2% 67 3% 85 & older 73 1% 28 1% unknown 244 2% 21 1% 12,670 100% 2,194 100% 15 & under Totals Serious Injuries 5,000 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 U & U 6 -2 4 5 - 3 4 5 -4 4 5 - 5 4 5 -6 4 5 -7 4 5 -8 4 8 5 & O n k n o nd e lde w n r r Serious Injuries 52 Fatalities Fatalities Exhibit 21: Speeding Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001–2005 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 30 analyzes speed related fatalities and serious injuries by the type of vehicle involved in the crash. Most speed related fatalities involve passenger cars (62 percent) and pick-up trucks (28 percent). Most speed related serious injuries also involve passenger cars (64 percent) and pick-up trucks (22 percent). Motorcycles are involved in 8 percent of speed related fatalities and 11 percent of speed related serious injuries. Table 30: Speeding Fatal and Serious Injury Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2001–2005 Serious Injury Crashes % Fatal Crashes % Not Reported 0% 0% Passenger Car 65% 62% Pick-Up Truck 22% 28% Truck Tractor 1% 1% Bus (including school bus) 0% 0% Motorcycle (two or three wheel) 11% 8% Emergency Vehicle 0% 0% Other Vehicle 1% 1% 100% 100% Vehicle Type Totals 9.3.2. Seasonality To assist in the timing of speed reduction campaigns, data on speeding related fatalities and serious injuries were analyzed to determine whether the fatalities and serious injuries involving speed tend to occur at particular times (month, day, or time of day). Exhibit 22 shows that fatalities related to speeding tend to occur at a fairly constant rate throughout the year, as shown by the bold, orange dashed linear trend line. The peak month for speed related fatalities is August. There is a smaller peak in March. Exhibit 22 shows that serious injuries related to speed also tend to occur at a fairly constant rate throughout the year, as shown by the bold, dark dashed linear trend line. The peak months for speed related serious injuries are March and August. 53 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Exhibit 22: Speeding Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Month of Year, 2001–2005 1400 250 200 1000 800 150 600 100 Fatalities Serious Injuries 1200 400 50 200 0 0 Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Serious Injuries Fatalities Linear (Serious Injuries) Linear (Fatalities) Exhibit 23 shows that fatalities and serious injuries involving speed are most numerous on weekends and Fridays. The chance of being involved in a speed related fatality increases by 92 percent from Wednesday to Saturday. Exhibit 23: Speeding Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Day of Week, 2001–2005 2,500 450 400 350 300 1,500 250 200 1,000 150 100 500 50 0 0 Sun da y Mo nd ay Tu e d ay We dn Serious Injuries 54 esd ay Th u rsd ay Fatalities Frid ay S at ur d a y Fatalities Serious Injuries 2,000 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Exhibit 24 shows that the main peak time for speed related fatalities is in the very early morning, between midnight and 1:00am. There is a small peak in the early morning between 5:00am and 7:00am, and a high peak between 2:00pm and 4:00pm. The number of serious injuries involving speed shows a small peak in the very early morning between midnight and 1:00am. The main peak period is between 2:00pm and 5:00pm. 1,000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 140 120 80 60 Fatalities 100 40 20 0 12am 1am 2am 3am 4am 5am 6am 7am 8am 9am 10am 11am 12pm 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm 6pm 7pm 8pm 9pm 10pm 11pm Serious Injuries Exhibit 24: Speeding Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Time of Day, 2001–2005 Serious Injuries 9.3.3. Fatalities Summary of Speeding Crash Data The following list provides a summary of the data for speeding presented in Section 9:  Speed contributed to 2,193 fatalities and 12,670 serious injuries in the five year period from 2001–2005.  Speeding related fatalities are increasing.  Most fatalities occur in rural areas (59 percent).  Maricopa and Pima counties account for 49 percent of all speeding related fatalities.  Most fatalities are drivers (60 percent), and 36 percent are passengers.  Most fatalities involve males (71 percent).  People aged 16-24 and 25-34 account for 29 percent and 21 percent of fatalities respectively.  People aged 35-44 and 45-54 account for 15 percent and 13 percent of fatalities respectively.  Most fatalities involve passenger cars (62 percent) and pick-up trucks (28 percent).  Fatalities occur throughout the year with slight peaks in March and August.  Fatalities are most numerous on weekends and Fridays.  Fatalities tend to peak in the very early morning and again in the afternoon hours between 2:00pm and 4:00pm. 55 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 9.4. Speeding Strategies and Countermeasures All actions related to the following speeding strategies and countermeasures should be linked to NHTSA’s Speed Management Workshop, where feasible. The following strategies are recommended to achieve the speeding goal26. 9.4.1. Strategy: Reduce the Incidence of Speeding Strategies for reducing the incidence of speeding are based on the premise that a reduction in speeds will result in crashes that are less severe, and that less severe crashes will translate into fewer fatalities and serious injuries. The following countermeasures are proposed to reduce the incidence of speeding in Arizona: Countermeasure 1. Identify high crash locations where many crashes are attributed to speeding and use established guidelines to review the speed limit to ensure that the limit is appropriate to the location. This countermeasure needs the support of an aggressive enforcement campaign to ensure speed compliance. It is recommended that this countermeasure should be implemented initially in urban areas in Maricopa County and Pima County, and statewide in rural areas. Countermeasure 2. Provide increased enforcement with high-visibility at high crash locations in Maricopa and Pima Counties. To maximize the effective use of limited human resources, the planned enforcement activities can be scheduled outside of peak periods from 2:00pm to 5:00pm and from 12:00pm to 1:00am on weekends and Fridays in the months of March and August. These times should be confirmed during the development of the Implementation Plan details. Countermeasure 3. Install automated detection and enforcement systems at high crash locations where speeding is a problem. To maximize the effectiveness of limited technological resources, equipment could be rotated among locations. Actions developed from this countermeasure should be linked to the Department of Public Safety / Arizona Department of Transportation statewide photo program, and to GTSAC’s Photo Enforcement Technology. The rotation (sharing) of equipment should not restrict or hamper more effective and flexible mobile enforcement. Appropriate and affordable quantities of equipment can be assessed during the development of the Implementation Plan. Countermeasure 4. Work towards making speeding enforcement consistent, impartial, and uniform for all speeding violators in Arizona. Use public 26 Where feasible, training and “train the trainer” programs should be shared to make the best use of limited resources and expertise. 56 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan outreach and educational campaigns to remind the public that speed enforcement is conducted to reduce the number of crashes, save lives, and prevent serious injuries (not to collect fines). Countermeasure 5. Develop educational and public speed management and outreach campaigns for various target audiences to support the strategies on speeding. In particular, develop outreach campaigns targeting drivers and occupants aged 16-24. Check with all safety partners that safety management and outreach campaigns are acceptable and appropriate to the target audiences. Ensure that campaigns and programs are multi-lingual and sensitive to Arizona’s tribal communities and other cultures. Some cultures, for example, find the mention of death or discussions of death unwelcome. Countermeasure 6. Increase the perception that violators will be caught and will have to pay the consequences. Use public relation programs and the media to increase this perception. The six countermeasures designed to reduce the incidence of speeding in fatal and serious injury crashes are summarized in Table 31 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing and performance measures. Table 31: Reduce the Incidence of Speeding: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measure(s) Review speed limits at high crash locations to ensure that they are appropriate. Support review with an aggressive enforcement component By County where applicable Year round Number of crash locations assessed per year Number of fatalities resulting from driving to fast for conditions Number of fatalities resulting from exceeding lawful speed Increase high-visibility enforcement at high crash locations Maricopa and Pima Counties March, August Friday, Saturday, Sunday 2:00pm – 5:00pm 12:00pm – 1:00am Reduction in mean speed Number of fatalities at high crash locations within enforcement net Number of officers involved Expand use of automated Statewide Year round 57 Number of citations Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Countermeasure Description State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation enforcement using speed cameras Performance Measure(s) issued. Number of fatalities at high crash locations with cameras Work towards making enforcement consistent, impartial and uniform for all violators Statewide Year round Buy in from state and local police Develop educational and public information campaign to support all strategies Statewide Year round Surveys to measure the number of people reached by the campaign Increase perception that violators will be caught and face the consequences Statewide Year round Surveys to measure change in perceptions 9.4.2. Strategy: Reduce the Number of Chronic Speeders The following countermeasures are proposed to be used to reduce the number of chronic speeders in Arizona. The first two countermeasures target repeat (chronic) speeding offenders. Countermeasure 1. Increase penalties for repeat offenders. This countermeasure may require legislative changes. Countermeasure 2. Work with members of the court system to develop and deliver educational packages that deliver a structured curriculum to repeat offenders. Ensure that the packages target the appropriate age group, and that they are multi-lingual and culturally sensitive. Countermeasure 3. Develop educational and outreach programs and tools to address street racing. This countermeasure will require modifications to current data collection, storage and access. The three countermeasures designed to reduce the number of chronic speeders are summarized in Table 32 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing and performance measures. 58 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 32: Reduce the Number of Chronic Speeders: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description Increase penalties for repeat offenders State or County Focus Area Performance Measure(s) Statewide Change in speeding penalties Number of fatalities involving repeat offenders Educate repeat offenders using a structured curriculum for speeding Statewide Number of repeat offenders who complete the course Develop programs and tools to address street racing Statewide Program developed and implemented Number of educational sessions per year Average number of people attending each session Number of street racing convictions per year per area 9.4.3. Strategy: Reduce Effects of Speeding Related Crashes The following countermeasure is proposed to reduce the effects of speeding related crashes. Countermeasure 1. Rural roadways account for 59 percent of the fatalities and 36 percent of the serious injuries attributed to speeding. Improve EMS response times to locations identified as high crash rural locations related to speeding. This countermeasure has the potential to improve the effectiveness of on-scene medical treatment thereby mitigating fatalities and serious injuries. The countermeasure designed to reduce the effects of speeding related crashes is summarized in Table 33 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing and performance measure. Table 33: Reduce the Effects of Speeding Related Crashes: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description Reduce EMS response time to high crash rural locations State or County Focus Area Performance Measure Rural roadways Improved EMS response times 59 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 10. Emphasis Area 4: Impaired Driving27 10.1. Problem Statement28 In the five years from 2001–2005, impaired driving was a contributing factor to 2,385 fatalities and 5,728 serious injuries. Exhibit 25 shows the number of fatalities and the number of serious injuries involving impaired driving in Arizona in each year from 2001–2005. Exhibit 25: Fatalities and Serious Injuries Involving Impaired Driving, 2001–2005 1,400 500 487 492 489 490 1,200 480 470 800 460 600 450 446 400 1,062 1,083 1,023 0 440 1,235 200 Fatalities 471 1,325 Serious Injuries 1,000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Serious Injuries 430 420 Fatalities Between 2001 and 2005, the number of impaired driving fatalities decreased from 2001– 2004, and then sharply increased from 2004–2005. Overall, the number of impaired driving fatalities increased from 487 in 2001 to 492 in 2005 (an increase of 1 percent). The number of serious injuries related to impaired driving decreased from 1,325 in 2001 to 1,023 in 2005 (a decrease of 23 percent). Table 34 shows that a small majority of impaired driving fatalities occur in rural areas (54 percent) rather than in urban areas. Most impaired driving serious injuries (64 percent) occur in urban areas. 