City of Tempe Operation Safe & Sober 2014 Assessment Presented by Chief of Police Tom Ryff January 2015 Prepared by 20-Jan-15 Operation Safe & Sober 2014 Assessment Introduction Operation Safe & Sober is a proactive initiative that began in 2013 following several tragic high profile party-related incidents in Tempe, combined with concerns about neighborhoods experiencing increased problems related to noise, loud parties, alcohol use, debris, public urination, code violations, general disorder, and physical assaults. In conjunction with an in-depth analysis of these issues1, the first Safe & Sober initiative was developed and implemented in the fall of 2013. An assessment of that operation concluded that loud party-related calls, robberies, and street jump robberies—all areas of focus for the operation—decreased substantially, particularly in the north Tempe corridor that was the area of focus 2. The purpose of the 2014 Operation Safe & Sober was to maintain reductions in loud party-related calls for service, and continue to impact violent crimes citywide and within the corridor wherein high levels of this type of activity occurs. Fortunately, we did not experience the same level of high profile party-related incidents that resulted in serious injury or death compared to the prior 18 months. The Tempe Police Department and representatives from Arizona State University worked throughout the year on ways to mutually address these issues, and worked collectively on community outreach and enforcement related to the 2014 Operation Safe & Sober. Executive Summary Last year’s Loud Party Report1 contained correlations between Loud Party calls for service (LP CFS) and other nuisance call types, and geographical correlation between LP CFS and violent crime. Thus, Tempe PD aggressively targeted LP CFS locations in an effort to reduce violent crime and keep students safe. Similar to last year, the 2014 initiative took place over several weekends in August and September. While this report provides monthly trends in LP CFS over all months for the last five years, it provides analysis of only Aug/Sept for the last three years, the specific comparison periods of the initiative. Loud party calls for service have been declining over the last five years. The peak month for LP CFS has historically been October, but has shifted to March, with the spring semester having more LP CFS than the fall semester. While citywide Part I crime increased in Aug/Sep 2014 compared to prior years, violent crime has decreased. Most notably, there has been an impressive reduction in street jump robberies over the past three years in Aug/Sep, both citywide and in the corridor. Aggravated assaults have also decreased in both areas, respectively. Sexual assault increased in Aug/Sep 2014, likely due to increased awareness and campaigning to report the crime, which will be discussed in depth later in the report. 1 2 Loud Party Report 2013 Safe & Sober Report Page 2 of 18 Finally, the Department issued fewer, and more geographically dispersed, unlawful gathering and nuisance fines than last year. Last year’s change in city ordinance included stiffer penalties for unlawful gatherings and nuisance issues (loud parties) and appears to be an effective tool in the Department’s efforts in mitigating loud parties and subsequent nuisance and crime activity. Operation Overview The Operation Safe & Sober initiative occurred in two phases in 2014. Phase I focused on back to school traffic and pedestrian safety, which ran from August 4-15. Phase II, which is the focus of this assessment, targeted Loud Parties north of Broadway Road over three consecutive weekends: August 21-24, August 28-31, and September 4-7. Partnership with Arizona State University PD, MCSO, Gilbert PD, AZ State Liquor Board, DPS, Scottsdale PD, Pinal County Sheriff Department, Mesa PD, Buckeye PD, and Chandler PD was consistent throughout the task force. Tempe PD relied heavily on grant funding from the Governor’s Office of Highway Safety (GOHS) in total of $87,000, which provided for 1,275.25 hours in overtime. Prior to Phase II going into effect, the Tempe Police Department (TPD) conducted three proactive neighborhood canvasses in the Daley, Hudson, and Maple/Ash Neighborhoods. The neighborhood canvasses were modeled after other cities containing universities (Fort Collins, CO/Colorado State University; State College, PA/Penn State University) and included ASU student leaders and administrators, TPD Command Staff and the TPD Crime Prevention Unit (CPU). Prior to canvassing, TPD held a large informational meeting that included neighborhood leaders, ASU Student Services, and the ASU Undergraduate