27 In this section, Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data are used for impaired driving fatality data, and the Arizona Accident Location Information Surveillance System (ALISS) data are used for serious injury data. FARS was used due to its more up to date impaired driving fatality data. As a result, unlike other sections, several statistics are shown as percentages. A goal of the TRCC is to increase the Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) reporting in ALISS to bring the FARS and ALISS numbers together. 28 In August 2005, legislation allowing bars to stay open until 2am became effective. This has resulted in a shift in the early morning fatality and serious injury peak from 1am to 2am. 60 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 34: Urban versus Rural Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries, 2001–2005 Roadway Serious Injuries Fatalities Total Urban 64% 45% 55% Rural 36% 55% 46% Totals 100% 100% 100% Table 35 analyzes impaired driving fatalities by Arizona county from 2001–2005. The Table also shows the breakdown by urban versus rural location within each county. Table 35: Urban and Rural Impaired Driving Fatalities by County, 2001–2005 County County Total % Urban % Rural % Apache 5% 0% 100% Cochise 4% 5% 95% Coconino 4% 7% 93% Gila 1% 5% 95% Graham 1% 0% 100% Greenlee 0% 0% 100% Maricopa 45% 78% 22% Mohave 6% 12% 88% Navajo 4% 5% 95% Pima 11% 43% 57% Pinal 7% 12% 88% Santa Cruz 1% 10% 90% Yavapai 6% 27% 73% Yuma 2% 32% 68% La Paz 3% 0% 100% Total 100% Maricopa County accounts for 45 percent of all impaired driving fatalities. Pima County accounts for 11 percent. Whereas most impaired driving fatalities (55 percent) occur in rural areas rather than urban areas (Table 35), in Maricopa County, most fatalities occur in urban areas (78 percent). 10.2. Impaired Driving Sub-Goal Statement The sub-goal statement for impaired driving is: Reduce impaired driving related fatalities by 15 percent from the 2007 level over the five year period from 2008–2012. 61 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 10.3. Strategy Development The data available to assist with strategy development are discussed under two headings: 1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner (Section 10.3.1) 2. Seasonality (Section 10.3.2) The data are then summarized (Section 10.3.3). 10.3.1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner Table 36 shows that most impaired driving fatalities are drivers (60 percent) rather than passengers (34 percent). Pedestrians account for 5 percent of the fatalities related to impaired driving. Most impaired driving serious injuries are also drivers (64 percent) rather than passengers (34 percent). Table 36: Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Casualty Type, 2001– 2005 Casualty Serious Injuries % Fatalities % Driver 64% 60% Pedestrian 2% 5% Pedal cyclist 0% 1% Passenger 34% 34% 100% 100% Totals Table 37 shows that most impaired driving fatalities are males (73 percent). Most impaired driving serious injuries are also males (67 percent). Table 37: Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Gender, 2001–2005 Gender Serious Injuries % Fatalities % Female 33% 27% Male 67% 73% Unknown 0% 0% 100% 100% Totals The age distribution for fatalities and serious injuries involving impaired driving is shown in Table 38 and Exhibit 26. The 16-24 age group accounts for 28 percent of fatalities. The 25-34 and 35-44 age groups account for 21 percent and 18 percent of fatalities respectively. The 45-54 age group accounts for an additional 13 percent of the fatalities. The pattern for serious injuries related to impaired driving is similar. The 16-24 age group accounts for 32 percent of serious injuries. The 25-34 and 35-44 age groups account for 22 percent and 17 percent of serious injuries respectively. The 45-54 age group accounts for an additional 11 percent of the serious injuries. 62 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 38: Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001–2005 Age Group Serious Injuries % Fatalities % 15 & under 7% 5% 16-24 32% 28% 25-34 22% 21% 35-44 17% 18% 45-54 11% 13% 55-64 5% 6% 65-74 3% 4% 75-84 1% 3% 85 & older 0% 1% unknown 2% 1% 100% 100% 3000 600 2500 500 2000 400 1500 300 1000 200 500 100 0 Fatalities Serious Injuries Exhibit 26: Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001– 2005 0 & n ow kn r un de ol & 85 4 -8 75 4 -7 65 4 -6 55 4 -5 45 4 -4 35 4 -3 25 4 -2 r 16 de un 15 Serious Injuries Fatalities Table 39 analyzes impaired driving fatal and serious injury crashes by the type of vehicle. Most impaired driving fatal crashes involve passenger cars (63 percent) and pick-up trucks (28 percent). Most impaired driving serious injury crashes also occur in passenger cars (66 percent) and pick-up trucks (25 percent). Motorcycles are involved in 7 percent of impaired driving fatalities and 7 percent of impaired driving serious injuries. 63 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 39: Impaired Driving Fatal and Serious Injury Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2001–2005 Serious Injury Crashes % Fatal Crashes % Not Reported 0% 2% Passenger Car 66% 63% Pick-Up Truck 25% 28% Truck Tractor 1% 0% Bus (including school bus) 0% 0% Motorcycle (two or three wheel) 7% 7% Emergency Vehicle 0% 0% Other Vehicle 1% 0% 100% 100% Vehicle Type Totals Table 40 analyzes fatalities and serious injuries related to impaired driving by the type of collision. Single vehicle crashes account for the largest group of impaired driving crashes: 57 percent of the fatalities and 46 percent of the serious injuries. Only three other types of collision account for at least 10 percent of the crashes: angle crashes account for 12 percent of the fatalities and 15 percent of the serious injuries; head-on crashes account for 14 percent of the fatalities; and rear-end crashes account for 12 percent of the serious injuries Table 40: Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries Collision Manner, 2001– 2005 Collision Manner Serious Injuries % Fatalities % Single Vehicle 46% 57% Sideswipe (same) 3% 3% Sideswipe (opposite) 3% 1% Angle 15% 12% Left Turn 8% 4% Rear-End 12% 6% Head-On 9% 14% Backing 0% 0% Other 3% 3% Non-Contact (mc) 0% 0% Non-Contact (not mc) 0% 0% U-Turn 1% 0% Totals 100% 100% 64 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 10.3.2. Seasonality To assist in the timing of education and enforcement campaigns, data on impaired driving fatalities and serious injuries were analyzed to determine whether fatalities and serious injuries involving impaired driving tend to occur at particular times (month, day, or time of day). Exhibit 27 shows that fatalities related to impaired driving tend to occur at a fairly constant rate throughout the year, dipping slightly over the winter months. There were slight peaks in May and July. Exhibit 27 also shows that serious injuries related to impaired driving tend to occur at a fairly constant rate throughout the year, dipping slightly over the winter months. Slight peaks in impaired driving serious injuries occur during the months of April and July. 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 800 Serious Injuries 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Fatalities Exhibit 27: Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Month of Year, 2001–2005 ec D ov N ct O p Se g Au l n Ju Ju ay M r Ap ar M n b Fe Ja Month of Year Serious Injuries Fatalities Exhibit 28 shows that fatalities and serious injuries related to impaired driving are most numerous on Fridays and weekends, especially on Saturdays. The chance of being involved in an impaired driving related fatality increases by 140 percent from Wednesday to Saturday. 65 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Fatalities Serious Injuries Exhibit 28: Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Day of Week, 2001– 2005 t Sa ay y y da y da ur id Fr s ne a sd ur Th ed W y da y y da es Tu on M a nd Su Day of Week Serious Injuries Fatalities Exhibit 29 shows that impaired driving fatalities peak in the very early morning, between midnight and 1:00am. There are relatively few impaired driving fatalities in the morning and early afternoon, but the number of fatalities then builds to a second peak between 6:00pm and 8:00pm. The number of serious injuries related to impaired driving shows the same peak in the very early morning between midnight and 1:00am, the same drop in the morning and early afternoon, and a second peak around 8:00pm and 9:00pm. 66 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 700 180 600 160 140 500 120 400 100 300 80 60 200 Fatalities Serious Injuries Exhibit 29: Impaired Driving Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Time of Day, 2001– 200529 40 100 20 0 12am 1am 2am 3am 4am 5am 6am 7am 8am 9am 10am 11am 12pm 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm 6pm 7pm 8pm 9pm 10pm 11pm 0 Time of Day Serious Injuries Fatalities 10.3.3. Summary of Impaired Driving Data The following list provides a summary of the data for impaired driving presented in Section 10:  Impaired driving contributed to 2,385 fatalities and 5,728 serious injuries in the five year period from 2001–2005.  Fatalities related to impaired driving stayed at about the same level from 2001–2005. There was a dip in 2004 followed by a sharp increase in 2005.  Most fatalities occur in rural areas (55 percent).  Maricopa County accounts for 45 percent of all impaired driving fatalities.  Most fatalities related to impaired driving are drivers (60 percent) rather than passengers (34 percent).  Pedestrians account for 5 percent of impaired driving fatalities.  Most fatalities from impaired driving are males (73 percent).  People aged 16-24 account for 28 percent of the fatalities.  People aged 25-34 and 35-44 account for 21 percent and 18 percent of fatalities respectively.  Most impaired driving fatalities involve passenger cars (63 percent) and pick-up trucks (28 percent).  Motorcycles are involved in 7 percent of impaired driving fatalities.  Single vehicle crashes account for 57 percent of impaired driving fatalities.  Angle crashes account for 12 percent of the fatalities, and head-on crashes account for 14 percent. 29 In August 2005, legislation allowing bars to stay open until 2am became effective. This has resulted in a shift in the early morning fatality and serious injury peak from 1am to 2am. 67 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan    Fatalities related to impaired driving occur throughout the year, with a slight dip in the winter months and slight peaks in May and July. Fatalities involving impaired driving are most numerous on Fridays and weekends, especially Saturdays. Impaired driving fatalities peak in the very early morning, between midnight and 1:00am, and again between 6:00pm and 8:00pm. 10.4. Impaired Driving Strategies and Countermeasures The following strategies are recommended to achieve the goal for impaired driving. 10.4.1. Strategy: Deter Impaired Driving Through Effective Enforcement The following countermeasures are proposed to deter impaired driving through effective enforcement: Countermeasure 1. Continue to encourage the greater use of sobriety check points and saturation patrols. Sobriety checkpoints are used at predetermined locations to check for impaired driving offenders. The purpose is to deter impaired driving by increasing the perception of the risk of arrest. Countermeasure 2. Increase police and community awareness of current laws prohibiting driving under the influence of prescription and over-thecounter drugs. Countermeasure 3. Continue to support efforts by the Department of Public Safety’s DUI / Special Enforcement Squad (e.g. Phoenix program). Countermeasure 4. Expand and enhance educational and public information campaigns for various audiences to support enforcement strategies for impaired driving. Develop a campaign targeting young people aged 16-24 as this group accounts for 28 percent of all impaired driving fatalities30. The campaign should be sub-divided into a 16-20 age group and a 21-24 age group, with separate messages for the two groups. Countermeasure 5. Increase the perception that violators will be caught and will have to pay the consequences. Use public relation programs and the media to increase the perception. The five countermeasures designed to deter impaired driving through effective enforcement are summarized in Table 41 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing, and performance measures. 30 Educational and outreach programs and marketing should be multi-lingual and sensitive to different Arizona cultures, e.g. tribal communities. Where feasible, training and “train the trainer” programs should be shared to make the best use of limited resources and expertise. 68 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 41: Deter Impaired Driving Through Effective Enforcement: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measure Increase frequency of sobriety checkpoint and saturation patrols High crash locations Friday, Saturday, Sunday 6:00pm – 2:00am Number of impaired citations issued Increase police and community awareness of laws prohibiting driving under the influence of medication Statewide April, May, August, September Major campaign designed and implemented Support the DPS DUI / Special Enforcement Squad High crash locations e.g. Maricopa County Year round Friday, Saturday, Sunday 6:00pm – 2:00am Number of impaired driving fatalities reduced at high crash locations Expand and enhance educational and public information campaign to support all strategies. Give special attention to 16-24 age group. Statewide Year round Campaigns targeting different audience produced and marketed Increase the perception that violators will be caught and face the consequences Statewide Year round Population surveys indicate changes in perceptions 10.4.2. Strategy: Reduce Excessive Drinking and Underage Drinking The following countermeasures are proposed to reduce excessive drinking and underage drinking: Countermeasure 1. Support and encourage current programs and new programs designed to educate agencies, court personnel, academy staff and recruits, students, parents, and the public of the importance about the problem of excessive drinking and underage drinking, and how to reduce the problem of underage alcohol consumption31. Ensure that campaigns and programs are multi-lingual and sensitive to Arizona’s tribal communities and other cultures. Some cultures, for example, find the mention of death or discussions of death unwelcome. 31 Where feasible, training and “train the trainer” programs should be shared to make the best use of limited resources and expertise. 69 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Countermeasure 2. Work with the Department of Liquor and License Control to reduce the availability of alcohol to those under 21. Use well-publicized compliance checks on alcohol retailers. Support Arizona's Strategic Prevention Framework for Underage Drinking, Prevention / Reduction Committee's efforts to (a) enact legislation that increases the mandatory sanctioned guidelines for liquor related laws, and includes stiff penalties for using, possessing, manufacturing, and distributing false ID's, and (b) create a "keg law." Coordinate all actions related to this countermeasure, and ensure that all actions are consistent with the efforts of other associated groups, for example, Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD), and the Emergency Nurses Association. Countermeasure 3. Encourage alcoholic beverage industry, specifically retailers, to implement more effective enforcement practices. The three countermeasures designed to reduce excessive drinking and underage drinking are summarized in Table 42 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing, and performance measures. Table 42: Reduce Excessive Drinking and Underage Drinking: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description Support programs that target the dangers of underage drinking State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measure(s) Statewide Year round Number of educational programs implemented by area Number of children and young people reached per year Number of events per year Reduce access to alcohol for those under 21. Coordinate with associated groups Statewide Year round Improved compliance by alcohol retailers Encourage more effective retailer enforcement practices Statewide Year round Number violations per year under the Covert Underage Buyers (CUB) program 70 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 10.4.3. Strategy: Prosecute and Impose Sanctions on DUI Offenders The following countermeasures are proposed to prosecute and impose sanctions on DUI offenders: Countermeasure 1. Administratively suspend driver license of individuals arrested for impaired driving. Countermeasure 2. Introduce stronger penalties for refusing Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) testing since a DUI conviction is more difficult without a BAC test. Countermeasure 3. Work with legal system to improve conviction rate of offenders. The three countermeasures designed to prosecute and impose sanctions on DUI offenders are summarized in Table 43 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing and performance measures. Table 43: Prosecute and Impose Sanctions on DUI Offenders: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measure(s) Administratively suspend license of individuals arrested for impaired driving Statewide Preferably before other countermeasures are implemented Number of licenses suspended Introduce stronger penalties for refusing BAC test Statewide Preferably before other countermeasures are implemented Legislation enacted Improve conviction rate of offenders Statewide Year round Number of convictions DUI citations per fulltime DUI enforcement officer Increase in the conviction rate for citations 10.4.4. Strategy: Control and Reduce the Number of Repeat Offenders The following countermeasures should be used to control and reduce the number of repeat offenders: Countermeasure 1. Administratively seize the vehicle or license plate of repeat offenders who have suspended licenses and continue to drive without a valid license. To reduce the problem of storage space, the vehicle can be immobilized on the offender’s property using a locking device. The vehicle or license plate is returned after the license suspension period has expired. 71 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Countermeasure 2. Install an alcohol interlock in the vehicles of all offenders to prevent a vehicle being started if the driver has been drinking. The alcohol interlock should be a condition for license reinstatement. Countermeasure 3. Identify repeat offenders and refer them to a program with appropriate treatment. Regard repeat offenders as dependent on alcohol or as having problems with alcohol use. Countermeasure 4. Monitor repeat offenders to ensure they comply with the conditions of their sentences such as alcohol treatment and prohibitions on driving. Countermeasure 5. Enact legislation for a lower BAC limit for repeat offenders. The five countermeasures designed to control and reduce the number of repeat offenders are summarized in Table 44 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing, and performance measures. Table 44: Control and Reduce the Number of Repeat Offenders: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measure(s) Administratively seize vehicle or vehicle license plate upon arrest Statewide Year round Number of vehicles or license plates seized Make the installation of an alcohol interlock a condition of license reinstatement Statewide Year round Number of alcohol interlocks installed Refer repeat offenders to alcohol treatment programs Statewide Year round Number of repeat offenders successfully treated by programs32 Monitor repeat offenders Statewide Year round Number of repeat offenders who successfully complete treatment Lower BAC limit for repeat offenders Statewide Preferably before other countermeasures are implemented Legislation enacted 32 There are several related programs. Performance measurement needs to be specific to each program. 72 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 11. Emphasis Area 5: Roadway / Roadside – Introduction The roadway / roadside emphasis area discusses lane departure and intersection related fatalities and serious injuries on Arizona roadways. The emphasis area was sub-divided to accommodate the available data. The strategies for the roadway / roadside emphasis area focus mainly on engineering strategies whereas the strategies for the other emphasis areas focus primarily on improving drivers’ behavior. In addition to the comprehensive strategies designed to reduce the number of roadway / roadside fatalities and serious injuries, ADOT plans to address the following issues as part of the roadway / roadside emphasis area:  Providing continued support for the Road Safety Audit (RSA) program and its development into a proactive priority (data driven) RSA program  Working to develop an internal highway multi-division safety plan that would provide a comprehensive approach to addressing safety in all program / project areas including the HSIP, the railway-highway crossing program, safe routes to school, the high risk rural roads program, the access management program, research programs, the traffic evaluation new products committee, the Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP), preliminary screening of design projects (operational safety evaluation), maintenance, installation of traffic signals, and work zone safety  Developing a process that assists ADOT in spending available HSIP funding on county, local, and tribal roadways  Developing a process that helps ADOT to work closely with local and tribal governments to advance projects  Establishing a multi-disciplinary highway safety group to identify cost effective strategies to minimize the effects of vehicles leaving the roadway in lane departure crashes. ADOT is currently developing a Highway Safety Issues Group (HSIG) to address this issue Lane departure fatalities and serious injuries are discussed in Section 12. Intersection fatalities and serious injuries are discussed in Section 13. 73 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 12. Emphasis Area 5: Roadway / Roadside – Lane Departures 12.1. Problem Statement – Lane Departure In the five years from 2001–2005, lane departure was a contributing factor to 2,958 fatalities and 10,957 serious injuries. Exhibit 30 shows the number of fatalities and the number of serious injuries involving lane departure in Arizona in each year from 2001–2005. Exhibit 30: Fatalities and Serious Injuries Involving Lane Departure, 2001–2005 2,400 621 2,350 634 700 600 477 500 2,250 2,200 400 2,150 300 2,100 2,050 Fatalities Serious Injuries 2,300 608 618 200 2,173 2,237 2,345 1,900 2,058 1,950 2,144 2,000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Serious Injuries 100 0 Fatalities The number of lane departure fatalities increased from 477 in 2001 to 634 in 2005 (an increase of 33 percent). If this trend continues, the number of lane departure related fatalities will increase from 634 in 2005 to 872 by 2012 (an increase of 37 percent). Table 45 shows that most lane departure fatalities (68 percent) occur in rural areas rather than urban areas. Serious injuries are split between urban areas (51 percent) and rural areas (49 percent). 74 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 45: Urban versus Rural Lane Departure Fatalities and Serious Injuries, 2001– 2005 Roadway Serious Injuries Fatalities Total Urban 51% 32% 42% Rural 49% 68% 59% Totals 100% 100% 100% Table 46 shows the total number of lane departure fatalities by Arizona county from 2001–2005. The table also shows the breakdown by urban versus rural location within each county. Table 46: Urban versus Rural Lane Departure Fatalities by County, 2001–2005 County Total Fatalities by County County Fatalities as % of Total for Arizona Urban Urban Rural Fatalities Fatalities Fatalities as % of by by County County County Total Apache 139 5% 0 0% 139 100% Cochise 151 5% 14 9% 137 91% Coconino 202 7% 16 8% 186 92% Gila 78 3% 2 3% 76 97% Graham 28 1% 0 0% 28 100% Greenlee 4 0% 0 0% 4 100% Maricopa 963 33% 650 67% 313 33% Mohave 187 6% 32 17% 155 83% Navajo 144 5% 10 7% 134 93% Pima 340 11% 120 35% 220 65% Pinal 239 8% 50 21% 189 79% Santa Cruz 30 1% 5 17% 25 83% Yavapai 246 8% 33 13% 213 87% Yuma 92 3% 18 20% 74 80% La Paz 115 4% 0 0% 115 100% Totals 2,958 100% 950 Rural Fatalities as % of County Total 2,008 Maricopa County accounts for 33 percent of all lane departure fatalities. Pima County accounts for an additional 11 percent. Whereas most lane departure fatalities (68 percent) occur in rural rather than urban areas (Table 46), in Maricopa County, most fatalities occur in urban areas (67 percent). 75 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 12.2. Sub-Goal Statement – Lane Departure The sub-goal statement for lane departure is: Reduce lane departure fatalities by 15 percent from the 2007 level over the five year period from 2008–2012. 12.3. Strategy Development – Lane Departure The data available to assist with strategy development are discussed under two headings: 1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner (Section 12.3.1) 2. Seasonality (Section 12.3.2) The data are then summarized (Section 12.3.3). 