Student Government President. During these canvasses, approximately 750 residences were contacted by TPD and ASU. Representatives also met with ASU Fraternity Presidents and Councils on August 25 to discuss Operation Safe & Sober, the nuisance ordinance, underage drinking, student leadership, and decision-making. As in the prior year, TPD focused on Loud Party CFS and its association with three primary crimes of concern: street jump robbery, aggravated assault, and sexual assault. Specific to street-jump robbery, a task force was created to combat this crime type during the operational period of August 27- October 26, 2014. The mission was to provide high visibility staffing to enhance enforcement of violent crimes in Zone 2 (see appendix A for boundaries). The specific crimes targeted during this operation were robbery, aggravated assault, and other persons crimes. Resources from the Criminal Investigations Bureau (CIB), Patrol Bureau, and the East Valley U.S. Marshal Task Force were utilized. Most enforcement activities occurred Sundays and Mondays between 1900-0000 hours. Similar to 2013, several law enforcement strategies were put into effect: non-obligated enforcement was directed towards underage drinking, driving under the influence, illegal drug use, and other nuisance violations such as public urinating/defecating, littering, traffic and parking violations. Officers were also proactive in identifying social gatherings or parties that were approaching a level of disorderly conduct. Page 3 of 18 Results Calls for Service Figure 1 on the following page shows six years of Loud Party calls for service3 (LP CFS) by month. These call types have declined by 27% from 2009 to 2013. Until 2012, October experienced the highest LP CFS volume. Since then, the highest month for LP CFS has shifted from October to March, and LP calls for March are becoming proportionately larger as a percent of annual LP CFS. As seen in Figure 1, 2014 has experienced 123 fewer LP CFS per month on average than those months in prior years (January through October 2014). October 2014 had 192 fewer (-31%) LP CFS than the fiveyear average for October (2009-2013). While March now has the highest frequency of LP CFS, March 2014 still experienced a reduction, with 152 fewer (-25%) LP CFS than the five-year average for March (2009-2013). A primary goal of the Safe & Sober initiative has been to address loud party-related calls for service, and we are pleased that to see the continued reduction in these calls over the past two years. A great deal of appreciation goes out to TPD officers, our law enforcement partners and to the ASU community—all of which played a critical role in this reduction. 3 Loud Party Calls for Service, based on complainant’s description and often interchangeable, include: - Loud Music/Noise: complaints regarding loud music and other loud noises. - Loud Party in Progress: same complaint, added component of gathering people - Loud Party Notify: preemptive action, specific information about a large party; includes giving information to host regarding expectations, enforcement, potential liability, etc. Page 4 of 18 Figure 1: Historical LP CFS by month 800 Loud Party Calls for Service* 700 600 2009 500 2010 400 2011 2012 300 2013 200 2014 Previous 5-Yr Avg 100 0 *Loud Party CFS include Loud Music/Noise, Loud Party in Progress, and Loud Party Notify Loud Party CFS** 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 JAN 554 491 494 579 448 400 FEB 542 455 479 539 479 400 MAR 693 575 629 584 537 452 APR 603 578 550 550 439 401 MAY 510 607 549 375 386 306 JUN 454 379 411 306 314 249 JUL 386 309 342 315 234 230 AUG 480 429 459 347 276 310 SEP 486 452 441 420 384 339 OCT 718 674 735 524 452 429 NOV 603 472 587 527 481 DEC 508 542 528 435 326 Previous 5-Yr Avg 513 499 604 544 485 373 317 398 437 621 534 468 -113 -99 -152 -143 -179 -124 -87 -88 -53 -192 Average -123 (-22%) (-20%) (-25%) (-26%) (-37%) (-33%) (-27%) (-22%) (-22%) (-31%) Comparison of 2014 to previous 5-year average (% change) **Red Cel l s repres ent Loud Pa rty Ca l l s grea ter tha n 2 Sta nda rd Devi a ti ons ; Ora nge cel l s repres ent Loud Pa rty Ca l l s grea ter tha n 1 Sta nda rd Devi a ti on. Sta nda rd devi a ti on i s a s ta ti s ti ca l techni que tha t mea s ures the di s ta nce a gi ven va l ue i s from the a vera ge va l ue. For our purpos es here, thos e va l ues i n red a re out of the ordi na ry or much hi gher tha n norma l compa red to a n a vera ge month for l oud pa rty counts . Page 5 of 18 Corridor During the 2013 Safe & Sober initiative, special attention was paid to an area to the east of ASU campus (University Dr. to Broadway Rd.; Rural Rd. to