12.3.1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner Table 47 shows that most lane departure fatalities are drivers (62 percent) rather than passengers (37 percent). Most lane departure serious injuries are also drivers (63 percent) rather than passengers (36 percent). Pedestrians account for 1 percent of both lane departure fatalities and serious injuries. Table 47: Lane Departure Fatal and Serious Injuries by Casualty Type, 2001–2005 Casualty Driver Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % 6,949 63% 1,838 62% Pedestrian 85 1% 35 1% Pedal cyclist 15 0% 5 0% 3,908 36% 1,080 37% 10,957 100% 2,958 100% Passenger Table 48 shows that most lane departure fatalities are males (68 percent). Most lane departure serious injuries are also males (62 percent). Table 48: Lane Departure Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Gender, 2001–2005 Gender Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % Female 4,184 38% 934 32% Male 6,767 62% 2024 68% 6 0% 10,957 100% Unknown 0% 2,958 100% The age distribution for fatalities and serious injuries involving lane departure is shown in Table 49 and Exhibit 31. The 16-24 age group accounts for 27 percent of fatalities. The 25-34 and 35-44 age groups account for 19 percent and 16 percent of fatalities respectively. The 45-54 age group accounts for an additional 13 percent of the fatalities. 76 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan The pattern for serious injuries related to lane departure is similar. The 16-24 age group accounts for 32 percent of serious injuries. The 25-34 and 35-44 age groups account for 19 percent and 15 percent of serious injuries respectively. The 45-54 age group accounts for an additional 12 percent of the serious injuries. Table 49: Lane Departure Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001–2005 Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % 15 and under 913 8% 203 7% 16-24 3476 32% 790 26% 25-34 2131 20% 557 18% 35-44 1666 15% 473 16% 45-54 1303 12% 384 13% 55-64 657 6% 223 8% 65-74 367 3% 175 6% 75-84 214 2% 106 4% 85 and older 45 0% 23 1% unknown 185 2% 24 1% 10,957 100% 2,958 100% Age Group Totals 4000 900 3500 800 3000 700 600 2500 500 2000 400 1500 300 1000 200 500 100 0 Fatalities Serious Injuries Exhibit 31: Lane Departure Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001–2005 0 & 84 74 64 54 44 34 n ow kn r un de ol 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 24 r de un & 16 15 Serious Injuries Fatalities Table 50 analyzes lane departure fatal and serious injury crashes by the type of vehicle involved in the crash. Most lane departure fatalities involve passenger cars (61 percent) and pick-up trucks (30 percent). Most lane departure serious injuries also occur in passenger cars (63 percent) and pick-up trucks (24 percent). Motorcycles are involved in 6 percent of lane departure fatalities and 11 percent of lane departure serious injuries. 77 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 50: Lane Departure Fatal and Serious Injury Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2001– 2005 Serious Injury Crashes % Fatal Crashes % Not Reported 0% 1% Passenger Car 63% 61% Pick-Up Truck 24% 30% Truck Tractor 1% 1% Bus (including school bus) 0% 0% Motorcycle (two or three wheel) 11% 6% Emergency Vehicle 0% 0% Other Vehicle 1% 1% 100% 100% Vehicle Type Totals Table 51 analyzes lane departure fatalities and serious injuries by the type of collision. Single vehicle crashes are the largest group, accounting for 66 percent of the fatalities and 65 percent of the serious injuries. Only two other types of collision account for at least 10 percent of fatalities or serious injuries involving lane departure: head-on crashes account for 23 percent of the fatalities and 15 percent of the serious injuries; and sideswipe (same direction) crashes account for 11 percent of the serious injuries. Table 51: Lane Departure Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Collision Manner, 2001– 2005 Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % Single Vehicle 7,176 65% 1,954 66% Sideswipe (same) 1,225 11% 142 5% Sideswipe (opposite) 478 4% 84 3% Angle 29 0% 5 0% Left Turn 9 0% 1 0% Rear-End 31 0% 15 1% Head-On 1,697 15% 671 23% 289 3% 81 3% Non-Contact (mc) 3 0% Non-Contact (not mc) 15 0% 4 0% U-Turn 5 0% 1 0% Totals 10,957 100% 2,958 100% Collision Manner Other 78 0% Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 12.3.2. Seasonality To assist in the timing of education and enforcement campaigns, data on lane departure fatalities and serious injuries were analyzed to determine whether lane departure fatalities and serious injuries tend to occur at particular times (month, day, or time of day). Exhibit 32 shows that fatalities and serious injuries from lane departure crashes occur throughout the year, and tend to peak in July and August. 1200 350 1000 300 250 800 200 600 150 400 Fatalities Serious Injuries Exhibit 32: Lane Departure Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Month of Year, 2001– 2005 100 200 50 0 0 ec ov D N ct O p Se g Au l Ju ay n Ju M ar r Ap M b Fe n Ja Month of Year Serious Injuries Fatalities Exhibit 33 shows that lane departure fatalities and serious injuries are most numerous on weekends and Fridays. The chance of a lane departure fatality increases by 88 percent from Wednesday to Saturday. 79 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Exhibit 33: Lane Departure Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Day of Week, 2001– 2005 700 600 2,000 500 1,500 400 300 1,000 200 500 Fatalities Serious Injuries 2,500 100 0 0 Sa y da ay rd tu ay s ne y da rs id Fr u Th ed W ay sd y y da on a nd e Tu M Su Day of Week Serious Injuries Fatalities Exhibit 34 shows that lane departure fatalities occur throughout the day. Fatalities peak in the afternoon around 3:00pm, with smaller peaks around 1:00am, 5:00am, and 8:00pm. Lane departure serious injuries peak in the afternoon from between 1:00pm and 6:00pm. There is a second peak around 1:00am. 700 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 500 400 300 200 100 0 12am 1am 2am 3am 4am 5am 6am 7am 8am 9am 10am 11am 12pm 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm 6pm 7pm 8pm 9pm 10pm 11pm Serious Injuries 600 Time of Day Serious Injuries 80 Fatalities Fatalities Exhibit 34: Lane Departure Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Time of Day, 2001– 2005 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 52 shows that 50 percent of lane departure fatalities occur during daylight and 43 percent occur in darkness. The pattern for lane departure serious injuries is similar with 56 percent occurring during daylight and 38 percent occurring during darkness. Table 52: Lane Departure Serious Injuries and Fatalities by Light Condition, 2001– 2005 Light Condition Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % 12 0% 16 1% 6,030 56% 1,480 50% 697 6% 187 6% Darkness 4,218 38% 1,275 43% Totals 10,957 100% 2,958 100% Not Reported Daylight Dawn or Dusk 12.3.3. Summary of Lane Departure Data The following list provides a summary of the lane departure data presented in Section 12:  Lane departures contributed to 2,958 fatalities and 10,957 serious injuries in the five year period from 2001 though 2005.  Fatalities related to lane departure increased from 2001–2005.  Most fatalities occur in rural areas (68 percent).  Maricopa County accounts for 33 percent of all lane departure fatalities.  Most fatalities related to lane departure are drivers (62 percent) rather than passengers (37 percent).  Pedestrians account for 1 percent of lane departure fatalities.  Most lane departure fatalities are males (68 percent).  People aged 16-24 account for 26 percent of the fatalities.  People aged 25-34 and 35-44 account for 18 percent and 16 percent of fatalities respectively.  Most lane departure fatalities involve passenger cars (61 percent) and pick-up trucks (30 percent).  Motorcycles account for 6 percent of lane departure fatalities.  Single vehicle crashes account for 66 percent of lane departure fatalities.  Head-on crashes account for 23 percent of fatalities.  Fatalities related to lane departure occur throughout the year, and tend to peak in July and August.  Fatalities involving lane departure are most numerous on weekends and Fridays  Lane departure fatalities occur throughout the day. Fatalities peak around 3:00pm, with smaller peaks around 1:00am, 5:00am and 8:00pm.  Half of lane departure fatalities occur during daylight (50 percent), and 43 percent occur in darkness. 12.4. Lane Departure Strategies and Countermeasures The following strategies are recommended to achieve the lane departure goal. 81 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 12.4.1. Strategy: Reduce the Incidence and Severity of Head-on Collisions The following countermeasures are proposed to reduce the incidence and severity of headon fatalities: Countermeasure 1. Consider installing centerline rumble strips / rumble strips on rural two-lane roads to deter vehicles from crossing into the opposite lane. Countermeasure 2. Consider the installation of median treatments at appropriate locations, e.g. median cable barrier at accident prone locations Countermeasure 3. Consider a systematic approach to installing centerline raised pavement markings (RPMs), and rumble strips on roadways with narrow shoulders. Countermeasure 4. Consider better delineation of guard rails and the elimination of edge drop-offs. The four countermeasures designed to reduce the incidence and severity of head-on collisions are summarized in Table 53 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing and performance measures. Table 53: Reduce the Incidence and Severity of Head-on Collisions: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measure(s) Consider installing centerline rumble strips / rumble strips on rural two-lane roadways High crash two-lane rural roads Year round Length of centerline rumble strips / strips installed Consider installing median treatments at appropriate locations High crash road segments Year round Number of head-on fatalities on treated roadways Length of median installed Number of head-on fatalities on treated roadways Consider systematic approach to installing centerline RPMs and rumble strips on roadways with narrow shoulders High crash segments Consider better delineation of guard rails and the elimination of edge drop-offs High crash segments Year round Length of treatment Number of head-on fatalities on treated roadways Year round Length of treatment Number of head-on fatalities on treated roadways 82 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 12.4.2. Strategy: Reduce the Number of Vehicles Leaving the Roadway The following countermeasures are proposed to reduce the number of vehicles leaving the roadway: Countermeasure 1. On rural roadways with narrow paved shoulders or no paved shoulders, consider widening the shoulders and /or installing edgeline profile markings and / or edgeline rumble strips. Countermeasure 2. Consider low cost safety improvements for horizontal curves and installing countermeasures for the outside of curves. Countermeasure 3. Consider enhanced delineation of roadway curves and tangents. The three countermeasures designed to reduce the number of vehicles leaving the roadway are summarized in Table 54 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing, and performance measures. Table 54: Reduce the Number of Vehicles Leaving the Roadway: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measure(s) Consider widening shoulders and /or installing edgeline profile markings and /or edgeline rumble strips for rural roads High crash rural roadways Year round Length of treatment Consider low cost improvements for horizontal curves and installing countermeasures for the outside of curves Horizontal curves with high incidence of run-off crashes Consider enhanced delineation of roadway curves and tangents Road segments with high incidence of run-off Number of run-off road fatalities on treated roadways Year round Number of curves improved Number of run-off road fatalities at treated curves Year round Length of segments improved Number of run-off road fatalities at treated segments 83 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 12.4.3. Strategy: Minimize the Effects of Vehicles Leaving the Roadway The following countermeasures are proposed to minimize the effects of vehicles leaving the roadway: Countermeasure 1. Improve the design of slopes and ditches to prevent rollovers. Countermeasure 2. Coordinate with land owners and appropriate agencies to trim trees and / or remove trees to improve the roadside clear zone. Countermeasure 3. Promote the education of designers and landscape architects regarding the importance and requirements of traversable roadsides, particularly in urban areas. Countermeasure 4. Educate drivers on the dangers of driving while drowsy or distracted, and promote legislation that reduced the dangers of distracted driving. Countermeasure 5. Educate drivers on the dangers of unsecured loads that could fall off and create obstacles for other drivers. Countermeasure 6. Improve EMS response times for rural lane departure crashes. Countermeasure 7. Establish a multi-disciplinary highway safety group that will identify cost effective countermeasures designed to minimize the effects of