Price Rd.), which will be referred to as the corridor. This two square-mile area (5% of land in Tempe) generates approximately 33% of LP CFS annually and 20% of Part I crime. While the focus for the 2014 Safe & Sober initiative was more wide spread in north Tempe, we will continue to assess the impact these types of operations have on this area. Approximately 38% of citywide LP CFS in August and September (2012-2014) occurred in the corridor. This proportion has stayed relatively consistent from 2012 through both Safe & Sober initiatives (see Figure 2 below). Figure 2: LP CFS during Aug/Sep Loud Party CFS Citywide AUG/SEP Corridor AUG/SEP % in Corridor AUG/SEP 767 660 649 292 246 258 38.1% 37.3% 39.8% 2012 2013 2014 By ASU Semester Over the past six ASU semesters, LP CFS decreased citywide by 17.3% in the fall4 and by 25% in the spring. The spring semester has been higher than the proceeding fall semester, reflecting the shift in the peak CFS month from October to March. The red line in the graph below depicts this reduction citywide. Similarly, LP CFS decreased in the corridor by 18.4% in the fall and by 24.3% in the spring. The corridor has consistently accounted for 33-37% of all LP CFS. The blue bar graph below shows the consistent reduction in LP CFS from semester to semester within the corridor. Figure 3: LP CFS by ASU semester 4 Fall (August - October); Spring (February -April) Page 6 of 18 In relation to fraternity houses According to ASU PD, only four of the thirteen recognized fraternities that relocated to off-campus housing in Fall 2012 have remained off-campus in Fall 2014. As seen in the maps below, there is a clear tail that develops west of Rural Rd., along Broadway Rd., in Fall 2012 where the fraternities moved to offcampus housing. This tail of hotspots begins to dissipate in Spring 2014, and further dissipated in Fall 2014. Two of the four fraternity houses that remain off-campus are in the center of the LP CFS hotspot in Fall 2014. Spring 2012 Spring 2013 Spring 2014 Fall 2012 Fall 2013 Fall 2014 Page 7 of 18 Unlawful Gathering & Nuisance Fines Citywide Unlawful gatherings are social host events where individuals over 21 years of age are providing alcohol to individuals who are under the age of 21. The first offense allows for a diversion program in lieu of a $250 fine. All other subsequent violations are a $250 fine. Overall in 2014, there were 8% more notices issued (25 to 27), and a $250 increase in amount billed (see Figure 4). Figure 4: Unlawful gathering notices Unlawful Gatherings 2013 Aug Sep Oct Total Notices Issued 16 8 1 $ $ $ 25 $ 2014 4,000.00 2,000.00 250.00 Notices Issued 5 17 5 $ $ $ 1,250.00 4,000.00 1,250.00 6,250.00 27 $ 6,500.00 Total Billed Total Billed Nuisance incidents are events where individuals are disturbed by noise, illegal parking or loud parties. There are no age restrictions on a nuisance violation and any host, resident, party goer or other participant can be assessed a fee. Figure 5: Nuisance notices Nuisance 2013 Aug Notices Issued 70 114 79 263 Total Billed $19,500.00 2014 Notices Issued 44 74 59 177 Total Billed $14,500.00 The first offense fee is $250; the second, Sep $31,750.00 $20,250.00 $1,000; and the third, $1,500—as it applies Oct $24,750.00 $20,000.00 to subsequent notices. Since 2013, the city Total $76,000.00 $54,750.00 ordinance allows the police to post the citation at the residence rather than to a person. Aggravating circumstances include Minors in Possession, Minors in Consumption, and situations where weapons or drugs are present. Figure 5 offers preliminary figures that benchmark the extent to which this new city ordinance was put to use. During the study period in 2014, there were 33% fewer nuisance notices issued (263 to 177) compared to 2013, and $21,250 less billed. Page 8 of 18 In total (adding both unlawful gathering and nuisance citations), there were 288 notices issued in 2013 as compared to 204 in 2014, resulting in a decrease of 29%. There was a 26% decrease in the amount billed, from $82,250 in 2013 to $61,250 in 2014. Geographically, unlawful gathering and nuisance notices appear to be more wide-spread in 2014, rather than mostly in and around the corridor and to the northeast of Mill Ave. & University Dr. as they were in 2013 (see maps below). For those gatherings that received LP Notices, there was an average of 40 attendees in 2013, and 56 in 2014. Additionally, in 2013 there were 31 large parties of 100 or more attendees, and 40 in 2014. While 2014 experienced fewer LP CFS than 2013 and there have been 30.9% less LP Notices given, the parties that were provided a notice appear to be larger in regards to attendees during the 2014 study period. Although the Theta Chi fraternity reportedly relocated to on-campus housing prior to Fall 2014, there were three notices given at the address which previously housed the fraternity (1424 S Jentilly Ln.) for a party of 500+ attendees on October 31, 2014. Corridor A large proportion of Tempe’s Unlawful Gathering & Nuisance Notices were given in the corridor, around 37%, which is consistent with its share of the city’s LP CFS. Unlawful Gathering & Nuisance Notices Citywide Corridor % in Corridor AUG-OCT AUG-OCT AUG-OCT 2013 2014 288 204 106 77 36.8% 37.7% Figure 6: Unlawful gathering/nuisance notices in corridor Page 9 of 18 Crime Once again this year, Operation Safe and Sober efforts targeted specific crimes, including Aggravated Assault, Street Jump Robbery and Sexual Assault5. Figure 7 displays the number of reported incidents for each of these crime types citywide, and Figure 8 shows that number of reported incidents for each crime type within the corridor. Figure 7: Violent crime, citywide Select Violent Crime: Citywide 2012 2013 2014 Aug/Sept Aug/Sept Aug/Sept Rape 6 8 24 Robbery 47 27 34 Street-jump 30 15 9 Aggravated Assaults 85 89 63 Total Select Violent Crime 138 124 121 Citywide Part I Crime 1,346 1,370 1,497 Figure 8: Violent crime, corridor Select Violent Crime: Corridor 2012 2013 2014 Aug/Sept Aug/Sept Aug/Sept Rape 1 1 7 Robbery 17 4 6 Street-jump 10 2 2 Aggravated Assaults 21 23 12 Total Select Violent Crime 39 28 25 Corridor Part I Crime 277 254 248 As seen in Figure 7, Part I6 crime increased citywide over the last three years during the Operation Safe & Sober timeframe (Aug/Sept), with 2014 (1,497) having 9% more than 2013 (1,370). Despite the increase in Part I crime, there was little change in select violent crime in 2014 compared to 2013, primarily due to the increase in sexual assaults offsetting the reduction in aggravated assaults. Compared to 2012, there was a 12% decrease in citywide violent crime in 2014 (138 to 121). While citywide Part I crime increased, the corridor experienced a decrease in the months examined (Figure 8). Further, select violent crime in the corridor decreased by 11% compared to 2013 (28 to 25) and by 36% compared to 2012 (39). 5 For purposes of this report, rape and sexual assault are interchangeable terms. 6 [1] Part I Crime includes Homicide, Sexual Assault, Robbery, Aggravated Assault, Burglary, Larceny, and Motor Vehicle Theft, and Arson Page 10 of 18 Robbery / Street Jump Robbery Definition: The taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear. Definition: Street Jump Robbery is a robbery that occurs in a public place like a street or alley, at a bus or light rail stop or in a parking lot or structure. Citywide, robbery increased by 26% (27 to 34) in 2014 compared to 2013, though it was still 28% lower than 2012 (47 to 34). There was a slight increase in robbery in the corridor in 2014 (6) compared to 2013 (4), but still a large decrease (65%) compared to 2012 (17). Further, while robbery in the corridor accounted for 36% of citywide robbery in 2012, the corridor accounted for 17.6% of citywide robbery in 2014. Citywide, street-jump robbery declined each year, cutting in half from 2012 to 2013 (30 to 15), then 40% further in 2014 (9). Street jump robbery in the corridor did not change compared to 2013 (2), but continues to be 80% less than street-jump robbery in 2012 (10 in 2012). * Appears that S&S 2013 dispersed the hotspot in the downtown and corridor area (seen in 2012). Number of Reported Incidents in Corridor: 17 Number of Reported Incidents in Corridor: 4 Number of Reported Incidents in Corridor: 6 Page 11 of 18 Aggravated Assault Definition: An unlawful attack by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe or aggravated bodily injury. This type of assault usually is accompanied by the use of a weapon or by means likely to produce death or great bodily harm. While the 2013 Safe & Sober initiative appeared to have no impact on Aggravated Assault citywide (85 in 2012 to 89 in 2013), there was a 29% decrease in 2014 (63) compared to 89 in 2013 and 85 in 2012. Within the corridor aggravated assaults were nearly cut in half from 23 to 12 from 2013 to 2014, a 48% decrease. *2013 appears to have had more concentration along Kyrene Rd. & Mill Ave., between Southern Ave. & Baseline Rd. *2014 had more of a concentration along Priest Dr., between Southern Ave. & Baseline Rd. Number of Reported Incidents in Corridor: 21 Number of Reported Incidents in Corridor: 23 Number of Reported Incidents in Corridor: 12 Page 12 of 18 Sexual Assault Definition: Penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim. Unfortunately, Tempe