vehicles leaving the roadway in lane departure crashes. ADOT is currently developing a Highway Safety Issues Group (HSIG) to address this countermeasure. As HSIG becomes established, the group could be expanded to include other jurisdictions. The seven countermeasures designed to minimize the effects of vehicles leaving the roadway are summarized in Table 55 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing, and performance measures. Table 55: Minimize the Effects of Vehicles Leaving the Roadway: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measure(s) Improve the design of slopes and ditches to prevent rollovers Rural areas Year round Total length of treated segments Number of fatalities per year on treated segments Coordinate tree trimming / removal with other agencies to improve the roadside clear Road segments with trees within the clear zone 84 Year round Total length of segments with improved clear zones Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Countermeasure Description State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measure(s) Urban areas Year round Number of designers and landscape architects trained Statewide Year round Number of fatalities due to distracted and drowsy driving zone Promote the education of designers and landscape architects regarding traversable roadsides Distracted and drowsy driving legislation and driver education Legislation developed Educate drivers on the dangers of unsecured loads Improve rural EMS response times Expand HSIG to include other jurisdictions Statewide Year round Number of lane departure fatalities attributed to debris from unsecured loads High crash rural areas Year round Improved EMS times Statewide Year round Group established and functional 85 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 13. Emphasis Area 5: Roadway / Roadside – Intersections 13.1. Problem Statement – Intersections In the five years from 2001–2005, there were 1,271 intersection related fatalities and 16,365 intersection related serious injuries. Exhibit 35 shows the number of fatalities and the number of serious injuries involving intersections in Arizona in each year from 2001–2005. Exhibit 35: Fatalities and Serious Injuries Involving Intersections, 2001–2005 4,000 290 3,500 280 3,000 270 259 2,500 260 252 2,000 250 245 1,500 240 236 1,000 230 500 220 3,713 3,436 3,079 3,063 Fatalities Serious Injuries 279 3,074 0 210 2001 2002 2003 Serious Injuries 2004 2005 Fatalities The number of intersection fatalities decreased from 279 in 2001 to 259 in 2005 (a decrease of 7 percent). There was a sharp dip in the number of intersection fatalities in 2003, but the number then rose again. The number of intersection serious injuries decreased from 3,713 in 2001 to 3,074 in 2005 (a decrease of 17 percent). Table 56 shows that most intersection fatalities (75 percent) occur in urban rather than rural areas. Most serious injuries (85 percent) also occur in urban rather than rural areas. 86 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 56: Urban versus Rural Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries, 2001–2005 Roadway Serious Injuries Fatalities Total Urban 85% 75% 80% Rural Totals 15% 100% 25% 100% 20% 100% Table 57 shows the total number of intersections fatalities by Arizona county from 2001– 2005. The table also shows the breakdown by urban versus rural location within each county. Table 57: Urban versus Rural Intersection Fatalities by County, 2001–2005 Total Fatalities by County County Fatalities as % of Total for Arizona Urban Fatalities by County Urban Fatalities as % of County Total Rural Fatalities by County Rural Fatalities as % of County Total Apache 5 0% 0 0% 5 100% Cochise 38 3% 19 50% 19 50% Coconino 12 1% 5 42% 7 58% Gila 4 0% 2 50% 2 50% Graham 6 0% 1 17% 5 83% Greenlee 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% Maricopa 847 67% 734 87% 113 13% Mohave 31 2% 12 39% 19 61% Navajo 13 1% 6 46% 7 54% Pima 179 14% 118 66% 61 34% Pinal 59 5% 22 37% 37 63% Santa Cruz 3 0% 1 33% 2 67% Yavapai 31 2% 19 61% 12 39% Yuma 29 2% 17 59% 12 41% La Paz 14 1% 0 0% 14 100% Totals 1,271 100% 956 County 315 Maricopa County accounts for 67 percent of all intersection fatalities. Pima County accounts for an additional 14 percent. 13.2. Sub-Goal Statement – Intersections The sub-goal statement for intersections is: Reduce intersection fatalities by 15 percent from the 2007 level over the five year period from 2008–2012. 87 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 13.3. Strategy Development – Intersections The data available to assist with strategy development are discussed under two headings: 1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner (Section 0) 2. Seasonality (Section 13.3.2) The data are then summarized (Section 13.3.3). 13.3.1. Drivers, Vehicles, and Collision Manner Table 58 shows that most intersection fatalities are drivers (56 percent) rather than passengers (29 percent). Pedestrians account for 12 percent of intersection fatalities, and pedalcyclists account for 3 percent. Most intersection related serious injuries are also drivers (62 percent) rather than passengers (30 percent). Pedestrians account for 4 percent of intersection related serious injuries, and pedalcyclists also account for 4 percent. Table 58: Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Casualty Type, 2001–2005 Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % 10,117 62% 706 56% Pedestrian 729 4% 151 12% Pedalcyclist 605 4% 40 3% Passenger 4,914 30% 374 29% Totals 16,365 100% 1,271 100% Casualty Driver Table 59 shows that most intersection fatalities are males (66 percent). Intersection related serious injuries are split evenly between males (51 percent) and females (49 percent). Table 59: Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Gender, 2001–2005 Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % Female 8,065 49% 427 34% Male 8,291 51% 844 66% 9 0% 16,365 100% Gender Unknown Totals 0% 1,271 100% The age distribution for fatalities and serious injuries involving intersections is shown in Table 60 and Exhibit 36. The 16-24 age group accounts for 19 percent of fatalities. The 25-34 and 35-44 age groups account for 14 percent and 15 percent of fatalities respectively. The 45-54 age group accounts for an additional 14 percent of the fatalities. In the case of serious injuries related to intersections, the 16-24 age group accounts for 26 percent of serious injuries. The 25-34 and 35-44 age groups account for 18 percent and 16 percent of serious injuries respectively. The 45-54 age group accounts for an additional 12 percent of the serious injuries. 88 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 60: Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001–2005 Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % 15 and under 1497 9% 72 6% 16-24 4190 26% 240 19% 25-34 2962 18% 175 14% 35-44 2566 16% 185 15% 45-54 1959 12% 183 14% 55-64 1224 7% 125 10% 65-74 769 5% 107 8% 75-84 618 4% 117 9% 85 and older 195 1% 58 5% Unknown 385 2% 9 1% 16,365 100% 1,271 100% Age Group Totals Exhibit 36: Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Age Group, 2001–2005 4500 300 250 3500 3000 200 2500 150 2000 1500 100 1000 Fatalities Serious Injuries 4000 50 500 0 0 de ol wn no & 84 74 64 54 44 34 k un 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 r r de un 24 & 16 15 Serious Injuries Fatalities Table 61 analyzes intersection fatalities and serious injuries by the type of vehicle. Most intersection fatalities involve passenger cars (60 percent) and pick-up trucks (20 percent). Most intersection related serious injuries also involve passenger cars (73 percent) and pick-up trucks (19 percent). Motorcycles are involved in 18 percent of intersection fatalities and 7 percent of intersection related serious injuries. 89 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 61: Intersection Fatal and Serious Injury Crashes by Vehicle Type, 2001–2005 Serious Injury Crashes % Fatal Crashes % Not Reported 0% 1% Passenger Car 73% 60% Pick-Up Truck 19% 20% Truck Tractor 0% 0% Bus (including school bus) 0% 0% Motorcycle (two or three wheel) 7% 18% Emergency Vehicle 0% 0% Other Vehicle 1% 1% 100% 100% Vehicle Type Table 62 analyzes intersection fatalities and serious injuries by the type of collision. Angle, left turn, and single vehicle crashes account for the great majority of intersection fatalities and serious injuries. Angle crashes account for the largest group: 45 percent of the fatalities and 41 percent of the serious injuries. Left turn crashes account for the second largest group: 22 percent of the fatalities and 31 percent of the serious injuries. Single vehicle crashes account for 22 percent of the fatalities and 13 percent of the serious injuries. Rear end crashes account for 13 percent of the serious injuries. Table 62: Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Collision Manner, 2001– 2005 Serious Injuries Serious Injuries % Fatalities Fatalities % 2,122 13% 282 22% Sideswipe (same) 246 2% 14 1% Sideswipe (opposite) 50 0% 8 1% Angle 6,686 41% 570 45% Left Turn 4,992 31% 277 22% Rear-End 1,750 11% 55 4% Head-On 235 1% 28 2% Backing 6 0% 0% 0% 176 1% 32 3% Non-Contact (mc) 2 0% 1 0% Non-Contact (not mc) 7 0% 1 0% U-Turn 93 1% 3 0% 16,365 100% 1,271 100% Collision Manner Single Vehicle Other 90 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 13.3.2. Seasonality To assist in the timing of education and enforcement campaigns, the data on intersection fatalities and serious injuries were analyzed to determine whether intersection fatalities and serious injuries tend to occur at particular times (month, day, or time of day). Exhibit 37 shows that intersection fatalities and serious injuries occur throughout the year. The number of fatalities tends to peak slightly in April and October. The number of serious injuries tends to peak in March and October. 1600 140 1400 120 1200 100 1000 80 800 60 600 Fatalities Serious Injuries Exhibit 37: Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Month of Year, 2001–2005 40 400 20 200 0 0 c De v No ct O p Se g Au l Ju ay n Ju M ar r Ap M b Fe n Ja Month of Year Serious Injuries Fatalities Exhibit 38 shows that intersection fatalities are most numerous on weekends and Fridays. The chance of an intersection fatality occurring increases by 88 percent from midweek (Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday) to Saturday. Intersection related serious injuries occur throughout the week, but tend to peak on Fridays and dip on Sundays. 91 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 3,000 300 2,500 250 2,000 200 1,500 150 1,000 100 500 Fatalities Serious Injuries Exhibit 38: Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Day of Week, 2001–2005 50 0 0 ay rd tu Sa ay id Fr y da ay sd ur Th s ne ed W y da on y y da es Tu M a nd Su Day of Week Serious Injuries Fatalities Exhibit 39 shows that intersection fatalities build up each day from about 7:00am to a peak at 6:00pm. Serious injuries related to intersections also tend to build up each day. Serious injuries tend to peak at 4:00pm. 120 1200 100 1000 80 800 60 600 40 400 20 200 0 0 Time of Day Serious Injuries 92 Fatalities Fatalities 1400 12am 1am 2am 3am 4am 5am 6am 7am 8am 9am 10am 11am 12pm 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm 6pm 7pm 8pm 9pm 10pm 11pm Serious Injuries Exhibit 39: Intersection Fatalities and Serious Injuries by Time of Day, 2001–2005 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 13.3.3. Summary of Intersection Data The following list provides a summary of the intersection data presented in Section 13:  There were 1,271 intersection related fatalities and 16,365 intersection related serious injuries in the five year period from 2001–2005.  Fatalities related to intersections decreased from 2001–2005.  Most fatalities occur in urban areas (75 percent).  Maricopa County accounts for 67 percent of all intersection fatalities.  Most fatalities related to intersection are drivers (56 percent) rather than passengers (29 percent).  Pedestrians account for 12 percent of intersection fatalities.  Pedalcyclists account for 3 percent of intersection fatalities.  Most intersection fatalities are males (66 percent).  People aged 16-24 account for 19 percent of intersection fatalities.  People aged 25-34 and 35-44 account for 14 percent and 15 percent of fatalities respectively.  Most intersection fatalities involve passenger cars (60 percent) and pick-up trucks (20 percent).  Motorcycles are involved in 18 percent of intersection fatalities.  Angle crashes account for 45 percent of intersection fatalities.  Left turn crashes account for 22 percent of fatalities.  Single vehicle crashes account for 22 percent of fatalities.  Fatalities related to intersections occur throughout the year, and tend to peak slightly in April and October  Fatalities related to intersections are most numerous on weekends and Fridays.  