experienced 24 sexual assaults in August/September 2014, up from 6 in 2012 and 8 in 2013. Within the corridor, sexual assault rose to seven (7) from 1 in each of the two previous years during the Safe and Sober initiative (August and September). It turns out that alcohol and drug consumption play a significant role in these events, as 15 out of the 24 incidents involved alcohol and/or drugs. The corridor accounted for 29% of sexual assaults in 2014, compared to 12.5% in 2013 and 17% in 2012. Number of Reported Incidents in Corridor: 1 Number of Reported Incidents in Corridor: 1 Number of Reported Incidents in Corridor: 7 Page 13 of 18 The Tempe Police Department (TPD) is very concerned about the increase in sexual assaults and is proactively reviewing the scope and nature of sexual assault—particularly given our unique demographics of students and special event attendees. Understanding the context in which this devastating behavior occurs is critical to our response. Two very important developments related to sexual assault have the potential to impact these numbers. First, community awareness both on- and off-campus is at an all-time high. Simply put, TPD believes that more students are willing to report this crime to authorities as a result of this awareness, which is a critical step forward in addressing this issue. National attention has come in the form of New York Times’ and USA Today’s7 front page feature articles. The U.S. Department of Education and the White House have catapulted this issue to epic proportion. Federal decrees and a special White House commission 8 have been created to address it. Information and misinformation have been published – see the Rolling Stones Article9 and aftermath as a primary example. In the end, a likely outcome has been an increase in reporting, particularly regarding college related offenses. The legal definition of sexual assault in the Arizona Revised Statutes states: 13-1406. Sexual assault; classification; increased punishment A. A person commits sexual assault by intentionally or knowingly engaging in sexual intercourse or oral sexual contact with any person without consent of such person. B. Sexual assault is a class 2 felony… Critical to this definition is the “consent clause:” if an individual is unconscious they cannot give consent, and this clause has important consequences for these types of cases. Proving it in a court of law is an entirely different endeavor, but a proper response to this apparent epidemic is essential. Limited research suggests that 1 in 5 college female students10 are sexually assaulted during their college years. Much of this activity surrounds campus life, parties, and the consumption of alcohol. As a result of distorted memory due to intoxication and the difficulty in collecting evidence, building a sound case that stands up to legal scrutiny proves difficult. The complexity of these types of cases creates an environment where it is difficult to prosecute. Sexual assault is a serious crime, and has dire consequences for both the victim and the alleged perpetrator. Second, the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI) has modified the official Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) definition of Rape. Until 2014, the 1930’s UCR definition still in effect in 2013 for rape was “The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will.” Carnal knowledge is defined by Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th ed. as “the act of a man having sexual bodily connections with a woman; sexual intercourse.” There is carnal knowledge if there is the slightest penetration of the sexual organ of the female (vagina) by the sexual organ of the male (penis). The New York Times, July 13, 2014 and USA Today Weekend Edition, April 25-27, 2014 The White House Council on Women and Girls: “Rape and Sexual Assault: A Renewed Call to Action” (January-2014). 9 Rolling Stones article… http://www.rollingstone.com/culture/features/a-rape-on-campus-20141119 10 The 1 in 5 statistic is under scrutiny, see: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact-checker/wp/2014/12/17/one-infive-women-in-college-sexually-assaulted-an-update/ 7 8 Page 14 of 18 In January 2014, the FBI UCR definition of rape was changed to: Penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim. This definition includes either gender of victim or offender. Sexual penetration means the penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, or by a sex-related object. This definition also includes instances in which the victim is incapable of giving consent because of temporary or permanent mental or physical incapacity (including due to the