Intersection fatalities build up each day from about 7:00am to a peak at 6:00pm. 13.4. Intersection Strategies and Countermeasures The following strategies are recommended to achieve the intersection goal. Strategies for both signalized and unsignalized intersections are presented in the following sections. To assist with all of the following intersection strategies and countermeasures an Intersection Safety Action Plan should be developed by ADOT, to be shared with local and tribal governments. The plan will identify intersection safety problems, and recommend cost-effective and publicly acceptable strategies and countermeasures designed to reduce intersection fatalities and serious injuries. 13.4.1. Strategy: Reduce the Number of Intersection Related Fatalities Through Improved Operations and Traffic Control The following countermeasures are proposed to reduce the number of intersection related fatalities through improved operations and traffic control. Countermeasure 1. Evaluate the operation of signalized intersections by examining the timing, phasing, cycle time, and progression of signals. 93 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Countermeasure 2. Improve the operation of pedestrian and bicycle facilities and promote the implementation of the Statewide Pedestrian Safety Action Plan The two countermeasures designed to reduce the number of intersection related fatalities through improved operations and traffic control are summarized in Table 63 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing, and performance measures. Table 63: Reduce the Number of Intersection Related Fatalities Through Improved Operations and Traffic Control: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description Evaluate the operation of signalized intersections State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measures Year round Number of intersections evaluated High crash / high capacity intersections Number of fatalities at evaluated intersections Improve operation of pedestrian and bicycle facilities Intersections with high number of pedestrian and bicyclist fatalities Year round Number of intersections with improved pedestrian and bicycle operation Statewide implementation of pedestrian safety action plan Promote the implementation of the statewide pedestrian safety action plan Number of fatalities at evaluated intersections 13.4.2. Strategy: Reduce the Number of Intersection Related Fatalities Through Improved Geometric Configuration The following countermeasures are proposed to reduce the number of intersection related fatalities through improved geometric configuration. Countermeasure 1. Provide and improve channelization, signage, and signal operation for turning traffic. Countermeasure 2. Improve sight distances at both signalized and unsignalized intersections. For example, remove parking that restricts sight distance, and clear sight distance triangles of shrubs and trees. Countermeasure 3. Consider replacing signalized intersections with roundabouts, and promote the benefits of roundabouts in traffic safety. The three countermeasures designed to reduce the number of intersection related fatalities through improved geometric configuration are summarized in Table 64 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing, and performance measures. 94 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 64: Reduce the Number of Intersection related Fatalities Through Improved Geometric Configuration: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measures Provide and improve channelization, signage, and signal operation for turning traffic Intersections with high number of turning crashes Year round Number of intersections with improved turns Improve sight distance at intersections Statewide Number of fatalities at treated intersections Year round Number of intersections treated Number of fatalities at treated intersections Consider replacing signalized intersections with roundabouts. Signalized intersections Year round Number of converted signalized intersections Number of fatalities at treated intersections Promote the benefits of roundabouts in traffic safety 13.4.3. Strategy: Reduce the Number of Intersection Related Fatalities by Increasing Driver Compliance with Traffic Control Devices The following countermeasures are proposed to reduce the number of intersection related fatalities by improving driver compliance at intersections. Countermeasure 1. Provide lighting to improve the visibility of unsignalized intersections during nighttime conditions. Countermeasure 2. Consider installing advance warning traffic devices on rural unsignalized intersection approaches. Countermeasure 3. Promote the use of automated enforcement devices at intersections to deter red light running and speeding. Develop and distribute educational / promotional materials on the role of automated enforcement technologies in intersection safety. Countermeasure 4. Consider the use of speed feedback signs at intersections to inform drivers of their operating speeds. Countermeasure 5. Ensure improved compliance with laws regarding running redlights and stop-signs by using sustained enforcement based upon local enforcement experience and the latest data on crashes and fatalities. 95 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan The five countermeasures designed to reduce the number the intersection related fatalities by improving driver compliance at intersections are summarized in Table 65 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing, and performance measures. Table 65: Reduce the Number of Intersection Related Fatalities by Increasing Driver Compliance with Traffic Control Devices: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description Improve visibility of unsignalized intersections during nighttime conditions State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measure(s) High crash unsignalized intersections Year round Number of treated intersections Number of fatalities at treated unsignalized intersections Consider installing advance warning traffic devices on rural unsignalized intersection approaches Rural high crash unsignalized intersections Promote the use of automated enforcement devices and develop appropriate educational / promotional materials High crash intersections Year round Number of treated intersections Number of fatalities at treated rural unsignalized intersections Year round Number of treated intersections Number of fatalities at treated intersections Appropriate educational / promotional material developed and used Consider the use of speed feedback signs High crash intersections Year round Number of treated intersections Number of fatalities at treated intersections Ensure improved compliance with laws regarding running redlights and stop-signs High crash locations Year round 96 Number of fatalities at intersections Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 13.4.4. Strategy: Reduce the Number of Potential Conflicts at Intersections Through Improved Access Management Consider improved access management to reduce the number of access points adjacent to intersections. Access points usually lead to conflicts and speed differentials which have the potential for unsafe operating conditions, especially close to an intersection. Countermeasure 1. Implement the access management plan being developed by ADOT. Countermeasure 2. Promote the use of good access management strategies to local and tribal governments. The two countermeasures designed to reduce the number of potential conflicts at intersections through improved access management are summarized in Table 66 which also provides information about the area of focus, timing, and performance measures. Table 66: Reduce the Number of Potential Conflicts at Intersections Through Improved Access Management: Summary of Proposed Countermeasures, Focus Area, Timing, and Performance Measures Countermeasure Description State or County Focus Area Timing of Implementation Performance Measure Implement ADOT access management plan Statewide Upon completion of Plan Plan developed and implemented Promote use of access management strategies to local and tribal governments Statewide Year round Local and tribal governments implementing good access management strategies 97 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 14. Emphasis Area 6: Data Improvement As developing a SHSP is a data driven process, SAFETEA–LU requires States to have a functional crash data system that can be used to identify safety problems and to conduct countermeasure analyses. Data improvement is identified as an emphasis area in the SHSP because SAFETEA–LU requires the States to improve existing crash data by improving traffic records data collection, analysis capabilities, and integration with other sources of safety data. The broad strategies for data improvement are:  Improve the timeliness, accuracy, and completeness of data  Improve uniformity, integration, and accessibility of data Comprehensive and quality safety data are the lifeline of a SHSP. High quality, readily available data are essential to the quantification and understanding of a State’s safety picture. The data system must be able to provide answers to the “who, what, where, when and how” questions associated with every fatality and serious injury. This Section of the SHSP introduces and discusses the TRCC Strategic Plan for Traffic Safety Data (Section 14.1), and outlines the role of the TRCC in the SHSP (Section 14.2). The Section also briefly presents strategies for improving the data available for the SHSP’s five emphasis areas: 1. Restraint Usage (Section 14.3) 2. Young Drivers (Section 14.4) 3. Speeding (Section 14.5) 4. Impaired Driving (Section 14.6) 5. Roadway / Roadside (Section 14.7) 14.1. TRCC Strategic Plan for Traffic Safety Data Arizona’s Traffic Records Coordination Committee (TRCC) was established on January 11, 2006 as a subcommittee of the Governor’s Traffic Safety Advisory Council (GTSAC). The TRCC is responsible for developing, approving, and implementing Arizona’s strategic plan for traffic records, and for ensuring that data are available to support federally funded traffic safety programs and programs funded by state and local sources. The objective is to provide quality safety data to support all traffic safety programs. TRCC finalized Arizona’s Strategic Plan for Traffic Safety Data on May 30, 2006. The plan was approved by GTSAC on May 10, 2006. The plan identifies strategies and actions designed to address data and system deficiencies, and to provide quality data. The plan addresses existing deficiencies in the traffic safety information systems, and sets priorities for corrective action. The activities listed in the plan should improve the timeliness, accuracy, completeness, uniformity, integration, and accessibility of Arizona’s highway safety data. 98 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan The plan addresses the following traffic safety information systems:  Crash information  Roadway information  Driver information  Vehicle information  Enforcement / adjudication information  Injury surveillance information (CODES) 14.2. TRCC Role in the SHSP The TRCC has an important role to play in the implementation and evaluation of SHSP strategies. Detailed data queries will be required for the successful implementation of the strategies developed for the five emphasis areas (restraint usage, young drivers, speeding, impaired driving, and roadway / roadside), and for the successful evaluation of the strategies. To support implementation, Arizona’s crash data will be analyzed to identify the road network’s high crash locations for each of the emphasis areas. The appropriate strategy listed in the SHSP will then be implemented to improve safety at the highway locations identified. For a proactive approach, locations with similar characteristics can also be identified and treated. To support evaluation, the SHSP must be able to track all the resources used to implement the strategies, and must be able to monitor the performance measures listed for each strategy. It should be possible to monitor the effectiveness of the strategies by conducting up to the minute research into the results of the strategies. This is important for evaluating the strategies and for introducing appropriate modifications as required. All these implementation and evaluation issues are essential aspects of working towards Arizona’s vision of Zero fatalities on the state’s roads. The TRCC will further support the SHSP’s implementation and evaluation phases by addressing any deficiencies found in the data systems, including on-going assistance for local and tribal governments regarding collecting, maintaining, and analyzing crash data. 14.3. Data Requirements for Restraint Usage The following data requirements were identified for restraint usage during the development of individual strategies. Data Requirement 1. Consideration of an improved system for determining restraint usage compliance across the state. The compliance rate for occupant restraint in Arizona must be determined as accurately as possible. Data Requirement 2. Data suitable for identifying subpopulations (e.g. age groups, ethnic groups, gender) at particularly high risk of non use of restraints 99 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Data Requirement 3. Data on restraint use suitable for localities interested in promoting local intervention programs The data requirements for restraint usage are summarized in Table 67 which also provides information about the area of focus, and the time when the data are required. Table 67: Restraint Usage Data Requirements: Summary of Proposed Data Requirement, Focus Area, and Timing Data Required State or County Focus Area Timing of Requirement An improved system for determining restraint usage compliance across the State (for consideration) State Before and after data for evaluating effectiveness of strategies Data on subpopulations at particularly high risk of non use State Before data Data for the support of local intervention programs Local Before data 14.4. Data Requirements for Young Drivers The data requirements of young drivers are included in the strategies presented for the other emphasis areas. Young drivers will be analyzed in two age groups: 1. 16-20 years old 2. 21-24 years old 14.5. Data Requirements for Speeding The following data requirements were identified for speeding during the development of individual strategies. Data Requirement 1. Improved data and identification process for repeat speeding offenders Data Requirement 2. Tracking of all speeding citations issued across the state Data Requirement 3. Improve traffic records system(s) to provide patrol officers to immediately access a driver’s complete driving record and identify repeat (chronic) speeding offenders. The data requirements for restraint usage are summarized in Table 68 which also provides information about the area of focus, and the time when the data are required. 100 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Table 68: Speeding Data Requirements: Summary of Proposed Data Requirement, Focus Area, and Timing Data Required State or County Focus Area Timing of Requirement Data and process for improving the identification of repeat speeding offenders Statewide Continuous Statewide speeding citations Statewide Continuous Enable patrol officers to immediately identify repeat (chronic) speeding offenders Statewide Traffic record system(s) improved to provide patrol officers immediate access to driver’s records Number of repeat offenders ticketed per year 14.6. Data Requirements for Impaired Driving The following data requirements were identified for impaired driving during the development of individual strategies. Data Requirement 1. Improved reporting of DUI crashes. This requirement includes ensuring that ALISS fatality numbers are aligned with the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). Data Requirement 2. Tracking of all DUI citations issued across the state Data Requirement 3. Improved identification process for repeat DUI offenders. It will be necessary to work with the court system to enhance the reporting of DUI convictions and to ensure access to data on DUI convictions and conviction rates. It will be necessary to design and implement a centralized statewide citation tracking system containing information about a citation’s entire life cycle. The data requirements for restraint usage are summarized in Table 69 which also provides information about the area of focus, and the time when the data are required. Table 69: Impaired Driving Data Requirements: Summary of Proposed Data Requirement, Focus Area, and Timing Data Required State or County Focus Area Timing of Requirement Improved reporting of DUI crashes. Aligning ALISS and FARS fatality numbers Statewide Continuous Statewide tracking of DUI citations Improved identification process for repeat DUI offenders Statewide Continuous Statewide Continuous 101 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 14.7. Data Requirements for Roadway / Roadside The following data requirements were identified for roadway / roadside during the development of individual strategies. Data Requirement 1. Support for the data requirements of a Fatal Crash Review Panel. This Panel would consist of representatives from all 4E areas, would formally investigate and analyze each fatality, and would develop strategies to prevent the reoccurrence of the fatality. Data Requirement 2. Data on rural roads that are eligible for funding under the High Risk Rural Roads Program (HRRRP). It will be necessary to enlist the support of counties to identify the eligible roads. Data Requirement 3. Consideration of an improved system for determining EMS response times to crashes in rural areas The data requirements for restraint usage are summarized in Table 70 which also provides information about the area of focus, and the time when the data are required. Table 70: Roadway / Roadside Data Requirements: Summary of Proposed Data Requirement, Focus Area, and Timing Data Required State or County Focus Area Timing of Requirement Statewide Comprehensive before and after crash data Rural roads eligible for HRRRP funding Rural roads Data needed to establish HRRRP in Arizona EMS rural response times (for consideration) Rural roads Before and after response times Data requirements of a Fatal Crash Review Panel 102 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 15. Next Steps 15.1. Introduction to SHSP Implementation and Evaluation As discussed in Section 1.2.2, the SHSP is a process made up of four basic cyclic phases, as shown in Exhibit 40: Phase 1. Producing the Development Plan Phase 2. Producing the Implementation Plan Phase 3. Implementation Phase 4. Evaluation and Updating (including Public Outreach) This report addresses Phase 1 of the SHSP cycle. GTSAC will continue to coordinate the SHSP and will develop the details of Phases 2, 3 and 4 in the Fall of 2007. Phase 2 is scheduled to start in the Fall of 2007. Phase 2, the SHSP Implementation Plan, and Phase 3, SHSP Implementation, are briefly introduced in Section 15.2. Phase 4, SHSP Evaluation and Updating is briefly introduced in Section 15.3 which includes an introduction to the evaluation process (Section 15.3.1) and an introduction to the public outreach program requirement (Section 15.3.2). Exhibit 40: SHSP Four Basic Cyclic Phases Development Plan Implementation Plan Implementation •Legislative Compliance •Action Plan •Jurisdictional Adoption of •Analyze and Interpret Data •Lead Agencies SHSP Strategic Vision and •Common State-wide Goals •Strengthen Partnerships •Prioritization •Linkage to other Plans and Goals •Implement investments •Emphasis Area Priorities Programs Through Existing Plans and •Investment Strategies •Performance Metrics •Funding Mechanism •Project and Program Programs •Modify Current Processes •Resource Sharing Evaluation Criteria to Institutionalize SHSP •Roles and Responsibilities •Plan Approval •Map Out Workload, Cycles and Milestones Safety Culture Evaluating and Updating •Monitor Process and Investment Implementation •Evaluate Progress and Support Change •Regularly and Formally Report Results •Conduct Public Outreach •Update SHSP and Existing Plans and Processes 103 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 15.2. SHSP Implementation Plan The Implementation Plan (Phases 2 and 3 of the SHSP) will build on the findings and direction established by the emphasis area (EA) team members during Phase 1. The Implementation Plan will use Phase 1’s safety performance data, strategies, and performance measures to develop specific safety actions. Implementation will include identifying the specific locations where traffic fatalities and serious injuries are most severe as a basis for applying many of the proposed strategies and countermeasures. The Implementation Plan will also develop an action plan with a schedule of costs and estimated benefits. Where appropriate, the action plan will identify and incorporate existing safety plans or programs through which the Plan’s safety actions will be implemented. Each EA will have an EA safety action team. Ideally, the EA action teams will be made up of Phase 1 EA participants. Each EA action team will be under the leadership of a lead agency. Ideally, the lead agency will provide the Chair for the action team. Each EA safety action team will have a number of actions / programs. Where an EA’s actions / programs (e.g. the Young Driver Outreach Program) cross safety jurisdictions, a stakeholder action team (e.g. AAA, ADOT, GOHS, and SADD) will be identified to help develop and market the Implementation Plan’s program. (The stakeholder action teams will continue to report to the appropriate assigned lead agency.) At the broad level, the lead agency for each action / program will identify and champion the changes that must be made to current processes to:  Integrate the SHSP process, goals, strategies, and actions with existing practice  Integrate the Plan’s performance measures into existing safety planning and programming processes At the more detailed level, the lead agency or project manager responsible for each action / program will: • Establish and manage the necessary action team • Develop and confirm the project / action details, i.e. the what, where, when, how, cost, funding source(s), and performance measures33 • Use performance measures to track progress towards the EA sub-goals, and report back to GTSAC on: • implementation progress • post-implementation safety outcomes / impacts • challenges / issues. 33 The cost and affordability of emphasis area actions may dictate priorities and the timing of sub-goal achievement. 104 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan The information gathered will be used for internal and public outreach purposes. As SHSP implementation is a new process, appropriate reporting cycles will be determined during implementation. • Coordinate efforts with other EA team leads to ensure consistency, and to encourage new partnerships and the sharing of new learning experiences. This sharing of experiences between EA action teams is critical to building the new SHSP safety culture as many existing organizations and agencies have similar programs and initiatives that will have to be complimentary to, or assimilated by, the SHSP recommendations and focus. Integration will develop over time as the new partnerships grow. • Coordinate EA input for SHSP updates. As SHSP updating is a new process, SHSP updating frequency will be determined by considering implementation progress. A public outreach program is also part of the Implementation Plan. The public outreach program is introduced in Section 15.3.2. Due to the long-term cyclic nature of the SHSP process, the Implementation Plan will produce a calendarized activity plan that maps out ongoing SHSP work requirements, and the timing for the implementation, monitoring, evaluating, reporting and updating of the Plan. The calendar will enable GTSAC to assess the necessary human resource requirements, staff assignments, schedules, and milestones, and to address any organizational or reporting changes and modifications that may be required for GTSAC’s existing subcommittee mandate structure. The following GTSAC subcommittees should continue to operate as before, with minor adjustments: • Road Safety Audit • Photo Enforcement • Traffic Records Coordinating Committee • Legislation • Communications – This subcommittee will likely need to be expanded to coordinate communications, marketing and outreach at both the macro SHSP level and the individual EA level. With multiple focus areas and multiple stakeholders, information accuracy and consistency will very important. The Communications subcommittee will also need to monitor and address any information cultural and linguistic sensitivities. Other subcommittees would be transitioned over time to the new emphasis area action teams. 105 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 15.3. SHSP Evaluation and Updating “What gets measured gets done,” Peter F. Drucker Phase 4 of the SHSP is Evaluation and Updating. This Phase includes Public Outreach. The measurement and evaluation of progress, and the updating of the SHSP are essential. To ensure that Arizona is making steady progress towards its Every One Counts vision, GTSAC will develop an evaluation process (Section 15.3.1) and a public outreach program (Section 15.3.2). 15.3.1. Evaluation Process Phase 4’s evaluation process will monitor, evaluate and report on the progress made by the SHSP safety action teams. The process will include an examination of the impact of the SHSP on existing plans and programs, and the integration of the SHSP process, goals and strategies into each safety partner’s planning and programming processes. At this time, an annual evaluation and reporting cycle is envisioned. The cycle will be coordinated with the SHSP Development Plan (Phase 1), Implementation Plan and updates (Phases 2 and 3), and the SHSP Outreach program (Phase 4)). An annual evaluation and reporting structure will enable GTSAC to market the success of its safety strategies and actions promptly. The approach will also enable the Council to redirect efforts if the strategies or actions do not bring about reductions in the number of fatalities. Evaluation will include tracking the quality of safety data available, tracking the accessibility of safety data, and ensuring the compatibility of data from diverse sources. Increased data collection from engineering, education enforcement, and EMS will enhance Arizona’s safety analysis capability, and will improve decision-making. By tracking, evaluating, and reporting on safety goal progress, GTSAC will be able to determine when Arizona has achieved the first set of emphasis area goals, and when Arizona can introduce additional emphasis areas into the SHSP. In this way, Arizona will address the state’s safety challenges and will continue to move towards its Every One Counts vision. 