influence of drugs or alcohol) or because of age. Physical resistance is not required on the part of the victim to demonstrate lack of consent. The Tempe Police Department takes these cases seriously as exemplified by our proactive response. We expect reporting to increase as sexual assault awareness rises11 and the Department becomes more proactive at addressing the issue. College related sexual encounters are poised to receive greater scrutiny, both from a preventative and a social perspective. Tempe PD is committed to proactively work with ASU and social service providers to ensure that victims are treated with dignity and respect, that alleged perpetrators are treated fairly and according to the law, and that individuals found to have violated the law will be brought to justice. TPD’s Strategic Planning, Analysis and Research Center (SPARC) is researching this complex issue in more detail to ensure that the Department is doing everything it can to address this vital issue. TPD has recently been awarded a U.S. Department of Justice (BJS) grant to more effectively measure crime and police performance, and will use it as an opportunity to look for better ways to assess this complex issue For more information on the increase in the reporting of college related sexual assaults, see the articles listed in the references section of this report. 11 Page 15 of 18 Enhanced Alcohol Enforcement The Tempe Police Department conducted enhanced alcohol enforcement with the assistance of the following agencies: ASU PD, DPS, MCSO, AZ State Liquor Board, Chandler PD, Scottsdale PD, Gilbert PD, Pinal County Sheriffs, Buckeye PD, Phoenix PD, Salt River PD, Mesa PD, Peoria PD, Glendale PD, Apache Junction PD, Maricopa PD. This enforcement activity12 resulted in:      Violations: 3,571 (Total number of violations of Arizona Revised Statute or Tempe City Code) Verbal warnings and educational contacts: 4,545 (Separate from violations) Minor in Possession: 112 (Total number of MIP charges) Minor in Consumption: 327 (Total number of MIC charges) Total Arrests: 1,150 (Total number of physical bodies arrested for any crime) o Total DUI Arrests: 366 (Total number of physical bodies that were taken into custody for a DUI related charge) o DUIs under the age of 21: 20 (Total number of violations of A.R.S. 4-244.34) Summary Overall, loud party calls for service continue to decrease annually. While October has been the peak month for LP CFS, March has become the peak month for LP CFS. Spring semesters consistently have more LP CFS than the fall semesters, though LP CFS have decreased each semester, respectively. Specific to the corridor area, the Operation Safe & Sober initiative appears to have continued to mitigate LP CFS. Violent crime decreased during the operation timeframe citywide, and decreased even further in the corridor. Specifically, street jump robberies have steadily declined the last three Aug/Sep months in the city and corridor. There was a slight uptick in aggravated assaults last year (Aug/Sep), but a larger decrease this year citywide and in the corridor. Sexual assaults increased this year (Aug/Sep), which is likely due to the increased awareness and importance placed on reporting the crime. There were fewer unlawful gathering and nuisance notices given in Aug/Sep of 2014 than 2013. Additionally, the notices were less geographically concentrated than in 2013, possible reflecting the lessspecific geographic focus of the 2014 Operation Safe & Sober initiative. 12 These statistics do not equal the total contacts since multiple outcomes can occur per contact. Page 16 of 18 Appendix A: City of Tempe Zone Map Corridor Page 17 of 18 References for Increased Sexual Assault Reports “Colleges are reporting more sexual assaults, and that’s a great sign,” Huffington Post, 12 October 2014. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/10/12/college-sexual-assault-numbers-cleryreports_n_5967412.html “Sexual assault reports jump 61 percent at top colleges in two years,” Al Jazeera America, posted 07 October 2014. http://america.aljazeera.com/watch/shows/americatonight/articles/2014/10/7/colleges-clery-sexualassault1.html “Sexual assault reports climb at area colleges,” The Boston Globe, 06 October 2014. http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2014/10/05/reports-sexual-assaults-area-college-campuses-risesharply/F0R0BoigySPVOaWn5YXeDI/story.html “Improving the police response to sexual assault,” Critical Issues in Policing Series, Police Executive Research Forum. March 2012. http://www.policeforum.org/assets/docs/Critical_Issues_Series/improving%20the%20police%20respo nse%20to%20sexual%20assault%202012.pdf Page 18 of 18