15.3.2. SHSP Public Outreach In addition to the specific emphasis area educational and outreach programs outlined in this report, the Implementation Plan will include a SHSP outreach program designed to engage Arizona citizens and visitors. GTSAC will develop the outreach program which will be managed by GTSAC’s communications subcommittee. Key messages will need to be confirmed. General themes will include:  Traffic fatalities are not acceptable, they can happen to you or to a loved one  Safety is everybody’s business, everybody must play a role  How you, the public, can set personal daily safety goals that may save a life 106 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan It is expected that the program would be introduced through a major event, for example, a Traffic Safety Week34, and that there would be quarterly or bi-annual public updates on upcoming actions and progress. An annual Traffic Safety Week could be considered as a way of keeping safety and Arizona’s SHSP in the minds of the public. Media for the SHSP outreach program would include: television, radio, newspaper, theater and cinema announcements; brochures; and a safety website. Introductory and follow-up surveys may be used to assess the public’s interest, acceptance and participation. 34 The annual GTSAC Safety Event at the State capitol might also provide an opportunity for the public kick-off event. The 4th annual GTSAC Safety Event is scheduled for January 16, 2008. 107 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 16. Appendix A – Data Queries Crash data from ADOT’s Accident Location Information Surveillance System (ALISS) were used to determine Arizona emphasis areas and strategies unless otherwise referenced. A summary of the data queries used is provided below. All the data refer to the five year period 2001–2005. Arizona Traffic Safety Trends Description Query Traffic fatalities and serious injuries as a public health concern. Number of fatalities and cause of death 2000-2004, ages 1-39 years Data from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Centers for Injury Prevention and Control Arizona fatalities and serious injuries trends from 2001 to 2005. Number of annual fatalities and serious injuries for 2001-2005 Arizona fatal and serious injury rates over five years (2001 to 2005). Number of annual fatalities and serious injuries per 100 MVT from 2001-2005 Queries for Restraint Usage Description General Query Detailed Query The number of fatalities and serious injuries resulting from crashes in Arizona involving not wearing seat belts. Seat belt usage or occupant protection comprised:  Lap belt  Lap and shoulder  Passive belt  Passive and lap  Child restraint Number of Fatalities and Serious injuries 2001-2005  Time of day  Day of week  Month of year  Weather  Gender (male or female)  Age  Location (rural or urban, county)  Driver or occupant  Manner of collision (single vehicle, sideswipe (same), sideswipe (opposite), angle, left turn, rear-end, head-on, backing, other, driveway / alley related, non-contact (mc), non-contact (not mc), and u-turn) Without Restraint Usage (p.restraint_used not in (2,3,5,7,8); p.person_type in (1,4)) Restraint used: Lap Belt (2), Lap and Shoulder, Child Restraint (5), Passive Belt (7), Passive and Lap (8) Person type: Driver (1), Passenger(4) 108 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Queries for Young Drivers Description General Query Detailed Query The number of fatalities and serious injuries resulting from crashes in Arizona involving young drivers (age less than 25 years) Number of Fatalities and Serious injuries 2001-2005  Time of day  Day of week  Month of year  Weather  Gender (male or female)  Vehicle type (bus, emergency vehicle, motorcycle, other, passenger car, RV, taxi, truck, and pickup truck)  Location (rural or urban, county)  Driver or occupant  Manner of collision (single vehicle, sideswipe (same), sideswipe (opposite), angle, left turn, rear-end, head-on, backing, other, driveway / alley related, non-contact (mc), noncontact (not mc), and u-turn) Young Driver Involved (age less than 25 years) Person type: Driver (1) Passenger(4) Queries for Speeding Description General Query Detailed Query The number of fatalities and serious injuries resulting from crashes in Arizona due to speeding. Speeding comprised:  Speed too fast for conditions  Exceeded lawful speed Number of Fatalities and Serious injuries 2001-2005  Time of day  Day of week  Month of year  Weather  Gender (male or female)  Age  Vehicle type (bus, emergency vehicle, motorcycle, other, passenger car, RV, taxi, truck, and pickup truck)  Location (rural or urban, county)  Driver or occupant  Manner of collision (single vehicle, sideswipe (same), sideswipe (opposite), angle, left turn, rear-end, head-on, backing, other, driveway / alley related, non-contact (mc), noncontact (not mc), and u-turn) Speeding (Violation in (2-speed too fast for condition; 3exceeded lawful speed)) Person type: Driver (1) Pedestrian (2) Pedalcyclist (3) Passenger(4) 109 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Queries for Impaired Driving Description General Query Detailed Query The number of fatalities and serious injuries resulting from crashes in Arizona involving impaired drivers. Impaired driving comprised:  Had been drinking  Appeared to be under influence of drugs  Ill-ability influenced  Physical impairment  Prescription drugs Number of Fatalities and Serious injuries 2001-2005  Time of day  Day of week  Month of year  Weather  Gender (male or female)  Age  Vehicle type (bus, emergency vehicle, motorcycle, other, passenger car, RV, taxi, truck, and pickup truck)  Location (rural or urban, county)  Driver or occupant  Manner of collision (single vehicle, sideswipe (same), sideswipe (opposite), angle, left turn, rear-end, head-on, backing, other, driveway / alley related, non-contact (mc), noncontact (not mc), and u-turn) Impaired Driving (physical in (2-had been drinking, 3appeared to be under influence of drugs, 4-ill-ability influenced, 6-physical impairment, 7-prescripition drugs)) Person type: Driver (1) Pedestrian (2) Pedalcyclist (3) Passenger(4) Queries for Lane Departure Description General Query Detailed Query The number of fatalities and serious injuries resulting from lane departure crashes in Arizona. Lane departure crashes comprised:  Vehicle leaving the roadway  Crashes with fixed objects  Head-on and across-median crashes Number of Fatalities and Serious injuries 2001-2005  Time of day  Day of week  Month of year  Weather  Light Condition (not reported, daylight, dawn or dusk, darkness.)  Gender (male or female)  Age  Vehicle type (bus, emergency vehicle, motorcycle, other, passenger car, RV, taxi, truck, and pickup truck)  Location (rural or urban, county)  Driver or occupant  Manner of collision (single vehicle, sideswipe (same), sideswipe (opposite), angle, left turn, rear-end, head-on, backing, other, driveway / alley related, non-contact (mc), noncontact (not mc), and u-turn) run_off_road = 1 collision_manner in ('1' - sideswipe same,'2' - sideswipe opposite '6 Headon) first_harmful - Collision with ('27'- tree, '28' - Boulder, '29' - Utility Pole, '30' Luminaire, '31' - Traffic signal, '32' Traffic sign, '33' - Median Barrier, '34' - Guard Rail, '35' - Fence, '36' Bridge abutment, '37' - Traffic Barricade, '39' - Bridge culvert, '40' Curb, '41' - Other Fixed Object) Person type: Driver (1) Pedestrian (2) Pedalcyclist (3) Passenger(4) 110 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Queries for Intersection Description General Query Detailed Query The number of fatalities and serious injuries resulting from intersections crashes in Arizona. Number of Fatalities and Serious injuries 2001-2005  Time of day  Day of week  Month of year  Weather  Gender (male or female)  Age  Vehicle type (bus, emergency vehicle, motorcycle, other, passenger car, RV, taxi, truck, and pickup truck)  Location (rural or urban, county)  Driver or occupant  Manner of collision (single vehicle, sideswipe (same), sideswipe (opposite), angle, left turn, rear-end, head-on, backing, other, driveway / alley related, non-contact (mc), noncontact (not mc), and u-turn) Intersection Related Person type: Driver (1) Pedestrian (2) Pedalcyclist (3) Passenger(4) 111 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 17. Appendix B – GTSAC Charter 112 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan 18. Appendix C – Injury Severity by Posted Speed Number of Crashes 2001 - 2005 Injury Severity by Posted Speed & (Estimated Speed - Posted Speed) (v.unit_number = 1) Query: 7/19/07 Estimated Speed - Posted Speed posted speed 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 injury severity Not Reported No Injury Possible Injury Non-Incapacitating Injury Incapacitating Fatal Unknown No Injury Possible Injury Non-Incapacitating Injury Incapacitating Fatal Unknown No Injury Possible Injury Non-Incapacitating Injury Incapacitating Fatal Unknown No Injury Possible Injury Non-Incapacitating Injury Incapacitating Fatal Unknown No Injury Possible Injury Non-Incapacitating Injury Incapacitating Fatal Unknown No Injury Possible Injury Non-Incapacitating Injury Incapacitating Fatal Unknown No Injury Possible Injury Non-Incapacitating Injury Incapacitating Fatal Unknown <=0 4 19,782 3,825 2,667 743 406 7,206 349 67 33 7 2 10 228 55 36 7 14 1,547 218 156 40 1 111 342 56 46 12 3 23 48,323 8,676 6,658 1,912 163 4,641 11,794 3,115 2,117 538 34 328 1_5 5,239 1,049 644 153 9 83 33 11 5 3 4 9 2 1 2 70 26 9 5 15 32 6 10 5 2,011 473 529 155 16 426 330 121 121 38 2 27 5_10 2,639 665 421 104 11 52 18 6 1 1 8 1 3 4 110 25 18 9 1 16 22 4 6 2 2 1,731 420 481 158 17 429 247 90 111 42 4 34 Continued on next page… 113 11_15 1,257 345 242 58 4 36 11 3 1 34 7 4 4 89 15 20 5 1 21 31 8 12 2 1 1,288 315 426 151 25 496 126 43 53 25 5 18 16_20 21_25 25_30 31_35 36_40 41_45 46_50 >=51 722 520 474 430 400 224 123 173 250 178 155 131 152 81 58 54 160 139 124 139 126 108 64 79 41 48 32 35 51 36 40 35 4 4 4 4 8 5 7 20 34 45 39 31 31 23 15 34 38 13 32 36 31 4 3 7 7 7 10 14 9 1 1 3 5 4 4 2 1 1 1 1 3 14 41 45 40 3 4 1 3 6 18 7 1 1 2 7 4 1 4 1 1 4 2 1 79 67 31 12 8 6 2 3 13 19 16 2 1 1 15 11 3 7 1 1 1 3 3 5 1 2 1 1 1 10 9 8 3 1 3 1 40 13 4 2 1 1 9 4 2 1 4 6 1 2 1 6 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 597 413 126 123 43 42 19 31 166 113 31 35 8 8 5 8 220 215 46 60 25 17 7 13 105 96 31 38 21 11 4 13 15 16 8 14 8 5 1 6 230 171 38 64 18 18 5 17 95 17 25 10 3 3 3 5 23 7 9 6 5 1 1 34 14 14 3 3 4 2 4 20 7 7 4 6 3 1 5 2 5 1 2 1 30 7 6 3 1 1 2 Arizona Strategic Highway Safety Plan Estimated Speed - Posted Speed posted speed 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 injury severity No Injury Possible Injury Non-Incapacitating Injury Incapacitating Fatal Unknown No Injury Possible Injury Non-Incapacitating Injury Incapacitating Fatal Unknown No Injury Possible Injury Non-Incapacitating Injury Incapacitating Fatal Unknown No Injury Possible Injury Non-Incapacitating Injury Incapacitating Fatal Unknown No Injury Possible Injury Non-Incapacitating Injury Incapacitating Fatal Unknown No Injury Possible Injury Non-Incapacitating Injury Incapacitating Fatal Unknown No Injury Possible Injury Non-Incapacitating Injury Incapacitating Fatal Unknown No Injury Possible Injury Non-Incapacitating Injury Incapacitating No Injury Possible Injury Non-Incapacitating Injury Incapacitating Fatal Unknown <=0 62,424 19,577 11,859 3,442 224 1,171 84,051 29,579 16,935 4,800 286 1,083 76,235 22,479 14,350 4,719 466 1,421 6,519 1,778 1,750 730 179 294 31,582 8,029 5,204 1,402 356 639 38 15 9 1 1 1 29,796 6,115 5,380 1,547 495 549 17 7 6 5 12,660 1,817 3,414 1,310 606 318 1_5 1,441 619 619 221 27 91 1,094 482 468 180 38 47 1,128 442 446 182 34 60 190 51 59 34 9 2 1,531 384 369 116 31 28 11 3 2 791 183 247 84 27 13 5 2 1 291 65 130 66 32 4 5_10 720 313 352 145 26 78 668 290 378 165 30 68 534 217 267 110 31 32 120 41 65 35 15 25 786 286 310 85 27 22 244 76 140 69 33 7 1 52 10 42 25 12 - 114 11_15 454 225 273 117 32 106 208 95 119 58 25 25 377 157 203 94 31 63 63 29 38 22 16 9 318 101 158 56 19 10 1 107 38 68 35 17 4 13 1 19 14 14 2 16_20 21_25 25_30 31_35 36_40 41_45 46_50 >=51 175 155 52 48 25 18 5 18 69 64 19 24 9 8 4 6 76 92 33 38 7 14 3 15 59 58 32 28 6 13 7 16 18 14 7 6 6 4 6 27 44 11 19 5 5 2 1 222 58 44 34 26 8 7 14 108 28 25 19 11 2 3 5 135 47 40 21 17 3 7 5 93 28 30 19 12 7 11 4 26 11 22 11 16 7 4 3 47 12 17 8 7 1 3 4 173 90 50 43 16 12 4 17 79 49 19 16 4 5 1 6 94 69 38 27 8 10 2 5 53 58 32 29 14 10 1 11 22 28 13 15 12 12 1 7 16 18 8 15 4 2 2 6 25 11 15 4 1 3 1 17 8 8 1 2 2 1 2 20 14 11 3 1 2 2 16 9 7 2 6 2 13 12 5 1 1 4 10 1 4 2 2 123 68 18 14 4 10 3 41 19 6 18 1 4 2 65 46 12 10 1 7 1 35 16 8 10 3 7 1 14 9 5 7 2 7 1 11 9 2 3 1 34 28 3 12 1 3 2 10 5 4 5 1 1 16 14 3 14 1 2 2 11 12 8 1 13 6 2 4 1 5 1 1 4 10 1 2 1 1 6 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 5 1 2 1 -